* 20. (KIIP-SC) 35 (n=19) (n=16). 20,., 2,,.,,,.,.,.,.. *, 2012 ( ) (NRF-2012-S1A3A ). :,, ( ) 5 Tel : ,

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "* 20. (KIIP-SC) 35 (n=19) (n=16). 20,., 2,,.,,,.,.,.,.. *, 2012 ( ) (NRF-2012-S1A3A ). :,, ( ) 5 Tel : ,"

달환 육
5 years ago
Views:

1 * 20. (KIIP-SC) 35 (n=19) (n=16). 20,., 2,,.,,,.,.,.,.. *, 2012 ( ) (NRF-2012-S1A3A ). :,, ( ) 5 Tel : , wsgim@ajou.ac.kr

2 , (, Four Immeasurables). ( :, lovingkindness) ( :, compassion), ( :, sympathetic joy), ( :, equanimity),.,.,,.,,. (Wallace, 2010).,.,,...,,...,, (Relaxation Response) (Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction) (,, 2014).,.,.,

3 ,..,,.,,.. Carson, Keefe, Lynch, Carson, Goli, Fras (2005) 8,,. 7,.,,, (Fredrickson, Cohn, Coffey, Pek, & Finkel, 2008). 4 (compassionate love) (Weibel, 2007)., (Pace, Negi, Adame, et al, 2009; Pace, Negi, Sivilli, et al, 2010).,,, (Gillbert & Procter, 2006),, (Mayhew & Gilbert, 2008)... (,, 2008;,,, 2013), (, 2012;, 2012;,, 2011;, 2011). (2012) 8,,,,,,,. (2012) 13,,,.,

4 (2011) (2011). (2011) 4 3,.. (2011) 15.,,,,,,,,.,., (Weibel, 2007), (Hutcherson, Seppala, & Gross, 2008).. (2008),, 8, (, 2013)., fmri (Lutz, Brefczynski-Lewis, Johnstone, & Davidson, 2008).,,,,.,.,.,,. 8, 6. 4 (Cahn & Polich,

5 2006; Weibel, 2007; Fredrickson, et al., 2008; Carlson, Speca, Faris, & Patel, 2007) (Lutz, Greischar, Rawlings, Richard, & Davidson, 2004)., (Hopkins, 2007).. 1., Hutcherson (2008) 7,. (, 2011),.. 20.,. A ( 19, 16 ). 11 (31.4%), 24 (68.6%), 4, 15, 7, 9. 5.,.,,,.,,.

6 (CLS; Compassionate Love Scale) Sprecher Fehr(2005) CLS. ( ), () 21 1 ( ) 7 ( ) 7 Likert ( ) 12 () (,, 2014 ). Cronbach's α.87,.93. (KFIS), (2013) (KFIS; Korean Four Immeasurable Scale) Cronbach's α.75, (2006)...,, 4 (,,,.) 1 ( ) 10 ( ) 10.,,.,,, 5 (,,,,.) 1 ( ) 10 ( ) 10.

7 ,,,, (2002) (KIIP-SC) ( ) 5 ( ) 5 Likert,. 8, Cronbach's α.79,.86. Hutcherson (2008) (,, ) (,, ) ( ) 10 ( ). Cronbach's α.88, ,.,.,..,. 20..,,,,. Buddhaghosa (2004) (2011).,. 4. Hutcherson (2008),.,. 1, 1. 20,,., 5.,

8 ,, è è, ì î î è ì,, 3, 2,,, , 3. SPSS (ANOVA). (MANOVA)., ( 2). (MANOVA). Levene

9 (n=19) (n=16) () () F p 29.79(6.40) 28.63(4.06) (1.60) 4.33(1.63) (1.65) 3.40(1.55) (1.08) 4.75(.75) (1.00) 2.93(.71) (.80) 3.33(.78) (.93) 2.92(.59) (1.00) 3.42(.55) (.91) 3.19(.67) (1.04) 3.09(.60) (5.46) 27.88(4.44) (9.32) 16.25(5.16) (6.79) 10.88(6.50) (8.16) 31.75(6.00) (8.00) 19.44(6.45) (8.50) 11.63(7.35) *P <.05, **P <.01, ***P <.001,, F(1,33) = 4.347, p <.05., MANOVA,,., Pillai s trace =.821, F = 5.824, p =.000, =.821,, 82%. 3., F(1,33) = 6.617, p =.015,, F(1,33) = 5.186, p =.029.,

10 (n = 19) (n = 16) F(1,33) p Cohen s d , t(18) = 4.470, p =.000,, t(18) = 3.349, p =.004..,,.,,,.,,, F(1,33) = , p =.001.,, t(18) = 3.147, p =.000,, t(18) = 4.515, p =.000,, t(18) = 7.021, p =.000,, t(15) = 3.072, p =.000,

11 ., F(1,33) = 4.517, p =.041, F(1,33) = 6.230, p =.018, F(1,33) = 7.989, p =.008,,,.,, t(18) = 5.099, p =.000, t(18) = 7.888, p =.000, t(18) = 7.698, p =.000,., t(15) = 3.456, p =.004, t(15) = 2.322, p =.035,,, t(15) = 1.183, p =.225.,.,, t(18) = 4.450, p =.000, t(15) = 3.304, p =.008,,. t(18) = , p =.001, t(15) = , p =.005. Cohen(1988) (d) ( 3). 0.2, 0.5, 0.8.,,,.,.,,,,.,,,.,,..,

12 ,,. (Ricard, 2012). 8,,., (Berkowitz, 1972; Fink, Rey, Johnson, Spenner, Moton, & Flores, 1975;, 1999).,.,,.,.,, r =.362, n = 35, p =.033,, r =.383, n = 35, p =.023,.,, r =.359, n = 35, p =.034,.. 20.,.,,,.,

13 ,.,,.,,,..,,.,.,,. (Hutcherson et al., 2008),., (Germer, Siegel., & Fulton. 2005),.., 3, 1. 1,, 20.,.,

14 ,.. (well-being),,..,.,,.,..,,,,,.,,.,. (2011).., (2014)., (pp ). :.,, (2013).., 1-11., (2014). : Sprecher Ferr Compassionate Love Scale., 1, (2006).. (1), , (2008).. (4), (1999).. (2), (2012)..

