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1 Ann Clin Microbiol Vol., No., September, ISSN - Loss of bla and bla IMP- during the Storage of Gram- Bacilli, Antimicrobial Susceptibility of the Gene-Lost Strain, and Location of the Gene in the Cell Youngsik Lim, Yangsoon Lee,, Younghee Seo, Jong Hwa Yum, Dongeun Yong, Kyungwon Lee, Yunsop Chong Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea Background: Gram-negative bacilli can be stored in cystine tryptic agar (CTA) at room temperature for over year, but we experienced a loss of imipenem resistance among -producing isolates. The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of loss of IMP- and genes during storage in CTA at room temperature and to document any change in the MIC of antimicrobial agents and the location of the gene. Methods: Bacteria were isolated from clinical specimens at Severance Hospital collected from 99-. Modified Hodge and double disk synergy tests were performed for screening of MBL-production isolates, and bla IMP- and bla were detected by PCR. Loss of resistance was tested in CTA at room temperature. PFGE and hybridization using a bla probe were carried out to determine the location of the gene. Results: When - and IMP--producing strains of eight and two Acinetobacter spp. were stored in CTA at room temperature, some isolates lost imipenem resistance after days and 9% lost resistance after weeks. Loss of resistance genes resulted in a decrease of the MIC of imipenem from - μg/ml to.- μg/ml for, and from μg/ml to.- μg/ml for Acinetobacter spp. Hybridization of I-CeuI and S-digested and PFGE suggested that genes are located on approximately - kb or kb plasmids. Conclusion: Isolates may lose resistance genes when stored in CTA at room temperature. Therefore, it is necessary for MBL-production tests including the Modified Hodge test and double disk synergy test and detection of MBL genes. (Ann Clin Microbiol ;: -) Key Words: Carbapenems, Metallo-β-lactamase, Resistance loss IRODUCTION Carbapenem 항균제는그람음성막대균이생성하는여러가지 β-lactamase에안정하여다른 β-lactam제에내성인세균에의한감염증에유용하게사용되어왔다. 그러나 carbapenem의사용이많아짐에따라서 carbapenem 내성세균이출현및확산되었다. 그람음성막대균의 carbapenem 주요내성기전은 carbapenemase 효소의생성이고, class A와 class B carbapenemase 효소들이있다 []. Class B에속하는 metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) 은 Zn + 이있어야활성을나타내는효소로 clavulanic acid나 tazobactam으로저해되지않는다. MBL 중에서는 IMP형과 VIM 형 β-lactamase를생성하는세균이감염을흔히일으켜임상적으로중요하다 [,]. 세균이내성유전자를잃지않게장기간보존하기위해서는동결건조나냉동방법을이용한다. 그러나, 시험중에비교적단기간보존을위해서는이러한방법이불편하다. 반고체 Casein hydrolysate agar에서그람음성막대균은실온에서 년이상생존한다. 이배지와조성이비슷한반고체 cystein tryptic agar (CTA) 에서도장기간생존이가능하다. 또한세균은보존중에 plasmid를소실할수있음이알려져있다 []. Takahashi 등 [] 은병원에서분리된 A. baumannii 균주들을약 년동안실온에보관후, imipenem 내성 A. baumannii 균주중 9균주가감 Received February,, Revised March,, Accepted March, Correspondence: Kyungwon Lee, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul -7, Korea. (Tel) ---6, (Fax) ---9, ( ) leekcp@yuhs.ac c The Korean Society of Clinical Microbiology. