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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) J Korean Acad Nurs Adm ( 간호행정학회지 ) Vol. 25 No. 4, 간호대학생의사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관 이현주 1 하재현 2 윤정미 3 부산가톨릭대학교간호대학 1, 마산대학교간호학과 2, 부산대학교대학원간호학과 3 Nursing Students Knowledge, Attitudes to Advance Medical Directives and Ethics Values Lee, Hyun-Ju 1 Ha, Jae-Hyun 2 Yun, Jungmi 3 1 College of Nursing, Catholic University of Pusan 2 Department of Nursing, Masan University 3 Graduate School, College of Nursing, Pusan National University Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among nursing students knowledge, attitudes to advance medical directives and ethics values. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional and descriptive survey, carried out with 232 students from two schools of nursing, one located in B and C city. Student nurses knowledge, attitudes for advance medical directives and ethics values were measured using structured self-report questionnaires. Data were analyzed using t-test or one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: The scores for knowledge, attitudes for medical advance directives were 7.18 and 3.07, and for ethics values, Nursing students knowledge and attitude showed a significant difference depending on grade. Nursing students ethics values showed significant differences depending on whether a study on ethics had been completed. A positive correlation was observed between nursing students knowledge, attitudes for advance medical directives and ethics values. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that basic data for the development of an effective education program on ethics is important in establishing a positive attitude toward advance medical directives and the appropriate ethical values in student nurses. Key Words: Advance directives; Attitudes; Ethics; Knowledge; Nursing students 서론 1. 연구의필요성 현대의학의눈부신발전은인류의건강유지 증진과과거에는생명유지가어려웠던중증환자, 의식불명의환자및말기환자도인공호흡기나혈액투석기등의장치에의해생명을연장 하는것이가능해졌다 [1]. 그러나근본적인치료없이단순히생존기간만연장하는의료행위에대한우려와함께전통적인윤리관으로는상상조차할수없는생명존엄성과인간가치와관련된다양한문제들이나타나게되었다 [2]. 무의미한연명의료는회복가능성이희박한말기질환환자들의삶의질을저하시킬뿐만아니라 [3,4], 인간의존엄성마저상실시킬수있으며 [5], 남은가족들에게는경제적, 심리적부담을안겨줄수있다 [6]. 주요어 : 간호대학생, 지식, 태도, 사전연명의료의향서, 윤리 Corresponding author: Yun, Jungmi College of Nursing, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Korea. Tel: , Fax: , kt100486@gmail.com Received: Feb 19, 2019 Revised: Apr 8, 2019 Accepted: Apr 23, 2019 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. c 2019 Korean Academy of Nursing Administration

2 간호대학생의사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관 회복가능성이없는환자의연명의료와관련된사회적, 윤리적문제는생명가치에대한재인식과연명의료중단에대한명확한지침이필요하다는논의를공론화시키는계기가되었다 [7]. 우리나라의경우 2008년 김할머니사례 를통해생명연장과환자의자율적의사결정권리에대한본격적인관심이고조되면서국가생명윤리심의위원회를비롯하여오랜시간관련분야전문가들의논의를거쳐 [8,9] 2018년 2월 호스피스 완화의료및임종과정에있는환자의연명의료결정에관한법률 이시행되었으며, 연명의료와관련된의학적시술범위와대상자범위확대를주요내용으로다룬개정법률이 2019년 3월 28일부터의료현장에서적용되고있다. 연명의료결정제도는환자최선의이익을보장하고자기결정을존중하여인간으로서의존엄과가치를보호하는것을목적으로한다 [3]. 연명의료중단과같은중요한결정을내려야하는순간에의료인과환자및보호자간의의견이불일치하는경우, 의료인도다양한차원의윤리적딜레마와직면하게되며 [10], 환자의옹호자역할을하는간호사역시이로인한심리적스트레스를경험하고있다 [11]. 