Study on the Vascular Plants Found in Nearby Island Regions of Ganghwado

Journal of Korean Nature Vol. 3, No. 2 83-101, 2010 Study on the Vascular Plants Found in Nearby Island Regions of Ganghwado You-Mi Lee, Su-Hyun Park, Su-Young Jung, and Jong-Cheol Yang Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Gyeonggi 487-821, Korea Abstract: The total number of vascular plants found in the Ganghwado and nearby island regions (Seokmodo, Gyodongdo, Boreumdo, Jumundo) was 107 families, 388 genera, 616 species, 5 subspecies, 81 varieties, 11 forms. and 713 taxa. Among these, the area with the highest number of taxa was Ganghwado at 92 families 279 genus 454 taxa, followed by Seokmodo at 90 families 271 genera 442 taxa, Gyodongdo at 82 families 228 genera 338 taxa, Boreumdo at 66 families 196 genus 286 taxa and Jumundo at 145 taxa. Among the studied plants, there were 6 taxa of endemic plants to Korea, 11 taxa of rare species, and 14 taxa of Degree III or higher in terms of ecological significance. A total of 94 taxa of naturalized plants were confirmed, marking 13.2% of all the taxa studied. As a special note, ecologically detrimental species, such as Ambrosia trifida and Sicyos angulatus were observed in Boreumdo and Jumundo respectively, which is a reason for concern of rapid spread. Key words: Ganghwado, plant distribution, Flora, Naturalized Plant, Rare Plant Introduction The study area in Ganghwado, which has been suggested by Lee and Yim (2002) as a floristic location, is a part of the central subregion which includes the region of Gyeonggido. It is a big island in the Yellow Sea and includes 15 big and small islands which include Ganghwado, one of the The Main Islands (Diagram 1). Geographically, it is included in the region of Ganghwa-gun of the city of Incheon, with Gyeonggi gulf to the west and the south, the Han River and Yeseong River to the north and the Gaepung-gun and Yeongbaek-gun of the North Korean region nearby. Furthermore, the Gimpo peninsula is located to the east. The region includes relatively low mountains which are less than 500 m above sea level, such as Goryeosan (436.3 m), Hyeolgusan (460 m), Toemosan (338.9 m), Jingangsan (443.1m) and the Manisan of the southernmost (469.4 m) in Ganghwado, and Hwagaesan (269 m), Sujeongsan and more in Gyodongdo, with Haemyeongsan (327 m), Sangjusan (254 m) and more in Seokmodo, Yooksan (102.6 m), Bonghwasan (82.8 m) and more in Boreumdo and Bonggusan (146.9 m) in Jumundo. The region of Ganghwa has undergone various constructions over a long period of time, which has led to the development of a number of reservoirs spread over the area, *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +82-31-540-1072 E-mail: ymlee99@forest.go.kr and the majority of the flatlands is farming ground. Annual precipitation is 1316.7 mm, with average temperature of 11.0, which is 2 lower than the average annual temperature of Gangreung of Donguido and 3 to 4 lower during the winter, as influenced by the continental climate, and the area is showing clearer qualities of continental climate in comparison to the East Sea (http://web.kma.go.kr). There has been a high number of studies related to plants in the region of Ganghwado (Kang, 1970; Park, 1990; Kang, 1992; Cheon, 1998; Shim et al., 2002), but the studies were quite restrictive in terms of locations, which leads to the notion that there is a lack of studies in terms of the general area of Ganghwado. This study was conducted in order to provide supplementary information in regards to the insufficient amount of information currently available, and it is expected that further studies will also be necessary. Study Methods In order to assess the plant distribution of Ganghwado and the nearby island regions, field studies were conducted in June and September of 2009, with focus on the southern region which includes Manisan (Mt.) in terms of Ganghwado, and in the case of nearby island regions, large islands were chosen for study (Table 1, Fig. 1). In order to reinforce the accuracy of the results, only plants with sexual organs, such as flowers, fruits, spores, were used as study subjects, and in the case of plants with immature or no sexual organs, only those with confirmed identification

84 You-Mi Lee, Su-Hyun Park, Su-Young Jung, and Jong-Cheol Yang Table 1. Investigation dates and routes Jun. Sep. Date Routes in nearby island regions of Ganghwado 8 Ganghwado Dongmak beach Jeongsusa 9 Boreumdo Dock Seodo elementary school natural monument tree Jumundo Bonggusan 10 Seokmodo Haemyeongsan Bomunsa Minmeoru beach Samsan reservoir Dohaechon Sangjusan 11 Gyodongdo Hwagaesan Nanjeong reservoir 12 Ganghwado Haneuljae of the Manisan 22 Ganghwado Chojijin Gwangseongbo Haneuljae of the Manisan 23 Seokmodo Haemyeongsan Bomunsa Dohaechon 24 Gyodongdo Hwagaesan Nanjeong reservoir Gogu reservoir 25 Boreumdo natural monument tree Jogaegol beach Fig. 1. Investigation routes. were taken as subjects. The collected plants were prepared as pressed leaf or immersion specimen and were stored in the Korean National Herbarium (KH) of the Korea National Arboretum. The identification of the taxa were conducted using studies by Lee (1980, 2003), Lee (1996a, 1996b) and Park (1995, 2001, 2009), and plant species which require special attention were recorded with reference to documents by the Ministry of Environment (2006), Oh et al. (2005) and the Korea National Arboretum (2008). Study Results Flora analysis A total of 107 families 388 genera 616 species 5 subspecies 81 varieties 11 forms 713 taxa was found in this study on the flora of Ganghwado and the nearby island region (Table 2). Among the regions, the area with the highest number of taxa was Ganghwado at 92 families 279 genera 454 taxa. The area of Ganghwado includes a wide range of plants, and while most of the area is used as farming grounds, a small part of the region consists of forests. With Manisan (Mt.) as the center, there was a dominance of Quercus aliena and Quercus mongolica in the region of Haneuljae, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Sorbus alnifolia and Carpinus coreana at the ridge-line, and Pinus thunbergii along the sea coast. The majority of the land on the other islands was also being used for farming, and results showed 90 families

