DBPIA-NURIMEDIA
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1 한국간호교육학회지제 21 권제 4 호, 2015 년 11 월 J Korean Acad Soc Nurs Educ Vol.21 No.4, , November, 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스개발 * 이주희 1) 이태화 2) 이현경 1) 김상희 3) 배주연 4) 한지희 5) 이경은 6) 서론 연구의필요성간호사는급변하는보건의료환경내에서점차높은수준의간호서비스제공을요구받고있다. 그러나간호대학생들은환자권리및안전강화, 현장의교육인력부족등으로임상실습현장에서직접간호수행의기회를충분하게갖지못하고, 관찰과면담위주의임상실습을진행하고있다 (Cho & Kwon, 2007; Kwon & Seo, 2012). 이러한간호교육환경으로인해간호대학생들의임상수행능력은질적수준저하의위험에직면해있으며, 임상현장에서요구되는간호실무수행역량을갖춘간호사배출의감소도우려되고있다 (Andre & Barnes, 2010; Bae & Park, 2013). 따라서간호교육계에서는실제임상실습현장에서의제한점을극복하고역량있는간호사를배출하기위해, 문제중심학습과시뮬레이션학습등을간호교육에적용함으로써이론교육과실습교육의연속선상에서이들의연계성을고려한간호교육을진행하고자노력하고있다 (Jun & Lee, 2013; Hur et al., 2013). 또한한국간호교육인증평가원에서도지식에근거한간호의통합적적용, 대상자의간호상황에맞는핵심기본간호술선택및수행, 치료적의사소통, 다학제간팀협력설명, 비판적사고에근거한간호과정을적용한임상적추론등 12가지주요학습성과를간호대학생이 성취해야할역량으로제시함으로써간호교육의질개선을위한기준을구체화하여제시하고있다 (Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing [KABONE], 2013). 학습성과에근거한간호교육을수행하기위해서는학생들이갖추어야할이론적지식수준과실무능력에대한규정을분명히하고, 단계적학습성과목표에따른교육과정을개발하는것이요구된다 (Johnson et al., 2011). 이에 Y대학교간호대학은 Gordon (1994) 의 11가지건강기능양상에따라교과목의경계를없애고분산되어있는내용을조직화함으로써, 학생들이부분적지식이아닌포괄적인전체를이해하도록하는단계별통합간호교육과정을구축하여운영중이다. 단계별통합간호교육과정의세부내용은학습경험과내용이단계적으로심화될수있도록구성하여기능적건강패턴인건강한개인을이해하는전공기초단계, 건강문제를가진대상자의건강문제를관리하는전공심화단계, 복잡하고특수한문제를가진개인과가족, 조직, 지역사회등의집단건강문제를관리하는전공통합단계로구성되어있다. 이러한간호교육과정에서간호대학생이최종적으로갖추어야하는역량을확인하고간호실습교육의내용, 방법, 평가방법을단계별로제시하는것은간호교육자들에게과학적인근거자료를제공하여궁극적으로간호교육의질적향상에기여할수있을것으로사료된다. 이를위해간호교육모델을살펴보는것이선행되어야한다. 국외에서개발된간호교육모델을살펴보면, 2008년 American 주요어 : 학습성과, 통합간호실습, 실습교육과정매트릭스, 델파이기법 * 본연구는 2014년김모임간호학연구소의지원을받아수행되었음. 1) 연세대학교간호대학부교수, 김모임간호학연구소 2) 연세대학교간호대학교수, 김모임간호학연구소 3) 연세대학교간호대학조교수, 김모임간호학연구소 4) 연세대학교간호대학시뮬레이션센터코디네이터 5) 연세대학교간호대학박사과정생 6) 연세대학교간호대학박사과정생 ( 교신저자 leekyongeun@gmail.com) Received: September 9, 2015 Revised: November 4, 2015 Accepted: November 9, 한국간호교육학회지 21(4), 2015 년 11 월
2 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스개발 Association of College of Nursing(AACN) 에서는리더십, 근거기반간호수행, 의사소통능력등 9가지간호실무핵심역량을제시하였다. 2010년 National League for Nursing(NLN) 의교육역량모델에서는간호학적판단, 전문직정체성등 4가지간호교육학습성과를제시하였으며, Lenburg, Abdur-Rahman, Spencer, Boyer와 Klein (2011) 은 COPA(Competency Outcomes and Performance Assessment) 모델을통해간호사정, 중재, 의사소통, 비판적사고, 대상자와의돌봄관계등 8가지간호실무핵심역량을제시하였다. 이처럼국외에서는간호대학생의간호역량개발을위해, 간호실습교육에서성취해야할간호실무핵심역량을제시하고적극적으로활용하고있다. 하지만국내에서는간호의질적향상을위한간호실무핵심역량규명의노력이전개되고있음에도 (Park et al., 2013), 현재까지간호실습교육을위한구체적인역량모델과교육과정매트릭스가제시된적은없다. 따라서본연구에서는학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스를개발하고자한다. Y대학교간호대학의통합교육과정설정의구성원리인 Gordon (1994) 의 11가지기능적건강패턴에따라구분된전공기초단계, 전공심화단계, 전공통합단계의단계별교육내용및방법과이를평가하기위한방법을제시할것이다. 나아가 AACN 실습교육모델, NLN 교육역량모델, COPA 모델을근거로본교육과정에서요구되는간호실무의핵심역량을확인하고자한다. 본연구를통해개발된학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스의개발은간호학실습교육과정에체계적으로활용될수있을것으로기대된다. 연구목적본연구의목적은학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육의매트릭스를구축하기위함이며, 구체적인목적은다음과같다. 간호대학생을위한학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육을통해강화및개발할수있는역량을확인한다. 간호대학생을위한학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육의효과적인교수학습내용및방법을확인한다. 간호대학생을위한학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육의효과적인평가방법을확인한다. 간호대학생을위한학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육의매트릭스를개발한다. 연구방법 연구설계 본연구는학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육의매트릭스개발을위해, 관련문헌분석을통해단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스에포함될수있는교육의내용, 방법, 평가방법및역량을문항으로구성하고, 이에대한전문가집단의의견을수렴한델파이조사연구이다. 연구대상본연구에참여할전문가를선정하기위해적용한기준은다음과같다. 간호대학교수의경우, 임상경력 2년이상으로박사학위를소지한사람 임상실습현장지도자의경우, 임상경력 10년이상으로상급종합병원에서수간호사이상의직책을가진사람이상의선정기준에적합한사람으로본연구에참여한전문가는총 10명이다. 이들은본연구의연구자들이해당분야전문가를섭외하였고, 연구대상자로의적합성을판단하는과정을거쳐최종선정되었다. 전문가패널은평균교육경력 10.6년의간호대학교수 6인과평균임상경력 28.4년의임상실습현장지도자 4인으로구성되었다. 연구절차본연구는 2단계의과정으로진행되었다. 1단계에서는관련문헌분석을통해델파이조사를위한문항이구성되었으며, 2단계에서는 10명의전문가패널에게구조화된설문지를이용하여단계적통합간호실습과정에따른매트릭스구축을위해요구되는교육의내용, 방법, 평가방법및역량을확인하는의견수렴과정이진행되었다. 델파이조사를위한문항구성 문헌고찰학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스내포함되어야하는역량과교육내용및방법에대한문항을구성하기위하여 2004년 1월부터 2013년 10월까지발표된국내외학술지를문헌고찰하였다. 국내논문은 RISS( 한국교육학술정보원 ), 한국학술정보 ( 주 )(KISS) 의문헌데이터베이스를이용하여검색하였으며, 간호교육, 간호대학생, 간호역량, 실습교육 을검색어로사용하였다. 국외논문은 MEDLINE과 CINAHL 등의문헌데이터베이스를이용하였으며, 문헌검색을위해 MeSH 용어 nursing education, undergraduate 를검색어로, MeSH 용어이외의검색어로는 competency, practice 를이용하여문헌고찰을수행하였다. 문헌고찰을통해간호대학생을대상으로한연구와간호교육프로그램및교수학습방법을 한국간호교육학회지 21(4), 2015 년 11 월 529
