Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2017;38(6):105-120 https://doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2017.38.6.105 pissn: 1226-1688 eissn: 2234-408X The Impact of the Family Relationship, Maltreatment, and Peer Violence Victimization in Adolescent Bullying Perpetration: The Mediating Roles of a Sense of Community and Internet/Mobile Phone Addiction Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak Department of Nursing, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, :,, Objective: Because of the highly controversial views about school violence prevention and changes to the Juvenile Care Act, this study was aimed to identify the pathways of bullying perpetration. Methods: The sample for this study included 1,508 families; adolescents (ages 11 18 years) and their parents who participated in the 2013 Panel Study on Korean Children. The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. Results: Peer violence victimization, a sense of community, internet/mobile phone addiction had direct effects on bullying perpetration. Peer violence victimization and family relationship had indirect effects on bullying perpetration through a sense of community and internet/mobile phone addiction. The effect size (R2) of pathways to bullying perpetration was 19.4%. The results of multigroup analyses comparing young adolescents (11 14 years) and older adolescents (15 18 years) differed by age group. For young adolescents, parental maltreatment had a significant effect on bullying perpetration through internet/mobile phone addiction and a sense of community. For older adolescents, there was a direct effect of parental maltreatment on bullying perpetration. However, for older adolescents, there was no significant effect between internet/ mobile phone addiction and bullying perpetration. Conclusion: It is necessary to consider the experiences of peer violence maltreatment, family relationship, internet/mobile phone addiction, a sense of community as key screening factors for bullying perpetration among adolescents. Keywords: adolescent, bullying, maltreatment, a sense of community, addiction Corresponding Author: Young Ran Tak, School of Nursing & Graduate School of Information and Clinical Nursing, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Korea E-mail: yrtak@hanyang.ac.kr The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak 106,,, (Bax, 2016). 46.4, 42.2 2013 (Ministry of Education, 2016). 2017, 100 1 (3 7 ), (2.1%), (0.5%), (0.3%) (Ministry of Education, 2017)., (J. A. Oh, Kim, & Kim, 2016; Y. K. Park, 2016). (school violence or bullying),,, (shuttle),,,, (Bax, 2016; J. A. Oh et al., 2016).,,,,,,, (Bax, 2016).,,,,,, (Bax, 2016; Fry et al., 2017; No, Lee, Lee, & Hong, 2017). 1990,, 2004 (J. A. Oh et al., 2016; J. Park & Kim, 2015). 2012 2013, (school bullying-and-violence) (Bax, 2016). (Ministry of Education, 2017). (Connell, Morris, & Piquero, 2016; J. Y. Kim, Choi, & Lim, 2015; J. Park & Kim, 2015).,,,,, (J. Park & Kim, 2015).,, (J. Park & Kim, 2015)., (Bax, 2016; J. Park & Kim, 2015) (, ), ( ), (, ).,. (M.-K. Cho, Kim, & Shin, 2017; E. Kim & Chung, 2017; C. Lee & Shin, 2017),, (J. Park & Kim, 2015).,,,,, (E. Kim & Chung, 2017). Connell (2015), Erginoz (2015) 5 1 (20%)..,., (J. Jeong & Jang, 2017; J. Park & Kim, 2015)., (J. Jeong & Jang, 2017). Bandura (social learning theory),,,,
