임상병리검사과학회지 : 제 28 권제 1 호 Vitek GNI 의생화학적반응을이용한 Citrooacter freundii Complex 의균종감별 서울대학교병원임상병리과 김천전문대학임상병퍼파 * 검성권 최혜심 검영권 *. 검의종 석종성 Differentiat

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1 임상병리검사과학회지 : 제 28 권제 1 호 Vitek GNI 의생화학적반응을이용한 Citrooacter freundii Complex 의균종감별 서울대학교병원임상병리과 김천전문대학임상병퍼파 * 검성권 최혜심 검영권 *. 검의종 석종성 Differentiation of Citrooacter freundii Complex by Using Biochemical Reactions of the Vitek GNI Kim, Sung Gwon., Choi, Hye Sim., Kim, Young Gwon*., Kim, Eui Chong., Suk, Jong Sung Dept. of Clinical Path 여 08)', Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul Dept. of Clinical Path 여 ogy, K imchun Junior Collegé 까, Kimchun Members of the genus Citrobacter are Gram negative, oxidase negative bacilli that usually utilize citrate as a sole carbon source and are motility positive. Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology lists three Citrobacter spp. namely, Citrobacter freundii, C itrobacter amalonaticus and Citrobacter diversus. C. freundii was initially described by Werkin and Gillien in Brenner and Colleagues proposed C. freu η dii complex actually composed at least eight distinct DNA hybridization groups. Within the C. freundii complex, four new species were named but three species left unnamed. Recently Janda et al. reported the isolation incidence of all 8 of the new designated species by using classical biochemical methods in the clinical laboratory. We isolated 55 strains of C. freundii from clinical specimens by using Vitek GNI card and differentiated the new named four species by using on the basis of ornithin, raffinose, malonate, urease, su crose, esculin results among the biochemical reactions of the Vitek GNI. 1. 서론 Genus Citrobacter 는그람음성으로산화효소 음성이고 citrate 를탄소원으로이용하며운동 성을가진간균이다. Citrobacter species 는 m dole 생성, H 2S 의형성, malonate 이용능, D arabitol 과 adonitol 로부터산의생성등을기초 로하여 Citrobacter koseri 나 Citrobacter freundii complex 또는 Citrobacter amaloniticus group 등으로구분하여동정하여왔다 1.2) Citrobacter 는요로감염, 창상감염부터패혈증이나신생아수막염등에이르기까지많은감염증과연관 이있다 3, 4, 5) 아직확실하지는않지만신생아나 어린이의위장염과도관련이있을것이라는견 해도있다 6, 7) C. freundii 는 1932 년 Werkman 과 Gillen 이처음발표하였고 8) Bergey s Manu

2 al of Systema tic Bacteriology 에 C. freundii, Citrobacter diversus, C. amaloniticus 등 3 종을수록 하고있다 9) 그러나 1974 년 Crosa 10 ) 등은 c. freundii 로동정된균주중에는 DNA-DNA hybridiza tion 으로다른종의 Citrobacter 가있을 수있음을보여주었고, 1993 년에는 Brenner 11 ) 등이 DNA - DNA hybridization 의 DNA relat edness study 에서 C. amaloniticus( biogroup 1) 를 C. farmeri 로, C. freundii complex 를 8 종의 DNA hybridization group 으로구별하였다 (Table 2). 