3 이주희외 개발또는평가한연구, 그리고이들모두를포함한주제의실험연구, 질적연구, 예비조사연구를포함한문헌을선정하였다. 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육의역량을구축하기위해, 문헌고찰로선정된 AACN 실습교육모델, NLN 교육역량모델, COPA 모델의 3가지역량모델을근거로반복적으로제시되고있는핵심역량을다음과같이살펴보았다 (Table 1). American Association of College of Nursing(AACN, 2008) 에서는복잡하고급격하게변하는임상의료환경의변화속에서전문직간호사로서의지식, 기술태도를함양하기위하여간호대학학부교육을통하여달성해야하는실습교육중심의 9가지역량을제시하였다. 제시된 9가지역량은근거기반간호수행, 정보처리능력, 전문직관확립, 환자안전과질적인돌봄을위한리더십등이다 (AACN, 2008). National League for Nursing(NLN) 교육역량모델도간호교육기관에서적용되고있는데, Arizona State Board of Nursing (2010) 에서는이를기반으로하는역량모델을개발하여주요프로그램성과에서간호실무를추가하였고, Riverland community college (2015) 에서는이를기반으로하여간호의틀과프로그램성과를설정하였다. NLN 교육역량모델에서제시된핵심적가치로는돌봄, 윤리, 통합성등이있으며, 통합적개념으로는관계중심적돌봄, 팀워크등이포함되었고, 제시된 4가지학습성과는간호학적판단, 전문직정체성등이다 (NLN, 2010). COPA 모델은역량기반교육과정구성을통해전세계적으로간호교육분야에서폭넓게적용되고있는모델로 (Lenburg et al., 2011; Wu, Wang, & Wu, 2014), 8가지핵심역량인간호사정과중재, 의사소통, 비판적사고, 돌봄관계, 간호관리, 리더십, 지식통합의능력등을강조하였다 (Lenburg et al., 2011). COPA model에서제시된 8가지핵심역량의세부항목을살펴보면, 간호사정과중재에는자료수집, 분석, 계획, 치료적과정등의항목이포함되며, 의사소통에는말하기능력, 듣기, 면담, 병력청취, 그룹토의및상호작용, 임상보고서작성, 의료기록, 정보검색및조회등의폭넓은항목들이포함된다. 비판적사고에는자료수집및평가, 임상내에서이론과원리의통합, 문제해결을위한진단추론, 우선순위의사결정, 잠재적문제파악, 연구과정등의항목이포함되며, 돌봄관계에는실무를행함에있어서도덕, 윤리, 합법성, 문화적차이존중, 옹호, 상호작용기반돌봄등의항목이포함된다. 간호관리에는조직관리, 위임, 감독, 인적 물적자원활용, 성과평가, 질관리등의항목이포함되며, 리더십에는다학제간협력위험감지를통한평가, 기획및지원, 전문적역할행위등의항목이포함된다. 교육에는대상에따라개인, 가족, 지역사회등의목표집단에따른건강증진및회복, 효과적인자기관리, 대상자의목표성취를위한잠재력을발휘할수있도록하는코칭, 멘토링, 교육등의항목이포함되며, 지 식통합에는간호지식과건강관리및관련분야의통합, 근거기반실무등의항목이포함된다 (Lenburg et al., 2011). AACN 실습교육모델, NLN 교육역량모델, COPA 모델에서제시한역량들을달성하기위해서는실습실실습, 임상현장실습등을포함한충분한학습기회가제공되어야하며, 전문직간호사로서대상자간호에필요한지식과기술을개선하고발전시킬수있도록실습교육의초점이맞추어져야할것이다. 이러한교육을통한학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육의역량달성은간호대학생들이졸업후복잡하고다양한임상환경의변화속에서돌봄제공자, 돌봄관리자, 전문직일원으로서의역할을할수있도록할것이다 (AACN, 2008; NLN, 2010; Lenburg et al., 2011). 따라서문헌고찰을통해선정된모델들에서제시된역량들로부터본대학의학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육의역량들을도출하고, 이들역량들을성취하기위한교육의내용, 방법, 평가방법을구성하기위한문항구성절차를다음과같이진행하였다. 문항구성학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육의문항은앞서제시된문헌에서반복적으로제시되고있는역량과교육내용및방법을바탕으로하였다. 역량 11문항, 교육내용 5문항, 교육방법 5문항으로 21문항을구성하였고, 단계설정을위해교육시기별요구도에대한문항도동일하게 21문항으로구성하여, 총 42문항을제시하였다. 또한학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스구축을위해요구되는정책적, 교육적, 행정적, 환경적측면에대한효과성, 경제성, 수용성의 3가지측면의중요도평가를총 8문항으로구성하였다. 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육을통해개발및강화가능한역량과매트릭스내포함될교육내용및방법에대한문항은가장필요하지않은경우 0 점에서가장필요한경우 10 점으로표기하도록하고, 점수가높을수록요구도가높은것을의미하도록구성하였다. 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스개발의구축방안에서는매트릭스개발중 4가지영역인정책적, 교육인프라, 행정적, 환경적측면에대한개선점을효과성, 경제성, 수용성의 3가지측면으로중요도를평가하였다. 중요도에대한문항은 매우낮음 에서 매우높음 의 5점으로표기하도록하고, 수정, 보완할내용을기술하는것을포함하여어떤의견이든자유롭게기술하도록구성하였다. 자료수집및분석방법본연구에서델파이조사는설문지를우편을통해발송하 530 한국간호교육학회지 21(4), 2015 년 11 월
4 한국간호교육학회지 21(4), 2015 년 11 월 531 <Table 1> Nursing Education Competency Models on Baccalaureate Level Source Competency model Contents Details Liberal education for baccalaureate generalist nursing practice Basic organizational and systems leadership for quality care and patient safety Evidence based practice The essentials of Information management American Association baccalaureate education Health care policy, finance, and regulatory of college of Nursing for professional nursing environments (2008) practice Interprofessional communication and collaboration for improving patient health outcomes Clinical prevention and population health Professionalism and professional values Baccalaureate generalist nursing practice Core values Caring, Diversity, Ethics, Excellence, Holism, Integrity, The national league for nursing education (2010) Lenburg et al. (2011) The national league for nursing education competencies