107 Determinant Factors of Adolescent Bullying Perpetration (No et al., 2017)., (social network service),, (M.-K. Cho et al., 2017; C. Lee & Shin, 2017). 2016, 30.6%,, (National Information Society Agency, 2017). (K. H. Lee & Lee, 2017).,,,. (Ah & Jeong, 2012). Hsieh (2016),,,,,. (K. H. Lee & Lee, 2017), (Kwon & Lim, 2017), - (M. Jeong, 2015), (Y. Kim, 2017). (Min, 2017).,, (Ah & Jeong, 2012)., (Hsieh et al., 2016).,,., (Bae & Choi, 2016)., ( ) (H.-J. Park, Kim, & Son, 2015; S. Park, Park, Oh, Jang, & Kim, 2016).,,,, (H.- J. Park et al., 2015; S. Park et al., 2016). 6 K. Oh, Han, & Park (2015),.,,, (S. Park et al., 2016).,,, (K. Oh et al., 2015).,,,., (school connectedness) (Mrug & Windle, 2009)., (S. Kim, Yim, & Chung, 2014). (Choi, 2016),, (W.-J. Kim, 2012)..,,,.,,,.,
Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak 108 Peer violence victimization Family relationship A sense of community Internet mobile phone addiction Bullying perpetration Parental maltreatment Figure 1. Hypothetical path model diagram.,,. 14,,, (C.-K. Park, 2013; Y. K. Park, 2016).,,,. 2013 10 17 2.. ( 10 13 ) ( 14 17 ). (Figure 1). 1,,,,? 2 ( 10-13 14-17 )? 연구대상 10 17, 2013. 2008 2, 2013 11 8 2013 12 15 18. 4,007,,,,, 1508. 768 (50.9%), 740 (49.1%). 13.97 (SD = 2.01) 10 13 692, 14 17 816. 642 (42.6%), 477 (31.6%),
109 Determinant Factors of Adolescent Bullying Perpetration 389 (25.8%). 1282 (85.0%), 108 (7.2%), 84 (5.6%), 28 (1.9%). ( ) 913 (60.5%), 508 (33.7%), 87 (5.8%), 895 (59.4%), 432 (28.6%), / 64 (4.2%). 연구도구가족관계 ( 기능 ) (Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs [KIHSA], 2013) ( ) 8..,.,.,. (1 ) (5 ) 5. 8 40. (Cronbach s α).84. 부모학대 1 2 4 0 40. (Cronbach s α).80. 학교폭력피해및가해 (KIHSA, 2013) Schwartz, Farver, Chang Lee-Shin (2002) (Peer Nomination Index) Noh, Kim Yoo (2006). 1,,,,,, 7.. (. ),. (. ) 7. (1 ), 1 (2 ), 2 3 (3 ), 4 (4 ) 0 1 1, 2 3 2, 4 3 0 21. (Cronbach s α).77,.78. (KIHSA, 2013) Straus (1998) (Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale)..,,.,. 5,.,,,. 3 8. (1 ), 1 1 2 (2 ), 2 3 1 2 (3 ), 1 2 (4 ), 1 2 (5 ) 1. 0 1 1 2 1, 공동체의식 (KIHSA, 2013) 8..,.,.,. (1 ) (4 ) 4. 8 32,. (Cronbach s α).83. 인터넷 스마트폰중독가능성 (KIHSA, 2013)
Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak 110 (National Information Society Agency [NIA], 2011) K-..,.,. 15 (1 ) (4 ).... 2 4% 0. 0 60,. (Cronbach s α).91. 자료분석 SPSS statistics 23.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY) AMOS 23.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY),,,.,.,, (bootstrapping). ( 10 13 ), ( 14 17 ) (multi group analysis). 측정변인간의상관행렬및기술통계 Table 1., 40 27.79, 21 0.90, 21 0.56, 21 0.47, 32 22.31, 60 31.98.,,. (r =.40, p <.001), (r =.10, p <.001), (r =.14, p <.001), (r = -.15, p <.001).,, Table 1 Correlation Coefficients, Means, and Standard Deviations of the Study Variables Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 M (SD) (Range) 1. Family relationship 27.79 (4.50) (8-40) 2. Peer violence victimization -.02 0.90 (1.99) (0-21) 3. Parental maltreatment -.07**.11*** 0.47 (1.73) (0-22) 4. A sense of community.19*** -.02 -.02 22.31 (3.43) (8-32) 5. Internet mobile phone addiction -.05*.09***.09*** -.16*** 31.98 (9.20) (0-55) 6. Bullying perpetration -.02.40***.10*** -.15***.14*** 0.56 (5.04) (0-19) Note. N = 1508. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