사전연명의료의향서는이와같은윤리적갈등상황에서직면하게될문제를해결해줄수있는유일한대안으로제시되면서그중요성이더욱대두되고있다 [12]. 사전연명의료의향서작성은환자의가치관이나관련지식도중요하지만, 의료인의환자에대한충분한정보제공또한영향력이크다 [13]. 간호사는사전연명의료의향서작성과정에서전문적인의견을전달하고환자와그가족들이최선의의사결정을내릴수있도록돕는역할을해야하는중요한위치에있다 [8]. 그러나실제임상현장에서는다수의간호사가무의미한연명을원하지않는환자의자율성존중측면과인간생명존엄에따른의료인으로서환자의생명유지측면에서윤리적갈등을경험하고있거나 [14], 사전연명의료의향서를심폐소생술금지 (Do Not Resuscitate, DNR) 동의서와같은것으로알고있는사례도 [15] 보고되었다. 대학생시기는자아정체감과올바른삶의목표및가치관을설정하는중요한시기이며 [16], 특히간호대학생은임상실습현장에서연명의료결정과관련된윤리적갈등상황도간접적으로접하게된다 [17]. 따라서간호사의사전연명의료의향서에대한긍정적인태도정립은간호대학생시기부터준비해야하며, 간호대학생의사전연명의료의향서에대한올바른지식확립을위한교육이필요하다. 선행연구에따르면간호대학생의사전연명의료의향서에대한지식과태도는연령, 학년, 임상실습경험여부및윤리관련교과목이수등이영향요인으로작용하며 [11,18,19], 사전연명의료의향서에대한지식과태도 간의유의한상관관계가있는것으로나타났다 [19]. 윤리적가치관은의료인으로서맞닥뜨리게되는다양한윤리적갈등상황에서최선의의사결정을내리는데있어기본적신념을의미하는데 [20,21], 우리나라의경우다양한윤리적쟁점에대해인간생명존엄성에절대적가치를두는의무주의를기본으로하고, 삶과죽음과관련된갈등상황에서는결과적으로최대의이익을가져오는행위가옳다고보는공리주의적입장을일부받아들이고있다 [21,22]. 윤리적가치관은개개인의특성이나성장환경뿐만아니라간호교육과정에해당하는윤리관련교과목과임상실무에대한직 간접적인경험을통해서도영향을받는다 [22]. 예비의료인으로서갖추어야할지식과기술을함양하는간호대학생시기에올바른윤리적가치관이형성되지않은경우, 향후간호사로서임상현장에서윤리적갈등상황의횟수가높아질수록전문직간호사의역할수행을방해받게된다 [23]. 그러므로졸업후의료현장에서경험하게되는윤리적갈등상황에적절하게대처하기위해서는예비간호사인간호대학생시기부터확고한윤리적가치관을확립하기위해체계적인교육과정을통한준비가매우필요하다. 지금까지연명의료중단결정과관련된사전연명의료의향서에관한연구는간호사나노인, 환자를대상으로한연구 [4,8,13-15,20,24] 가대부분이었으며간호대학생을대상으로한연구는사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및좋은죽음에대한인식 [18,19], 지식, 태도및경험의관계를파악한국외연구 [11] 등이있었다. 그러나연명의료의지속이나중단과같은윤리적갈등상황에서올바른판단과행동을결정하는데영향을미치는윤리적가치관과의관계를본연구는미비하였다. 미래의의료주역인간호대학생시기부터사전연명의료의향서에대한정확한정보제공과긍정적태도확립을통한올바른윤리적가치관을형성하는것은매우중요하므로이들변수간의관계를확인하는것은의미가있다고할수있다. 이에본연구자는간호대학생을대상으로사전연명의료의향서에대한지식과태도및윤리적가치관의정도를파악하고각변수간의관계를분석함으로써윤리교육프로그램개발을위한기초자료를제공하고나아가간호대학생의바람직한윤리적가치관형성에도움이되고자한다. 2. 연구목적본연구의목적은간호대학생의사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관의정도를파악하고, 각변수간의관계를분석하기위함이며, 이를위한구체적인목표는다음 Vol. 25 No. 4,

3 이현주 하재현 윤정미 과같다. 대상자의일반적특성과사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관의정도를파악한다. 대상자의일반적특성에따른사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관정도의차이를파악한다. 대상자의사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관간의관계를분석한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계 본연구의설계는간호대학생을대상으로사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관의정도를파악하고, 각변수간의관계를분석하기위한서술적조사연구이다. 2. 연구대상본연구의대상자는연구자의편의추출에의하여 B 광역시와 C시에소재하고있는 2개대학간호학과에재학중인 2~4학년대학생으로연구의목적을이해하고연구참여에자발적으로동의한 232명이었다. 1학년의경우교양과목과기초의학중심으로교육과정이운영되고간호학전공과목을본격적으로접하지않아제외하였다. 적절한대상자수산출을위해 G*Power 3.1.9를이용하여, Cohen [25] 이제시한분산분석기준중간효과크기.25, 유의수준.05, 표준검정력 (1-β) 으로권고되는.80으로계산한결과 200명으로산출되었다. 이러한근거하에선행연구 [18] 에서고려한탈락률 20% 를적용하여총 240 명에게설문지를배부하였고, 240부를모두회수하여회수율은 100% 였으며, 이중응답이불완전한 8부를제외한총 232부 (96.7%) 를본연구에활용하였다. 3. 연구도구본연구의도구는대상자의일반적특성과사전연명의료의향서관련특성으로성별, 나이, 학년, 종교, 가족이나지인의임종경험, 사전연명의료의향서에대한사전인지여부, 인지경로, 윤리교과목수강여부등 8문항, 사전연명의료의향서에대한지식 9문항, 태도 10문항및윤리적가치관 38문항의총 65문항으로구성된구조화된설문지를사용하였다. 연구도구들은원 도구개발자들에게전자우편으로도구사용에대한허가를신청하여승인을받은후사용하였다. 1) 사전연명의료의향서지식 Hong과 Kim [24] 이개발한사전연명의료의향서에대한지식측정도구를사용하였다. 치료결정의권리에관한 3문항, 생전유언에관한 2문항, 의료결정대리인에관한 2문항, 법적문제에대한 2문항으로구성된도구이다. 질문내용에대해정답을표기한경우는 1점, 오답이나 모른다 라고표기한경우는 0 점으로측정하여총점수가 9점에가까울수록사전연명의료의향서에대한지식수준이높음을의미한다. 도구개발당시신뢰도 Cronbach s 값은.85였고, 본연구의 Cronbach s 값은.66이었다. 2) 사전연명의료의향서태도 Jezewski 등 [4] 이개발한사전연명의료결정에대한지식, 태도, 경험조사도구 (The Knowledge, Attitudinal, Experiential Survey on Advance Directives, KAESAD) 를 Kim과 Kim [14] 이번역 수정한측정도구에서태도부분만발췌하여사용하였다. 