Study on the Vascular Plants Found in Nearby Island Regions of Ganghwado 85 Table 2. Summary on the floristics of the nearby island regions of Ganghwado Taxa fam. gen. sp. subsp. var. for. Total Pteridophyta 9 15 25-2 - 27 Gymnospermae 3 4 8 - - - 8 Angiospermae Dicotyledons 80 277 418 4 53 5 480 Monocotyledons 15 92 165 1 26 6 198 Total 107 388 616 5 81 11 713 Table 3. The number of vascular plants Site fam. gen. sp. subsp. var. for. Taxa Ganghwado 92 279 396 3 48 7 454 Seokmodo 90 271 384 4 46 8 442 Gyodongdo 82 228 290 2 43 3 338 Boreumdo 66 196 257-26 3 286 Jumundo 57 120 128-14 3 145 Total 107 388 616 5 81 11 713 Table 4. The list of the Korean endemic plants Fam. Scientific name Korean name Salicaceae Populus tomentiglandulosa T.B.Lee 은사시나무 Saxifragaceae Chrysosplenium pilosum var. fulvum (N.Terracc.) Hara 흰괭이눈 Saxifragaceae Philadelphus schrenkii Rupr. 고광나무 Oleaceae Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai 개나리 Caprifoliaceae Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey 병꽃나무 Gramineae Puccinellia coreensis Honda 갯겨이삭 6 taxa 271 genera 442 taxa in Seokmodo, 82 families 228 genera 338 taxa in Gyodongdo, 66 families 196 genera 286 taxa in Boreumdo, and 145 taxa in Jumundo (Table 3). The region of Haemyeongsan (Mt.) in the region of Seokmodo showed a high level of Pinus thunbergii and Zanthoxylum piperitum, as well as Quercus acutissima. The other regions of Gyodongdo, Boreumdo and Jumundo all showed similar plant characteristics is comparison to the upper region, but with lower level of forestation, lower level of plant variety was observed. Endemic plants A total of 6 endemic species to the region were found, including Populus tomentiglandulosa, Chrysosplenium pilosum var. fulvum, Philadelphus schrenkii, Forsythia koreana, Weigela subsessilis and Puccinellia coreensis, and this makes up 0.8% of the total plants included in this study (Table 4). Rare plant species A total of 11 taxa of rare species were found, including Polygonum equisetiforme, Ranunculus kazusensis, Nepeta cataria, Belamcanda chinensis, Acorus calamus and Arisaema heterophyllum (Table 5, Fig. 2). Among these, Ranunculus kazusensis has natural habitat in the Choji-ri of Gilsang-myeon of the region of Ganghwa-dun, and is being protected after being designated as a rice wetland at the 10th Ramsar Convention. Belamcanda chinensis is found in small numbers at the Hwagaesan (Mt.) of Gyodongdo, and since it is distributed in small numbers near hiking grounds, there seems to be a high risk of damage. Arisaema heterophyllum is found in the valley region of Manisan (Mt.) in very low numbers. In accordance with the study results of a part of Ganghwado, the result of 11 taxa is not a high number, but the purpose of designation of individual species as rare species should not be forgotten, as there is a need to protect and conserve important biological resources of the Ganghwado region. Special plant species In terms of plant species with ecological significance, 9 Degree-III taxa, including Aconitum longecassidatum, Alisma orientale, Asparagus oligoclonos and Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii, 4 Degree-IV taxa, including Polygonum polyneuron and Carex idzuroei, and one Degree V taxa of Ranunculus kazusensis were confirmed (Table 6). Aconitum longecassidatum is found in small numbers at the valley area of the region of Haneuljae at Manisan (Mt.), and Alisma orientale and Ranunculus kazusensis are found exclusively in the region of conservation area. Among ecologically significant species found in the study, species such as Euphorbia pekinensis, Arisaema heterophyllum,

86 You-Mi Lee, Su-Hyun Park, Su-Young Jung, and Jong-Cheol Yang Table 5. List of the rare and endangered plants which was designated by Korea Forest Service Fam. Scientific name Korean name Degree Polygonaceae Polygonum polyneuron Franch. & Sav. 이삭마디풀 VU Ranunculaceae Ranunculus kazusensis Makino 매화마름 VU Labiatae Nepeta cataria L. 개박하 VU Iridaceae Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. 범부채 LC Araceae Acorus calamus L. 창포 LC Araceae Arisaema heterophyllum Blume 두루미천남성 LC Gramineae Phacelurus latifolius (Steud.) Ohwi 모새달 LC Araliaceae Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. 인삼 DD Alismataceae Alisma canaliculatum A.Br. & Bouch 택사 DD Alismataceae Sagittaria sagittifolia subsp. leucopetala (Mig.) Hartog 벗풀 DD Cyperaceae Carex idzuroei Franch. & Sav. 좀도깨비사초 DD 11 taxa Fig. 2. A. Ranunculus kazusensis Makino 매화마름 ; B. Arisaema heterophyllum Blume 두루미천남성 ; C. Phacelurus latifolius (Steud.) Ohwi 모새달 ; D. Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. 인삼. Arisaema heterophyllum and Poa viridula were found in such low level which made confirmation of natural habitation unsure. Naturalized plants A total of 94 taxa were confirmed, making up 13.2% of the total taxa found in this study (Fig. 3). Among these, compositaes showed the highest number of taxa at 35 taxa, which is 13.2% of the total number of naturalized plants taxa (Table 7). Among these, the plant which requires the most attention were Sicyos angulatus and Ambrosia trifida found near the Bolleum Reservoir of Boreumdo, and as they were found expansively in certain regions of Boreumdo, there is a concern of rapid spread to the rest of the island. Furthermore, Verbesina alternifolia is found in high numbers along the walkway to the top of Hwagaesan (Mt.) of Gyodongdo, showing more higher level of habitation than the indegeous species, making the prediction of further