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 Youngsik Lim, et al. : Loss of bla and bla IMP- during the Storage of Gram- Bacilli 수성으로변한것을보고하였다. Lim 등 [6] 도 유전자를보유한 imipenem 비감수성균주를 CTA에서실온에보관후일부균주가 imipenem 에감수성으로바뀌었고, 그원인은내성을소실하였기때문임을보고한바있다. IMP 및 VIM형 MBL 생성균은내성유전자 cassette가 class integron 중에삽입되어있고이것은다시 transposon에위치하여다른세균의염색체또는 plasmid 로전달될수있다 [7,]. 이들중 integron 이 plasmid 에위치하는것은접합에의해서도다른세균에전달될수있음을뜻하고,, P. putida, Acinetobacter spp., Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens 등여러균종에서 IMP 및 VIM 효소생성균이관찰되었다 [,9-]. 본연구에서는 및 IMP-형 MBL 생성균을대상으로실온보관에따른 IMP- 및 유전자의소실빈도와유전자소실에따른항균제최소억제농도의변화를밝히고자하였다. 또한, 실온보관후쉽게소실되는 유전자의위치를확인하고자하였다. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 시험세균및항균제감수성시험시험세균은 99-년에세브란스병원에내원한환자에서분리된세균을대상으로하였다. 균종동정을위해서는전통적인생화학적방법또는 ATB GN System (biomériux, Marcy-l Etoile, France) 을사용하였다. 항균제감수성시험은 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 지침에따라디스크확산법과한천희석법으로시험하였다 []. 항균제는 imipenem (Merck/Sharp & Dohme, Rahway, NJ, USA), meropenem (Sumitomo, Tokyo, Japan), ceftazidime 및 clavulanic acid (GlasxoSmithKline, Greenford, United Kingdom), piperacillin (Wyeth, Pearl River, NY, USA), cefotaxime (Aventis, Frankfurt, Germany), cefepime 및 aztreonam (Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA) 을사용하였다. 정도관리를위해서는 E. coli ATCC 9와 ATCC 7을동시에시험하였다. MBL 유전자소실의감수성에대한영향을보기위해서는 carbapenem 내성인균주와내성을잃은균주쌍을대상으로최소억제농도를한천희석법으로시험하였다.. MBL 유전자검출시험 Imipenem 내성균주중 MBL 생성균을선별하기위해서 modified Hodge 시험과 double disk synergy 시험을하였다 [, ]. bla IMP- 과 bla 유전자를 PCR로검출하였다 [,].. Imipenem 내성소실빈도시험 MBL 생성균을실온과 7 o C 두곳에각각보관하였다. 실온보관중 imipenem 내성이감수성으로변한균주가생긴경 우냉동보존한같은균주를 MacConkey agar 에계대배양하고 imipenem에내성임을확인한후, CTA 시험관에접종하고실온에보관하였다. 일, 주일, 주일, 주일및 주일경과후에 CTA에서세균을채취하여식염수에부유시킨후 배수 ( ) 단계희석하였다. 각희석액 μl를 Mueller- Hinton (MH) agar에접종하고 -시간동안 o C에배양한후독립된집락이 -개생긴평판배지에서집락 개를선택하여 imipenem 감수성을디스크확산법으로시험하여감수성과내성집락의비율을계산하였다.. PFGE 및 Hybridization I-CeuI 효소, S endonuclease로각각처리한 plug로 pulsefield gel electrophoresis (PFGE) 를시행하였다 []. 전기영동한 agarose gel에있는 DNA를 nylon membrane (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA) 에옮기고, DIG DNA labeling and detection kit (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) 을사용하여표지한 bla 와 hybridization 실험을하였다 [].. Imipenem 내성소실율 Table. Detection of cells with partial or complete loss of MBL gene during storage in CTA tubes at room temperature* Organism (No. of isolates tested) () P. putida () Acinetobacter spp. () Acinetobacter spp. () Total () RESULTS bla 양성 주, P. putida 주, Acinetobacter spp. 주그리고, bla IMP- 양성 Acinetobacter spp. 주를 CTA 시험관에접종한후균주에따라서 개월-년간실온에보존한후에 imipenem 내성소실을디스크확산법으로선별하였다 (Table ). Imipenem에내성인 bla 양성 주중 주는실온보관후 imipenem 감수성으로변하였다. bla 양성인 주, P. putida 주, Acinetobacter spp. 주와 bla IMP- 양성 Acinetobacter spp. 주는 imipenem에큰억제대를보였으나, 억제대안에서다수혹은소수의집락이관찰되었다. 억제대안에있는집락중에서, imipenem에내 MBL gene bla bla bla bla IMP- No. of isolates which lost MBL gene Partial Complete Total 9 (.) (.) (6.) (.) (6.) *Storage time was approximately - months depending on isolate; Isolates which lost partially MBL gene showed heterogeneous growth within the zone of inhibition in disk diffusion test using imipenem.