환자권리에대한태도 5문항, 환자의주체적역할에대한태도 2문항, 간호사의정보제공에대한태도 3문항총 10문항으로구성된 4점평정척도로최소 10점에서최대 40점으로점수가높을수록사전연명의료의향서에대한태도가긍정적이고, 연명의료결정시환자의주체적역할에대해중요하게생각하며, 환자의의견이존중되도록돕는간호사의역할을긍정적으로생각함을의미한다. 도구개발당시신뢰도 Cronbach s 값은.57이었고, 본연구의 Cronbach s 값은.63이었다. 3) 윤리적가치관 Lee [21] 가개발한윤리적가치도구를바탕으로 Eom [26] 이수정 보완한도구를사용하였다. 총 38문항으로생명존중 9 문항, 간호사와대상자관계영역 14문항, 간호사와간호업무관계영역 8문항, 간호사와협동자관계영역 7문항으로구성되어있다. 반대 1점부터 찬성 5점까지 5점평정척도로의무주의성향의문항으로구성되어있으며, 공리주의성향에해당하는 13개문항은역코딩하여환산하였다. 총평점 5점을기준으로점수가높을수록의무주의성향을띠고윤리적가치관이확고하며, 점수가낮을수록공리주의성향을띠고윤리적가치관이확고하지못한것을의미한다. 도구개발당시신뢰도 Cronbach s 값은.68이었고본연구의 Cronbach s 값은.72였다. 284 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration

4 간호대학생의사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관 4. 자료수집본연구의자료수집은 B광역시와 C시에소재하고있는 2개대학간호학과에재학중인 2~4학년대학생을대상으로 2018 년 12월 1일부터 12월 28일까지 4주간수행하였다. 연구자가각대학교간호학과장을만나연구의목적과자료수집기간및방법을설명하고허락을받은후연구보조원을통해대상자에게연구의목적, 취지및자료수집과정을설명하고서면동의서를받은후자료수집을진행하였다. 자가보고식설문지를배부하고대상자가직접기입하도록하였으며, 설문지작성에소요된시간은약 15분정도이었다. 관련된내용을설명하도록하였다. 자료수집전연구에참여한대상자들에게본연구는자발적참여로이루어지며참여중단과철회가가능하다는점과설문응답내용은연구목적외에는사용되지않음을안내하였다. 자료의익명성을보장하기위해동의서와설문지를각각구분하여회수하였으며, 연구대상자에게는학용품류를답례품으로제공하였다. 연구결과 1. 대상자의사전연명의료의향서지식, 태도및윤리적가치관정도 5. 자료분석수집된자료는 SPSS/WIN 25.0 프로그램을이용하여다음과같이분석하였다. 대상자의일반적특성과사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관의정도는기술통계를이용하여분석하였다. 대상자의일반적특성에따른사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관정도의차이는 t-test와 one-way ANOVA로분석하였고, Scheffe test로사후분석하였다. 대상자의사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관간의관계는 Pearson correlation coefficients 로분석하였다. 6. 윤리적고려본연구는 C대학교생명윤리심의위원회의승인 (CUPIRB ) 을받은후수행하였다. 취약계층보호측면에서학과교수가연구자임이노출되지않도록보조연구원이연구와 대상자의사전연명의료의향서에대한지식수준은 9점만점에평균 7.18±1.67점이었다 (Table 1). 9개문항의지식항목에대한정답률을분석한결과 (Table 2), 환자는연명의료를허락하거나거절할권리가있다 ( 그렇다 ). 의정답률이 97.0% 로가장높게나타났다. 반면에 사전연명의료의향서를작성하려면반드시변호사의도움을받아야한다 ( 아니다 ). 의정답률은 35.8% 로가장낮았고, 그다음은 사전연명의료의향서는언제나변경과폐지가가능하다 ( 그렇다 ). 가 68.1% 로낮은정답률을보였다. 전체 9개문항중 5개문항의정답률이 90% 이상이었고, 1개문항만이 50% 미만의정답률을보였다. 대상자의사전연명의료의향서에대한태도의평균은 4점만점에 3.07±0.30점이었다 (Table 1). 하부문항별로살펴본결과 (Table 3), 의사결정능력이있는환자는심폐소생술거부 (DNR) 결정에대해언제나상담받을수있어야한다. 가 3.43 ±0.55점으로가장높게나타났고, 그다음은 간호사는환자에게현재상태와치료대안에대한정보를제공해야한다. 가 3.40±0.56점으로높게나타났다. 반면에 환자에게정보를제공하지않는것이때로는최선일수있다. 가 2.58±0.78점으로가장낮게나타났고, 그다음은 의사결정능력이있는모든환자는사전연명의료의향서를작성해야한다. 가 2.63±0.80점 Table 1. Level of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Ethical Values on Advance Medical Directives (N=232) Variables M±SD Min. Max. Knowledge 7.18± Attitude 3.07± Ethical values The relationship between nurses and co-workers The relationship between nurses and clients The relationship between nurses and nursing tasks Respect for life 3.47± ± ± ± ± Vol. 25 No. 4,