Study on the Vascular Plants Found in Nearby Island Regions of Ganghwado 87 Table 6. The list of 5th to 1st degree taxa of specially designated plants by the Ministry of Environment Degree Scientific name / Korean name Total Asplenium ruprechtii Kurata 거미고사리, Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. 잣나무 ( 식재 ), Alnus sibirica Fisch. ex Turcz. 물오리나무 ( 식재 ), Quercus variabilis Blume 굴참나무, Celtis biondii Pamp. 폭나무, Bistorta manshuriensis (Petrov ex Kom.) Kom. 범꼬리, Silene aprica var. oldhamiana (Miq.) C.Y.Wu 갯장구채, Aconitum jaluense Kom. 투구꽃, Chloranthus japonicus Siebold 홀아비꽃대, Malus baccata Borkh. 야광나무, Rhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) Makino 병아리꽃나무, Euphorbia esula L. 흰대극, Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr. 대극, Euonymus japonicus Thunb. 사철나무, Euonymus I macropterus Rupr. 나래회나무, Tilia amurensis Rupr. 피나무, Elaeagnus macrophylla Thunb. 보리밥나무, Actinostemma 33 lobatum Maxim. 뚜껑덩굴, Lysimachia barystachys Bunge 까치수염, Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) Kuntze 노랑어리연꽃, Calystegia soldanella (L.) Roem. & Schultb. 갯메꽃, Argusia sibirica (L.) Dandy 모래지치, Ajuga multiflora Bunge 조개나물, Veronica peregrina L. 문모초, Lonicera praeflorens Batalin 올괴불나무, Campanula punctata Lam. 초롱꽃, Cirsium pendulum Fisch. ex DC. 큰엉겅퀴, Rhaponticum uniflorum (L.) DC. 뻐꾹채, Zannichellia pedunculata Rchb. 뿔말, Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. 부추, Diarrhena mandshurica Maxim. 껍질용수염, Phacelurus latifolius (Steud.) Ohwi 모새달, Arisaema heterophyllum Blume 두루미천남성 II Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W.Becker 노랑제비꽃, Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze 어리연꽃, Weigela florida (Bunge) A.DC. 4 붉은병꽃나무, Trisetum sibiricum Rupr. 시베리아잠자리피 Dryopteris gymnophylla (Bak.) C.Chr. 금족제비고사리, Aconitum longecassidatum Nakai 흰진범, Hylotelephium III spectabile (Boreau) H.Ohba 큰꿩의비름, Potentilla centigrana Maxim. 좀딸기, Lespedeza juncea (L.f.) Pers. 땅비수리, 9 Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz. 질경이택사, Asparagus oligoclonos Maxim. 방울비짜루, Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii (Regel) Baker 중나리, Puccinellia coreensis Honda 갯겨이삭 IV Polygonum polyneuron Franch. & Sav. 이삭마디풀, Festuca rubra L. 왕김의털, Poa viridula Palib. 청포아풀, Carex 4 idzuroei Franch. & Sav. 좀도깨비사초 V Ranunculus kazusensis Makino 매화마름 1 Fig. 3. A. Sicyos angulatus L. 가시박 ; B. Verbesina alternifolia Britton 나래가막사리 ; C. Medicago lupulina L. 잔개자리 ; D. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. 별꽃아재비 ; E. Medicago sativa L. 자주개자리 ; F. Solidago altissima L. 양미역취 ; G. Ambrosia trifida L. 단풍잎돼지풀 ; H. Xanthium canadense Mill. 큰도꼬마리 ; I. Chenopodium glaucum L. 취명아주. expansion valid. Since islands include less space than mainland, the detrimental effects of exotic plants on native plants are expected to be amplified. It is predicted that there is a need to educate local residents on the protection and conservation of native plants.

88 You-Mi Lee, Su-Hyun Park, Su-Young Jung, and Jong-Cheol Yang Table 7. The list of naturalized plants Fam. Scientific name / Korean name Total Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa L. 삼 1 Polygonaceae Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub 닭의덩굴, Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach 털여뀌, Rumex acetosella L. 애기수영, Rumex crispus L. 소리쟁이, Rumex obtusifolius L. 돌소리쟁이 5 Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana L. 미국자리공 1 Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. 유럽점나도나물, Silene armeria L. 끈끈이대나물 2 Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album L. 흰명아주, Chenopodium ficifolium Smith 좀명아주, Chenopodium glaucum L. 취명아주 3 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus blitum L. 개비름, Amaranthus patulus Bertol. 가는털비름 2 Papaveraceae Papaver rhoeas L. 개양귀비 1 Cruciferae Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. 갓, Lepidium apetalum Willd. 다닥냉이, Lepidium virginicum L. 콩다닥냉이, Thlaspi arvense L. 말냉이 4 Rosaceae Potentilla amurensis Maxim. 좀개소시랑개비, Potentilla supina L. 개소시랑개비, Rubus fruticosus L. 서양오엽딸기 3 Leguminosae Amorpha fruticosa L. 족제비싸리, Medicago lupulina L. 잔개자리, Medicago sativa L. 자주개자리, Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb. 전동싸리, Robinia pseudoacacia L. 아까시나무, Trifolium repens L. 토끼풀 6 Geraniaceae Geranium carolinianum L. 미국쥐손이 1 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia maculata L. 큰땅빈대, Euphorbia supina Raf. 애기땅빈대 2 Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle 가죽나무 1 Malvaceae Abutilon theophrasti Medicus 어저귀 1 Cucurbitaceae Sicyos angulatus L. 가시박 1 Onagraceae Oenothera biennis L. 달맞이꽃 1 Rubiaceae Diodia teres var. hirsutior Fernald & Griseb. 털백령풀, Diodia teres Walter 백령풀 2 Convolvulaceae Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. 미국실새삼, Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. 미국나팔꽃, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula A.Gray 둥근잎미국나팔꽃, Ipomoea lacunosa L. 애기나팔꽃, Ipomoea purpurea Roth 둥근잎나팔꽃 6, Quamoclit coccinea Moench 둥근잎유홍초 Boraginaceae Symphytum officinale L. 컴프리 1 Solanaceae Datura meteloides Dunal 털독말풀 1 Scrophulariaceae Veronica arvensis L. 선개불알풀, Veronica persica Poir. 큰개불알풀 2 Compositae Gramineae Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. 돼지풀, Ambrosia trifida L. 단풍잎돼지풀, Aster pilosus Willd. 미국쑥부쟁이, Aster subulatus Michx. 비짜루국화, Aster subulatus var. sandwicensis A.G.Jones 큰비짜루국화, Bidens frondosa L. 미국가막사리, Carduus crispus L. 지느러미엉겅퀴, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. 불란서국화, Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist 망초, Conyza sumatrensis E.Walker 큰망초, Coreopsis lanceolata L. 큰금계국, Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. 코스모스, Cosmos sulphureus Cav. 노랑코스모스, Eclipta alba var. erecta L. 가는잎한련초, Erechtites hieracifolia Raf. 붉은서나물, Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. 개망초, Erigeron strigosus Muhl. 주걱개망초, Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F.Blake 털별꽃아재비, Galinsoga parviflora Cav. 별꽃아재비, Helianthus tuberosus L. 뚱딴지, Lactuca scariola L. 가시상추, Rudbeckia bicolor Nutt. 원추천인국, Rudbeckia hirta L. 수잔루드베키아, Senecio vulgaris L. 개쑥갓, Solidago altissima L. 양미역취, Sonchus asper (L.) Hill 큰방가지똥, Sonchus oleraceus L. 방가지똥, Tagetes minuta L. 만수국아재비, Taraxacum laevigatum DC. 붉은씨서양민들레, Taraxacum officinale Weber 서양민들레, Verbesina alternifolia Britton 나래가막사리, Xanthium canadense Mill. 큰도꼬마리, Xanthium italicum Moore 가시도꼬마리, Xanthium strumarium L. 도꼬마리 Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv. 구주개밀, Agropyron repens f. aristatum Holmb. 까락구주개밀, Bromus tectorum L. 털빕새귀리, Dactylis glomerata L. 오리새, Festuca arundinacea Schreb. 큰김의털, Festuca myuros L. 들묵새, Leptochloa fusca Kunth 갯드렁새, Lolium multiflorum Lamarck 쥐보리, Lolium perenne L. 호밀풀, Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. 미국개기장, Panicum miliaceum L. 기장, Poa pratensis L. 왕포아풀, Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl 처진미꾸리광이 94 taxa 34 13 Unrecorded naturalized plants Unrecorded naturalized plants of Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl was detected near the Nanjeong Reservoir of Gyodongdo and the seashore of Chojijin of Ganghwado (Fig. 4). The plant was originated in Europe, and it is distinguished from other plants with its lower branches drooping downwards after blossoming. The Cheo-Jin-Mi-Kku-Ri-Gwang-I was named so due to such distinct quality. The plant is found typically near sea side, and in Korea, it s found primarily in the region of Incheon. Instead of forming large colonies, they are found dispersed (Jung et al., 2009). Related taxa classification 1. The lemma is between 1.8 and 2.5 mm long and the ligule is 1 to 2 mm long. 2. The anther is between 0.5 and 0.8 mm long, and the umbel has rough surface and generally droops after blossoming P. distans 처진미꾸리광이

