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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 17, No. 4 pp , ISSN / eissn 김정겸 1, 강영식 2* 1 충남대학교교육학과, 2 충남대학교교육학과교육대학원유아교육전공 A Basic Study on Scale Development of Problem Behaviors for Young Children Joeng Kyoum Kim 1, Young-Sik Kang 2* 1 Chung-Nam National University 2 Dept of Early Childhood Education, Chung-Nam National University 요약본연구는유아들의문제행동척도를도출하는데목적을갖고실증조사하였다. 조사대상은어린이집교사와유치원교사, 유아교육전공교수세그룹의전문가를대상으로하였으며, 1970년대부터현재까지유아문제행동에대한측정척도는문항 209개문항을대상으로하였다. 연구결과유아의문제행동척도관련한 5개영역총 209개의항목가운데 96개가주요항목으로채택되었다. 이들하위요인별채택된내용을보면또래관계의 40항목중 17개가채택되고발달영역또한 41개항목중 13개항목이기본생활습관 50항목중 20개항목, 도덕성이 38개항목중 22개항목, 정서적항목의 40개항목중 24개항목이채택되었다. 이중가장많은항목이채택된문항은정서적요인이었으며가장많이기각된것은발달영역인것으로나타났다. 이같은결과는발달기유아의내면적으로잠재되어있는부분은부정적인감정으로인한불안, 위축, 돌발행동, 부모나교사에의존, 둔하된저행동등이유아의문제행동의주요원인인것으로판단된다. Abstract This study is intended to draw a scale for problem behaviors of young children. To achieve this, an empirical survey was carried out on experts from three groups of daycare center, kindergarten and early childhood education-majored professors. A total of 209 items were measured by the scale for young children's problem behaviors from the 1970s to now. The results showed that 96 of a total 209 items in 5 categories related to the scale for young children's problem behaviors were adopted as major items. Using these 96 major items in 5 categories, 17 out of 40 items in a peer relationship category, 13 out of 41 items in a development category, 20 out of 50 items in a fundamental habit category, 22 out of 38 items in a morality category, and 24 out of 40 items in an emotion category were adopted. Most items were adopted in the emotion category, whereas most items were rejected in the development category. Therefore, it is judged that their problem behaviors are caused mainly by anxiety, shrinking, unexpected behaviors, dependence on parents or, and slow behaviors due to the latent negative emotions of young children at the developing stage. Keywords : Emotion Category, Fundamental Habit, Morality Category, Peer Relationship, Problem Behaviors 1. 서론 등유아의전인적발달이부적절하거나역기능적일경우나타난다 [2]. Ross[3] 는유아의행동이사회규범으로부유아기는사회적행동을배워가는시기이므로항상터이탈하여유아주변의성인들에의해그행동의발생잠재적인문제상황에놓여있다 [1]. 빈도나정도가너무높거나너무낮게판단될때이를유아의문제행동은인지, 정서, 신체, 사회성, 도덕성문제행동으로본다고하였다. * Corresponding Author : Young-Sik Kang (hung-nam National University) Tel: tlrdudrkd1@hanmail.net Received December 10, 2015 Revised (1st February 1, 2016, 2nd March 2, 2016, 3rd March 18, 2016, 4th March Accepted April 7, , 2016) Published April 30,
2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 4 호, 2016 유아들의문제행동은그간많은연구자에의해연구되어왔다. 특히유아의문제행동을연구하기시작한 1960년 ~1970년에는문제행동이주로자신이나타인의안전및권리를침해하는부적응적인행동으로비교적협소하게사용되다가, 1980년대에는발달적관점을반영하여정상적인발달패턴에서벗어난반응행동으로그범위가확장되어왔다 [4]. 그리고 1990년대들어서생활지도에어려움을주는행동이나교육에어려움을주는행동이문제행동범주에포함되기시작하였으며, 2000 년대이후최근에는유아자신뿐만아니라다른사람과의관계에도부정적인영향을주거나사회의기대를벗어나는행동까지문제행동의범주에포함되고있다 [4]. 이중동일연령대의또래에게기대되는행동과다른행동또는상황에맞지않는부적절한반응행동은연구시기와관련없이지속적으로문제행동에포함되어나타나는특징을보여주고있다 [5-7]. 이같이다양성을보여주는유아의문제행동변인은크게세가지로요약될수있다. 첫번째문제행동은모든연구자가공통적으로제시하고있는문제행동요소로 부적절성 이다. 부적절성은동일연령대의또래에게기대되는규범적행동일수있고, 유아가처해있는상황일수있으며, 보다넓게는유아가속해있는사회와집단에서통상적으로기대되는행동특성을말한다. 여기서공통요소는행동의부적절성이란연구자마다부적절성의기준이달라질수있다는점이다. 그리고두번째는 1970년 ~1990년대까지의문제행동요소가유아의정서장애, 성격, 장애, 행동장애에치중한내향적문제행동에치중돼있는점이다. 