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1 J Korean Acad Nurs Adm 간호행정학회지 Vol. 20 No. 2, , March 2014 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) 이향화 1 이여진 2 가천대학교간호대학원 1, 가천대학교간호학과 2 Influence of Leader-Member Exchange Quality of Head Nurses and Clinical Nurses on Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction in Clinical Nurses Yi, Hyang-Hwa 1 Yi, Yeo-Jin 2 1 Graduate School of Nursing, Gachon University 2 College of Nursing, Gachon University Purpose: The purpose was to identify the influence the quality of head and clinical nurses' LMX (Leader-Member Exchange) on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Methods: The participants were 42 head nurses and 202 clinical nurses who worked in 7 hospitals with more than 300 beds in I-city. The data were collected from March 10 to April 10, 2013 using a self-report questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using hierarchical regression with the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program. Results: The mean score for head nurses LMX quality was 3.66 and for clinical nurses, Clinical nurses LMX quality and age had a positive impact on job satisfaction (F=8.00, p<.001). Clinical nurses LMX quality and marriage (not single) had a positive impact on organizational commitment (F=6.76, p<.001). Conclusion: The LMX quality of head nurse was higher than that of clinical nurses, but did not positively affect clinical nurses job satisfaction or organizational commitment indicating that the LMX quality of clinical nurses is more important than that of head nurse. Thus head nurses should make efforts to lead their units or teams in a positive and friendly way. This positive recognition will promote greater job satisfaction and organizational commitment of clinical nurses. Key Words: Nurse, Leadership, Job satisfaction, Organizational commitment 서론 1. 연구의필요성 Korean Nurse Association[1] 은모든간호사들은전문직간호사로서조직을이끌어가는힘과능력을가져야하며, 간호사 의리더십은정확한판단력과의지, 상대방에대한배려로열정을가지고치유를돕는전문적인능력을발휘해야한다고하였다. 리더십의구성요소는리더와구성원이며리더십의정의는많은연구자들에의해다양하게정의되고있다. Kim[2] 은리더십을상황, 추종자, 시대의변천에의하여다르게행동할수있으며목표를달성하기위해집단에영향을미치는과정이라하 주요어 : 간호사, 리더십, 직무만족, 조직몰입 Corresponding author: Yi, Yeo-Jin College of Nursing, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmeoi-ro, Yunsu-gu, Incheon , Korea. Tel: , Fax: , yjyi@gachon.ac.kr - 이논문은제1저자이향화의석사학위논문을수정하여작성한것임. - This article is a revision of the first author s master s thesis from Gachon University. Received: Dec 13, 2013 Revised: Jan 21, 2014 Accepted: Feb 19, 2014 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. c 2014 Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