5 이현주 하재현 윤정미 Table 2. Knowledge Level on Advance Medical Directives (N=232) Items Correct answers n(%) A patient has a right to permit or reject life-sustaining treatment 225 (97.0) A patient has a right to permit or reject treatment offered 223 (96.1) Advance directives is supposed to be prepared while one is competent 211 (90.9) A health care proxy is the one who is authorized to make care decisions for a person who designates him/her as proxy A living will is an instruction that one specifies what actions should be taken for their health if they are no longer able to make decisions due to illness or incapacity 211 (90.9) 209 (90.1) A living will cannot be changed or revoked once written 180 (77.6) A health care proxy cannot be changed or revoked once designated 165 (71.1) Any changes or revocation are possible whenever and wherever 158 (68.1) A lawyer is needed to complete an advance directives 83 (35.8) Table 3. Attitude Level on Advance Medical Directives (N=232) Items M±SD Patients with decision-making capacity should always be consulted on Do-Not-Resuscitate decisions 3.43±0.55 Nurses should help inform patients about their condition and treatment alternatives 3.40±0.56 The nurse has the responsibility to confer with the doctor about medical treatment if a patient's rights have 3.27±0.53 not been considered Nurses should uphold the patient's wishes even if they conflict with the nurse's own views 3.26±0.54 Patients with decision-making capacity who are not terminally ill should have a right to refuse life support 3.13±0.69 even if that decision may lead to death Nurses should be actively involved in helping patients complete advance directives 3.08±0.59 Nurses should go against relatives' wishes if they conflict with the patient's end of life decisions 3.08±0.45 It is appropriate to give medication to relieve pain even if it may hasten a patient's death 2.79±0.62 All patients with decision-making capacity should complete advance directives 2.63±0.80 It is sometimes best to withhold information from patients 2.58±0.78 으로낮았다. 대상자의윤리적가치관의평균은 5점만점에 3.47±0.29점이었으며 (Table 1), 하위영역별평균점수는간호사와협동자관계영역 3.85±0.58점, 간호사와대상자관계영역 3.69±0.37 점, 간호사와간호업무관계영역 3.24±0.37점및생명존중영역 3.02±0.49점순이었다. 2. 대상자의일반적특성에따른사전연명의료의향서지식, 태도및윤리적가치관정도의차이대상자의일반적특성에따른사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관의차이를살펴본결과 (Table 4), 사전연명의료의향서에대한지식수준은학년과가족의임종을지켜본경험의유무에따라통계적으로유의한차이가있었다. 학년이올라갈수록사전연명의료의향서에대한지식점수가높았고 (F=8.63, p<.001), 가족이질병말기상태로임종을맞이한것을지켜본경험이있는대상자가그렇지않은대상자보다사전연명의료의향서에대한지식점수가유의하게높았다 (t=2.92, p=.004). 대상자의일반적특성에따른사전연명의료의향서에대한태도는학년에따라통계적으로유의한차이가있었다. 학년이높을수록사전연명의료의향서에대한태도가긍정적인것으로나타났고, 사후분석결과 4학년이 2학년보다사전연명의료의향서태도점수가높았다 (F=4.74, p=.010). 286 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration

6 간호대학생의사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관 대상자의일반적특성에따른윤리적가치관정도는윤리관련교과목이수여부에따라통계적으로유의한차이가있었다. 전공과교양수업에서윤리관련교과목을이수한대상자가윤리관련교과목을이수하지않은대상자보다윤리적가치관정도가높은것으로나타났다 (F=3.28, p=.022). 3. 사전연명의료의향서지식, 태도및윤리적가치관간의상관관계대상자의윤리적가치관은사전연명의료의향서에대한지식 (r=.17, p=.009) 과태도 (r=.20, p=.002) 와유의한양의상관관계가있었다. 또한사전연명의료의향서에대한지식과태도 간에도양의상관관계가있었다 (r=.17, p=.012)(table 5). 논의 본연구는예비의료인인간호대학생을대상으로사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관정도를파악하고각변수간의관련성을분석하여간호대학생의윤리교육과정개발의기초자료로제공하기위해수행한연구로써, 주요연구결과를중심으로논의하고자한다. 대상자의사전연명의료의향서에대한지식수준은평균 7.18 점으로비교적높은수준이었다. 