그밖에세번째로 2000년대이후등장한외향적문제행동의태동으로또래관계문제, 질서, 예의의비윤리적문제행동, 사회적발달상의문제가새롭게등장한점이다 [8-13]. 이와같이유아의문제행동에대한시대별대처와인식이일관되지않고다르게나타나는특징은사회적보육환경이그만큼빠르게급변하고있음을의미한다. 그럼에도불구하고일반적인연구경향을볼때동일한집단을대상으로한조사연구와내향적문제행동에치중한대처행동에대한변수의사용이제한적으로한계를보여왔다 [13-15]. 따라서이러한기존연구의한계에따른본연구의필요성을보면첫째, 유아대상문제행동척도개발이필요한이유로그동안수행된문제행동속성에대한관련연 구가 1960년대부터오랜기간이루어지면서그행동척도또한변화돼왔음에도불구하고같은척도의내향적성향의문제행동을중심으로적용하거나고정된개념으로지도하려는경향이많았다는점이다. 둘째, 척도연구가유아교육현장에서갖는의의와시사점으로유아기의문제행동은유아의사회적부적응행동을유발할뿐만아니라그문제가해결되지않을경우청소년기의비행이나일탈로이어져성인기까지지속되는문제점을가지고있기때문에발달기보육과정에서적절한지도와교정을받아야하기때문이다 [4]. 셋째, 유아기의문제행동에바람직한영향을미칠수있는곳은과거에는가정에서유아의행동을지도하는훈육적기능을갖고있었으나점차그기능이약해지면서최근에는유아교육기관에의존하는비중이높아지면서, 유아교육기관에서의교사역할이강조되고있다. 교사는유아의전인적인발달과바람직한행동형성에매우큰영향을끼침과동시유아의올바른행동을지도하는것또한교사이기때문이다. 따라서본연구에서는이러한유아의문제행동측정문항에대한척도개발을위해 교사나부모가동일연령대의유아들에게기대하는규범적반응을벗어나는행동이나유아가속한집단생활에서의통상적인그룹활동기대에서위배되는행동에대해교육적으로지도하기힘든부적절한행동 에대한측정항목을 1970년대이후 2015년현재까지사용된유아의문제행동측정척도 209개를망라하여보육교사를대상으로실증조사후적합한요인과타당성을도출하여유아교육현장에서의문제유아에대한적합한대처전략으로활용하는데목적을갖고다음과같은연구문제를선정하였다. 첫째, 유아문제행동척도도구의사용범위는어느정도이며현시대에새롭게적용가능한척도도구는무엇인가? 둘째, 선별된유아문제행동척도가통계적으로타당성과신뢰성이확보되는가? 셋째, 선별된유아문제행동척도간에는상호간에어떠한상관관계가존재하는가? 2. 연구문제선정을위한문제행동관련선행연구검토 2.1 문제행동범주화에대한연구 148
3 문제행동연구와관련한동향을보면 1950년대초까지는일반적으로사회적부적응이라는개념으로사용되다가, 1950년대이후프로이드등의영향을받아정서장애로, 1960년대후기에는문제행동, 문제행동, 이상행동, 부적응행동, 행동장애등으로변화되어왔다 [1][31-32]. 1970년대이르러 문제행동 이라는용어가강조된이후 80-90년대는 문제행동 (behavioral problem)', ' 비정상적행동 (abnormal behavior)', ' 행동장애 (behavioral disturbances 또는 conductidisorder)', ' 역기능적행동 (behavioral dysfuction)', 부적응행동 (maladaptive behavior), ' 이상행동 (abnormal behavior), ' 정서장애 (emotional disturbance) 등의용어와혼용되어사용되었다. 2000년대이후더욱확장되어문제행동과유사한의미로부적응행동 (maladaptive behavior), 비정상적행동 (abnormal behavior), 정신장애 (mental behavior), 품행장애 (conduct behavior), 정서적장애 (mental behavior) 등으로표현되는데이것은문제행동을바라보는관점의시대적변화에따른사회성의다양함에서비롯된것으로본다 [24]. 그리고 2010년이후에는문제행동을외현화문제행동과내재화문제행동으로세분화되고특히외현화문제행동은통제되지않는행동과사회화되지않는다른행동이표현되는것을의미하는데구체적으로는부정적정서를직접적으로타인에게드러내는행동, 분노나공격성, 그리고좌절이통제되지않는행동을표현한다는데있다. 반면에내재화문제행동은위축과두려움, 불안그리고억압을포함하는데내재화문제행동을가진유아들은지나치게자기통제를많이하고부정적인정서를타인에게보다자기자신에게표현하는경향이높음을보여준다. 이렇듯유아의문제행동에대한연구가시대적관점에따라달리해석되고, 대단히광범위하여일시적이고경미한문제행동부터진단과치료를요하는심각한증상의행동까지포함될수있어구체적으로문제행동에대한합의된정의없이더세분화되는경향을보이고있다. 이렇게문제행동에대해하나의일치된변수없이다양한변수들이사용되어지고있는이유는문제행동에대한관련속성이갈수록매우광범위하고, 각학문분야의특성이반영되어유아를바라보는관점의차이가있기때문인것으로평가할수있다. 따라서이들시기별로달리사용된문제행동척도의구성을범주화시켜문제행동 의유형을분류한관련연구를볼때초기연구부터지속적으로관심의대상이되어온문제행동의하위요소는공격적행동이나사회적비행과같이다른사람의권리를침해하는행동으로보고 [25] 유아도성인처럼사회적인간이기때문에이들의행동이다른사람과의바람직한상호작용에부정적인영향을주는모든행동을문제행동으로간주되기때문이다. 2.2 유아문제행동측정척도연구유아의문제행동의측정을위한척도연구는일반적으로임상전문가들이나정신의학적영역의전문가들로크게양분된다. 만 3~6세유아를위한문제행동척도 [26] 에서는적대- 공격성, 걱정-불안, 과잉행동-산만 3가지척도로측정하였으며 Burks(H.F.Burks,1977) 도만3세에서 6세유아가보이는문제행동양상을구별하기위해유아용문제행동척도인 BBRS(Burks' Behavior Rating Scale: Preschool and Kindergaten Edition) 를개발하여문제행동을 18개로분류하였다. McGuire와 Richman(J. McGuire, N.Richman,1988) 이개발한유아행동목록척도 (Preschool Behavior Checklist: PBCL) 는품행문제, 정서적문제, 사회적관계의문제, 집중하여건설적으로놀이하는능력, 발버둥치며떼쓰기, 언어, 습관, 대소변문제등의영역에서나타나는행동변수를사용하는척도로개발하여다영역의척도를특징적으로보여주었다 [30]. Kauffmann(J.Kauffman,, 1997) 은정신의학적척도 (psychological classification) 와행동영역적척도 (behavioral dimension classification) 로분류하고정신의학적척도로가장널리알려진 DSM(Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) 를사용하였다. DSM은 DSM-Ⅰ(1952) 이미국정신의학회를통해발간된이래개정되어현재 DSM-Ⅳ(1994) 에이르기까지지속적으로사용되고있다. 가장최근의개정판인 DSM- Ⅳ(1994) 에서는유아기의문제행동측정척도를정신지체, 학습장애, 운동기술장애, 의사소통장애, 광범위성발달장애, 주의력결핍및파괴적행동장애, 급식및섭식장애, 틱장애, 그리고배설장애와분리불안장애나선택적함구증과같은기타장애에사용하였다. 한편국내연구에서는이미자는 (M.J.Lee,2000) Burks 가개발한유아용행동척도를번안, 수정하여교사용유 149