111 Determinant Factors of Adolescent Bullying Perpetration Peer violence victimization.12 ** -.01.38 ** Family relationship.18 ** -.08 **.00 A sense of community -.08 ** Internet mobile phone addiction e1 -.13 **.10 ** e2 Bullying perpetration e3.10 **.04 Parental maltreatment Figure 2. A path diagram of the study. Model fit statistics: χ 2 (1) = 1.16, p =.28, GFI = 1.00, CFI = 1.00, NFI =.99, TLI =.99, RMSEA =.01 with 90% CI [.00,.07]. Solid lines represent statistically significant standardized path coefficients dashed lines represent nonsignificant standardized path coefficients. Error variances appear in small circles. *p <.01. **p <.001.,. (r =.19, p <.001). (r = -.05, p =.044), (r =.09, p <.001), (r =.09, p <.001), (r = -.16, p <.001).,,. 가설적경로모형분석모형의적합도검증 p.05, GFI, CFI, NFI, TLI.90, RMSEA.05). 경로모형의표준화경로모수치와유의성검증 Figure 2. (β =.10, p <.001), (β =.12, p <.001), (β = -.08, p <.001), (β = -.08, p =.003), (β =.18, p <.001). (β =.38, p <.001), (β = -.13, p <.001), (β =.10, p <.001). 경로모형의직접 간접효과분석, χ 2 1.16 (n. s.), (GFI) = 1.00, (CFI) = 1.00, (NFI) =.99, (TLI) =.99, (RMSEA) =.01 (χ 2 Table 2. (β =.12, p <.05), (β =.10, p <.05), (β = -.08, p <.01)
Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak 112 Table 2 Standardized Estimates of the Path Model Endogenous variable A sense of community Internet mobile phone addiction Bullying perpetration Note. N = 1508. a SMC = Squared Multiple Correlations. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001. Exogenous variable Family relationship Internet mobile phone addiction Family relationship Parental maltreatment Peer violence victimization Family relationship Peer violence victimization Internet mobile phone addiction A sense of community Direct effect Indirect effect Total effect SMC a β β β %.18** -.08 * -.08 **.10 *.12 * -.38 **.10 * -.13 **.01 **.19 ** -.08 * -.08 **.10 *.12 * -.03 **.01 **.01 ** -.03 **.39 **.10 ** -.13 ** 3.4 4.0 19.4 3.4%., (β =.18, p <.01) (β = -.08, p <.05), (β =.01, p <.01). 4.0%.,,., (β =.38, p <.01),, (β =.01, p <.01) (β =.39, p <.01). 2..012 (.12.10 =.012),,.001 (.12.08.13 =.001).,,. (β = -.13, p <.01), (β =.10, p <.05) (β =.01, p <.01) (β =.10, p <.01)., (β = -.03, p <.01). 3..023 (.18.13 =.023),.008 (.08.10 =.008),,.001 (.08.08.13 =.001).,,. 19.4%. 청소년연령대에따른다중집단경로분석결과연구모형에대한아동연령대별모형적합도비교 ( 10-13 ), ( 14-17 )
113 Determinant Factors of Adolescent Bullying Perpetration.,,,,,. (χ 2 =.82, df = 2, n. s., GFI = 1.00, CFI = 1.00, NFI =.99, TLI = 1.04, RMSEA =.00) (χ 2 = 14.34, df = 13, n. s., GFI =.99, CFI =.99, NFI =.97, TLI =.99, RMSEA =.00) ( χ 2 = 13.5, df = 11 < 19.7). (Yu, 2016). 연구모형의청소년연령대별경로계수차이 Table 3 Figure 3. 10-13 (β =.12, p <.01), 14-17 (β =.14, p <.001)., 10-13 (β =.10, p <.01), 14-17 (β =.06, p = n.s.). 14-17 (β =.06, p <.05), 10-13 (β =.03, n. s.). 10-17,,,,.. 1.,,,., 10 17,,. (M.