2 이향화 이여진 였으며, Graen 과 Uhl-Bien[3] 은리더십에있어중요한영역은리더와구성원과의관계에있다고주장하며, 리더와구성원의상호관계에따라감독이나역할관계를맺는정도를교환관계의질이라고하였다. 교환관계 (Leader-Member Exchange: LMX) 는교환관계이론에서나온용어이다. 이이론은리더와구성원의교환관계를다룬대표적인이론으로, Dansereau 등 [4] 의연구에의해처음발표되었고, 리더와구성원간의상호작용을중심으로나타나는과정을개념화한것이다. 즉, 분석의수준이리더십의전통적인이론처럼리더의특성이나행위에초점을두는것이아니라, 리더와구성원간의관계에초점을두는것으로, 리더와구성원간의관계의질은상호독립적이며관계의질에따라구성원들의성과변수에영향을미친다고하였다 [3]. 따라서교환관계연구에서조직의성과는중요한결과변수로사용되어져왔다. Ji[5] 의연구에서 LMX 질을높게지각하는구성원은직무만족도가증가하였으며, Kim 등 [6] 은교환관계의질이직무만족에간접적영향을준다고하였다. Chen 등 [7] 은높은수준의 LMX질은간호사의조직몰입을증가시킨다고하였으며, Han과 Kim[8] 의연구에서도교환관계질은구성원의조직몰입에영향을미친다고하였다. 또한 Lee와 Jang[9] 은상사-부하간의교환관계의질이직무만족과조직몰입에중요한요인이라고하였다. 교환관계에대한연구는주로관광, 기업, 생산직공장등경영분야 [5,6,8-12] 의성과를확인하는데이루어져왔는데, 간호조직에대한국내외의연구로는 Min 등 [13] 의연구, Chen 등 [7] 의연구와 Kalisch와 Lee[14] 의연구가있으며교환관계질과관련하여성과를확인한국내간호연구는미흡한실정이다. 더욱이그동안의선행연구는리더와구성원의관계에서리더에대한구성원의일방향관계를측정하였으며, 간호조직에서교환관계와관련하여리더와구성원의양자적측면의교환관계의질을측정한연구는거의없는실정이다. 그러나교환관계의질은리더와구성원개인의특성에따라서로다르게지각될수있으며, 또한리더와구성원은수직적관계이므로구성원의입장한쪽에서측정된교환관계의질만으로는리더-구성원의교환관계의질을파악하기에불충분하다고생각된다. 이에본연구에서는리더와구성원양자의관점에서관계의질이파악되어야한다는제언 [15] 과그필요에의해리더와구성원양자적관계에따른교환관계질을확인하고, 이것이일반간호사의직무만족, 조직몰입과의관계를규명하여더나아가간호조직의인적자원관리와간호사의직무만족과조직몰입증대를도모함으로서간호업무성과를높이는데기여하고자한다. 2. 연구목적본연구의목적은수간호사와일반간호사의교환관계질이일반간호사의직무만족과조직몰입에미치는영향을규명하고자함이며, 구체적인목적은다음과같다. 수간호사와일반간호사의일반적특성을파악한다. 일반간호사의일반적특성에따른수간호사의교환관계의질, 일반간호사의교환관계질, 직무만족및조직몰입의차이를파악한다. 수간호사와일반간호사의교환관계질이일반간호사의직무만족과조직몰입에미치는영향을파악한다. 3. 연구가설 수간호사의교환관계의질은일반간호사의직무만족에정 (+) 의영향을미칠것이다. 수간호사의교환관계의질은일반간호사의조직몰입에정 (+) 의영향을미칠것이다. 일반간호사의교환관계의질은일반간호사의직무만족에정 (+) 의영향을미칠것이다. 일반간호사의교환관계의질은일반간호사의조직몰입에정 (+) 의영향을미칠것이다. 4. 용어정의교환관계의질 : 교환관계는집단내에서리더와구성원이형성하는사회적교환관계를말하며 [16], 교환관계의질은리더와구성원간의교환관계의수준또는정도를나타낸다. 본연구에서 수간호사의교환관계의질 은리더 ( 수간호사 ) 의관점에서구성원 ( 일반간호사 ) 과의관계를자가평가한점수를의미하며, 일반간호사의교환관계의질 은구성원 ( 일반간호사 ) 의관점에서리더 ( 수간호사 ) 와의관계를자가평가한점수를의미한다. 점수가높을수록교환관계의질이높음을의미한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계본연구는을확인하기위한서술적조사연구이다. 196 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
3 2. 연구대상및자료수집본연구의대상은 I시에위치한 300병상이넘는종합병원급이상의 7개병원에근무하는수간호사와병원경력 1년이상된일반간호사중본연구에참여하기를동의한간호사를대상으로편의표출하였다. 설문조사는 2013년 3월 10일에서 2013년 4월 10일까지실시하였으며, 설문조사는연구자가직접병원을방문하여, 해당병동의수간호사에게연구자가무작위로지정한일반간호사다섯명에대한교환관계질을측정하게하였다. 이는수간호사가일반간호사의교환관계의질을측정하는데어떠한편견도없도록하기위함이었으며, 또한수간호사한사람이일반간호사다섯명보다더많이응답을할경우, 수간호사에게시간적, 심리적부담을줄수있고, 불성실한답변이나올수있다는것을우려했기때문이다. 수간호사의측정대상인일반간호사에게도해당수간호사와의교환관계질을자가측정하게하였다. 개인마다밀봉가능한봉투와구조화된설문지를주어, 설문작성후스스로밀봉하여제출하는방법을이용하였다. 연구대상자의수는 G*Power 프로그램을이용하여구하였다. 회귀분석을위해중간크기의 effect size.15,.05, power.95, 예측인자 10개 ( 일반적특성변수, 수간호사의교환관계의질, 일반간호사의교환관계의질 ) 로할경우최소표본크기가 172개이므로탈락률을감안하여일반간호사는 210명을대상으로하였으며, 수간호사 1인당일반간호사 5 명에대해응답하도록하였으므로수간호사는 42명을대상으로설문조사가진행되었다. 1년미만의간호사를제외시킨이유는대형병원에근무하는간호사는입사첫 1년동안직무만족이감소되며, 근무기간에따라직무만족에차이가있기때문이다 [17]. 배포된설문지는수간호사 42부, 일반간호사 210 부이며, 이중회수된설문지는수간호사 42부로 100% 의회수율과일반간호사 207부로 98.6% 의회수율을보였다. 수간호사의설문지 42부와, 부실하게기재된일반간호사의설문지 5 부를제외한 202부를최종자료분석에사용하였다. 3. 연구도구 1) 교환관계질교환관계의질은 Graen과 Uhl-Bien[3] 이개발한설문항목을근거로 Jung[18] 의연구에서사용한도구를이용하여수간호사와일반간호사간의교환관계를양방향으로측정하였다. 