4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 4 호, 2016 아문제행동유형평정척도를사용한결과, 성별에따른각문제행동의유형에서는 심한자책, 약한체력, 협응력부족, 지적능력부족 등의문제행동유형에서남아보다여아들의문제행동을더보이는것으로나타냈다. 만3~6 세유아의행동및부적응행동을측정하기위해서 Behar과 Stringfield가제작한유아행동에관한질문지 [28] 를사용한결과유아의성별에따른문제행동은여아보다남아가공격행동및산만행동, 전체행동에서높게나타났으며통계적으로유의미한차이를보였다. 그리고유아의연령에따른문제행동은공격행동및불안행동, 산만행동, 전체행동에서통계적으로유의미한차이를나타내지않았다. 또한한국유아문제행동의특성을연구한이경숙, 신의진, 전연진, 박진아는 (K.S.Lee, E.J.Shim, Y.J.Jeon, J.A.Park,,2004) 만2세 6개월에서 5 세영유아의행동을평가하기위한행동평가척도 [29] 가개발한 BASC(Behavior Assessment System for Children) 를사용하여연구한결과, 성에따른유아의문제행동결과 공격성, 과잉행동, 외현화문제행동, 주의집중문제 는남아가여아에비해더많이보인반면 우울, 위축 은여아가남아에비해더많이보이는것으로나타냈다. 특히일반적인상황에서의경험적으로평가하기에적합한척도로우리나라실정에맞게번안하여표준화한 K-CBCL(Korean-Child Behavior Checklist)[1] 을주요사용되는데여기서 K-CBCL은 12가지척도에 6-11세에만적용되는우리나라특유의정서불안정 (emotional liability) 을포함한총 13가지의하위척도를사용하였다. 이같은연구를살펴볼때문제행동유형이너무복잡하고다양하여, 하위요소를모두포함하면서도간단한문제행동의측정도구와일반유아를대상으로연구하기에적절한문항중심으로 또래관련문제행동, 발달관련문제행동, 기본생활습관관련문제행동, 도덕성관련문제행동, 정서관련문제행동, 성관련문제행동 을반영한일상이나정신의학적영역에서일반유아의문제행동까지통합하여측정도구에사용되고있음을알수있다. 이러한문제행동의측정척도는임상의학적영역에서의척도보다일상생활속에서사용되는척도가많이쓰이고특히어린이집유아교사가유아의다양한문제행동에직면했을때신속하게문제행동유형을판별하고 각문제행동유형별로분류하고대처방안을제공해주기위해문제행동측정척도는행동의중재방안수립에적극활용된다는점에서폭넓게사용되고있음을알수있다. 2.3 유아문제행동영향요인분류연구유아의문제행동에영향을미치는요인은매우다양하게나타난다. 선행연구들을토대로보면, 유아의성격이나신체특성과같은개인특성은부모를포함하여가족의물리적, 심리적환경을포함하는가족특성, 어린이집및적응등을포함하는학교관련특성 [8], 친구집단성향과친구관련특성 ] 등을문제행동영향요인으로보고있다. 그중에서도많은연구자들은문제행동의영향요인을부모와의관계를포함한가정환경및개인의인지적, 심리적특성에서찾고자하였다. 특히 Ontario Child Health Study의종단적연구 (N.Rae-Grant, 1989) 는유아의발달사, 가족적요인, 인구학적요인중특히가족적요인이유아의문제행동에가장큰영향을미친다고보고하였다. 유아를둘러싼환경적요인으로는어린이집및또래집단, 가족변인에관련한연구들이이루어져왔다. 그중에서특히가족관련으로부모변인을유아의문제행동에영향을미치는가장강력한변수로제시된변수들이보고되었다. 즉유아문제행동에영향을미치는주요요인으로연령을기준으로신체, 사회 정서언어인지등의개인적특성이주류를이룬다. 그리고환경적요인으로가족의물리적 심리적환경을포함하는가족특성, 기관의적응등을포함하는어린이집관련특성, 또래집단성향과친구관련특성등이연구되왔다 [27]. 이중다수의연구자들이개인의특성과부모의양육태도및가정변인을유아문제행동의주된영향요인으로연구되고있음을엿볼수있다. 이러한맥락에서유아문제행동에영향을미치는관련요인을집약해보면, 우선개인적요인으로유아기질,, 성별및연령, 정서지능, 사회적유능감, 도덕성이나인지능력등이주요영향력임을보여주고있다. 그리고유아의환경적요인으로는부모의양육태도및양육행동, 양육스트레스부부관계및부부갈등, 가정의경제및소득수준, 어머니애착유형으로축약되는데이또한최근들어더욱세분화되는양상을보이고있는점에서영향요인또한시대별로달리사용되고있음 150
5 을시사하는바이상의선행연구를바탕으로다음장에서의연구설계를통해사용척도의유용화를시도하고자한다. 3. 연구방법 3.1 연구문제 1의검정을위한범주화검사도구개발예비문항을구성하기위하여, 첫째, 유아문제행동관련문헌및선행연구 [1,2, 5, 29-32] 를참고하여문제행동을추출한후현시대에맞게척도개발문항을추가하여예비조사를실시하였다. 세집단간 50명의유아교육기관교사가 3~5세사이의유아를대상으로설문조사를실시하여질문지응답을위해 1주일이상의사전관찰기간을가지도록한후유아에게발견되는문제행동을참고하여본연구자가제공한설문지에기록하도록하여문제행동유형이수집되도록하였다. 즉 3, 4, 5세반유아의문제행동특성을관찰후원장의설명을통해듣고보게한후연령별차이에따른문제행동의차이를볼수있게주의를환기시킨후응답하도록하였다. 이와같이수집된자료를가지고관련문헌및선행연구에비추어비교적적절하지않은문항은제외하고분석을통하여설정한 5개영역 ( 또래관계, 발달, 기본생활습관, 도덕성, 정서 ) 과관련이적은문항은제외하였다. 총 209개예비문항은위선행연구에서 1차검정시사용된도구를사용하였다. 이문항들을앞에서검토한문제행동의 6가지구성요인별로분류한결과, 또래관계영역은 40개문항, 발달영역은 41개문항, 기본생활습관영역은 50개문항, 도덕성영역은 38개문항, 정서영역은 40개문항으로나타났다. 3.2 연구도구본연구에서유아문제행동검사도구를개발하기위하여관련문헌에대한이론적인검토를하였다. 이론적배경에서는문제행동의의미와유형, 문제행동의영향, 문제행동의하위구성요소를검토하고기존의문제행동검사도구의특성을검토하여먼저본검사도구개발의방향과시사점을탐색하였다. 문헌분석을토대로잠재적으로 6개영역 ( 도덕성, 기본 생활습관, 또래관계, 발달, 정서, 성 ) 중성부분은 3-5세인점을고려하여제외후 5가지문제행동의하위영역으로선정하였다. 또한유아문제행동검사도구개발과정에는유아교육현장교사들이조사토록하였다. 본연구에서유아문제행동검사도구를개발하려는목적은 3~5세유아가일상생활에서보이는문제행동을파악함으로써, 부모와교사가적절한교육적지원을제공하는데필요한기초자료를제공하는데에두고이러한목적에따른전반적인검사도구개발방향은다음과같다. 첫째, 임상학적치료대상이아닌일반유아가일상생활에서보이는문제행동에대한이해를높이는데도움을제공하는검사도구를개발하였다. 