Study on the Vascular Plants Found in Nearby Island Regions of Ganghwado 89 Fig. 4. Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. 처진미꾸리광이 A. Plants; B. Inflorecens; C. Pedicels 2. The anther is between 1.1 and 1.5mm long, and the umbel is either smooth or rough surfaced. 3. The spikelet is generally light green, and the 원추화서 barely extends out of the sheath P. coreensis 갯겨이삭 3. The spikelet is generally red-tinted, and the 원추화서 extents far out of the sheath and spreads over a relatively long distance P. chinampoensis 각시미꾸리광이 1. The lemma is between 2.5 and 3.5 mm long, and the ligule is between 2 and 3 mm long P. nipponica 갯꾸러미풀 References Jeon, Y.W. 1998. Studies on the flora of Mt. Koryo, Kanghwa Island. Unpublished master dissertation. The Kyung Hee University. Jung, S.Y., Y.M. Lee, S.H. Park, J.H. Kim and Y.H. Cho. 2009. Two new naturalized species from Korea, Glyceria declinata Bréb. and Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 39:309-314. Kang, S.D. 1992. A floristic study of Mt. Mani in Kangwa. Unpublished master dissertation. The Inha University. Kang, Y.M. 1970. A taxonomic study in the vicinity of the reclaimed land in Kanghwa island. Unpublished master dissertation. The Seoul National University. Korea Meteorological Administration. http://web.kma.go.kr. Korea national Arboretum. 2008. Rare plants data book in Korea. Korea national Arboretum. Lee, T.B. 1980. Illustrated Flora of Korea. Hyangmunsa, Seoul. Lee, T.B. 2003. Coloured Flora of Korea (1, 2). Hyangmunsa, Seoul. Lee, W.C. 1996. Standard illustrations of Korean plants. Academy publishing Co. Ltd. Lee, W.C. and Y.J. Yim. 2002. Plant Geography. Kangwon National University Press, Chuncheon. Ministry of Environment. 2006. The 3rd National natural environment research guidelines, Ministry of Environment. Oh, B.U., D.G. Jo, K.S. Kim and C.G. Jang. 2005. Endemic Vascular Plants in the Korean Peninsula. Korea National Arboretum, Seoul. Park, S.H. 1995. Colored illustrations of naturalized plants of Korea. Ilchokak. Park, S.H. 2001. Colored illustrations of naturalized plants of Korea (appendix). Ilchokak. Park, S.H. 2009. New illustrations and photographs of naturalized plants of Korea. Ilchokak. Park, S.J. 1990. A study on the flora of Mal, Jumun, Bolum and Acha islands in Kyong-go bay. Unpublished master dissertation. The Kyung Hee University. Sim, H.B., S.M. Seo and B.H. Choi. 2002. Floristic Survey of Salt Marshes and Dunes on Gyeonggi Bay in Korea. Korean J. Environ. Biol. 20(1): 25-34. [Received on May 3, 2010]

90 You-Mi Lee, Su-Hyun Park, Su-Young Jung, and Jong-Cheol Yang <Appendix> The list of vascular plants distributed in nearby island regions of Ganghwado Fam. Scientific name Korean name G.w. G.d. S.m. B.e. J.m. Selaginellaceae Selaginella involvens (Sw.) Spring 바위손 O Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. 쇠뜨기 O O O O Osmundaceae Osmunda cinnamomea var. fokiensis Copel. 꿩고비 O Osmunda japonica Thunb. 고비 O Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtia hirsuta (Sw.) Mett. ex Miq. 잔고사리 O Dennstaedtia wilfordii (Moore) Christ 황고사리 O Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum (Desv.) Und. ex Heller. 고사리 O O O Davalliaceae Davallia mariesii Moore ex Bak. 넉줄고사리 O O Aspleniaceae Asplenium incisum Thunb. 꼬리고사리 O O O O Asplenium ruprechtii Kurata 거미고사리 O Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris bissetiana (Bak.) C.Chr. 산족제비고사리 O O Dryopteris chinensis (Bak.) Koidz. 가는잎족제비고사리 O O O O O Dryopteris gymnophylla (Bak.) C.Chr. 금족제비고사리 O Dryopteris lacera (Thunb.) Kuntze 비늘고사리 O O Dryopteris monticola (Makino) C.Chr. 왕지네고사리 O Dryopteris sacrosancta Koidz. 애기족제비고사리 O O O Dryopteris saxifraga H.It 바위족제비고사리 O Dryopteris uniformis (Makino) Makino 곰비늘고사리 O Polystichum tripteron (Kunze) C.Presl 십자고사리 O Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris palustris (Salisb.) Schott 처녀고사리 O O O O O Woodsiaceae Athyrium niponicum (Mett.) Hance 개고사리 O O O O O Athyrium yokoscense (Franch. & Sav.) Christ 뱀고사리 O O O O O Cornopteris crenulatoserrulata (Makino) Nakai 응달고사리 O Deparia conilii (Franch. & Sav.) M.Kato 좀진고사리 O Onoclea orientalis (Hk.) Hk. 개면마 O Woodsia manchuriensis Hk. 만주우드풀 O Woodsia subcordata Turcz. 산우드풀 O Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo biloba L. 은행나무 O Pinaceae Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrire 일본잎갈나무 O Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. 소나무 O O O Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. 잣나무 ( 식재 ) O Pinus rigida Mill. 리기다소나무 O O Pinus strobus L. 스트로브잣나무 O Pinus thunbergii Parl. 곰솔 O O O Cupressaceae Juniperus rigida Siebold & Zucc. 노간주나무 O O O O Salicaceae Populus alba L. 은백양 O Populus euramericana Guinier 이태리포푸라 O Populus tomentiglandulosa T.B.Lee 은사시나무 O Salix koreensis Andersson 버드나무 O O O Betulaceae Alnus sibirica Fisch. ex Turcz. 물오리나무 ( 식재 ) O O O Carpinus cordata Blume 까치박달 O Carpinus turczaninovii Hance 소사나무 O O O Corylus heterophylla Fisch. ex Trautv. 개암나무 O O Corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurica (Maxim. & Rupr.) C.K.Schneid. 물개암나무 O O Fagaceae Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. 밤나무 O O O O Quercus acutissima Carruth. 상수리나무 O O O O O Quercus aliena Blume 갈참나무 O O O O Quercus dentata Thunb. 떡갈나무 O O O O Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. 신갈나무 O O Quercus serrata Thunb. 졸참나무 O O O Quercus variabilis Blume 굴참나무 O O O Ulmaceae Celtis biondii Pamp. 폭나무 O Celtis sinensis Pers. 팽나무 O O Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino 느티나무 O O O Moraceae Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr.) Bureau ex Lavalle 꾸지뽕나무 O Morus alba L. 뽕나무 O O O O Morus bombycis Koidz. 산뽕나무 O O Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa L. 삼 O O