3 Ann Clin Microbiol ;():- 성이라고생각되는디스크의가까운부위집락과 imipenem에감수성이라고생각되는억제대변연부위의집락을각각분리하였다. 순배양한 imipenem 내성균주모두에서는 bla 혹은 bla IMP- 유전자가 PCR로검출되었다. 그러나감수성으로변한균주모두는 double disk synergy 시험음성이고, MBL 유전자가검출되지않았다. 따라서감수성으로변한것은 MBL 유전자소실때문임이확인되었다.. bla 및 bla IMP- 소실빈도 MBL 유전자가소실되었던균주중 균주와 A. baumannii 균주를선택하여 MBL유전자소실빈도를시험 하였다. 균주를 CTA 시험관에접종하여실온에두고내성소실을디스크확산법으로시험하였다. 시험한 균주중 일후에는 균주가, 주일후에는 균주가, 주일후에는 7균주가, 주일후에는 균주가, 그리고 주일후에는 9균주의일부세포가내성을소실하였다 (Table ). 기간별내성소실집락의비율은 균주는 일후에는 -% 가, 주일후에는 -% 가, 주일후에는 -9% 가내성을소실하였다. bla IMP- 또는 bla 를가졌던 A. baumannii 균주는 일에 -% 세포가, 주일에 -% 가, 주일에 -% 가내성을소실하였다 (Table ). Table. Proportion of cells which lost imipenem resistance during storage in CTA tubes at room temperature Isolate no. Species MBL type Colonies (%) with loss of resistance at* days week week week week A. baumannii A. baumannii IMP *One hundred colonies were tested for each isolate. Table. Comparison of MICs of antimicrobial agents for MBL-gene positive isolates and MBL-gene lost counterpart strains Antimicrobial agents MBL gene MIC (μg/ml) for: ACI IMP MER PIP CAZ CAZ- CLV CTX FEP AZT 6. 6 > >6 6. > >6 >6 > Abbreviations: ACI, Acinetobacter spp.; IMP, imipenem; MER, meropenem; PIP, pipracillin; CAZ, ceftazidime; CAZ-CLV, ceftazidime-clavulanic acid; CTX, cefotaxim; FEP, cefepim; AZT, aztreonam;, not tested.
4 Youngsik Lim, et al. : Loss of bla and bla IMP- during the Storage of Gram- Bacilli. bla 및 bla IMP- 소실로인한 imipenem 의 MIC 저하 bla 및 bla IMP- 유전자를가진 균주와 A.baumannii 균주및이균주로부터유래된내성유전자를소실한균주에대한 β-lactam계항균제의 MIC를비교하였다 (Table, ). MBL 양성균주에대한 imipenem의 MIC 범위는 - μg/ml였고, MBL 유전자소실균주에대해서는.- μg/ml로낮아졌다. MBL 유전자양성균주모두는 imipenem 에내성이었으나, MBL 유전자소실균주는감수성인균주가 9%, 중간인균주가 % 였다. MBL 유전자양성인균주에대한 meropenem 의 MIC범위는 - μg/ml였고, MBL 유전자소실균주에대해서는.- μg/ml로낮아졌다.. bla 의위치 bla 양성인 균주의 DNA를 I-CeuI 효소로절단한후, S rrna 유전자 probe와 bla probe와각각교잡반응시험을하였다. bla probe는 6균주에서는약 - kb 위치에서, 균주는약 kb에서양성이었는데, 이들은S rrna 유전자 probe 양성밴드와위치가달랐다 (Fig. ). S효소로처리한시험에서는 균주에서는약 kb 위치에서, 균주는 kb에서양성이었고, 나머지 균주에서는양성밴드가 Table. Effect of MBL gene loss on the susceptibility to imipenem and meropenem Antimicrobial agents IMP MER Strain (No. of isolated) Isolate () MBL lost () Isolate () MBL lost () MIC range (μg/ml) Abbreviations: IMP, imipenem; MER, meropenem. % of isolates Susceptible Intermediate Resistant 7 관찰되지않았다 (Fig. ). DISCUSSION 본연구에서는 또는 IMP- 생성균을 CTA에서실온에 개월-년간보관한후많은균주들이일부또는전세포가 imipenem 내성을잃고, 내성을잃은세포에서는내성유전자가소실됨을확인할수있었다. 보관기간에따른내성소실률을알아보기위해 bla 혹은 bla IMP- 보유 균주를실온에보관한시험에서, 일후에는 % 균주의일부세포가, 주일후에는 9% 균주의일부세포가감수성으로변하였다. 각균주에서감수성으로변한세포의비율은균주에따라서현저히달라서 주일후까지의비율은 생성균 9주의경우는 -9% 였고, IMP- 생성균 주는 % 였다. 이결과는 또는 IMP- 생성균들이실온에보관할때이들내성유전자를쉽게소실함을뜻하며따라서실온에보관했던균주로감수성이나유전자시험을할때는우선 imipenem 감수성이변하지않았는지확인하는것이중요하다. Takahashi 등 [] 은 Acinetobacter spp. 가배양된 Casitone medium을실온에보존후에특히 IMP 유전자를쉽게소실하였음을보고하였다. 혹은 IMP- 유전자를가진 균주와 A. baumannii 균주에대한 imipenem의 MIC - μg/ml로다양하였음은 MBL 이외의내성요인때문이었을것으로생각한다. 이들 혹은 IMP- 생성세균이내성유전자를소실한후에는 imipenem이나 meropenem 의 MIC가현저히낮아졌다. 그러나 MIC 감소정도가균주에따라서 imipenem은.- μg/ml, meropenem은.- μg/ml로차이가컸었는데이는 porin의상태와항균제유출계발현의차이때문이었을것으로추정된다. 특히 meropenem의 MIC가 μg/ml인 균주가있었는데이는항균제유출펌프의고도발현때문일것으로추정된다. Imipenem의 MIC는 OprD porin의소실로높아지고, meropenem의 MIC는 MexAB-OprM 유출계의과도발현으로높아짐 Fig.. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis of whole genomic DNA of P. aeruginosa isolates digested with I- CeuI (A), and S nuclease (D). Southern blot hybridization with S rrna gene probes (B) and bla gene probe (C and E). Lanes to, whole genomic DNA from isolates no. -, 6-9 and ; lane M, lambda ladder (Bio-Rad) as a marker (kb).