model The competency outcomes and performance assessment model Integrating concepts Program outcomes Assessment and intervention Communication Critical thinking Human caring relationships Management Leadership Teaching Knowledge integration Patient-centeredness Context and environment, Knowledge and science, Personal/professional development, Quality and safe, Relationship-centered care, Teamwork Human flourishing, Nursing judgment, Professional identity, Spirit of inquiry Assessment, Monitoring, Therapeutic treatment Talking and listening, Interviewing and history taking, Group discussion, Care plan, Clinical report, Computing Evaluation, Problem solving, Scientific inquiry Morality, Ethics, Legality, Cultural respect Administration, Organization, Coordination, Planning, Delegation Collaboration, Assertiveness and risk taking, Palnning, Anticipating, Professional accountability Individual and groups, Health promotion, Health restoration Nursing, Health care, Related disciplines, Liberal arts 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스개발
5 이주희외 고, 답안이완료되면다시우편을통해수취하는방법으로진행하였다. 1차델파이조사자료는 2014년 8월부터 9월까지수집되었으며, 설문의각문항에대한평균을구하고우선순위를확인하는결과분석을수행하였다. 2차델파이조사자료는 2014년 11월한달간수집되었다. 2차설문은 1차설문과동일한질문으로구성하고, 1차설문의각항목에대한전문가개인점수와전문가집단점수의평균을추가하였다. 2차델파이조사결과분석도 1차델파이조사결과분석과마찬가지로각문항별표시된점수에대한평균을구하고우선순위를확인하였다. 결과분석후확인된역량을성취하기위한각단계별 ( 전공기초단계, 전공심화단계, 전공통합단계 ) 교육내용및방법과평가방법을제시하였다. 연구의윤리적고려본연구는 Y대학교기관생명윤리위원회 ( 승인번호간대 IRB ) 의승인을받은후수행되었다. 연구를시작하기전연구자들은해당분야전문가를섭외하여연구대상자로의적합성을판단하는과정을거쳤으며, 최종선정된전문가들에게연구의목적, 방법을설명한후연구참여의사를밝힌대상자들에게는서면동의서를받았다. 동의서작성시본인이원하는경우언제든지그만둘수있음과연구참여거부시불이익이없음을알렸으며, 델파이조사설문지자료는연구목적으로만사용되며익명성과비밀이보장됨을설명하였다. 델파이조사설문지는우편을통해발송및수거하여설문을할수있는충분한시간을제공하였다. 연구결과 본연구는학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습시요구되는역량, 단계별교육의내용, 방법, 평가방법을델파이조사를통해전문가패널에게두차례반복조사하였으며, 그결과는다음과같다. 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습시요구되는역량학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습시요구되는역량요구도에대한델파이조사결과는다음과같다 (Table 2). 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습시요구되는역량요구도에대한델파이조사는 7점이상을기준으로하였을때, 1 차, 2차델파이조사에서글로벌역량을제외한모든항목이 7점이상으로, 간호과정적용능력, 의사소통능력, 비판적사고, 간호전문직관, 의사결정능력, 전문직간협력, 상황인식및분석과통합능력, 협력적활동을통한동기화능력, 상황에맞는핵심기본간호술적용능력, 간호연구능력이요구되는역량임을확인하였다. 또한모든항목의요구도평균점수는전공기초단계, 전공심화단계, 전공통합단계의단계에따라증가하는것으로나타났다. 전공기초단계의역량요구도 1차델파이조사에서는비판적사고 (7.8±2.62), 의사소통능력 (7.8±2.44), 협력적활동을통한동기화능력 (7.5±2.68) 순으로나타났다. 2차델파이조사에서는 1차델파이조사결과의순위변경없이상황에맞는핵심기본간호술적용능력 (7.1±1.60), 간호전문관 (7.0±1.76) 이추가로나타났다. <Table 2> Reinforcement and Development of competency Delineated from Delphi Survey Reinforcement and development of competency Educational needs according to educational stages Total Fundamental Competent Proficient 1 st delphi 2 nd delphi 1 st delphi 2 nd delphi 1 st delphi 2 nd delphi 1 st delphi 2 nd delphi Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Application of nursing process 9.8± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.63 Communication ability 9.3± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.95 Critical thinking 9.7± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.32 Nursing professionalism 8.9± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.48 Decision making ability 9.4± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.48 Global competency 6.5± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.65 Interdisciplinary cooperation 7.9± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.68 Situation awareness, analysis and integration ability 8.9± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.32 Motivation ability through collaborative activities 8.2± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.92 Ability of fundamental nursing skills application 9.1± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.63 Nursing research ability 7.7± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 한국간호교육학회지 21(4), 2015 년 11 월