Study on the Vascular Plants Found in Nearby Island Regions of Ganghwado 91 Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc. 환삼덩굴 O O O O O Urticaceae Boehmeria spicata (Thunb.) Thunb. 좀깨잎나무 O O Boehmeria tricuspis (Hance) Makino 거북꼬리 O Pilea mongolica Wedd. 모시물통이 O O Santalaceae Thesium chinense Turcz. 제비꿀 O O Polygonaceae Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur 싱아 O O O Bistorta manshuriensis (Petrov ex Kom.) Kom. 범꼬리 O Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub 닭의덩굴 O O O Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. 호장근 O Persicaria dissitiflora (Hemsl.) H.Gross ex Mori 가시여뀌 O Persicaria filiformis (Thunb.) Nakai ex Mori 이삭여뀌 O O Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach 여뀌 O O Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray 흰여뀌 O O O Persicaria lapathifolia f. alba Y.N.Lee 흰명아주여뀌 O O Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitag. 개여뀌 O O O O Persicaria nodosa (Pers.) Opiz 큰개여뀌 O O O Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach 털여뀌 O Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H.Gross 며느리배꼽 O O O O O Persicaria posumbu var. laxiflora (Meisn.) H.Hara 장대여뀌 O O Persicaria sagittata (L.) H.Gross ex Nakai 미꾸리낚시 O O Persicaria senticosa (Meisn.) H.Gross ex Nakai 며느리밑씻개 O O O O Persicaria thunbergii (Siebold & Zucc.) H.Gross ex Nakai 고마리 O O O O Persicaria viscofera (Makino) Nakai 끈끈이여뀌 O O Persicaria vulgaris Webb & Moq. 봄여뀌 O Polygonum aviculare L. 마디풀 O O O O O Polygonum polyneuron Franch. & Sav. 이삭마디풀 O Rumex acetosella L. 애기수영 O Rumex crispus L. 소리쟁이 O O O O O Rumex japonicus Houtt. 참소리쟁이 O O O O O Rumex maritimus L. 금소리쟁이 O Rumex obtusifolius L. 돌소리쟁이 O O Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana L. 미국자리공 O O O Molluginaceae Mollugo pentaphylla L. 석류풀 O O Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. 쇠비름 O O O O Caryophyllaceae Arenaria serpyllifolia L. 벼룩이자리 O Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. 유럽점나도나물 O O O Cerastium holosteoides var. hallaisanense (Nakai) Mizush. 점나도나물 O O O Cucubalus baccifer var. japonicus Miq. 덩굴별꽃 O Dianthus longicalyx Miq. 술패랭이꽃 O Gypsophila oldhamiana Miq. 대나물 O O O Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax ex Pax & Hoffm. 개별꽃 O O O Sagina japonica (Sw.) Ohwi 개미자리 O O Sagina maxima A.Gray 큰개미자리 O Silene aprica var. oldhamiana (Miq.) C.Y.Wu 갯장구채 O O O Silene armeria L. 끈끈이대나물 O O Silene firma Siebold & Zucc. 장구채 O O Silene seoulensis Nakai 가는장구채 O Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. 갯개미자리 O O Stellaria alsine var. undulata (Thunb.) Ohwi 벼룩나물 O O O O Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. 쇠별꽃 O O O O Stellaria media (L.) Vill. 별꽃 O O O Chenopodiaceae Atriplex gmelinii C.A.Mey. 가는갯는쟁이 O O O Chenopodium album L. 흰명아주 O O O O O Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum Makino 명아주 O O O Chenopodium album var. stenophyllum Makino 가는명아주 O Chenopodium ficifolium Smith 좀명아주 O O O O Chenopodium glaucum L. 취명아주 O O Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. 댑싸리 O O Kochia scoparia var. littorea Makino 갯댑싸리 O O O Salicornia europaea L. 퉁퉁마디 O Suaeda australis (R.Br.) Moq. 방석나물 O

92 You-Mi Lee, Su-Hyun Park, Su-Young Jung, and Jong-Cheol Yang Suaeda glauca (Bunge) Bunge 나문재 O O O O Suaeda japonica Makino 칠면초 O Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumortier 해홍나물 O O O Amaranthaceae Achyranthes fauriei H.Lv. & Vaniot 털쇠무릎 O O O O Amaranthus blitum L. 개비름 O O Amaranthus patulus Bertol. 가는털비름 O O O Lauraceae Lindera erythrocarpa Makino 비목나무 O Lindera obtusiloba Blume 생강나무 O O O O O Ranunculaceae Aconitum jaluense Kom. 투구꽃 O O Aconitum longecassidatum Nakai 흰진범 O Clematis apiifolia DC. 사위질빵 O O O Clematis heracleifolia DC. 병조희풀 O O Clematis terniflora var. mandshurica (Rupr.) Ohwi 으아리 O O Hepatica asiatica Nakai 노루귀 O Ranunculus chinensis Bunge 젓가락나물 O O Ranunculus japonicus Thunb. 미나리아재비 O O O Ranunculus kazusensis Makino 매화마름 O Ranunculus sceleratus L. 개구리자리 O O O Thalictrum aquilegifolium var. sibiricum Regel & Tiling 꿩의다리 O Lardizabalaceae Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne. 으름덩굴 O O O O O Menispermaceae Cocculus trilobus (Thunb.) DC. 댕댕이덩굴 O O O O O Menispermum dauricum DC. 새모래덩굴 O O O O Nympaeaceae Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. 연꽃 O Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllum demersum L. 붕어마름 O Chloranthaceae Chloranthus japonicus Siebold 홀아비꽃대 O O Aristolochiaceae Asarum sieboldii Miq. 족도리풀 O O Actinidiaceae Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. 다래 O Papaveraceae Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum (Hara) Ohwi 애기똥풀 O O O Papaver rhoeas L. 개양귀비 O Fumariaceae Corydalis heterocarpa Siebold & Zucc. 염주괴불주머니 O O O Corydalis platycarpa (Maxim.) Makino 갯괴불주머니 O Cruciferae Arabis glabra Bernh. 장대나물 O O O Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb. 나도냉이 O O O O Berteroella maximowiczii (Palib.) O.E.Schulz 장대냉이 O Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. 갓 O O Brassica napus L. 유채 O Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) L.W.Medicus 냉이 O O O O Cardamine fallax L. 좁쌀냉이 O O Cardamine flexuosa With. 황새냉이 O Cardamine leucantha (Tausch) O.E.Schulz 미나리냉이 O O Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl 재쑥 O Draba nemorosa L. 꽃다지 O O O Erysimum amurense Kitag. 부지깽이나물 O Lepidium apetalum Willd. 다닥냉이 O O O Lepidium virginicum L. 콩다닥냉이 O O O O O Rorippa cantoniensis (Lour.) Ohwi 좀개갓냉이 O O Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern 개갓냉이 O O O O Rorippa palustris (Leyss.) Besser 속속이풀 O O O O O Thlaspi arvense L. 말냉이 O O O O Crassulaceae Hylotelephium erythrostictum (Miq.) H.Ohba 꿩의비름 O Hylotelephium spectabile (Boreau) H.Ohba 큰꿩의비름 O Orostachys japonicus (Maxim.) A.Berger 바위솔 O Sedum kamtschaticum Fisch. & Mey. 기린초 O O Sedum polytrichoides Hemsl. 바위채송화 O Sedum sarmentosum Bunge 돌나물 O O O O Saxifragaceae Astilbe rubra Hook.f. & Thomas ex Hook.f. 노루오줌 O Chrysosplenium pilosum var. fulvum (N.Terracc.) Hara 흰괭이눈 O Philadelphus schrenkii Rupr. 고광나무 O Ribes fasciculatum var. chinense Maxim. 까마귀밥나무 O O O Rosaceae Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. 짚신나물 O O O O Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge 산사나무 O O