15 (2012). :. (4), ,, (2013).. (3), , (2011).,,,. (4), ,,,,, (2002). (KIIP-SC). (4), Berkowitz, L. (1972). Social norms, feelings, and other factors affecting helping and altruism. In L. Berkowiz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 6. New York: Academic Press. Buddhaghosa (2004). [Visuddhimagge]. ( ). :. Cahn, B. R., & Polich, J. (2006). Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), Carson, J. W., Keefe, F. J., Lynch, T. R., Carson, K. M., Goli, V., Fras, A. M., & Thorp, S. R. (2005). Loving-kindness meditation for chronic low back pain: Results from a pilot trial. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 23, Carlson, L. E., Speca, M., Faris, P., & Patel, K. D. (2007). One year pre-post intervention follow-up of psychological, immune, endocrine and blood pressure outcomes of mindfulness- based stress reduction (MBSR) in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Brain, Behavior and Immunity, 21, Fink, E. L., Rey, L. D., Johnson, K. W., Spenner, K. L., Moton, D. R., & Flores, E. T. (1975). The effects of family occupational type, sex, and appeal style on helping behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, Germer, C. K., Siegel., R, D., & Fulton. P, R. (2005). Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press. Gilbert. P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 13, Hutcherson, C. A., Seppala, E. M., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Loving-Kindness Meditation increases social connectedness. Emotion, 8, Hopkins, J. (2007). [Cultivating Compassion]. ( ). :. ( 2004 ). Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Rawlings, N. B., Richard, M., & Davidson, R. J. (2004). Long-term meditators self-induce high- amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 101(46), Lutz, A., Brefczynski-Lewis, J., Johnstone, T., &

16 Davidson, R. J. (2008). Regulation of the neural circuitry of emotion by compassion meditation: Effects of meditative expertise. Public Library of Science One, 3(3) : e1897. Mayhew, S. L., & Gilbert, P. (2008). Compassionate Mind Training with people who hear malevolent voices: A case series report. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 15, Pace, T. W. W., Negi, L., T., Adame, D. D., Cole, S. P., Sivilli, T. I., Brownm, T. D., Issa, M. J., & Raison, C. I. (2009). Effect of compassion meditation on neuroendocrine, innate immune and behavioral responses to psycho-social stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(1), Pace, T. W. W., Negi, L. T., Sivilli, T. I., Issa, M. J., Cole, S. P., Adame, D. D., Raison, C. L., (2010). Innate immune, neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to psycho-social stress do not predict subsequent compassion meditation practice time. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35(2), Ricard. M. (2012, November). The science of loving-kindness and compassion meditation. In W-S. Gim (Chair), Happiness and meditation. Lecture conducted at the meeting of the Korean Association of Meditation, Seoul, Korea Sprecher, S., & Fehr, B. (2005). Compassionate love for close others and humanity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, Wallace, B. A. (2010). The Four Immeasurables: Practice to Open the Heart. New York: Snow Lion Publications. Weibel. D. T. (2007). A loving-kindness intervention: Boosting compassion for self and others. Doctoral dissertation, Ohio University, OH: USA. : : :

17 The Effects of Short-term Loving-Kindness & Compassion Meditation on Compassionate Love, Four Immeasurables, and Altruism Ji-Hyoen Jang Wan-Suk Gim Department of Psychology, Ajou University This study investigated the effects of a brief Loving-Kindness and Compassion Meditation(20 minutes) on compassionate love and altruism of undergraduate students. Among the 187 students who were completed the KIIP-SC, 35 of high scored students in Interpersonal Problem Scale were randomly assigned to one of two different groups: Loving-Kindness and Compassion Meditation group(lcm, n=19) and Imagery Trainning group(it, n=16). During the 20 minutes of practice, LCM group was asked to practice loving-kindness and compassion meditation and IT group was asked to investigate personal characteristics of the imagined people who were same as LCM. Compassionate love, four immeasurebles, two kind of altruistic behaviors, and mood states were measured pre- and post-treatment. LCM group showed significantly higher incremental scores for compassionate love, donation for strange person, and helping behaviors for friends, for close person, and for stranger than IT group. Negative and positive mood states were improved for each of the groups, but there was no significant differences between groups. The results suggested that the comparatively short practice of loving-kindness and compassion meditation could increase altruistic attitudes and intentions toward other persons. And, these effects could not be attributed to mood effects. Limitations of this study and the directions of further research were discussed. Key words : loving-kindness and compassion meditation, compassionate love, altruism, four immeasurables

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006;

,,.. 400,,,,,,.,,, -, -, -., 3.. :, Tel : 010-9540-0640, E-mail : sunney05@hanmail.net ,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012).