6 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스개발 전공심화단계의역량요구도 1차델파이조사에서는요구되는역량으로글로벌역량을제외하고비판적사고 (9.5±0.97), 상황에맞는핵심기본간호술적용능력 (9.1±1.10), 간호과정적용능력 (9.0±1.05), 의사소통능력 (8.8±1.14), 상황인식및분석과통합능력 (8.8±1.03), 협력적활동을통한동기화능력 (8.7±1.42), 의사결정능력 (8.6±1.08), 전문직간협력 (8.4±1.08), 간호전문직관 (8.1±1.45), 간호연구능력 (7.0±1.49) 순으로나타났다. 2차델파이조사에서는간호전문직관이 1 차델파이조사 9위 (8.1±1.45) 에서 4위 (8.8±1.03) 로나타나큰차이를보였으며, 글로벌역량이 11위 (7.0±1.56) 로포함되었다. 전공통합단계의역량요구도는 1차델파이조사에서간호과정적용능력, 상황인식및분석과통합능력이 1위로나타났다. 이들항목들은전문가모두에서 가장중요하다 의 10 점만점으로평가하였다. 의사소통능력, 비판적사고가평균 9.9±0.32점으로 2위로나타났으며, 다음으로의사결정능력 (9.7±0.68), 상황에맞는핵심기본간호술적용능력 (9.6±0.97), 전문직간협력 (9.5±0.71), 간호전문직관 (9.3±1.64), 협력적활동을통한동기화능력 (9.3±1.06), 간호연구능력 (8.9±1.60), 글로벌역량 (7.1±1.79) 순으로나타났다. 2차델파이조사에서는비판적사고, 상황인식및분석, 통합능력이평균 9.9±0.32점으로 1위, 간호과정적용능력, 상황에맞는핵심기본간호술적용능력이평균 9.8±0.63점으로 2위로나타났다. 다음으로의사소통능력 (9.7±0.95), 간호전문직관 (9.7±0.48) 과의사결정능력 (9.7±0.48), 전문직간협력 (9.3±0.68), 협력적활동을통한동기화능력 (9.2±0.92), 간호연구능력 (8.9±0.74), 글로벌역량 (7.4±1.65) 순으로나타났다. 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습시요구되는교육내용학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습시요구되는교육내용요구도에대한델파이조사결과는다음과같다 (Table 3). 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습시요구되는교육내용 요구도에대한델파이조사에서 7점이상을기준으로하였을때, 1, 2차델파이조사모두에서항목전체, 즉사례활용, 표준화된지침활용, 근거기반실무교육, 간호리더십능력개발, 윤리적실무가요구되는교육내용임을확인하였다. 전공기초단계의교육내용요구도는 1, 2차델파이조사모두에서요구되는교육내용으로윤리적실무 (1차: 8.7±1.89, 2차 : 8.2±1.93), 표준화된지침활용 (1차: 7.3±2.26, 2차 : 7.5±1.51) 순으로나타났다. 전공심화단계의교육내용요구도 1차델파이조사에서는요구되는교육내용으로사례활용 (9.6±0.84), 윤리적실무 (9.4±1.08), 표준화된지침활용 (8.4±2.01), 근거기반실무교육 (8.3±1.42), 간호리더십능력개발 (7.3±1.77) 순으로나타났으며, 2차델파이조사에서는윤리적실무 (9.4±0.84), 사례활용 (9.4±0.70), 근거기반실무교육 (8.8±0.92), 표준화된지침활용 (8.4±1.08), 간호리더십능력개발 (7.6±1.43) 순으로나타나큰차이를보이지않았다. 전공통합단계의교육내용요구도는 1차델파이조사에서사례활용과윤리적실무가평균 9.9±0.32점으로 1위로나타났으며, 다음으로근거기반실무적용 (9.6±0.70), 간호리더십능력개발 (8.8±2.04), 표준화된지침활용 (7.7±3.13) 이나타났다. 2차델파이조사에서는사례활용이전문가모두에서 가장필요하다 의 10점만점으로평가하여 1위로나타났다. 다음으로윤리적실무 (9.9±0.32), 근거기반실무적용 (9.6±0.52), 간호리더십능력개발 (9.0±1.25), 표준화된지침활용 (8.5± 0.97) 순으로나타났다. 이외에수정 보완이필요한항목에대한개방형질문에는이론과실기를접목한사례활용, 윤리적실무교육에서옹호자로서의역할에대한교육, 간호에대한정체성교육등이있었으며, 교육시기별필요한교육내용에서는사례활용의경우모의사례와실제임상사례를나누어교육시기별로다르게적용등의의견이있었다. 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습시요구되는교육방법 <Table 3> Educational Content Delineated from Delphi Survey Educational needs according to educational stages Educational content Total Fundamental Competent Proficient 1 st delphi 2 nd delphi 1 st delphi 2 nd delphi 1 st delphi 2 nd delphi 1 st delphi 2 nd delphi Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Case study application 9.3± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 Standardized manual application 9.4± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.97 Evidence based practice 9.4± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.52 Development of nursing leadership 8.1± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.25 Ethical practice 9.5± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.32 한국간호교육학회지 21(4), 2015 년 11 월 533
7 이주희외 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습시요구되는교육방법요구도에대한델파이조사결과는다음과같다 (Table 4). 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습시요구되는교육방법요구도에대한델파이조사에서 7점이상을기준으로하였을때, 1, 2차델파이조사에서시뮬레이션학습, 문제중심학습, 임상실습교육, 심화실습시행, 성찰모두가요구되는교육내용임을확인하였다. 전공기초단계의교육방법요구도는 1차델파이조사에서는모두 7점이하로요구도가낮은것으로나타났으며, 2차델파이조사에서는성찰 (7.0±2.67) 이요구되는교육방법으로나타났다. 전공심화단계의교육방법요구도 1, 2차델파이조사모두에서심화실습시행을제외한임상실습교육 (1차: 9.4±0.84, 2차 : 9.8±0.42), 문제중심학습 (1차: 8.6±1.58, 2차 : 8.7±1.25), 성찰 (1차: 8.3±2.26, 2차 : 8.4±1.96), 시뮬레이션교육 (1차: 7.9±1.91, 2차 : 7.7±0.82) 의순서로나타났다. 전공통합단계의교육방법요구도는 1차델파이조사에서시뮬레이션학습 (9.8±0.63), 임상실습교육 (9.7±0.68), 성찰 (8.7± 1.70), 심화실습시행 (8.5±2.07), 문제중심학습 (8.4±2.17) 의순으로나타났으며, 2차델파이조사에서는임상실습교육 (9.9±0.32), 시뮬레이션학습 (9.6±0.84), 성찰 (8.9±1.73), 문제중심학습 (8.6±1.43), 심화실습시행 (8.2±1.87) 의순으로나타났다. 이외에도수정, 보완이필요한항목에대한개방형질문에는교육방법에대해서는실습실 (Nursing simulation center) 실습의추가, 교육시기별필요한교육방법에대해서는시뮬레이션학습시 fidelity 단계에따라교육시기를다르게제공하여야한다는의견등이있었다. 교육내용은전공기초단계에서기초사례활용, 표준화된지침활용, 근거기반실무를위한정보검색, 기초적지침을제공하는윤리적실무를, 실습실환경내에서의전공심화단계에서심화사례활용, 실습실환경내와일반병동환경에서의표준화된지침활용, 근거기반실무를위한 Problem Intervention Comparison Outcome(PICO) 과정과근거검색, 기초적지침제공및윤리적문제를확인하는윤리적실무, 촉진자로서의간호리더십함양을제시하였다. 