수간호사의교환관계의질측정과일반간호사의교환관계의 질측정은같은도구를이용하였으나, 설문문항의문맥을간호학교수 1인, 병원경력 15년이상간호사 1인과본연구자가함께병원조직에맞게또한수간호사와일반간호사에게맞게각각문맥을수정하였다. 이후 1명의수간호사와 2명의간호사가이를확인하여측정도구가수간호사의교환관계의질과일반간호사의교환관계의질을충분히측정할수있다고판단하였다. 수간호사의관점에서일반간호사와의교환관계의질을측정하기위해사용한 8개문항은다음과같다. 나는이간호사가하는일에대하여만족하고있다, 이간호사는나의수간호사의직무관련문제와욕구를잘알고있다, 이간호사는나의잠재적능력을잘알고있다, 이간호사는업무수행과관련하여나와생각이잘맞는다, 이간호사는내가내린결정을옹호해줄만큼나를신뢰한다, 이간호사는내가업무상실수를저질렀을때에나를방어해준다, 이간호사는나의업무상문제가생기면권한을동원하여나를도와준다, 이간호사는내가직무상어려울때자기희생을감수하더라도나를도와준다 이다. 각문항은 5점척도를사용하였고, 전혀그렇지않다, 그렇지않다, 보통이다, 그렇다, 매우그렇다 로이루어져있으며, 각각 1점에서 5점까지의점수를부여하여측정하였다. 점수가높을수록교환관계질이높은것을의미하며, Jung[18] 의연구에서는 Cronbach's =.92였다. 본연구에서는수간호사의교환관계의질의 Cronbach's =.92, 일반간호사는.92였다. 2) 직무만족본연구에서는직무만족을측정하기위하여 Curry 등 [19] 이개발하고 Park[20] 의연구에서직무만족을측정하기위해사용된 6문항을이용하였다. 각문항은 5점척도를사용하여, 전혀그렇지않다, 그렇지않다, 보통이다, 그렇다, 매우그렇다 로이루어져있으며, 각각 1점에서 5점까지의점수를부여하여측정하였다. 점수가높을수록직무만족이높음을의미한다. 도구의신뢰도는 Park[20] 의연구에서는 Cronbach's =.88이었으며, 본연구에서는.62로나타났다. 3) 조직몰입조직몰입측정도구는 Mowday 등 [21] 이개발한 OCQ (Organizational Commitment Questionnaire) 를사용하였으며, OCQ의 15개설문항목중의미상이직의도와연관이있고중복되는 6개항목을제외하고 9개항목으로조직몰입을측정한 Chang과 Choi[22] 의연구에서사용된도구를이용하 Vol. 20 No. 2,
4 이향화 이여진 였다. 또한연구자는이도구를간호학교수 1인, 간호사경력 15년이상의간호사 1인과함께병원조직에맞게수정하여사용하였다. 각문항은 5점척도를사용하였으며 전혀그렇지않다 1점, 매우그렇다 5점으로측정하였다. 점수가높을수록조직몰입도가높은것을의미하며, 도구의신뢰도는 Chang과 Choi[22] 의연구에서는 Cronbach's =.95였으며, 본연구에서는.93이었다. 4. 자료분석 목적외에는절대사용되지않음을밝혔다. 또한, 개개인에게밀봉가능한봉투를주어설문지를직접밀봉한다는사실과함께비밀유지, 윤리적측면에대해설명하였으며, 연구대상자서면동의서작성은연구대상자의자발적의사참여에의해결정되었다. 연구결과 1. 연구대상자의일반적특성 수집된자료는 SPSS/WIN 20.0 프로그램을이용하여분석하였다. Kolmogorov-Smirnov 에의한정규성검정시일반간호사의교환관계의질 (Z=1.687, p =.007) 에서정규성이검정되지않아, 일반적특성에따른일반간호사의교환관계의질비교시에는비모수기법을, 다른세가지변수 ( 수간호사의교환관계의질, 직무만족, 조직몰입 ) 들은일반적특성과의차이비교시에는모수기법을이용하였다. 대상자의일반적인특성및교환관계의질, 직무만족, 조직몰입은서술통계를이용하여빈도와백분율, 평균및표준편차를산출하였다. 일반적특성에따른수간호사의교환관계질, 일반간호사의교환관계질, 직무만족, 조직몰입의차이는 Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, One-Way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis 검정으로분석하고, 사후검정은 Duncan 기법으로분석하였다. 수간호사의교환관계질과일반간호사의교환관계질, 직무만족, 그리고조직몰입과의상관관계는 Pearson correlation coefficient 로구하였다. 수간호사의교환관계질과일반간호사의교환관계질이, 일반간호사의직무만족과조직몰입에미치는영향에대한분석은위계적회귀분석 (hierarchical multiple regression) 을이용하였다. 5. 윤리적고려본연구는자료수집전 G병원의임상연구윤리심의위원회로부터연구계획서, 설문지에대해승인을받았다 (IRB No. GBIRB ). 연구진행전, 연구자가연구대상자에게연구의목적과방법에대해설명하였고, 연구대상자에게연구시작전을포함하여연구기간중언제라도자료수집에참여하기를중단할수있다는사실과응답사항에대해서는통계처리 서술적통계를위해분석된수간호사의수는 42명이며, 일반간호사의수는 202명이었다. 수간호사와일반간호사의일반적특성은 Table 1과같다. 수간호사들의연령은 32-59세의범위였으며, 평균연령은 45.5세였다. 이들의결혼상태는기혼이 85.7%, 학력은대졸이 40.5%, 근무경력은 8.8~35년사이었으며, 평균 20.5년이었다. 근무부서는내과가 35.7% 로가장많았으며, 특수부서에는중환자실, 수술실, 응급실, 인공신장실이포함되었다. 병원의유형에서는상급종합병원 14.3 %, 종합병원이 61.9%, 요양병원 23.8% 으로나타났다. 수간호사가지각한일반간호사와의교환관계의질평균은 3.66점이었다. 일반간호사들의연령은 23-57세의범위였으며평균 32.5세였다. 결혼상태는미혼이 64.9%, 학력은전문대졸이 64.9%, 근무경력은 1~25년사이로평균 6.7년으로나타났다. 근무부서는내과가 31.7% 로가장많았다. 일반간호사가지각한수간호사와의교환관계의질평균은 3.51점이었다. 2. 