새로명명된 4 종의 specles 는 Citrobacter youngae, Citrobacter braakii, Citrobacter ψerkmanii 와 C. sedlakii 이고아직명명되지않은것 은 DNA hybridization group 9, 10, 11 등 3 종이 다. 최근 Janda 등은 C. freundii complex members 를기존의생화학적검사로균종을감 별하여발표하였다 12) 아직국내에서는이새 로운균종에대한감별검사를실시하고있지 않고있어연자는서울대학교병원미생물검사 실에서 Vitek GNl( Gram negative identification) card(biomerieux Vitek Inc., Hazelwood MO., USA) 를이용하여 C. freundii 로동정된 55 예의생화학적검사성적을 Vitek IMS re port menu 로출력한후 ornithin 탈탄산효소 검사, malonate 이용능, raffinose 와 sucrose 발 효검사, urease 검사, esculin 가수분해검사 등의결과를기초로하여 c. freundii complex members 의균종을감별하였다. T able 1. Biochemical identification of species within the C. freundii complex members in this study Identification No.( % )of identified Janda et al.( %)* C. freundii C. youngae C. braakii C. sedlakii C. werkmanii * Derived from J. Clin. Microbiol. 1994; 32 : II. 재료및방법 서울대학교병원미생물검사실에의뢰되었던 배양검사에서분리된그람음성장내세균중 Vitek GNI card 를이용하여 90% 이상의신뢰 도로동정된 55 예의 C. freundii 의생화학적검 사성적을 Vitek IMS report menu 로출력하였 다. Vitek GNI 의 31 가지생화학적검사항목 중 C. freundii complex members 를감별하기 위하여 ornithin 탈탄산효소검사, malonate 이 용능, raffinose 와 sucrose 발효검사, urease 검사, esculin 가수분해검사등 6 종의검사종 목을선택하였다. 이 6 가지검사성적을기초 로하여 C. freundii complex members 의균종 중새로명명된 5 종을감별하였다. 감별순서 는우선 ornithin 탈탄산효소검사성적을양성 반응과음성반응으로구분하여 ornithin 검사음 성군을 group 1 으로 ornithin 검사양성군을 group 2 로구분하였다 (Table 3). 그다음에 raffinose, malonate, urease, sucrose, esculin 검사의순서로양성반옹과음성반용을비교하 여구별할수있는 flow chart 를만들어감별 하였다. ill. 결과 동정된총 55 예중에서 C. freundii 로동정된 T able 2. Taxonomic change of Citrobacter freundii by DNA hybridization Present New C. freundii complex C. freundii C. youngae C. braakii C. werkmanii C. sedlakii * Unnamed : DNA hybridization groups Unnamed* 9 Unnamed* 10 Unnamed*

3 Table 3. Differentiation of C. freundii complex members group according to ornithin dihydration posi tive and negative results Test Group 1 Group 2 C. freuπ dii C. youηgae C. werkmanii C. braakii C. sedlakii Ornithin Raffinose Malonate Urease V V V V Sucrose V Esculin V Ornithin Raffinose - C. freundii Raffinose M ---떠m ---- e 샤마S. sedlakii C. braakii U V 廳S E 짜빼 V C. werkmanii C. youη:gae V Urease V V Sucrose Esculin ldentification schema of C. freundlï complex members used in this study 것이 39 예 (70.9% ) 로가장많았고 C. youngae 가 8 예 (14.6%), C. barrakii 가 5 예 (9.1 %), C. sedlakii 가 2 예 (3.6 % ), C. werkmanii 가 1 예 (1.8% ) 로통정되었으며동정되지않는것이 2 예 (3.6 %) 였다 (Table 1). 여처음으로지명되었으며 8) C. koseri 와 C. amalonaticus 는이미알려져있었다. Citrobacter 는여러가지임상검체에서종종분리되는균 종으로요로감염, 창상감염에서부터패혈증, 신 생아수막염둥에이르기까지많은감염증과관 련이있다 3, 4, 5) 아직확실하지는않지만신생아 N. 고안 나어린이의위장염과도관련이있을것이라는 견해도있다 6, 7). Citr 야 acter 속은 indole 생성시 Genus Citrobacter 는그람음성간균으로장내 세균과에속하며다른장내세균속과는 acetylmethylcarbinol(vogos - Proskauer) 생성검사음성, lysine 탈탄산효소검사음성으로구별된다. C. freundii 는 1932 년 Werkman 과 Gillen 에의하 험, 황화수소생성능, malonate 이용능시험, potassium cyanide 존재하에서의생존능시험, D arabitol 과 adonitol 로부터산의생성등을기초 로하여 C. freundii, C. koseri, C. amaloniticus 등 으로구분하여동정하였었다 l,2 )(Table 1). 그러 - 96-