전공통합단계에서는복합사례활용, 실습실및임상환경과집중치료실환경및지역사회환경에서의표준화된지침활용, 근거기반실무를위한 PICO 과정및근거검색과근거기반실무의계획및적용, 기초적지침제공및윤리적문제확인에서나아가임상상황에윤리적실무적용, 지역사회에서의간호리더십발휘및준비된글로벌간호리더십함양을제시하였다. 교육방법은전공기초단계에서기초사례에대한문제중심학습 (Problem-Based Learning[PBL]) 과성찰, 전공심화단계에서시뮬레이션교육 (high fidelity patient simulation), 심화사례에대한문제중심학습 (PBL), 임상실습 ( 일반병동환경 ), 성찰, 전공통합단계에서시뮬레이션교육 (high fidelity patient simulation), 임상실습 ( 다양하고복잡한임상환경 ), 통합사례에대한문제중심학습 (PBL), 집중적이고통합적인임상실습, 성찰로구성되었다. 교육평가방법은전공기초단계에서수행시험, 자가평가, 성찰일지, 관찰확인사항대조표, 전공심화단계에서수행시험, 자가평가, 성찰일지, 관찰확인사항대조표, 사례분석, 전공통합단계에서수행시험, 자가평가, 성찰일지, 관찰확인사항대조표, 사례분석과보고, 임상경험을기초로한윤리적이슈 보고서를제시하였다. 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스개발 단계적통합간호실습을통해기대되는교육과정성과로는 다양한지식과기술을통합하는의사결정능력, 적절한핵심 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스개발에대 한 1 차, 2 차델파이조사방법결과를바탕으로학습성과기반 단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스를구축하였다 (Table 5). 기본간호술적용, 의사소통기술, 비판적사고와과학적지식에근거한간호과정, 다학제간협력, 간호전문직관, 상황인식, 분석및통합능력의 8가지를도출하였다. <Table 4> Educational Method Delineated from Delphi Survey Educational needs according to educational stages Educational method Total Fundamental Competent Proficient 1 st delphi 2 nd delphi 1 st delphi 2 nd delphi 1 st delphi 2 nd delphi 1 st delphi 2 nd delphi Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Simulation education 9.4± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.84 Problem based learning(pbl) 9.1± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.43 Clinical practicum 9.4± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.32 Intensive and integrative practicum 7.0± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.87 Reflection 9.1± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 한국간호교육학회지 21(4), 2015 년 11 월
8 한국간호교육학회지 21(4), 2015 년 11 월 535 <Table 5> Outcome Based Nursing Education Practicum Matrix Items Education content Integrated nursing practicum Educational stages Details Fundamental Competent Proficient Case study application Simple case Complicated case Complex case Standardized manual application Laboratory setting Laboratory and general ward setting Laboratory, intensive care unit, and community setting Evidence based practice Information retrieval PICO * and evidence retrieval PICO and evidence retrieval, plan and application Ethical practice Obey the basic guideline Obey the basic guideline and find the ethical problem Obey the basic guideline, find the ethical problem and apply to ethical situation Development of nursing leadership - Facilitator Community and global leader Simulation education - High fidelity patient simulation High fidelity patient simulation Problem based learning Simple case Complicated case Complex case Education method Clinical practicum - General ward setting Complex and diverse clinical and community setting Intensive and integrative practicum - - Intensive and integrative practicum Reflection Reflection Reflection Reflection Performance test Performance test Performance test Performance test Self-evaluation Self-evaluation Self-evaluation Self-evaluation Evaluation method Reflection paper Reflection paper Reflection paper Reflection paper Observational log Observational log Observational log Observational log Case analysis - Case analysis Case analysis and presentation Ethical issue paper - - Ethical issue paper based on practical experience Educational outcomes Decision making, Fundamental nursing skills application, Communication, Critical thinking, Nursing process, Interdisciplinary cooperation, Nursing professionalism, Situation awareness, Analysis and integration * PICO=Problem Intervention Comparison Outcome 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스개발