일반적특성에따른수간호사의교환관계질, 일반간호사의교환관계의질, 직무만족및조직몰입의차이일반적특성에따른수간호사의교환관계의질은연령 (F= 8.66, p <.001) 과근무경력 (F=4.79, p =.003) 에따라서유의한차이를나타났다. 사후검정결과연령의경우 31~40세의간호사가다른연령집단의간호사보다통계적으로유의하게높았으며, 근무경력에따른수간호사의교환관계질은 1년이상-3년미만간호사보다 5~10년미만과 10년이상간호사의점수가유의하게높게나타났다. 일반간호사의교환관계의질은근무부서 (x 2 =21.29, p<.001) 에서만유의한차이를나타냈다. 사후검정결과근무부서의경우내과, 외과, 특수부서에근무하는일반간호사의교환관계의질에비해소아과, 정신과에근무하는간호사의점수가보다유의하게높은것으로나타났다 (Table 2). 198 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
5 Table 1. General Characteristics (N=244) Characteristics Age (year) Head nurses (n=42) Clinical nurses (n=202) Characteristics n (%) or M±SD Characteristics n (%) or M±SD 32~40 41~45 46~ ± (26.2) 9 (21.4) 13 (31.0) 9 (21.4) 23~25 26~30 31~40 41~ 32.5±7.9 30(14.9) 75(37.1) 65(32.2) 32(15.8) Marital status Single Married 6 (14.3) 36 (85.7) Single Married 131 (64.9) 71(35.1) Education College Bachelor Master's 14 (33.3) 17 (40.5) 11 (26.2) College Bachelor Master's 131 (64.9) 71(35.1) - Clinical experience (year) 8~ ~ ~ ±6.3 9 (21.4) 14 (33.3) 9 (21.4) 10 (23.8) 1~2.9 3~4.9 5~9.9 10~ 6.7±5.3 66(32.7) 29(14.4) 71(35.1) 36(17.8) Department Medicine Surgical Special Unit Pediatry Psychiatry 15 (35.7) 11 (26.2) 12 (28.6) 1 (2.4) 3 (7.1) Medicine Surgical Special Unit Pediatry Psychiatry 64(31.7) 50(24.8) 58(28.7) 15 (7.4) 15 (7.4) Type of hospital Tertiary general General Long term care 6 (14.3) 26 (61.9) 10 (23.8) Tertiary general General Long term care 30(14.9) 123 (60.9) 49(24.3) LMX L-LMX 3.66±0.63 M-LMX 3.51±0.63 L-LMX=Leader-member exchange of leader (head nurses), M-LMX=Leader-member exchange of member (clinical nurses). 일반적특성에따른직무만족의차이는, 학력을제외한연령 (F=9.10, p<.001), 결혼 (t=-3.28, p=.001), 근무경력 (F= 3.45, p=.018), 근무부서 (F=5.79, p<.001), 병원유형 (F= 7.16, p=.001) 에서유의한차이를나타냈다. 사후검정결과연령의경우 41세이상인간호사가다른연령집단의간호사보다직무만족이유의하게높은것으로나타났고, 결혼상태에서는기혼인간호사의직무만족이미혼인간호사보다유의하게높게나타났다. 근무경력에서는 10년이상된간호사가다른경력집단의간호사보다직무만족이유의하게높았으며, 근무부서의경우는내과, 외과, 소아과에근무하는간호사보다특수부서와정신과에근무하는간호사의직무만족이유의하게높은것으로나타났다. 병원유형에있어서는상급종합병원과종합병원간호사에비해요양병원간호사의직무만족이유의하게높은것으로나타났다 (Table 2). 대상자의일반적특성에따른조직몰입은근무경력 (F= 2.83, p=.040), 근무부서 (F=3.08, p=.017), 병원유형 (F= 3.26, p=.041) 에따라유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다. 사후검정결과근무경력의경우 10년이상인간호사가다른연령집단의간호사보다조직몰입이유의하게높은것으로나타났고, 근무부서에서는내과, 외과, 특수부서, 정신과에근무하는간호사보다소아과에근무하는간호사의조직몰입이유의하게높은것으로나타났다. 상급종합병원과요양병원간호사보다종합병원간호사의조직몰입이높게나타났으나, 사후검정에서는유의하지않았다 (Table 2). 3. 수간호사와일반간호사의교환관계의질, 직무만족, 조직몰입의상관관계수간호사의교환관계질은일반간호사의교환관계의질과정 (+) 의상관관계가있었으나 (r=.15, p =.031), 일반간호사의직무만족, 조직몰입과는상관관계가나타나지않았다. 일반간호사의교환관계의질은직무만족 (r=.33, p <.001), 조직몰입 (r=.43, p<.001) 과유의한정 (+) 의상관관계가있는것으로나타났다 (Table 3). Vol. 20 No. 2,