Study on the Vascular Plants Found in Nearby Island Regions of Ganghwado 93 Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke 뱀딸기 O O O O O Geum aleppicum Jacq. 큰뱀무 O Geum japonicum Thunb. 뱀무 O Malus baccata Borkh. 야광나무 O O Potentilla amurensis Maxim. 좀개소시랑개비 O O Potentilla anemonefolia Lehm. 가락지나물 O O Potentilla centigrana Maxim. 좀딸기 O Potentilla fragarioides var. major Maxim. 양지꽃 O O O O Potentilla freyniana Bornm. 세잎양지꽃 O O Potentilla supina L. 개소시랑개비 O O O O Prunus japonica var. nakaii (H.Lv.) Rehder 이스라지 O O Prunus padus L. 귀룽나무 O Prunus persica (L.) Batsch 복사나무 O O O O Prunus sargentii Rehder 산벚나무 O Prunus serrulata var. pubescens (Makino) Nakai 잔털벚나무 O Prunus serrulata var. spontanea (Maxim.) E.H.Wilson 벚나무 O O O Prunus serrulata var. tomentella Nakai 털벚나무 O Prunus yedoensis Matsum. 왕벚나무 ( 식재 ) O Pyrus calleryana var. fauriei (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder 콩배나무 O Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai 돌배나무 O Rhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) Makino 병아리꽃나무 O O Rosa multiflora Thunb. 찔레나무 O O O O O Rosa rugosa Thunb. 해당화 O O Rubus corchorifolius L.f. 수리딸기 O Rubus coreanus Miq. 복분자딸기 O O Rubus crataegifolius Bunge 산딸기 O O O Rubus fruticosus L. 서양오엽딸기 O Rubus oldhamii Miq. 줄딸기 O O O Rubus parvifolius L. 멍석딸기 O O O O O Sanguisorba officinalis L. 오이풀 O O Sorbus alnifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) K.Koch 팥배나무 O O Spiraea prunifolia f. simpliciflora Nakai 조팝나무 O O Stephanandra incisa (Thunb.) Zabel 국수나무 O O Leguminosae Aeschynomene indica L. 자귀풀 O O Albizia julibrissin Durazz. 자귀나무 O O O O Amorpha fruticosa L. 족제비싸리 O O O O Amphicarpaea bracteata subsp. edgeworthii (Benth.) H.Ohashi 새콩 O O Caragana sinica (Buc'hoz) Rehder 골담초 O Chamaecrista nomame (Siebold) H.Ohashi 차풀 O O O Crotalaria sessiliflora L. 활나물 O Desmodium oldhami Oliv. 큰도둑놈의갈고리 O Desmodium podocarpum var. mandshuricum Maxim. 애기도둑놈의갈고리 O Desmodium podocarpum var. oxyphyllum (DC.) H.Ohashi 도둑놈의갈고리 O Gleditsia japonica Miq. 주엽나무 O O O Glycine soja Siebold & Zucc. 돌콩 O O O O Indigofera kirilowii Maxim. ex Palib. 땅비싸리 O O O O O Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino 둥근매듭풀 O O Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl. 매듭풀 O O O Lespedeza schindleri T.B.Lee 잡싸리 O Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. 싸리 O O Lespedeza cuneata G.Don 비수리 O O O O Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq. 참싸리 O O Lespedeza juncea (L.f.) Pers. 땅비수리 O O Lespedeza tomentosa (Thunb.) Siebold ex Maxim. 개싸리 O O Lotus corniculatus var. japonica Regel 벌노랑이 O O O O O Medicago lupulina L. 잔개자리 O O Medicago sativa L. 자주개자리 O Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb. 전동싸리 O O O O Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi 칡 O O O O Robinia pseudoacacia L. 아까시나무 O O O O O Senna tora (L.) Roxb. 결명자 O