9 이주희외 논의 본연구는델파이조사연구로간호실습교육관련문헌고찰을통해요구되는역량, 교육의내용및방법과평가방법에포함될항목들을구성한후간호교육과관련된전문가설문을실시하였으며, 도출된결과를근거로학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스를구축하였다. 학습성과기반교육과정은고등교육의전문화로인해요구되는교육의질을향상시키고자시행중인교육인증평가로인해도입되었다. 본교육과정은졸업시최종적으로갖추어야하는역량을규정하고, 역량을성취하기위해단계적으로제시된수행준거를기반으로평가하는것을요구한다 (KABONE, 2013; Yoo, 2014). 간호교육자는단계별로효과적인간호학실습교육내용과방법을구성하여, 이를간호대학생들에게적용하여전공지식과간호술을통합적용할수있는기회를제공할수있어야한다. 간호대학생은실습교육을통해상황을인식, 분석및통합하는능력을함양하고, 전공지식에기반하여문제를해결하고의사결정하는과정을통해기본간호술을적용할수있어야한다 (Kwon & Seo, 2012). 따라서이를위해간호대학에서는학습성과기반교육과정을운영하여학생들에게성취가요구되는핵심역량을명확하게제시하고, 단계별교육내용및방법과평가방법을구성해야한다 (Kim & Kim, 2014; Yoo, 2014). 본연구에서는학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습을위해각단계에서강조해야하는교육내용을살펴보았다. 간호학교육에서실습은전공지식을활용하여간호의의사결정능력을학습하는중요한역할을한다. 특히임상현장에서의실습은상황적판단을배우게되므로능력개발에핵심적인역할을한다. 사례활용및표준화된지침활용은임상실습현장과유사한상황을제시하여간호대학생의전공지식과간호술의통합능력을함양하게되므로효과적인것으로나타났으며 (Jung & Park, 2015), 본연구의결과에서도단계별활용수준만다를뿐모든단계에서요구되는교육내용으로나타나일치하였다. 이처럼실제임상사례를활용하는것은한국간호교육평가원에서제시한핵심기본간호술의단순수행을넘어, 학생들의비판적사고과정을유도함으로써근거기반간호중재를제공하는데기여할수있을것이다 (KABONE, 2013). 또한한국간호교육평가원 (KABONE, 2013) 에서간호사핵심역량을확보하는데중요한항목으로제시한근거기반실무교육도본연구의결과에서단계별활용수준만다를뿐모든단계에서요구되는교육내용으로나타나일치하였다. 모든단계에서공통적으로윤리적실무교육도강조되었다. 이는간호사에게요구되는역량중실무능력뿐아니라복잡한의료환경내다양한가치충돌상황에서요구되는윤리적 판단능력이점차중요하게강조되고있기때문으로사료된다. 윤리적판단능력은교육되고훈련되어질수있는역량으로, 대학교육과정에서부터정립되어야만윤리적책임이요구되는임상상황에서올바른의사결정을내릴수있다 (Yun & Kim, 2014). 그러므로간호전문직으로서요구되는지식, 기술, 태도의습득뿐아니라다양한사회적요구와가치, 도덕적변화에도대처할수있는표준화된간호윤리교육프로그램이나훈련등이필요하다 (Lee et al., 2001; Jung, Park, & Jang, 2012). 간호리더십의경우는간호대학생이갖추어야하는역량으로, 전공심화단계와전공통합단계에서간호리더십교육내용범위의수준이제시되었다. 간호리더십은간호사개인과조직에게영향력을행사함으로써문제해결능력과사명감, 도전의식을함양하는역량으로 (Lim, Bae, & Kim, 2013), 간호사스스로에대한개인효과성과조직효율성을확보하기위해단계적리더십역량강화가통합간호교육과정을통해이루어져야할것으로사료된다. 특히전공통합단계에서의리더십은지역사회를넘어세계화에발맞추는리더십의내용을포함함으로써, 전공심화단계에서요구되는임상환경에서의리더십과함께변혁적리더십성취의균형을증대시킬수있을것으로사료된다. 이러한교육내용을성취하기위한교육방법으로는성찰 (reflection) 이각학년에서중요하게강조되었다. 성찰이란특출한감 (sense of salience) 을통한상황적맥락을이해하는능력을향상시키므로, 임상환경에서우선순위를인식하고임상적추론을할수있는데기여하여궁극적으로간호지식과실무를효율적으로통합하는역할을한다 (Benner, Sutphen, Loenard, & Day, 2010). Tanner (2006) 는임상판단모델 (clinical judgment model) 에서간호사가대상자건강문제해결을위해내린임상적의사결정에대해모든측면에서적절했는지판단할때성찰과정이간호사의역량을향상시킨다고제시하고있다. Gaberson, Oermann과 Shellenbarger (2014) 도성찰을비판적사고, 임상판단, 임상추론, 의사결정능력과같은교육성과를달성하기위한방법으로제시하고있다. Ross, Mahal, Chinnapen, Kolar와 Woodman (2014) 의연구에서는간호대학생을대상으로성찰일지를작성하도록하였을때, 임상경험에대한긍정적인학습성과를가져오는것으로판단하였으며, 지식의통합뿐아니라임상현장의환경과환자에대한인식을변화시키는것으로나타났다. 따라서성과기반단계적통합간호교육과정을성공적으로수행해나가기위해서, 나아가졸업후전문직간호사로서성취해야할간호업무성과의효율적인증진을위해서는성찰이라는교육방법을활용하여간호대학생들이스스로자신의실습을돌아보고내적성장을통해간호전문직의책무를온전히해낼수있도록교육해야 536 한국간호교육학회지 21(4), 2015 년 11 월
10 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스개발 할것으로사료된다. 비판적사고는앞서살펴본성찰을통한자기인지의과정에서발전될수있으며, 또한대상자의문제를해결하는역량을강화하는문제중심학습에서이를강화시킬수있다. 본연구에서는단계적수준에따라개인적경험을바탕으로상황에따른문제를해결하는능력을함양하고자제시되었다. 나아가전공심화단계와전공통합단계에서는요구되는교육내용을성취하기위한교육방법으로시뮬레이션교육과임상실습이제시되었다. 학생들에게임상실습을적용하되, 실제임상실습의제한된상황에서임상수행능력을향상시킬수있는방안으로제시된시뮬레이션교육을활용하여실제임상에서발전적형태로나타날수있도록그전략을체계적으로제시해야할것으로사료된다 (Lee & Choi, 2011). 마지막으로본연구에서단계적통합간호실습교육과정을평가하기위한방법으로는수행평가, 자가평가, 성찰일지, 관찰확인사항대조표, 사례분석, 윤리적이슈보고서가제시되었다. 간호교육에서평가도구의활용은역량있는간호사를배출하기위해필수적이다 (Shipman, Roa, Hooten, & Wang, 2012). 따라서평가방법을실습교육과정단계별로표준화하여제시하는것은간호교육자들에게과학적인근거자료를제공하여간호대학생의역량성취수준을정확하게파악할수있게할것이다. 이는학생들의학습성과성취수준을향상시키고나아가간호실무수행능력의질적수준을개선하는데기여할수있을것으로사료된다. 하지만본연구결과에서통합간호실습교육과정의각단계별평가방법은제시하였으나교육내용및방법각각에대한평가방법은제시되지않아이를확인하기위한반복연구가이루어져야한다고사료된다. 본연구에서도출된학습성과기반단계적통합간호교육과정을위해요구되는교육내용및방법, 평가방법을간호실무수행의역량을갖춘간호사배출을위해효과적으로활용할수있기를기대한다. 또한제시된매트릭스를근거로이론적지식과실습의연계를완성하는통합교과교육과정의체계적인구조화를수행해나가야할것이다. 결론및제언 본연구는다양한임상환경속에서점차그요구도가높아지는간호역량을충족하는간호사를양성하기위하여, 간호교육과임상실무간의격차를줄이고간호교육의질적수준을높이고자성과기반단계적간호학실습교육과정매트릭스개발을시도하였다. 현재의학교육을포함하여세계교육과정의방향은학습성과기반교육과정으로의개편이이루어지고있으며 (Yoo, 2014), 이러한교육의변화흐름에맞추어우리나라의한국간호교육 평가원에서도 2주기인증평가를통하여이론교과목에서뿐만아니라실습교과목에서도학습성과기반실습교육체계를구축하여시행하도록제안하였다 (KABONE, 2012). 따라서이론교과목과실습교과목간경계를없애고분산되어있는내용을조직화하여, 학생들이전공지식과간호술의통합을효과적으로학습하도록하는교육과정인통합실습교육과정이시대적으로요구되고있다. 이러한요구에따라본연구에서개발된학습성과기반통합간호실습교육과정매트릭스는요구되는역량을확인하고, 이를충족하기위한단계별교육내용및방법과평가방법을도출하여, 한국의간호학교육에서시도해볼수있는실제적근거를제시했다는데그의의가있다. 하지만본연구는일대학의학습성과기반실습교육과정을구축하기위한과정에서확인된핵심역량을제시하고이를성취하기위한단계적교육내용및방법과평가방법을제안하였으므로, 각각의역량에대한교육내용및방법과평가방법의연계를구축하기위한추후연구가요구된다. 