6 이향화 이여진 Table 2. Difference in Leader-Member Exchange of Head nurses and Clinical nurses, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment according to General Characteristics (N=202) Variables L-LMX M-LMX Job satisfaction Organizational commitment M±SD t or F (p) M±SD Z or x 2 (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) Age (year) 23~25 26~30 31~40 41~ 3.41±0.56 a 3.52±0.58 a 3.96±0.60 b 3.62±0.66 a 8.66 (<.001) 3.58± ± ± ± (.465) 3.13±0.51 a 3.08±0.40 a 3.15±0.51 a 3.57±0.45 b 9.10 (<.001) 3.13± ± ± ± (.052) Marital status Single Married 3.63± ± (.411) 3.52± ± (.869) 3.10± ± (.001) 2.90± ± (.051) Education background College Bachelor 3.65± ± (.766) 3.45± ± (.120) 3.19± ± (.966) 2.96± ± (.653) Clinical experience (year) 1~2.9 3~4.9 5~9.9 10~ 3.45±0.56 a 3.61±0.61 ab 3.83±0.66 b 3.76±0.61 b 4.79 (.003) 3.50± ± ± ± (.702) 3.15±0.50 a 3.14±0.39 a 3.13±0.45 a 3.42±0.56 b 3.45 (.018) 3.04±0.67 ab 2.95±0.64 ab 2.81±0.73 a 3.18±0.54 b 2.83 (.040) Department Medicine Surgical Special Unit Pediatry Psychiatry 3.60± ± ± ± ± (.144) 3.37±0.58 a 3.38±0.59 a 3.58±0.65 ab 3.97±0.44 c 3.82±0.75 bc (<.001) 3.13±0.51 ab 2.99±0.48 a 3.32±0.41 bc 3.24±0.43 ab 3.53±0.46 c 5.79 (<.001) 2.78±0.77 a 2.93±0.53 ab 3.15±0.65 ab 3.27±0.55 b 2.93±0.71 ab 3.08 (.017) Type of hospital Tertiary general General Long term care 3.66± ± ± (.107) 3.40± ± ± (.281) 3.00±0.38 a 3.15±0.51 a 3.39±0.44 b 7.16 (.001) 2.84±0.60 a 3.07±0.63 a 2.81±0.79 a 3.26 (.041) a, b, c: Duncan's multiple comparison; L-LMX=Leader-member exchange of leader (head nurses), M-LMX=Leader-member exchange of member (clinical nurses). Mann-Whitney U-test; Kruskal-Wallis test. 200 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
7 4. 수간호사와일반간호사의교환관계의질이일반간호사의직무만족에미치는영향 연구가설 1과 3의, 수간호사의교환관계의질과일반간호사의교환관계의질이일반간호사의직무만족에정 (+) 의영향을미칠것이다 를확인하기위해위계적다중회귀분석을실시하였다 (Table 4). 수간호사와일반간호사의교환관계의질에서차이를나타낸일반적특성인연령, 근무경력, 근무부서를통제하였고, 이와함께종속변수인직무만족에차이를나타낸결혼, 병원유형의일반적특성도함께통제하였다. 이후수간호사의교환관계의질과일반간호사의교환관계의질을독립변수로투입하고이들이병원간호사의직무만족에미 Table 3. Correlations among Variables (N=202) L-LMX M-LMX Variables r (p) r(p) M-LMX.15 (.031) - Job satisfaction -.11 (.115).33 (<.001) Organizational commitment.11 (.126).43 (<.001) L-LMX=Leader-member exchange of leader (head nurses); M-LMX=Leader-member exchange of member (clinical nurses). 치는영향을확인하였다. 일반적특성중결혼 ( 미혼 =0), 근무부서 ( 정신과 =0) 및병원유형 ( 요양병원 =0) 은더미변수처리하여투입하였다. Dubin-Watson 통계량은직무만족의경우 1.87로 2와가까워자기상관이없는것으로나타났으며, Tolerance는.15~.85로.1 이상, VIF는 1.21~6.83로 10 이하였으므로, 다중공선성의문제는없는것으로확인되었다. 위계적회귀분석에서, 모형 1에서는연령과병원유형 ( 상급종합병원, 종합병원 ) 이영향을미치고있었으나, 통제변수및수간호사의교환관계의질과일반간호사의교환관계의질이함께투입된모형 2에서연구대상자의연령, 일반간호사의교환관계가직무만족에정 (+) 의영향을주는것으로확인되었고 (F= 8.00, p <.001), 설명력은 31.6% 였다. 수간호사의교환관계의질은직무만족에정 (+) 의영향을주는요인이아니었다. 따라서가설 1은기각되었고, 가설 3은채택되었다. 5. 