4 나 1974 년 Crosa 10 ) 등은 C. freundii 로동정된 균주중에는 DNA - DNA hybridization 으로다 른종의 Citrobacter 가있을수있음을보여주 었고, 1993 년에는 Brenner 11 ) 등이 DNA-DNA hybridization 의 DNA relatedness study 에서이 를근거로 Citrobacter균속의균명을변경하여야한다고제안하였다. 변경을제안한균종은 C. amaloniticus( biogroup 1) 를 C. farmeri 로할 것이였으나변경을제안한가장주요한균종은 C. freundii complex 이며, C. freundii complex 를 8 종의 DNA hybridization group 으로구별 하였다 (Table 2). 새로명명된 4 종의 specles 는 C. youngaκ C. braakii, C. werkmanii 과 c sedlakii 이고아직명명되지않은것은 DNA hybridization group 9, 10, 11 등 3 종이다. 최근 Janda 등은 C. freundii complex members 를 기존의생화학적검사로균종을감별하여발표 하였다 12) Janda 가실험하여보고한생화학적 검사종목은 indole, citrate, argmme dihydrase, ornithin decarboxylase, sucrose, dulcitol, raffinose, a-methyl-d - glucose, esculin, salicin, urea, motility, acetate, malonate 둥이였다. Citrobacter 의동정은다른장내세균속과마찬 가지로증식이나동정이까다롭지않으며 MacConkey 배지상에서 18,..., 20 시간후에분홍 색의균집락을관찰할수있으며집락의형태 만으로는 Escherichia coli 와감별이어렵다. 검 사실내에서의동정은전통적인생화학적검사 법으로할수있으나근래에는 A TB rapid 32E (biomerieux SA, Marcy - 1 Etoile, France ), Vitek GNI와 AutoSCAN - W / A(Baxter Diagnostics, INC., Microscan Division, West Sacramento, Calif.) 등의자동화기기를사용하여 훨씬간편하게동정할수있게되었다. 본원 미생물검사실에서는 1986 년부터장내세균동 정에 Vitek system 을이용하고있다. Vitek GNI card 로그람음성간균을동정하기위하여 최소한 4 시간배양후에야동정이가능하였으 나최근개선된컴퓨터프로그램인 verslon DSAMSO- R08.1 에의해서는 2 시간배양후 에도동정이가능하게되었으며, Citrobacter 속 이 C. freundii, C. amaloniticus, C. diversus 둥 3 종만수록되어있기때문에새로명명된균종 을감별하기위하여다른생화학적검사를추가로실시하여야한다. 그리고세균동정에사용 하는 kit 나자동화기기에수록되어있는균종 은컴퓨터로확률을계산하여만든것이기때 문에 data base 에수록되어있지않은균종이 나새로명명된균은동정할수없는단점이 있다. Vitek GNI 는 31 종의생화학적검사성적 으로그람음성간균을동정하게되어있는데, 이 31 종의생화학적검사항목중새로명명된 C. freundii complex 균종감별에필요한 ornithin 탈탄산효소검사, malonate 이용능, raffinose 와 sucrose 발효검사, urease 검사, esculin 가수분해검사등 6 종의결과를기초 로하였다 (Table 3). 이감별에사용한 55 예는 Vitek GNI card 를 이용하여 90% 이상의신뢰도로 C. freundii로동정된것이며감별의순서는 C. braakii, C. sedlakii 가 ornithin 탈탄산효소검사양성이고 C. freundii, C. youngaκ C. werkmanii 둥은음 성인점에착안하여우선 ornithin 탈탄산효소 검사성적에서양성군과음성군으로구분한후 시작하였다. 그다음은 raffinose, malonate, urease, sucrose, esculin 검사의순서로양성 음성으로구분하여감별하였다. 총 55 예중 C freundii 가 39 예 (70.9% ) 로가장많았다. Brenner 7 ) 등은검체별분리율이대변에서는 C. youngae 가 46.2% 로가장빈번히분리되었고 C. freundii 는 23.5% 가분리되었다고보고하였 으나, 호흡기검체에서 66.7%, 비뇨기검체에 서 80.0%, 창상검체에서 85.7% 가분리되는 등 C. freundii 가가장빈번하게분리된것으로 보고하여대변검체에서분리된것은포함시키 지않은본실험의결과와유사하였다. 그다 음이 C. youngae 가 8 예 (14.6%), C. braakii 가 5 예 (9.1 %), C. sedlakii 가 2 예 (3.6 %), C. ψerkmanii 가 1 예 (1.8% ) 의순서로동정되었으며 분리빈도에서는다소차이가있었으나동정되 - 97-