또한본연구에서개발된학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습과정을활용한실습교육을간호대학생전체를대상으로일반화하기위해여러교육기관에서확대적용하여효과평가하는연구를기대한다. References American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2008). The essentials of baccalaureate education for professional nursing practice. Retrieved August, 5, 2015, from 8.pdf Andre, K. & Barnes, L. (2010). Creating a 21st century nursing work force: designing a bachelor of nursing program in response to the health reform agenda. Nurse Education Today, 30(3), Arizona State Board of Nursing (2010). Arizona state board of nursing competency model. Retrieved from ency+model+update/797786/77061/article.html Bae, S. H. & Park, J. S. (2013). The recognition of achievement and importance of nursing program outcome among nursing student. The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 19(2), Benner, P., Sutphen, M., Loenard, V., & Day, L. (2010). Educating nurses: A call for radical transformation. Wiley. Cho, M. H. & Kwon, I. S. (2007). A study on the clinical practice experiences on nursing activities of nursing students. 한국간호교육학회지 21(4), 2015 년 11 월 537
11 이주희외 Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 13(2), Gaberson, K. B., Oermann, M. H., & Shellenbarger, T. (2014). Clinical teaching strategies in nursing. Springer publishing company. Gordon, M. (1994). Nursing diagnosis: process and application (3d ed). St. Louis: Mosby Hur, H. K., Park, S. M., Shin, Y. H., Lim, Y. M., Kim, G. Y., Kim, K. K., et al. (2013). Development and applicability evaluation of an emergent care management simulation practicum for nursing students. Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 19(2), Johnson, D. C., Marshall, T. A., Finkelstein, M. W., Cunningham-Ford, M. A., Straub-Morarend, C. L., Holmes, D. C., et al. (2011). A model for overview of student learning: a matrix of educational outcomes versus methodology. Journal of Dental Education, 75(2), Jun, W. H. & Lee, E. J. (2013). Effects of S-PBL in fundamental nursing practicum among nursing students: comparison analysis of a ordinary least square and a quantile regression for critical thinking disposition. Journal of Korea Contents Association, 13(11), Jung, M. E. & Park, H. S. (2015). Effects of case-based learning on clinical decision making and nursing performance in undergraduate nursing students. Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing, 22(3), Jung, H. J., Park, H. J., & Jang, I. S. (2012). Effects of nursing ethics education based upon CEDA debates on moral judgment and ethical values. The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 18(2), Kim, B. N., & Kim, S. O. (2014). A study on assessment system for nursing bachelor degree program outcomes: focused on communication ability improvement. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 20(2), Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing Education. (2013). Core competencies for nurses. Retrived May, 9, 2015, from pdf Kwon, I. S. & Seo, Y. M. (2012). Nursing students` needs for clinical nursing education. Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 18(1), Lee, J. H., & Choi, M. N. (2011). Evaluation of effects of clinical reasoning course among undergraduate nursing students. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing, 23(1), 1-9. Lee, W. H., Han, S. S., Kim, Y. S., Kim, B. H., Chi, S. A., Um, Y. R., et al. (2001). The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify nursing ethics education in Korea. Korean Journal of Medical Ethics, 4(1), Lenburg, C. B., Abdur-Rahman, V. Z., Spencer, T. S., Boyer, S. A., & Klein, C. J. (2011). Implementing the COPA model in nursing education and practice settings: Promoting competence, quality care, and patient safety. Nursing Education Perspectives, 32(5), Lim, K. M., Bae, S. K., & Kim, H. S. (2013). The effects of self-leadership and self-efficacy on organizational effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior in nurses. The Korean Journal of Health Service Management, 7(3), National League for Nursing. (2010). Outcomes and competencies for graduates of practical/vocational, diploma, associate degree, baccalaureate, master's, practice