수간호사와일반간호사의교환관계의질이일반간호사의조직몰입에미치는영향연구가설 2와 4의, 수간호사의교환관계의질과일반간호사의교환관계의질이일반간호사의조직몰입에정 (+) 의영향을미칠것이다 를확인하기위해위계적다중회귀분석을실시 Table 4. Results of Hierarchical Regression Analysis: Job Satisfaction (N=202) Model 1 Model 2 Variables B β t(p) B β t(p) Age (.004) (.009) Clinical experience (.724) (.764) Marital status (married)* (.494) (.479) Department (medicine)* (.293) (.274) Department (surgical)* (.570) (.387) Department (special unit)* (.128) (.371) Department (pediatry)* (.225) (.904) Hospital types (tertiary general)* (.017) (.087) Hospital types (general)* (.026) (.194) L-LMX (.017) M-LMX (<.001) Model F (p) 6.91 (<.001) 8.00 (<.001) R L-LMX=Leader-member exchange of leader (head nurses), M-LMX=Leader-member exchange of member (clinical nurses). *Dummy variables: marital status (single=0), department (psychiatric=0), Hospital Type (Long term care=0). Vol. 20 No. 2,
8 이향화 이여진 하였다 (Table 5). 수간호사와일반간호사의교환관계에서차이를나타내는일반적특성인연령, 근무경력, 근무부서를통제하였고, 이와함께통계적유의도를 p<.100으로할때종속변수인조직몰입에차이를나타낸결혼, 병원유형의일반적특성도함께통제하였다. 이후수간호사의교환관계의질과일반간호사의교환관계의질을독립변수로투입하고이들이병원간호사의조직몰입에미치는영향을확인하였다. 일반적특성중결혼 ( 미혼 =0), 근무부서 ( 정신과 =0) 및병원유형 ( 요양병원 =0) 은더미변수처리하여투입하였다. 회귀모형은 Dubin- Watson 통계량은직무만족의경우 2.03으로 2와가까워자기상관이없는것으로나타났으며, Tolerance 는.16~.85 로.1 이상, VIF는 1.21~6.83 로 10 이하였으므로, 다중공선성의문제는없는것으로확인되었다. 위계적회귀분석에서, 통제변수가투입된모형 1에서는연령만이영향을미치고있었으나, 통제변수및수간호사의교환관계의질과일반간호사의교환관계의질이함께투입된모형 2에서연령은영향을주지않았으며, 연구대상자의결혼 ( 기혼 ), 일반간호사의교환관계의질이조직몰입에정 (+) 의영향을주는것으로확인되었고 (F=6.76, p<.001), 설명력은 28.1% 였다. 수간호사의교환관계의질은조직몰입에정 (+) 의영향을주는요인이아니었다. 따라서가설 2는기각되었고, 가설 4는채택되었다. 논의본연구는 300병상이상의병원에근무하는수간호사와일반간호사를대상으로수간호사와일반간호사의양자적교환관계의질이직무만족과조직몰입에영향을미치는정도를파악하여간호조직의인적자원관리와간호업무성과향상을위한기초자료를제공하고자실시되었다. 수간호사가지각한일반간호사와의교환관계의질평균은 3.66점, 일반간호사가지각한수간호사와의교환관계의질평균은 3.51점으로수간호사가지각한교환관계의질점수보다낮게나타났다. 이는 Hahm과 Choi[23] 의연구에서교환관계의질에있어리더와구성원사이의인식차이가있다는결론을뒷받침하며, Kalisch 와 Lee[14] 의연구에서간호지도자들과간호사들사이의교환관계의인식에일치성이부족한것으로나타난것과같았다. 본연구에서리더의교환관계의질이높게나타난것은고무적인것이나, 리더의교환관계의질보다구성원의교환관계의질이낮게나타난것은리더가자신의교환관계에서의구성원에대한긍정적인인식을구성원에게충분히전달하지못하여구성원의교환관계의질이리더의그것보다낮은것으로생각된다. 간호지도자들과간호사들간의교환관계의인식에대한일치성은긍정적인조직의성과와연결 Table 5. Results of Hierarchical Regression Analysis: Organizational Commitment (N=202) Model 1 Model 2 Variables* B β t(p) B β t(p) Age (.031) (.109) Clinical experience (.147) (.335) Marital status (married)* (.063) (.035) Department (medicine)* (.560) (.930) Department (surgical)* (.803) (.895) Department (special Unit)* (.408) (.384) Department (pediatry)* (.205) (.461) Hospital types (tertiary general)* (.254) (.143) Hospital types (general)* (.113) (.052) L-LMX (.866) M-LMX (<.001) Model F (p) 3.30 (.001) 6.76 (<.001) R L-LMX: Leader-member exchange of leader (head nurses), M-LMX: Leader-member exchange of member (clinical nurses). *Dummy variables: marital status (single=0), department (psychiatric=0), Hospital Type (Long term care=0). 202 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