이는동일한도구로측정한선행연구에서지역사회노인 [24] 은 3.69점, 간호사 [8] 는 7.86점으 Table 4. Knowledge, Attitude, and Ethical Values according to Demographic Characteristics (N=232) Characteristics Categories n (%) Gender Age (year) College grade Religion Deathbed experience Pre-awareness of advance directives Necessity to provide information Completion of ethics education *Scheffe test. Female Male <22 22~23 24 Sophomore a Junior b Senior c None Catholic Buddhist Christian Yes No Yes No Agree Disagree Both Major subject Liberal arts None 192 (82.8) 40 (17.2) 76 (32.8) 108 (46.6) 48 (20.7) 85 (36.6) 80 (34.5) 67 (28.9) 147 (63.4) 37 (15.9) 26 (11.2) 22 (9.5) 99 (42.7) 133 (57.3) 214 (92.2) 18 (7.8) 213 (91.8) 19 (8.2) 37 (15.9) 65 (28.1) 81 (34.9) 49 (21.1) Knowledge Attitudes Ethical values M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) 7.16± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± (.761) 1.94 (.146) 8.63 (<.001) c>b>a* 1.33 (.266) 2.92 (.004) 1.80 (.074) 0.05 (.959) 1.66 (.176) 3.07± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± (.985) 0.71 (.494) 4.74 (.010) c>a* 1.03 (.387) 0.48 (.634) 0.98 (.329) 1.01 (.314) 2.33 (.075) 3.48± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± (.128) 0.13 (.875) 1.05 (.352) 1.08 (.359) 0.64 (.523) (.624) 0.76 (.446) 3.28 (.022) Table 5. Correlations between Ethical Values and Main Independent Variables (N=232) Variables Knowledge Attitudes Ethical values r(p) r(p) r(p) Knowledge 1 Attitudes 0.17 (.012) 1 Ethical values 0.17 (.009) 0.20 (.002) 1 Vol. 25 No. 4,

7 이현주 하재현 윤정미 로지식수준에차이가있었다. 이러한결과는간호대학생의사전연명의료의향서에대한지식수준이일반인보다는높지만, 임상현장의간호사보다는낮은것으로해석할수있다. 각문항별정답률을분석해보면, 환자는연명의료를허락하거나거절할권리가있다. 가 97.0% 로가장높은정답률을보여대상자인간호대학생들은치료결정에있어자율성존중의원칙을정확히인지하고있는것으로확인되었다. 반면 사전연명의료의향서는언제나변경과폐지가가능하다. 와 사전연명의료의향서를작성하려면반드시변호사의도움을받아야한다. 가 68.1%, 35.8% 로가장높은오답률을보였는데, 이는선행연구 [11,24] 의결과와도일치하였으며, 사전연명의료의향서에관한교육시오답률이높은문항에대해서는보다정확히인지시킬필요가있음을시사한다. 사전연명의료의향서에대한태도는평균 3.07점으로동일한도구를사용하여간호사를대상으로한연구 [8] 의 3.02점과유사한결과였다. 세부항목을살펴보면 의사결정능력이있는환자는심폐소생술거부 (DNR) 결정에대해언제나상담받을수있어야한다. 가 3.43점, 나 ( 간호사 ) 는환자에게현재상태와치료대안에대한정보를제공해야한다. 가 3.40점으로가장높았고, 이는선행연구 [8] 결과에서도각각 3.46점, 3.32점으로유사하였다. 이는예비의료인인간호대학생들이환자에게객관적이고충분한정보를제공하는전문직간호사역할의중요성을인지하고있는것으로해석된다. 본도구의개발자인 Jezewski 등의연구 [4] 에서 환자의바람이나의의견과상충되더라도나는환자의의견을존중해야한다. 가가장높은점수를보인것과는차이가있었는데, 이는우리나라의료환경의경우환자의의견을최대한수용해야한다는측면에서아직까지외국에비해부정적이라해석할수있다. 반면에역코딩문항인 환자에게정보를제공하지않는것이때로는최선일수있다. 의경우 2.58점으로가장낮았다. 이는간호사의사전연명의료의향서에대한태도를확인한선행연구 [14] 에서자율성존중의측면에서환자자신에게정확하고충분한정보제공이선행되어야한다는태도보다는환자의충격을우려하여정보를차단하려하는가족입장을우선시하는우리나라문화의특성이반영되었다는해석과유사한결과라여겨진다. 그러나이는연명치료의지속이나중단결정에있어서환자의상태에대한의료진의객관적인판단과충분한정보제공을통한환자자신의선택이가장우선되어야한다는생명윤리의기본원칙과는거리가있는태도라할수있다. 따라서간호대학생시기부터사전연명의료의향서와관련된올바른지식과긍정적인태도를함양시키기위한체계적인윤리교육이이루어져야한다. 이러한간호교육현장의노력은간호대학생들이졸업후간호사가되었을때가족중심의가치관이강한우리나라의료현장에서연명의료와관련하여환자스스로가자발적인의사결정을할수있도록돕는환자의옹호자역할수행으로이어질수있을것이다. 대상자의윤리적가치관정도는 3.47점으로의무주의적성향에가깝고, 간호대학생을대상으로한선행연구 [22,27] 에서 3.35점, 3.38점과도유사한결과이었다. 간호사대상의 Kim과 Lee [20] 의 3.22점보다는높았는데, 이는임상현장에서다양한윤리적갈등상황에직 간접적으로계속노출되는간호사들의경우환자와관련된실제적인문제들을다각도로고려하여의사결정을해야하는상황이반영된것이라여겨진다. 윤리적가치관의영역별점수분포를살펴보면, 협동자관계영역이 3.85점으로가장높았으며, 그다음은대상자관계영역, 업무관계영역및생명존중영역순으로나타났다. 이는간호사 [20] 와간호대학생 [22] 의윤리적가치관에대한선행연구에서협동자관계영역의점수가가장높고, 생명존중영역의점수가가장낮은것과유사한결과이었다. 선행연구 [22] 에서도밝힌바와같이, 연명의료결정법의시행과적용범위의확대및낙태죄폐지에대한공론화등생명윤리와관련된최근이슈에서생명의존엄성보다대상자의자율성을더중시하는현사회적분위기가반영된것으로해석할수있겠다. 그러나사회적여론을무비판적으로받아들이게될경우생명윤리의근간이되는인간존엄성의개념이잘못정립될수있으므로, 각대학에서는간호대학생을위한윤리교육프로그램운영시생명윤리이슈와관련된실제적이고다양한사례를제시하고생명윤리의원칙과규칙을적용하여최선의윤리적의사결정을내리는훈련이함께이루어져야한다. 간호사가되기위한준비단계라할수있는간호학과교육과정에서부터간호대학생들에게이러한교육과훈련이꾸준히이루어졌을때, 실제임상현장에서의료인으로마주하게되는다양한윤리적딜레마상황에서도확고한윤리적가치관을바탕으로환자의자율성을존중하고환자자신에게최선의이익이될수있는방향으로의사결정이이루어지도록돕는직 간접적인역할을수행할수있을것이다. 대상자의일반적특성에따른사전연명의료의향서지식정도는학년과임종경험여부에따라유의한차이가있었다. 고학년일수록사전연명의료의향서에대한지식정도가높았는데, 이는고학년이저학년보다지식정도가높다고보고한선행연구 [11,19] 의결과를지지하였으며, 학년이높을수록임상실습경험기간이길어짐을고려해볼때임상실습경험에따라사전연명의료의향서에대한지식정도에차이가있다고보고 288 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration

8 간호대학생의사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관 한연구 [19] 결과와도부분적으로일치한다고할수있겠다. 반면선행연구 [19] 에서는임종경험유무에따른지식정도에는유의한차이가없는것으로보고되어본연구결과와차이가있었다. 대상자의일반적특성에따른사전연명의료의향서태도는학년에따라유의한차이가있었다. 고학년일수록사전연명의료의향서에대해긍정적인태도가높았는데, 이는간호대학생을대상으로한선행연구 [11] 의결과와일치하였다. 이러한결과는임상경력이많은간호사일수록직무에능숙해지고판단능력이향상됨에따라사전연명의료의향서에대한긍정적인태도를보인다고한연구 [8,13] 결과와유사한맥락으로해석할수있다. 즉, 학년이올라갈수록임상실습경험이축적되고연명의료와관련된여러사례를접함에따라환자의자율성을존중하는사전연명의료의향서에대한긍정적인태도가정립되기때문이라고여겨진다. 본연구결과, 사전연명의료의향서지식과태도를측정한도구의신뢰도계수가다소낮은것으로확인되었다. 이는도구가연명의료결정과관련된윤리적주제를다루고있어응답자들이각각의개념을이해하는데편차가발생한것으로생각된다. 또한, 지식측정도구는지역사회거주노인을대상으로개발된도구 [24] 로써 2018년부터시행된연명의료결정법관련세부내용이반영되지않았고, 태도를측정하는도구는간호사를대상으로개발된국외도구 [4] 로써국내 외의료환경의차이에서기인한것으로여겨진다. 따라서추후연구에서는간호대학생을대상으로현재시행중인연명의료결정법조항을반영하고국내의료환경을고려한사전연명의료의향서에대한지식과태도관련도구개발이필요하다고생각한다. 대상자의일반적특성에따른윤리적가치관정도는윤리관련교과목이수정도에따라유의한차이가있었다. 전공과교양수업에서윤리관련교과목을이수한대상자가그렇지않은대상자보다윤리적가치관점수가높아의무주의입장에더가까운것으로나타났는데, 이는간호대학생의윤리교육이수여부와윤리적가치관에는상관관계가있다고한선행연구 [28] 의결과와유사하였다. 윤리교육은복잡하고다차원적인내용을포함하고있어많은시간을들여체계적이고논리적인접근을통한교육이이루어져야함에도불구하고실제교육현장에서는효율적으로이루어지지못하고있다는지적이있다 [27]. 상황극을접목한윤리교육후윤리적가치관에유의한변화가있었다고보고한연구 [29] 결과를바탕으로간호윤리관련과목에서사전연명의료의향서를포함한연명의료결정제도에대한이론적학습과임종간호, 연명의료와관련된상황극이나 시뮬레이션실습등이함께이루어져야한다. 다시말해, 임상현장의다양한윤리적갈등에끊임없이노출되는상황에서올바른윤리적가치관으로옳은판단을내릴수있는능력을배양할수있도록실제적이고구체적인윤리교육프로그램개발과교육과정적용이매우필요하다고생각한다. 반면, 학년에따른윤리적가치관정도의차이는나타나지않았는데, 임상실습경험정도와고학년일수록윤리적갈등상황에노출되는횟수가증가하게되고이에따라공리주의적성향을나타낸다는 Lee와 Kim의연구 [30] 결과와학년이높을수록의무론적태도를정립해나가는과정을거치게된다고주장한연구 [27] 결과와는차이가있었다. 본연구대상자중윤리관련교과목을이수하지않은자가 21.1% 를차지하기때문에연구결과해석에일부제약이있을수있다. 또한, 선행연구결과와의단편적비교를통해간호대학생들의윤리적가치관의성향을파악하는것은한계가있으므로추후에는장기적으로추적이가능한연구대상자를확보하여전공교과목이수와임상실습경험도가축적됨에따른윤리적가치관의변화정도를확인하는과정이필요하겠다. 대상자의사전연명의료의향서지식과태도및윤리적가치관은통계적으로유의한상관관계가있었다. 이는간호사 [8] 와미국의간호대학생을대상으로한국외연구 [11] 에서사전연명의료의향서에대한지식과태도가양의상관관계가있는것으로보고하고있으나, Kwon [19] 의연구에서는유의한관계가없는것으로나타났다. Kwon [19] 은사전연명의료의향서에대한지식을익히더라도임상에서적절하게적용하지못하고있음을보여주는결과라고해석하였는데, 추후반복연구를통해관련변인간의관계를면밀히살펴볼필요가있겠다. 뿐만아니라, 임상현장에서무의미한연명의료중단과관련된의사결정을앞둔환자와보호자에게사전연명의료의향서에대한충분하고정확한정보를제공하기위해서는예비의료인인간호대학생시기부터관련지식을갖추는것이중요하다. 또한, 사전연명의료의향서에대한올바른지식함양이사전의료의향서에대한긍정적인태도형성에도영향을줄수있도록하는구체적인방안이마련되어야한다. 이를위해서는해당지식에대한교수자의일방적인전달은지양하고, 사전의료의향서작성및연명의료중단결정과관련된실제적이고다양한사례를공유하는것이필요하다. 임상과의연계를통하여 호스피스 완화의료및임종과정에있는환자의연명의료결정에관한법률 시행이후간호현장에서사전연명의료의향서와관련하여의료인들이경험한실제적인사례들을수집하여학생들에게소개하고, 함께토론해보는교육접근방식도고려해볼수있겠다. Vol. 25 No. 4,

9 이현주 하재현 윤정미 본연구결과, 사전연명의료의향서지식과태도는윤리적가치관과각각유의한상관관계가있는것으로나타났다. 해당변수들을함께고려한선행연구가미비하여직접적인비교가어려운한계가있으나, 간호대학생들이사전연명의료의향서에대한구체적이고정확한지식을습득하고, 의료인을통한충분한설명을바탕으로환자의자율적인결정을가장우선시하는자율성존중의원칙에기반을두고있는사전연명의료의향서에대한긍정적인태도함양을위해앞서언급한간호교육현장에서의조직적인검토와노력이이루어져야한다. 이와같은노력은간호대학생들이확고한윤리적가치관형성하는데효과적으로작용할뿐아니라, 간호대학생시기부터간호사로서임상현장에서경험하게되는다양한윤리적딜레마상황에서도생명윤리의기본원칙에근거한올바른윤리적의사결정을내릴수있을것이라기대된다. 간호대학생을대상으로한기존의윤리관련연구와비교해볼때, 주로생명의료윤리의식이나죽음태도에대한연구가많이이루어져있었던것에비해최근의료계를포함하여사회적으로이슈가되고있는연명의료결정법과관련된사전연명의료의향서에대한지식과태도및윤리적가치관과의관련성을고찰하여, 예비의료인인간호대학생의올바른윤리적가치관확립을위한윤리교육프로그램개발및적용시기초자료로활용할수있음에본연구의의의가있다. 