5 지않는것이 2 예였다 (Table 1). 동정되지않 은 2 예는본실험에사용한검사항목수가 6 종밖에되지않았고새로제안된 8 종의 균종 중아직명명되지않은 3 종은본감별대상에 서제외되었기때문이라사료된다. 또한본실 험에서사용한검사성적은자동화기기에서얻 은것이고자동화방법의정확성은평가에사용 된시험세균에따라현저히달라지게된다 13) 라서본연구에서얻은결과는전통적인방법 으로실시한생화학적검사성적과일치하지않 을수도있으므로본실험에서감별된균종은 정확히동정된것이라고할수없다. 따라서 보다정확히동정하기위하여 Janda l2 ) 따 등이제 시한전통적인방법에의한생화학적감별검사 가필요하다고사료된다. REFERENCES 1. Lennette, Balows, Hausler. Jr, Shadomy: Manual of clinical microbiology. 5th ed. p , William H. Ewing. Edwards and Ewing s Identification of Enterobacteriaceae 4th ed. Elsevier. p Arthur JD, Pierce JR : Citrobacter meningitis and brain abscess associated with Bacteroides menlaninogenicus. Pediatr. lnfec. Dis.3 : , Farmer, J. J., m : The genus Citrobacter, p In M. P. Starr, H. Stolp, H. G. Truper, A. Balows, and H. G. Schlegell ( ed.), The prokaryotes, vol. 2. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Fincher, R. M. E., M. W. Jackson, and A. Q. Fischer : case report : Citrobacter freundii : a newly reported cause of pyomyositis. Am. J. Med. 299 : , Werkerman, C. H., and G. F. Gillen: Bacteria producing trimethylene glycol. J. Bacteriol. 23 : , Guarino, A., G. Capano, B. Malamisura, M. Alessino, S. Guandalini, and A. rubino : Pro - duction of Escherichia coli STa -like heat stable enterotoxin by Citrobacter freundii isolated from humans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25 : , Farmer JJ m, Davis BR, Hickman - Brenner FW et al : Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolate from clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21 : 46-71, Williams and Wilkins : Bergey s Manual of Systemic Bacteriology. vol.1. p , Crosa, J. H., A. G. Streigerwalt, G. R. Fanning, and D. J. Brenner : Polynucleotide sequence divergence in the genus Citrobacter. J. Gen. Microbiol. 83 : , Don J. Brenner, Patrick A. D. Grimont, Arnold G. Streigwalt, G. R. Fanning, Elizabeth Ageron, and Conradine F. Riddle : Classification of citrobacteria by DNA hybridization : Designation of Citrobacter farmeri sp. nov., Citrobacter youngae sp. nov., Citrobacter braakii sp. nov., Citrobacter werkmanii sp. nov., Citrobacter sedlakii sp. nov., and three unnamed Citrobacter genomospecies. Int. J. Syst. Baceriol. 43: , J. Michael Janda, Sharon L. Abbot, Wendy K. W. Cheung, and Deborah F. Hanson: Biochemical identification of citrobacteria in the clinicallaboratory. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32 : , Miller JM : Evaluating biochemical identifi cation system. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: ,

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