9 되므로 [14], 서로에대한긍정적인인지를높일수있도록개방적인대화로표현할수있는간호조직문화의변화가필요하다. 본연구에서수간호사의교환관계의질은일반간호사의연령과근무경력에따라차이가있었다. 31~40세의간호사또는 5년이상경력을가진간호사의교환관계의질이높게나타났다. 간호사의연령과근무경력이많을수록, 간호단위에서영향력있는위치에있을수있으며, 다른연령대나낮은경력간호사보다상대적으로업무에책임감을가지고근무에임하게되므로이들과오랜시간같이한수간호사의입장에서경력간호사들에대한친밀감과신뢰감이형성되었을것으로본다. 일반간호사의교환관계의질은근무부서에서만유의한차이를나타냈는데, 이는 Min 등 [13] 에서간호사의교육정도와근무부서에따라유의한차이가나타난것과유사하였다. 본연구결과에따르면내과, 외과, 특수부서 ( 중환자실, 수술실, 응급실, 인공신장실 ) 간호사의교환관계의질에비해소아과, 정신과간호사의교환관계가높은것으로나타났다. 이는특수부서의경우응급상황에대처해야하는긴박감과정확한판단의요구에서오는불안감, 24시간모니터링이필요한중환자간호와수술로인한긴장상태의연속에서오는스트레스로인한업무상황의영향을받은것으로보인다. 일반간호사의직무만족의평균은 3.19점으로나타났으며, 간호사를대상으로한 Park[24] 의 3.19점, Wi와 Yi[25] 의 3.12 점과비슷한결과를보였다. 일반적특성에따른직무만족에서는연령, 결혼유무, 근무경력, 근무부서, 병원유형에서유의한차이가나타났는데, Park[24] 과 Jang과 Park[26] 의연구와일치하였다. 이러한결과는연령이높아지고근무경력이많아지면서병원조직과업무에대해적응을하게되고, 익숙한병원업무와주어진권한에대한책임감이생기고또한, 동료와의심리적친분이커지면서직무만족도가높아졌을것이라생각된다. Wi와 Yi[25] 의연구에서도 10년이상의경력을가진간호사들은병원업무환경에익숙해지고간호업무수행에권한이많아져자율적인간호활동을수행함으로써직무만족도가상대적으로높아진다고하였다. 일반간호사의조직몰입의평균은 2.97점으로, 이는종합전문요양기관과대학병원의간호조직을대상으로연구한 Park [24] 의 3.06점, Min 등 [13] 의 3.32점보다낮게나타났다. 본연구의대상자들은상급종합병원과종합병원, 요양병원에서근무하는간호사를대상으로하였는데, 종합병원간호사보다요양병원에근무하는간호사의직무만족은높았지만, 조직몰입은낮게나타났다. 이는요양병원간호사들의간호업무량이다른병원유형에비해높지않아업무량에대해서는만족도가 높지만, 대부분의환자들이장기입원과만성질환을가지고있어환자간호에있어큰변화가없고긴장감이저하되는근무의반복으로조직몰입이낮아진것으로생각된다. 일반적특성에따른조직몰입에서는근무경력, 근무부서에따라유의한차이가나타났다. 근무경력에서는 10년이상된간호사가그이하인간호사보다조직몰입이높게나타났으며, 이는 Wi와 Yi[25] 의연구결과와도유사하였다. 근무부서의경우내과, 외과, 정신과에근무하는간호사보다특수부서와소아과에근무하는간호사의조직몰입이더높게나타났다. 이는특수부서의경우간호성과를이루기위해서는팀원들간의협조와조화가중요시되며, 상황에대처해야하는정확함과신속함이요구되는업무상황에따른것으로보여진다. 또한일반간호사의연령과교환관계의질은일반간호사의직무만족에긍정적영향을주는것으로확인되었으며, 일반간호사의결혼 ( 기혼 ) 과교환관계의질은일반간호사의조직몰입에긍정적영향을주는것으로확인되었다. 이는일반기업조직을대상으로한 Rhee와 Lee[11] 의연구에서조직구성원의교환관계의질이이들의직무만족과조직몰입에영향을주었다는결과와유사하였다. 또한연령이높아짐에따라경력이늘어남으로써정서적으로나사회적으로안정되어간호사의기본업무에전념할수있기때문에연령은직무만족에영향을줄수있으며 [24], 기혼자의경우가족의지지와정서적안정이조직몰입에영향을미친다고한것과같은결과이다 [27]. 직무만족에는급여 [28] 나근무환경 [29] 등의외적보상요인이영향을미친다는선행연구가있으나, 본연구에서직무만족에영향을미친교환관계의질은서로간의인간관계에기초한것이므로직무만족및조직몰입에영향을미치는요소는외적보상뿐아니라내적보상도중요하다는것을확인할수있었다. Min 등 [13] 은교환관계의하위요인인정서적유대감이높을수록간호사의조직몰입에영향을줄수있다고하였는데, 이러한정서적유대감에는상사를인간적으로좋아하고, 상사와친구와같은우정을나누고, 상사와함께일하는재미가포함된다. 인적자원관리측면에서, 리더와구성원의정서적유대감이높아지는것은구성원의입장에서내적보상을받는다고할수있으므로, 조직구성원의직무만족과조직몰입을높이기위해서는리더와구성원간에교환관계를잘인식할수있도록해야할것이다. 마지막으로, 본연구에서수간호사의교환관계의질은일반간호사의직무만족이나조직몰입에긍정적영향을주는변수가아니었다. 리더와구성원의개인별관계에초점을둔교환관계에서, 수간호사와일반간호사가서로교감하는정도가 Vol. 20 No. 2,
10 이향화 이여진 다르다는것은, 리더와구성원의조직공통의목적달성을위한노력이조화되지않고조직성과로연결되지않을수도있음을생각해볼수있다. 그러나리더와구성원간의교환관계의질은간호감독자에대한신뢰뿐만아니라관리자들의인식에영향을주고 [7], 리더와구성원과의높은교환관계의질은구성원의임파워먼트를높이고, 결과적으로직무만족을높이므로 [30], 수간호사의교환관계의질을일반간호사들이적절히인식할수있도록노력하는것은간호조직의효과적인간호인력관리와조직성과달성에도움이될것이라기대한다. 결론수간호사가일반간호사를생각하는교환관계의질은, 일반간호사가수간호사를생각하는교환관계의질보다높았지만, 수간호사의교환관계의질은일반간호사의직무만족과조직몰입에긍정적영향을주지못하였다. 그러므로일반간호사의교환관계의질이수간호사의교환관계의질보다간호사의직무만족과조직몰입에더중요한영향요인으로볼수있을것이다. 수간호사는자신이가지고있는우호적인감정을일반간호사로하여금잘인식할수있도록적극적인리더로서의행동표현이요구된다. 이러한수간호사와일반간호사사이의서로에대한충분한긍정적인인식의전달은물론정서적유대감을높이는것은일반간호사의직무만족과조직몰입향상에도움이될것이다. REFERENCES 1. Korean Nurse Association. Power of leadership. 2006;45(1): Kim Y-J. A study on ethical leadership. Ethical Culture. 