둘째, 유아교육기관의교사가유아의문제행동을용이하게파악하여관련유아에대한이해를높임으로써교육활동에도움을줄수있는기초자료를제공하는검사도구를개발하였다. 셋째, 3~5세유아의부모가자녀가일상생활에서보이는문제행동을인식하여문제행동개선에관심을갖도록도울수있는검사도구를개발하였다. 넷째, 검사도구의개발은구체적인개발절차에따라진행하며타당도와신뢰도가확보된검사도구를개발하였는데그하위내용과연구도구에대한신뢰도는다음과같다. Table 1. Young Children's Problem Behavior Factor 1. Development Problem Behaviors They have to always be careful. They are impulsive They jump up and down, or they talk loudly. It's hard to control. The rest of 7 items Factor 2. Peer Relationship Problem Behaviors They don't get along very well with other children. They shrink from group activities. They are shy and timid. The rest of 5 items Factor 3. Emotion Problem Behaviors They are not going to kindergarten. They cry and look stubborn. The rest of 7 items Factor 4. Basic Life Habit Problem Behaviors They don't care even after a wrong. They break other children's things. They torment other people. The rest of 4 items Factor 5. Morality Problem Behaviors They talk too much. They are distrustful. They lie. The rest of 2 items 3.3 측정하위변수의선정 Reliability.937 Reliability.867 Reliability.883 Reliability.907 Reliability.850 앞의유아의문제행동변수에서와같이유아문제행동 151
6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 4 호, 2016 의유형은시기별로강조되는내용이조금씩달라지고있으며매우복잡하고다양한양상으로나타나고있다. 그러나초기에서최근까지소개된다양한문제행동의유형을통합하여분류하면크게대인관계에서발생하는문제, 발달상의문제, 기본생활습관과관련된문제, 도덕성과관련된문제, 정서문제, 성과관련된문제등전반적으로 6가지유형으로수렴되는것을알수있다 [5, 6, 16]. 이중에는초기부터지속적으로언급된문제유형도있지만, 일부유형은비교적최근에대두되기시작한문제유형들이다. 즉대인관계에서갈등을일으키는행동, 미성숙, 정서적부적응행동등은초기부터많은연구자들이문제행동의유형에포함시키고있는반면, 성이나도덕성에관련된문제행동은비교적최근에나타나기시작하였다. 따라서본연구에서는이들 6가지유형중성과관련된문제행동을제외한변수로 5가지범주를사용하여최근까지특히강조되고있는문제행동의유형을모두포괄할수있도록 5가지문제행동의하위변수를선정하여측정문항의타당성조사를단계별로조사하였다. 첫째, 또래관계로이문제행동은주로대인관계나또래관계에서발생하는문제로타인에대한공격적인행동, 타인에게방해를주는반사회적행동, 타인에의해의도적으로소외되는고립된행동이나타인을따돌리는행동등이포함된다. 타인의범주에는유아가사회적관계를맺는또래뿐아니라가족구성원이나유아문제행동의종사자들도포함된다. 그러나주로또래관계에서파생되는문제들을강조하기때문에또래관계에서나타나는문제유형을말한다. 둘째, 발달상의문제행동으로이는미성숙과관련된행동으로퇴행, 약한체력, 낮은지적능력으로인하여발생하는문제를포함한다. 즉동일한발달단계의또래에게서기대되는행동보다어리게보이거나성숙되지못한행동을보일때발달상의문제를갖는다. 셋째, 유아가속한사회집단에서기대하는예의범절, 규칙, 질서등에위배되는행동으로이는기본생활습관에서나타나는문제행동을말한다. 이에는생활습관문제, 예의범절문제등이포함되며또래관계문제가주로또래와의관계에서파생되는문제라면, 기본생활습관문제는일상적인생활을하면서나타나게되는문제행동이라는점에서두유형이차별화된다. 넷째, 도덕성과관련된문제행동으로이는도둑질, 거짓말, 공격적행동, 기물파손등공공의이득에피해를 주는행동을말한다. 기본생활습관문제가주로생활습관과관련된문제에중점을두고있다면, 도덕성은타인에게피해를주는행동인동시에사회구성원으로서지켜야하는기본적인윤리에어긋나는행동을의미한다. 다섯째, 정서와관련된문제행동으로이는외현적으로드러나지않고주로내면적으로잠재되어있는부정적인감정으로걱정, 불안, 위축, 성격문제, 저행동, 의존등의문제행동을말한다 측정변수의조작적정의 문제행동이란유아자신이속한집단에서교사나부모가동일연령대의유아에게기대하는반응을벗어나교육적으로지도하기힘든부적절한행동을말한다. 그하위구성요인은또래관계, 발달, 기본생활습관, 도덕성, 정서행동을하위변수로사용하여다음과같이정의하였다. Table 2. Operational Definition of Measurement Variables Factor 1 Peer Relationship Problem Behavior 2 Development Problem Behavior 3 Basic Life Habit Problem Behavior 4 Morality Problem Behavior 5 Emotion Problem Behavior Definition The peer relationship problem behavior has a negative effect on social relationships between children in similar age groups. This study defines it as an aggressive behavior or a too passive behavior, including a behavior to dominate their friends or a behavior following their friends' opinion without expressing their intention. The development problem behavior causes an excess of fall in the developmental level. This study defines it as a too young or mature behavior beyond the level of response in same age groups. The basic life habit problem