그러나본연구는특정지역에위치한두개대학간호학과학생들을대상으로하였기때문에연구결과를일반화하는것에는신중을기해야한다. 또한 1회성의자가보고식설문조사형태로진행된횡단적연구로전공교과목과임상실습경험도의축적에따른사전연명의료의향서지식, 태도및윤리적가치관의변화여부를파악하기에는한계가있었다. 본연구결과를통해해당변수간의관련성을파악할수는있었으나변수간의인과관계에대한해석은제한이있으므로향후간호대학생의윤리적가치관형성과관련이있는다양한요인들을고려하여이들변수간의관계및영향력의정도를규명하는확대연구가필요하다고생각한다. 결론 본연구는간호대학생의사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관의수준과관계를확인하여간호대학생의윤리교육프로그램개발및적용시활용할수있는기초자료를제공하고자수행된서술적조사연구이다. 연구결과사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관은서로관련이있는것으로확인되었으므로, 간호대학생의사전연명의 료의향서에대한정확한정보제공과긍정적태도함양및올바른윤리적가치관형성을위해연명의료결정제도에대한이론적지식과함께임상현장에서경험할수있는임종간호및연명의료와관련된다양한사례등이고려된실제적이고구체적인윤리교육프로그램개발과적용이이루어져야할것이다. 본연구결과를바탕으로다음과같이제언하고자한다. 첫째, 대상자확대와연구기간의연장을통해관련전공교과목이수와임상실습경험축적에따른사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관의변화를확인하는종단적연구가필요하다. 둘째, 윤리적가치관과관련이있는것으로확인된여러요인을고려하여영향력의정도를분석하는확대연구가요구된다. 셋째, 학교와임상현장의지속적인협력을통해올바른윤리적가치관확립및생명윤리이슈와관련된문제해결능력향상을위한통합적인윤리교육프로그램개발과적용이이루어져야한다. REFERENCES 1. Lee YG. Advanced directive. Legal Studies (Hanyang University, Institute for Legal Studies). 2017;34(4): Hong YS, Lee DI. Moral reflexion in hospice-centring on advance medical directive. The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care. 2008;11(2): Ministry of Education (KR). Act on decisions on life-sustaining treatment for patients in hospice and palliative care or at the end of life. Act No , February 3, Retrieved October 19, 2018, from: 4. Jezewski MA, Brown JK, Yow-Wu BW, Meeker MA. Oncology nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and experiences regarding advance directives. Oncology Nursing Forum. 2005;32(2): Moon SJ. Potential conflicts between death with dignity and patients' self-determination right. Lawyers Association Journal. 2009;58(6): Kim MH, Kang EH, Kim MY. Family decision-making to withdraw life-sustaining treatment for terminally-ill patients in an unconscious state. Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative. Care 2012;15(3): Yeun EJ, Hong YP, An JH. Attitudes toward life sustaining treatment (LST) of health professionals and general public: a co-orientational look. Journal of Wellness. 2016;11(1): Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration

10 간호대학생의사전연명의료의향서에대한지식, 태도및윤리적가치관 8. Kim HJ. Nurses' knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and confidence toward advance directives [master's thesis]. Busan: Pusan National University; Park JA, Jung DY. The comparing perception of advance directives in one general hospital doctors and nurses. Health & Nursing. 2013;25(2): Flannery L, Ramjan LM, Peters K. End-of-life decisions in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) - Exploring the experiences of ICU nurses and doctors - a critical literature review. Australian Critical Care. 2016;29(2): George TP, DeCristofaro C, Murphy PF, Remle CR. Knowledge, attitudes, and experience with advance directives among prelicensure nursing students. Journal of Nursing Education. 2018;57(1): Scherer Y, Jezewski MA, Graves B, Wu YW, Bu X. Advance directives and end-of-life decision making: survey of critical care nurses' knowledge, attitude, and experience. Critical Care Nurse. 