2012; 8: Graen GB, Uhl-Bien M. Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader- member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly. 1995;6(2): Dansereau F, Graen G, Haga WJ. A vertical dyad linkage approach within formal organization: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1975;13(1): Ji K-Y. The influence of the job motivation and LMX of hotel F&B dept. employees on the job satisfaction and the organizational commitment. Korean Journal of Hotel Administration. 2009;18(2): Kim T-H, Son E-Y, Shin J-H. The relationship among LMX and empowerment, job satisfaction and customer orientation: Focused on the culinary staff on the deluxe hotel in Seoul. Korea Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research. 2007;21 (4): Chen CH, Wang SJ, Chang WC, Hu CS. The effect of leadermember exchange, trust, supervisor support on organizational citizenship behavior in nurses. Journal of Nursing Research: JNR. 2008;16(4): Han Y-J, Kim D-K. A study on the relationship among followership, leader-member exchange (LMX) and organizational committment in the tourism and convention industry. Journal of Tourism and Leisure Research. 2011;23(7): Lee J, Jang K. The effects of leader-member exchange relations on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Korean Journal of Human Resource Development. 2003;5(1): Kim H-A, Kim I-H. A study on relationship among quality of LMX, self-concept and organizational effectiveness. Journal of Organization and Management. 2004;28(4): Rhee T-S, Lee B-K. The relationship among leader-member exchange, member's maturity and organizational effectiveness. The Journal of Professional Management. 2009;12(1): Erdogan B, Enders J. Support from the top: Supervisor s perceived organizational support as a moderator of leader-member exchange to satisfaction and performance relationships. The Journal of Applied Psychology. 2007;92(2): Min S, Kim H-Y, Kim H-S, Kim E-A, Jeong Y-J, Park K-I. The moderating effect of LMX in relationship between leadership and organizational commitment: A group of nurses in a university as subjects. Daehan Journal of Business. 2011;24(6): Kalisch BJ, Lee KH. Congruence of perceptions among nursing leaders and staff regarding missed nursing care and teamwork. Journal of Nursing Administration. 2012;42(10): Yukle GA. Leadership in organization. 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; Wayne SJ, Shore LM, Liden RC. Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal. 1997;40(1): McCloskey JC, McCain BE. Satisfaction, commitment, and professionalism of newly employed nurses. IMAGE: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 1987;19(1): Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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