behavior causes a conduct disorder habitually in basic life. This study defines it as a behavior out of life habits which should be learned and internalized to lead a harmonious life in children's social groups. The morality problem behavior causes children to have careless words about rule, order, courtesy and moderation, to tell a lie, and not to follow the rules. This study defines it as an unobservant behavior of more underlying values and norms which should be universally complied with in their social groups or the relationship with the people around them. The emotion problem behavior causes hyperactivity, anxiety, depression, withdrawal, and aggression. This study defines it as a behaviors away from other children's normal emotional responses in children's social groups such as family and early childhood education institute, or the relationship with the people around them. 152
7 3.3.2 평정방법 1 관찰기간 : 1주일동안유아의유아원생활속에문제행동을나타낸유아들의특징을관찰한것을교사나교수가검사도구에체크기록을통해평가토록하였다. 2 유아문제행동평정척도는총 4점척도를사용하였다. 1점 : 유아의일상생활에서문제행동이전혀관찰되지않는다 2점 : 유아의일상생활에서문제행동이거의관찰되지않는다 3점 : 유아의일상생활에서문제행동이조금관찰된다 4 점 : 유아의일상생활에서문제행동이자주관찰된다 유아의문제행동 본연구에서사용한유아의문제행동척도는 Essa[17] 의척도를국내반영한김경숙 [1] 의척도를검토하여총 209문항을총 5개의요인으로나누어 Likert 4점척도로측정하였다 설문지구성측정도구의각항목들은선행연구에서사용된설문과이론을근거로구성하였다. 설문구성은 Quay & Werry[18] 와국내황혜신과황혜정 [19] 가사용한척도를중심으로총 2개영역으로유아의문제행동과일반적사항의총 209 문항으로구성하였다. 사용된척도로는연령, 근무경력, 전공을묻는일반적사항은명목척도로하였으며, 유아의문제행동, 대처전략은 Likert 4점척도로구성하였다. Likert 4점척도는 매우그렇다 4점, 약간그렇다 3점, 그렇지않다 2점, 전혀그렇지않다 1점으로측정하여점수가높을수록각문항에대한인식이높은것으로볼수있는데이는기존문제행동측정에있어대다수선행연구가 5점이아닌보다정확한측정을위해구간을 1점줄여 4점으로선행된점을고려하여본연구에서도 4점척도를적용하였다. Table 3. Composition of questionnaire General Matters Young Children's Problem Behaviors Classification Number of Question Classification of Those Surveyed, Age 2 Peer Relationship 40 Development Category 41 Fundamental Habit 60 Morality Category 38 Emotion Category 40 Total 211 Scale Nominal Scale 4-Point Likert Scale Source - Essa [17] Kim [1] 3.4 조사대상및조사방법 본연구는충남 대전지역소재각 2명씩 25개어린이집교사 50명, 유치원교사각 2명씩 25개소 50명, 그외유아교육전공대학교수및강사각 2명씩 25개대학 50명을조사대상으로하였다. 조사방법은자기기입식설문조사방식으로본연구자가연구목적및설문방법을설명한후유아교사들에게설문지를직접배부하여 2015년 10월 12일부터 10월 16일까지 5일간설문조사를하여총 150부를최종분석에사용하였다. 조사대상자의일반적특성을분석한결과연령은 20 대 36 명 (24.0%), 30 대 92 명 (61.3%), 40 대이상 22 명 (14.7%) 로나타났다. Table 4. Survey Subject and Method Survey Subject Survey Period Survey Area Selection Method 50 Daycare Center Teachers 20s: 36 Persons 50 Kindergarten Teachers 30s: 92 Persons 50 Early Childhood Education-Majored 40s: 22 Persons Professors and Instructors 3.5 분석방법 For 5 Days Through October 12 to October 16, 2015 Daycare Centers and Kindergartens in Daejeon, South Chungcheong Province Wireless Convenience 자료분석방법으로수집된자료의통계처리는데이터코딩과데이터크리닝과정을거쳐, SPSS v 프로그램을활용하여분석하였다. 구체적으로다음과같은분석을실시하였다. 첫째, 유아문제행동에대한척도도구로써유아의대표적인환경요인중하나인어린이집교사, 유치원교사, 유아교육전공대학원생 ( 석 박사 ) 의그룹에따라차이가있는지를알아보기위하여일원변량분석 (One way ANOVA) 을실시하였다. 둘째, 측정도구의타당성검증을위해구성타당성검증방법인요인분석을실시하고신뢰도검증을위하여 Cronbach's α 계수를산출하였다. 셋째, 각변수간상관관계를알아보기위하여상관관계분석을실시하였다. 4. 연구결과 4.1 유아문제행동의척도도구선정 153
8 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 4 호, 2016 Table 5. Young Children's General Problem Behaviors professors of professors of child care child care Clas kindergarten early Ques center Total Clas kindergarten early sific childhood p- Ques center Total tion (N=150) sific childhood p- ation education value tion (N=150) ation education value M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD Dev elop ment Cate gory Peer Rela tions hip Fund ame ntal Habi Dev t elop ment Cate gory