2006;26(4): Jo KH, Kim YJ, Sohn KC. Types of perception toward endof-life medical decision-making of clinical nurses: Q-methodological approach. Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care. 2012;15(1): Kim MY, Kim KS. Korean nurses' attitude towards advance directives and end of life decision making. Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing. 2010;3(2): Jung SY, Lee HJ, Lee SH. Characteristics of end of life sustaining treatment and attitudes towards advance directives among geriatric patients. Journal of East-West Nursing Research. 2014;20 (2): Kim HK, Nam EM, Lee KE, Lee SN. Awareness and attitude change after end-of-life care education for medical students. The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative care. 2012;15(1): Kim JG, Yoo JH, Cheon EY. Relationship among Incivility, burnout, coping and satisfaction to clinical practice experienced by nursing college students in clinical practice. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society. 2017;18 (1): Kwon KE, Yoo MS. Biomedical ethics awareness and attitudes toward dignified death and advance directives among nursing students. Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing. 2018;25(3): Kwon Ih. Comparison on awareness of good death and knowledge and attitude of advance directives of nursing students and non-nursing students in universities [master's thesis]. Busan: Kosin University; Kim YJ, Lee MN. Attitude on nursing ethical values and on brain death organ donation of hospital nurses. Journal of the Korea Contents Association. 2011;11(10): Lee YS. A study of the ethical values of Korean nurses. Journal of Nurses Academic Society. 1990;20(2): Koo OH, Ryu YM. The Influence of Ethical Values and Ethical Sensitivity on Character of Nursing Students. Journal of Digital Convergence. 2018;16(9): Oh Y, Gastmans C. Moral distress experienced by nurses: a quantitative literature review. Nursing Ethics. 2015;22(1): Hong SW, Kim SM. Knowledge regarding advance directives among community-dwelling elderly. Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education. 2013;19(3): Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates; p Eom IH. Affecting factors on nursing performance of clinical nurses: with focus on ethical values and organization culture [master's thesis]. Seoul: Korea University; Kwon YM. A study on moral judgement and ethical values of nursing students. Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education. 2002;8(1): Skela-Savič B, Kiger A. Self-assessment of clinical nurse mentors as dimensions of professional development and the capability of developing ethical values at nursing students: A correlational research study. Nurse Education Today. 2015;35(10): Um YR, Kang SY, Noh WJ. Changing to positive ethics in hospital nurses through 'theatre of situations'. Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research. 2012;18(1): Lee SH, Kim SY, Kim JA. Ethical value of nursing students. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration. 2007; 13(2): Vol. 25 No. 4,

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