94 You-Mi Lee, Su-Hyun Park, Su-Young Jung, and Jong-Cheol Yang Sophora flavescens Solander ex Aiton 고삼 O O O O O Trifolium repens L. 토끼풀 O O O O O Vicia amoena Fisch. ex DC. 갈퀴나물 O O O Vicia angustifolia var. segetills (Thuill) K.Koch. 살갈퀴 O O Vicia unijuga A.Braun 나비나물 O Vigna angularis var. nipponensis (Ohwi) Ohwi & H.Ohashi 새팥 O O O Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. 등 ( 식재 ) O O Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L. 괭이밥 O O O O Oxalis stricta L. 선괭이밥 O O O O O Geraniaceae Geranium carolinianum L. 미국쥐손이 O O O Geranium sibiricum L. 쥐손이풀 O O Geranium thunbergii Siebold & Zucc. 이질풀 O O Geranium wilfordii Maxim. 세잎쥐손이 O Euphorbiaceae Acalypha australis L. 깨풀 O O O O Euphorbia esula L. 흰대극 O O Euphorbia maculata L. 큰땅빈대 O Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr. 대극 O O Euphorbia supina Raf. 애기땅빈대 O O Phyllanthus ussuriensis Rupr. & Maxim. 여우주머니 O Ricinus communis L. 피마자 O Securinega suffruticosa (Pall.) Rehder 광대싸리 O O Rutaceae Evodia daniellii Hemsl. 쉬나무 O O Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) DC. 초피나무 O O O O O Zanthoxylum schinifolium Siebold & Zucc. 산초나무 O O O O O Zanthoxylum schinifolium var. inermis (Nakai) T.B.Lee 민산초나무 O Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle 가죽나무 O O Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Bennett 소태나무 O O O O Polygalaceae Polygala japonica Houtt. 애기풀 O O Anacardiaceae Rhus javanica L. 붉나무 O O O O Rhus tricocarpa Miq. 개옻나무 O O Aceraceae Acer pictum subsp. mono (Maxim.) Ohashi 고로쇠나무 O O Acer pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Kom. 당단풍나무 O Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm. 신나무 O O Balsaminaceae Impatiens textori Miq. 물봉선 O O Celastraceae Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. 노박덩굴 O O O Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold 화살나무 O O O Euonymus alatus f. ciliatodentatus (Franch. & Sav.) Hiyama 회잎나무 O O O Euonymus hamiltonianus Wall. 참빗살나무 O O O Euonymus japonicus Thunb. 사철나무 O O Euonymus macropterus Rupr. 나래회나무 O Euonymus oxyphyllus Miq. 참회나무 O Rhamnaceae Hovenia dulcis Thunb. 헛개나무 O Rhamnus yoshinoi Makino 짝자래나무 O Vitaceae Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv. 개머루 O O O O Ampelopsis brevipedunculata f. citrulloides Rehder 가새잎개머루 O O Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. 담쟁이덩굴 O O O O O Vitis amurensis Rupr. 왕머루 O O O Vitis flexuosa Thunb. 새머루 O O O O O Tiliaceae Grewia parviflora Bunge 장구밤나무 O O O O O Tilia amurensis Rupr. 피나무 O Tilia rufa Nakai 털피나무 O Malvaceae Abutilon theophrasti Medicus 어저귀 O O O Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus macrophylla Thunb. 보리밥나무 O Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. 보리수나무 O O O O O Violaceae Viola acuminata Ledeb. 졸방제비꽃 O O Viola albida var. chaerophylloides (Regel) F.Maek. 남산제비꽃 O O Viola collina Besser 둥근털제비꽃 O O Viola keiskei Miq. 잔털제비꽃 O O Viola lactiflora Nakai 흰젖제비꽃 O Viola mandshurica W.Becker 제비꽃 O O O O O Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W.Becker 노랑제비꽃 O

Study on the Vascular Plants Found in Nearby Island Regions of Ganghwado 95 Viola rossii Hemsl. 고깔제비꽃 O O Viola variegata Fisch. ex Link 알록제비꽃 O O O O Viola verecunda A.Gray 콩제비꽃 O O Cucurbitaceae Actinostemma lobatum Maxim. 뚜껑덩굴 O Sicyos angulatus L. 가시박 O Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. 하늘타리 O O O Lythraceae Ammannia multiflora Roxb. 좀부처꽃 O Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne 마디꽃 O Trapaceae Trapa japonica Flerow 마름 O O Onagraceae Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. 여뀌바늘 O O O O Oenothera biennis L. 달맞이꽃 O O O O Alangiaceae Alangium platanifolium var. trilobum (Miq.) Ohwi 박쥐나무 O Cornaceae Cornus kousa F.Buerger ex Miq. 산딸나무 O Araliaceae Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. 두릅나무 O Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz. 음나무 O O Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. 인삼 O Umbelliferae Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. 전호 O Cnidium japonicum Miq. 갯사상자 O Coriandrum sativum L. 고수 O Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. 미나리 O Ostericum grosseserratum (Maxim.) Kitag. 신감채 O O O Peucedanum terebinthaceum (Fisch.) Fisch. ex DC. 기름나물 O O Sium suave Walter 개발나물 O Pyrolaceae Chimaphila japonica Miq. 매화노루발 O Pyrola japonica Klenze ex Alef. 노루발 O O O O Ericaceae Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz. 진달래 O O O O Primulaceae Androsace umbellata (Lour.) Merr. 봄맞이 O Lysimachia barystachys Bunge 까치수염 O O Lysimachia clethroides Duby 큰까치수염 O O O Plumbaginaceae Limonium tetragonum (Thunb.) A.A.Bullock 갯질경 O O Ebenaceae Diospyros lotus L. 고욤나무 O O O O Styracaceae Styrax japonicus Siebold & Zucc. 때죽나무 O O O Styrax obassia Siebold & Zucc. 쪽동백나무 O Symplocaceae Symplocos chinensis f. pilosa (Nakai) Ohwi 노린재나무 O O O O Oleaceae Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai 개나리 O Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance 물푸레나무 O O Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc. 쥐똥나무 O O O Loganiaceae Mitrasacme pygmaea R.Br. 큰벼룩아재비 O O O Menyanthaceae Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze 어리연꽃 O Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) Kuntze 노랑어리연꽃 O Asclepiadaceae Cynanchum chinense R.Brown 가는털백미 O Cynanchum paniculatum (Bunge) Kitag. 산해박 O Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsl. 큰조롱 O Metaplexis japonica (Thunb.) Makino 박주가리 O O O O Rubiaceae Diodia teres var. hirsutior Fernald & Griseb. 털백령풀 O Diodia teres Walter 백령풀 O Galium pogonanthum Franch. & Sav. 산갈퀴 O Galium spurium var. echinospermum (Wallr.) Hayek 갈퀴덩굴 O O O O O Galium trachyspermum A.Gray 네잎갈퀴 O O O O O Galium verum var. asiaticum Nakai 솔나물 O O Rubia akane Nakai 꼭두서니 O O Rubia cordifolia var. pratensis Maxim. 갈퀴꼭두서니 O O O O O Convolvulaceae Calystegia hederacea Wall. 애기메꽃 O O O O Calystegia sepium var. japonicum (Choisy) Makino 메꽃 O O Calystegia soldanella (L.) Roem. & Schultb. 갯메꽃 O O O O Cuscuta japonica Choisy 새삼 O Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. 미국실새삼 O O Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. 미국나팔꽃 O O O Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula A.Gray 둥근잎미국나팔꽃 O Ipomoea lacunosa L. 애기나팔꽃 O Ipomoea purpurea Roth 둥근잎나팔꽃 O O