9 Table 6. Young Children's General Problem Behaviors professors of professors of child care child care Clas kindergarten early Ques center Total Clas kindergarten early sific childhood p- Ques center Total tion (N=150) sific childhood p- ation education value tion (N=150) ation education value M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD Fund Mor ame ality ntal Cate Habi gory t Mor Emo ality tion Cate Cate gory gory
10 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 4 호, 유아문제행동척도의의미성검토결과 유아문제행동에대한어린이집교사, 유치원교사, 유아교육전공대학교수 ( 강사포함 ) 의인식을알아보기위해, 209개의유아문제행동의문항에대한기술통계를통해평균과표준편차를산출하였다. 다음으로어린이집교사, 유치원교사, 유아교육전공전공대학교수그룹간문제행동인식의차이를살펴보기위해일원배치분산분석 (one-way ANOVA) 을실시하여, 각그룹간문제행동인지정도에대해차이가없는문항 (p>.05) 을평가척도로선정하였다. (Table 5~7 참고 ). Table 7. Young Children's General Problem Behaviors Clas Ques sific tion ation child care center kindergarten professors of early childhood education Total (N=150) p- value M SD M SD M SD M SD Emo tion Cate gory Total 선별된유아의문제행동척도의타당성및신뢰도검증다음 [Table 8] 은 [Table 5~7] 의어린이집교사, 유치원교사, 유아교육전공대학교수 ( 강사포함 ) 그룹간차이가없는문항을선정한결과총 209개중 96개가채택되었다 검사도구의신뢰도다음 [Table 9] 는선정문항의신뢰도검증결과이다. 전체평균으로보았을때, 신뢰도가.80 이상으로나타났으며, 그룹별로나누어보았을때에도신뢰도가.70 이상으로나타나평가척도가신뢰할수있는수준으로볼수있다. Table 8. Selection of Young Children's Problem Behavior Items Classification Peer Relationship Development Category Fundamental Habit Morality Category Emotion Category Cronb ach α Classification Number of Questions child care center Question 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 35, 39 41, 50, 52, 58, 59, 62, 67, 68, 69, 74, 79, 80, 81 85, 86, 87, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 114, 115, , 131, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 151, 155, 157, 167, 169, 171, 173, 174, 175 Number of Question After Exist Devi Measur ing ation ement , 177, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, , 203, 204, 205, 206, 209 Total Table 9. Reliability of Scale Young Children's Problem Behaviors Peer Develop Fundame Morality Emotion Relations ment ntal Category Category hip Category Habit kindergarten professors of early childhood education Total 상관관계분석 다음 [Table 10] 은세번째연구문제를해결하기위해유아문제행동의각변수간상관관계를알아본결과이다. 분석결과각문항들은통계적으로유의미한정 (+) 의상관관계가있는것으로나타나 (p<.001), 검사도구의하위요인들간의밀접한관련성을보여준다. 검사도구가타당하려면하위요인들이동질적인속성을측정하고있음을보여주어야하는데, 요인간의상관이높게나타난본연구결과는검사도구의각하위요인이문제행동이라는동일한특성을측정하고있음을시사한다고볼수있다. 156
11 하위영역별점수와전체점수와의상관관계가전체적으로 r=.812~902로높은상관을보여주고있다. Table 10. Relationship between Young Children's Problem Behaviors Classification Young Children's Problem Behaviors Peer Development Fundamental Morality Emotion Total Relationsh Category Habit Category Category ip *** ***.814 *** ***.803 ***.840 *** ***.747 ***.775 ***.831 *** ***.832 ***.885 ***.902 ***.868 *** 1 *** p< 논의및결론 이상의연구결과를종합해보면다음과같다. 첫째, 유아의문제행동척도의구성에있어연구결과총 5개영역또래관계요인, 발달요인, 기본생활습관요인, 정서적요인, 도덕성요인의총 209개의항목이구성되어사용되고있었으며이중본연구에서는 96개가현재사용가능한주요항목으로채택되었다. 둘째, 유아의문제행동척도의신뢰도에있어발달영역에서의문제행동이.93, 또래관계에서의문제행동이.86, 정서적영역에서의문제행동이.88, 기본생활습관영역에서의.90, 도덕성영역에서의문제행동척도가.85인것으로나타났으며이는평균.88의높은신뢰도를보였다. 