doctorate, and research doctorate programs in nursing. New York, NY: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Park, Y. I., Kim, J. A., Ko, J. K., Chung, M. S., Bang, K. S., Choe, M. A., et al. (2013). An identification study on core nursing competency. Journal of Korean Academy Society of Nursing Education, 19(4), Riverland Community College. (2015). Nursing framework and program outcomes. Retrived May, 25, 2015, from Ross, C., Mahal, K., Chinnapen, Y., Kolar, M., & Woodman, K. (2014). Evaluation of nursing students work experience through the use of reflective journals: Positive learning outcomes can be achieved by combining clinical community placements with critical self-reflection, say Charlotte Ross and colleagues. Mental Health Practice, 17(6), Shipman, D., Roa, M., Hooten, J., & Wang, Z. J. (2012). Using the analytic rubric as an evaluation tool in nursing education: The positive and the negative. Nurse Education Today, 32(3), Tanner, C. A. (2006). Thinking like a nurse: a research-based model of clinical judgment in nursing. Journal of Nursing Education, 45(6), Wu F, Wang YL, & Wu Y. (2014). Application of nursing core competency standard education in the training of nursing undergraduates. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 1(4), 한국간호교육학회지 21(4), 2015 년 11 월
12 학습성과기반단계적통합간호실습교육매트릭스개발 Yoo, H. H. (2014). Basic research to guide alterations in an outcome-based curriculum. Korean Journal of Medical Education, 26(4), Yun, S. Y., & Kim, M. S. (2014). A study on the relevance among self efficacy, major satisfaction, nursing ethics values in nursing students before clinical practice. Journal of Digital Convergence, 12(2), The Development of the Integrated Nursing Practicum Education Matrix based on Learning Outcomes * Lee, JuHee 1) Lee, Taewha 2) Lee, Hyunkyeong 1) Kim, Sanghee 3) Bae, Juyeon 4) Han, Jeehee 5) Lee, Kyongeun 5) 1) Associate Professor, College of Nursing, Yosnsei University, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute 2) Professor, College of Nursing, Yosnsei University, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute 3) Assistant Professor, College of Nursing, Yosnsei University, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute 4) College of Nursing, Simulation center coordinator, Yonsei University 5) College of Nursing, Doctoral student, Yonsei University Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop an integrated nursing practicum education matrix based on the learning outcomes of each stage. Methods: In this Delphi technique study, 10 experts, consisting of six professors and four nurses, participated in the development of the matrix. The first step was an in-depth review for the composition of the questionnaire and the second step was the Delphi technique. The Delphi survey was conducted two times in order to complete the components of the matrix. The survey data was analyzed for statistical averages and standard deviations to decide the order of priority. Results: According to each stage (i.e. fundamental stage, competent stage, and proficient stage), the matrix was composed of education contents, methods, evaluation methods, and curriculum outcomes. Conclusion: The integrated nursing practicum education matrix of Y University was completed. The developed matrix will result in a reduction in the gap between nursing education and clinical practice and an improvement in nursing competency. Key words : Nursing students, Professional competence, Competency-Based Education, Delphi technique * This study was supported by Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute from the College of Nursing at Yonsei University. Address reprint requests to : Lee, Kyongeun College of Nursing, Yonsei University 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, Korea(03722) Tel: Fax: leekyongeun@gmail.com 한국간호교육학회지 21(4), 2015 년 11 월 539
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