5 Ann Clin Microbiol ;():- 이보고되었다 [7-9]. 이실험결과로는실온에보존했던균주가내성유전자를소실하였음을모르고, 감수성시험을하면그 MIC를내성균주의것으로오인할수있으며, imipenem의 MIC가 μg/ml면 MBL 유전자보유로잘못판단할수있으므로내성소실여부를 MIC 수준시험만으로는판단할수없다고하겠다. 따라서다른성상을시험하기전에실온에보존했던균주와분리당시균주의항균제디스크억제대의지름이비슷하지않거나억제대의모양이두가지세균이섞인것이의심스러울때는 modified Hodge법과 double disk synergy법으로 MBL생성을확인하고 bla 혹은 bla IMP- 보유를확인해야할것이다. I-CeuI으로절단한염색체 DNA hybridization한결과 genomic DNA가아닌다른위치에서 band가양성반응을보였고, plasmid를절단하는 S효소처리결과에서도비슷한크기의 band가양성반응을보여서 bla 유전자가 plasmid에위치한것을확인할수있었다. 따라서, 접합에의한내성의전달및내성의소실은 내성유전자가위치한 plasmid의획득이나소실때문으로판단된다. 결론적으로, 및 IMP- 생성 Pseudomonas spp. 및 Acinetobacter spp. 균주중에는실온에보존시내성유전자를빠르게소실하는것이있다. 따라서, 실온에보관했던균주로유전자검출이나감수성시험을할때는 MBL 생성선별시험및 MBL 유전자보유를확인한후에사용하여야할것이다. REFERENCES. Livingstone D, Gill MJ, Wise R. Mechanisms of resistance to the carbapenems. J Antimicrob Chemother 99;:-.. Lee K, Lim JB, Yum JH, Yong D, Chong Y, Kim JM, et al. bla cassette-containing novel integrons in metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida isolates disseminated in a Korean hospital. Antimicrob Agents Chemother ;6:-.. Lee K, Park AJ, Kim MY, Lee HJ, Cho JH, Kang JO, et al; KONSAR Group. Metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas spp. in Korea: high prevalence of isolates with type and emergence of isolates with IMP- type. Yonsei Med J 9;: -9.. Dale J. Extrachromosomal Inheritance In: Dale JW, ed. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria. nd ed, Chichester, England; John Wiley & Sons, 99:-6.. Takahashi A, Yomoda S, Kobayashi I, Okubo T, Tsunoda M, Iyobe S. Detection of carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii in a hospital. J Clin Microbiol ;: Lim Y. Yong D, Yum JH, Lee K, Chong Y. Difficulties in the detection of resistance gene and the determination of imipenem resistance of the metallo-beta-lactamase producing gram-negative bacilli. nd Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother Abstr ;D-;9. 7. Arakawa Y, Murakami M, Suzuki K, Ito H, Wacharotayankun R, Ohsuka S, et al. A novel integron-like element carrying the metallobeta-lactamase gene bla IMP. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 99; 9:-.. Poirel L, Naas T, Nicolas D, Collet L, Bellais S, Cavallo JD, et al. Characterization of, a carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallobeta-lactamase and its plasmid- and integron-borne gene from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate in France. Antimicrob Agents Chemother ;: Yum JH, Yi K, Lee H, Yong D, Lee K, Kim JM, et al. Molecular characterization of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter genomospecies from Korea: identification of two new integrons carrying the bla gene cassettes. J Antimicrob Chemother ;9:7-.. Yum JH, Yong D, Lee K, Kim HS, Chong Y. A new integron carrying metallo-beta-lactamase gene cassette in a Serratia marcescens isolate. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis ;:7-9.. Jeong SH, Lee K, Chong Y, Yum JH, Lee SH, Choi HJ, et al. Characterization of a new integron containing, a metallobeta-lactamase gene cassette, in a clinical isolate of Enterobacter cloacae. J Antimicrob Chemother ;:97-.. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standard for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty Informational Supplement; Approved Guidelind. Document M-S. Wayne, PA; Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute,.. Lee K, Lim YS, Yong D, Yum JH, Chong Y. Evaluation of the Hodge test and the imipenem-edta double-disk synergy test for differentiating metallo-beta-lactamase-producing isolates of Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. J Clin Microbiol ;: Lee K, Chong Y, Shin HB, Kim YA, Yong D, Yum JH. Modified Hodge and EDTA-disk synergy tests to screen metallo-beta-lactamase-producing strains of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Clin Microbiol Infect ;7:-9.. Riccio ML, Franceschini N, Boschi L, Caravelli B, Cornaglia G, Fontana R, et al. Characterization of the metallo-beta-lactamase determinant of Acinetobacter baumannii AC-/97 reveals the existence of bla IMP allelic variants carried by gene cassettes of different phylogeny. Antimicrob Agents Chemother ;:9-.. Sambrook J and Russell D. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. rd ed. Cold Spring Harbor (NY); Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,. 7. Köhler T and Pechère C. In vitro selection of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Microbiol Infect ;7(S):7-.. Doménech-Sánchez A, Martínez-Martínez L, Hernández-Allés S, del Carmen Conejo M, Pascual A, Tomás JM, et al. Role of Klebsiella pneumoniae OmpK porin in antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother ;7:-. 9. Livermore DM, Woodford N. Carbapenemases: a problem in waiting? Curr Opin Microbiol ;:9-9.
6 Youngsik Lim, et al. : Loss of bla and bla IMP- during the Storage of Gram- Bacilli = 국문초록 = 그람음성막대균보존중 bla 및 bla IMP- 유전자의소실, 소실균주의항균제감수성및유전자의위치 연세대학교의과대학진단검사의학교실, 세균내성연구소, 국민건강보험일산병원진단검사의학과, 동의대학교임상병리학과임영식, 이양순,, 서영희, 염종화, 용동은, 이경원, 정윤섭 배경 : 그람음성막대균은반고체 Casein hydrolysate agar 및이배지와조성이비슷한반고체 cystine tryptic agar (CTA) 에배양하여실온에보존하면 년이상생존한다. 그러나 CTA에서배양한 bla 유전자보유세균을실온에보관후에 imipenem 내성을소실하는균주가있다. 국내에서분리된 및 IMP- 생성균을대상으로실온보관에따른이들유전자의소실빈도와유전자소실에따른항균제최소억제농도의변화및이들유전자의위치를규명하고자하였다. 방법 : 99-년에세브란스병원내원환자의검체에서분리된세균을대상으로하였다. MBL 생성균주는 modified Hodge 시험과 double disk synergy 시험으로선별하고, bla IMP- 과 bla 유전자를 PCR로검출하였다. 대상균주를 CTA 시험관에접종및배양하여실온에보관하고경과일수에따른내성소실을시험하였다. 유전자위치확인을위해서 PFGE 및 hybridization를시행하였다. 결과 : 및 IMP- 생성 균주와 A. baumannii 균주를 CTA 실온에서보관하였을때, 일후에내성유전자를소실한균주가있었고, 주일후에는 9% 의균주가내성유전자를소실하였다. bla 혹은 bla IMP- 유전자를소실한균주에대한 imipenem의 MIC범위는 의경우 - μg/ml에서.- μg/ml로, A. baumannii의경우 μg/ml에서.- μg/ml으로낮아졌다. bla 유전자는균주에따라서약 - kb와약 kb의 plasmid에위치하였다. 결론 : 실온에서보존된균주는시간의경과에따라서차츰내성유전자를소실하므로, 실온에보관했던균주를사용한연구를할때에 modified Hodge test와 double disk synergy 시험과같은 MBL생성선별시험및 MBL 유전자보유를확인하여야한다. [Ann Clin Microbiol ;:-] 교신저자 : 이경원, -7, 서울시서대문구연세로 연세대학교의과대학진단검사의학교실, 세균내성연구소 Tel: --6, Fax: leekcp@yuhs.ac
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The Korean Journal of Microbiology (2010) Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 303-307 Copyright c 2010, The Microbiological Society of Korea 단보 국내에서분리된 Acinetobacter baumannii 의 Integron 과연관된다제내성분석 김성환 최지혜 박은진 서인원 손승렬
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