셋째, 유아의문제행동척도의타당도에있어요인별채택된내용을볼때또래관계의 40항목중 17개가채택되고발달영역또한 41개항목중 13개항목이기본생활습관 50개항목중 20개항목, 도덕성 38개항목중 22개항목, 정서적항목의 40개항목중 24개항목이채택되었다. 이중가장많은항목이채택된문항은정서적요인이었으며가장많이기각된것은발달영영인것으로나타났다. 이같은연구결과를볼때 5개하위요인 (1 또래관계요인, 2 발달요인, 3 기본생활습관, 4 정서적요인, 5 도덕성요인 ) 중유아문제행동의가장많은부분은정서적문제행동으로나타났으며, 가장적은부분을발 달영역임을알수있다. 이러한결과는유아문제행동이주로정서적문제와도덕성과관련된문제행동이가장높고이에따른대처전략과교사의지도가요구됨을의미한다. 이같은결과는발달기유아의내면적으로잠재되어있는부정적인감정으로인한불안, 위축, 돌발행동, 심한부모나교사에의의존, 둔화된저행동등의문제행동을가장많이보이는것으로판단된다. 이같은결과는고현 [5] 과송나리 [20] 의연구를뒷받침해주는결과로정서적영역에서의문제행동이유아의연령대에기대되는다른행동과상황에맞지않는부적절한반응행동이가장많은것을시사하고그원인은정서조절이나부재에기인한것으로교사의중재가가장많이요구되는항목임을의미한것으로볼수있다.. 전체적으로이같은결과는지금까지유아문제행동에관한연구 [5, 6, 9, 12, 14, 15, 21, 22, 23] 에서다루어진개념이나유형을분석하여중복된내용들을추출하고유아문제행동을구성하는요인을밝혀냄으로써, 실질적인유아문제행동검사도구의개발을위한이론적근거를마련하였다는점에서본연구의의의와시사점을갖는다. 따라서유아문제행동개선을위한실질적이고교육적인도움을제공하기위해서는선행연구들에대한심층적이고세부적인검토와비교분석이선행되어야하며이는황혜정 [6] 의도구에서정서문제가문제행동을가장대표하는영역으로제시한결과와본검사도구에서도정서적문제와도덕성과기본생활습관문제가문제행동을가장대표하는영역이라고해석할수있다. 특히영역간의상관에서정서문제의관련성이통계적으로유의미한결과는정서문제의관련성을보여준본연구의결과와맥을같이한다고할수있다. 이는유아교육측면에서과거에많이보이던부적응행동이나이상행동, 행동장애등이적고내현적정서장애행동이특징적으로높아지고있음에따라교사의보육지도또한정서적문제행동에대한대처나지도가요구됨을시사한것으로평가할수있다. 따라서이같은결과를종합해볼때본검사도구는유아의문제행동을평가하는데있어적합한도구임을의미할뿐아니라, 공인된기존도구와의높은상관을보여줌으로써공인타당도의양호함이확인되었다. 따라서기존의유아의문제행동에대한사용과인식이일관된변수가없이측정대상에따라다르게사용되어온문제행동척도의공인타당도가검정된본척도의사용이요구 157
12 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 4 호, 2016 된다. 마지막으로본연구에서개발된유아문제행동검사도구는표준화된진단척도가아니기때문에전체모집단과비교해서문제행동의정도를판단할수없다는제한점을갖는다. 이를보완하기위해검사도구를사용하여전국적인표준을대상으로한조사를통해일반화가이루어져야하며특히유아문제행동여부를파악하기위해서는문제행동의판단기준인규준이필요한바추후에는본검사도구를이용하여전국적으로다양한연령대의유아를표집, 표집화를위한기초연구를실시할필요가있다. References [1] K.S. Kim, The cognition of and strategies of regarding an children's behavior problem. MS Thesis Ewha Womnes' University, [2] I.S. Ko, A Study for development and validation of Teacher's Behavior Checklists. MS Thesis Hanyang University, [3] Ross, A. S. Effect of increased responsibility on bystander intervention: The presence of children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 19, pp , DOI: [4] S.H. Nam, Y.H, Kim, "Mother's Psychological Factors and Young Children's Internalizing Externalizing Malbehaviors Abstract", Family and Environment Research, Vol.152, pp , [5] H.Ko, Development of a Problem Behavior Rating Scale for Young Children.Ph.D. Dissertation Chosun University, [6] H.J.Hwang,"The Development of Tests for Use by Parents and Teachers in the Diagnosis of Preschool Children's Emotional and Behavioral Problems", Korean journal of early childhood education,vol.25 No.2, pp , [7] S.R. Lee, Teachers strategies managing young children's problematic behaviors. MS Thesis Jeonnam University, [8] H. C. Quay, Classification. In H. C. Quay & J. S. Werry (Eds), Psychopathological disorders of childhood (2nd edn, pp. 1-42). New York: Wiley [9] H.M.Im, Aspects of Children's Problem Behavior and Language Interaction betwen Young Children and their Kindergarten Classroom Teacher. MS Thesis Chung-Ang Univeristy, [10] S.A. Kirk, The education of exceptional children. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, [11] H. M. Walker,"Applications of response cost in school settings: Outcomes, issues, and recommendations", Exceptional Children Quarterly, 3, pp.47-55, [12] S.C.Jang, Understanding and Teaching for the Maladaptive Behavior of young children. Seoul: Changjisa, [13] M.H.Han, The Relation of Stress and Perceived Social Support to Problem Behavior. Ph.D. Dissertation Seoul National University,1996. [14] M.H.Kang, Y.J.Kang, H.R.Park, Child Problems and Behavior Modification. Seoul: Yang Seo Won Publishing Company, [15] Y.J.Ahn, S.S.Lee, Early Childhood Guidance. Seoul : Samkwang Publishing Company, [16] H.J. Hwang, M.H. Yoon, S.B. Kang, N.W. Sung, H.S. Hwang, "Development of a Diagnostic Test for Preschool Children's Emotional and Behavioral Problems ", Vol. 22 No. 1, pp , [17] E. Essa, Practical guide to solving preschool behavior problems. New York: Delmar Pub, [18] H. C. Quay, J. S. Werry, Psychopathology disorders of childhood. New York: Wiley-Interscience, [19] Department for Education, Pupils with problems, draft circulars. London: Department for Education Publications Centre, [20] N.R. Song, Study on Beginning Teacher's Perceptions and Difficulties Regarding Instructions for Young Children with Problematic Behavior. MS Thesis Sungshin Women's University, [21] M.H. Im, "Preliminary Study on Program Development for Children's Behavior Improvement", Journal of Future Early Childhood Education, Vol. 5 No.1, pp , [22] H.M. Walker, The acting-out child: Coping with classroom disruption. Longmont, CO: SoprisWest, [23] T. M.Achenbach, Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR and TRF profiles. Burlington: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont. Weitz et al., [24] K.Aunola,J.E.Nurmi, How do adolecents see their future, Developmental review 11 (1), 159, [25] L.Behar,S.Strigfield, A behavior scale for the preschool child, Developmental Psychology 10 (5), DOI: [26] Behar과 Stringfiled (L.Behar,S.Strigfield, The Preschool Behavior Questionnaire, [27] G. M.Barnes, M. P.Farrel, Real jurors' understanding of the law in real cases. A Reifman, SM Gusick, PC Ellsworth, Law and Human Behavior 16 (5), [28] Behar, Stringfield, The Preschool Behavior Questionnaire, [29] Kamphaus, Reynolds, C.R. Reynolds,R.W.Kamphaus, Behavior Assessment System for Children1992. [30] S. J. Eom, A Study on Temperament, Basic Lifestyle Habits, and Negative Psychological Factors of Mother with Infants, Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology, Vol.5, No.5, pp , Oct
13 DOI: [31] G. S. Kim, S. J. Cho, A Study on the Level of Leisure Activity Satisfaction and Self-Worth of the Parents of Disabled Children Depending on their Sociodemographic Characteristics, Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology, Vol.5, No.6, pp , Dec DOI: [32] G.-S. Kim, S.-J. Cho, Analysis of difference between depression and parenting stress with focus on demographic characteristics of parents with the disabled, Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology, Vol.6, No.2, pp , Feb DOI: 김정겸 (JoengKyoum Kim) [ 정회원 ] 1988년 2월 : 충남대학교교육학과 ( 교육학사 ) 1990년 2월 : 충남대학교대학원교육학과 ( 교육학석사 ) 1997년 2월 : 충남대학교대학원교육학과 ( 교육학박사 ) 1997년 10월 ~ 2001년 2월 : 한국교육개발원연구위원 2001년 2월 : 충남대학교교육학과교수 < 관심분야 > 교육공학, 유러닝 (U-Learning), 유아교육 강영식 (Young-Sik Kang) [ 정회원 ] 2004 년 2 월 : 원광대학교유아교육전공 ( 문학박사 ) 2006 년 8 월 : 원광대학교사회복지학과전공 ( 사회복지학박사 ) 2012 년 1 월 ~ 현재 : 충남대학교교육학과교육대학원 ( 유아교육전공교수 ) < 관심분야 > 유아교육. 부모교육 159
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