-K. Cho et al., 2017; Connell et al., 2016; E. Kim & Chung, 2017; C. Lee & Shin, 2017; J. Park & Table 3 Path Estimates of the Research Variables by Age Group Endogenous variable A sense of community Internet mobile phone addiction Bullying perpetration Exogenous variable Family relationship Internet mobile phone addiction Peer violence victimization Parental maltreatment Peer violence victimization Parental maltreatment Internet mobile phone addiction A sense of community Young adolescents (n = 692) Older adolescents (n = 816) B β SE C.R. B β SE C.R..10.14.03 3.62***.17.22.03 6.46*** -.06.20.79.30.03.02 -.05 -.16.04.12.37.03.10 -.10.01.19.26.03.04.01.02-4.13*** 1.05 3.08** 10.70*** 0.73 2.96** -2.74** -.06.59.22.32 -.15.14 Model fit: χ2 =.816, df = 2, n.s.; GFI = 1.00, CFI = 1.00, NFI =.99, TLI =.98, RMSEA =.01.05.01 -.07.05.41.06.06 -.15.01.15.15.02.02.01.01-4.27*** 3.89*** 1.42 12.92*** 2.02* 1.86-4.81*** Note. N = 1508. df = degree of freedom; GFI = goodness of fit index; CFI = comparative fit index; NFI = normed fit index; TLI = tucker-lewis Index; RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak 114 Young adolescents (11-14 year-olds) years) Peer violence victimization.04 -.50.37 *** Family relationship.14 *** -.04.12 A sense of community -.16 *** Internet mobile phone addiction e1 -.10 **.10 ** e2 Bullying perpetration e3.12 **.03 Parental maltreatment Older adolescents Older adolescents (15-18 year-olds) (15-18 years) Peer violence victimization.14 ***.04.41 *** Family relationship.22 ** -.04.05 A sense of community -.15 *** Internet mobile phone addiction e1 -.15 ***.01 e2 Bullying perpetration e3 Parental maltreatment.05.06 * Figure 3. Final pathways by age group. Model fit statistics: χ 2 =.816, df = 2, p =.665; GFI = 1.00, CFI = 1.00, NFI =.99, TLI =.98, RMSEA =.01. Standardized path coefficients toward bullying perpetration are shown for the young and older adolescent groups, respectively. Dashed lines represent nonsignificant standardized path coefficients. Error variances appear in small circles. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001. Kim, 2015).,,,, 19.4%.,,,, J. Park Kim (2015).,, (Erginoz et al., 2015; J. Park & Kim, 2015),.
115 Determinant Factors of Adolescent Bullying Perpetration (K. Oh et al., 2015; H.-J. Park et al., 2015; S. Park et al., 2016) (Álvarez-García, García, & Núñez, 2015; M.-K. Cho et al., 2017; K. H. Lee & Lee, 2017; C. Lee & Shin, 2017).,.,,., (J. Jeong & Jang, 2017; No et al., 2017; J. Park & Kim, 2015).,.,, (J. S. Hong, Espelage, Grogan-Kaylor, & Allen-Meares, 2012), (J. Y. Kim & Park, 2013).,.,., 6, K. Oh (2015). (J. S. Hong et al., 2012; K. Oh et al., 2015).,, (K. Oh et al., 2015)., Choi (2016),..,., 10 17.,. Ko (2014) Ah Jeong (2012). C. B. Cho (2010) -.,.,,,.,.,,.,., 10 17
Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak 116. (S. Hong & Ha, 2017),. (Min, 2017).,,, (H.-J. Park et al., 2015). 2015 4 3,,,,.,,,,,,. 2.,., 14-17, 10-13. 10-13 ( p <.01) ( p <.05). Hsieh (2016), 6 1 (Jung, Nho, Lee, Sung, & Song, 2014)., S. Kim (2015). 14-17 10-13,., (Yeo, Kang, & Kim, 2014).,, (Álvarez-García et al., 2015), 14-17.,,,,,,, (Ah & Jeong, 2012).,,,, (J. S. Hong et al., 2012). (J. Y. Kim & Park, 2013),.,., (Yeo et al., 2014).,,
117 Determinant Factors of Adolescent Bullying Perpetration (H,-S. Kim, Yu, & Nam, 2015).,.,,,., (E. Kim & Chung, 2017), (J. Y. Kim & Park, 2013) (J. A. Oh et al., 2016).,,,,,.,.,.,,,,,,,..,,,,.,,,.,,,.,. 2013 1.., 10-17 2,. 0,,..,,,,.,,,,.,,,.,.
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