96 You-Mi Lee, Su-Hyun Park, Su-Young Jung, and Jong-Cheol Yang Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy 나팔꽃 O O Quamoclit coccinea Moench 둥근잎유홍초 O O Boraginaceae Argusia sibirica (L.) Dandy 모래지치 O Bothriospermum tenellum (Hornem.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. 꽃받이 O O O O O Symphytum officinale L. 컴프리 O O O Trigonotis peduncularis (Trevir.) Benth. ex Hemsl. 꽃마리 O O O O Verbenaceae Callicarpa dichotoma (Lour.) K.Koch 좀작살나무 O Callicarpa japonica Thunb. 작살나무 O O O O O Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb. 누리장나무 O O O O O Labiatae Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & Mey.) Kuntze 배초향 O O O Ajuga multiflora Bunge 조개나물 O Amethystea caerulea L. 개차즈기 O Clinopodium chinense var. parviflorum (Kud) Hara 층층이꽃 O O Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. 향유 O O O Elsholtzia splendens Nakai 꽃향유 O Isodon excisus (Maxim.) Kud 오리방풀 O Isodon inflexus (Thunb.) Kud 산박하 O O O O O Lamium amplexicaule L. 광대나물 O O O Leonurus japonicus Houtt. 익모초 O O O Lycopus lucidus Turcz. 쉽싸리 O Meehania urticifolia (Miq.) Makino 벌깨덩굴 O Mentha arvensis var. piperascens Malinv. ex Holmes 박하 O Mosla dianthera (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Maxim. 쥐깨풀 O O Mosla punctulata (J.F.Gmel.) Nakai 들깨풀 O O O O Nepeta cataria L. 개박하 O Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina Nakai 꿀풀 O O O Salvia plebeia R.Br. 배암차즈기 O O O O Scutellaria fauriei H.Lv. & Vaniot 그늘골무꽃 O Scutellaria indica L. 골무꽃 O O O Scutellaria pekinensis var. transitra (Makino) Hara 산골무꽃 O Stachys japonica Miq. 석잠풀 O O Solanaceae Datura meteloides Dunal 털독말풀 O Lycium chinense Mill. 구기자나무 O Physalis alkekengi var. francheti (Mast.) Hort. 꽈리 O Solanum nigrum L. 까마중 O O O Scrophulariaceae Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbs 밭뚝외풀 O O Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.) Steenis 주름잎 O O O Melampyrum roseum var. ovalifolium Nakai ex Beauverd 알며느리밥풀 O Phtheirospermum japonicum (Thunb.) Kanitz 나도송이풀 O Veronica arvensis L. 선개불알풀 O Veronica linariifolia Pall. ex Link 꼬리풀 O Veronica peregrina L. 문모초 O Veronica persica Poir. 큰개불알풀 O Acanthaceae Justicia procumbens L. 쥐꼬리망초 O O Phrymaceae Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica H.Hara 파리풀 O O O Plantaginaceae Plantago asiatica L. 질경이 O O O O O Plantago depressa Willd. 털질경이 O Plantago major var. japonica (Franch. & Sav.) Miyabe 왕질경이 O O Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonica Thunb. 인동 O O O O Lonicera praeflorens Batalin 올괴불나무 O O Sambucus williamsii var. coreana (Nakai) Nakai 딱총나무 O Viburnum carlesii Hemsl. 분꽃나무 O O O Viburnum erosum Thunb. 덜꿩나무 O O O O Viburnum opulus var. calvescens (Rehder) Hara 백당나무 O Weigela florida (Bunge) A.DC. 붉은병꽃나무 O Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey 병꽃나무 O Valerianaceae Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss. 뚝갈 O O O Campanulaceae Adenophora polyantha Nakai 수원잔대 O O Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Regel) H.Hara 잔대 O Campanula punctata Lam. 초롱꽃 O O Lobelia chinensis Lour. 수염가래꽃 O

Study on the Vascular Plants Found in Nearby Island Regions of Ganghwado 97 Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A.DC. 도라지 O Compositae Ainsliaea acerifolia Sch.Bip. 단풍취 O Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. 돼지풀 O O O O Ambrosia trifida L. 단풍잎돼지풀 O O Artemisia annua L. 개똥쑥 O O O Artemisia capillaris Thunb. 사철쑥 O O O O Artemisia feddei H.Lv. & Vaniot 뺑쑥 O Artemisia gmelini Weber ex Stechm. 더위지기 O O O O Artemisia japonica Thunb. 제비쑥 O O O Artemisia keiskeana Miq. 맑은대쑥 O O O Artemisia princeps Pamp. 쑥 O O O O O Artemisia stolonifera (Maxim.) Kom. 넓은잎외잎쑥 O O Aster ageratoides Turcz. 까실쑥부쟁이 O O O O Aster hispidus Thunb. 갯쑥부쟁이 O O O Aster incisus Fisch. 가새쑥부쟁이 O O O Aster pilosus Willd. 미국쑥부쟁이 O O O Aster scaber Thunb. 참취 O O O Aster subulatus Michx. 비짜루국화 O O Aster subulatus var. sandwicensis A.G.Jones 큰비짜루국화 O O O O Aster tripolium L. 갯개미취 O O Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda 쑥부쟁이 O Atractylodes ovata (Thunb.) DC. 삽주 O O Bidens bipinnata L. 도깨비바늘 O O O O Bidens frondosa L. 미국가막사리 O O O O Bidens radiata var. pinnatifida (Turcz ex DC.) Kitam. 구와가막사리 O Bidens tripartita L. 가막사리 O O O O Breea segeta (Willd.) Kitam. 조뱅이 O O O O Carduus crispus L. 지느러미엉겅퀴 O O O O O Carpesium abrotanoides L. 담배풀 O O O Centipeda minima (L.) A.Br. & Asch. 중대가리풀 O O O Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. 불란서국화 O Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (Maxim.) Matsum. 엉겅퀴 O O O O O Cirsium pendulum Fisch. ex DC. 큰엉겅퀴 O O Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist 망초 O O O O O Conyza sumatrensis E.Walker 큰망초 O O Coreopsis lanceolata L. 큰금계국 O O O Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. 코스모스 O Cosmos sulphureus Cav. 노랑코스모스 O Crepidiastrum denticulatum (Houtt.) J.H.Pak & Kawano 이고들빼기 O O O O Crepidiastrum sonchifolium (Bunge) Pak & Kawano 고들빼기 O O O O O Dendranthema boreale (Makino) Ling ex Kitam. 산국 O O O O Dendranthema zawadskii var. latilobum (Maxim.) Kitag. 구절초 O Eclipta alba var. erecta L. 가는잎한련초 O O Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. 한련초 O O O Erechtites hieracifolia Raf. 붉은서나물 O O O O Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. 개망초 O O O O O Erigeron strigosus Muhl. 주걱개망초 O O Eupatorium japonicum Thunb. 등골나물 O O O Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. 골등골나물 O O Eupatorium makinoi var. oppositifolium (Koidz.) Kawahara & Yahara 벌등골나물 O O Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F.Blake 털별꽃아재비 O O O O O Galinsoga parviflora Cav. 별꽃아재비 O Gnaphalium affine D.Don 떡쑥 O O Gnaphalium uliginosum L. 왜떡쑥 O Helianthus tuberosus L. 뚱딴지 O O O O Hemistepta lyrata Bunge 지칭개 O O O O O Hieracium umbellatum L. 조밥나물 O O Inula britannica var. japonica (Thunb.) Franch. & Sav. 금불초 O Ixeridium dentatum (Thunb. ex Mori) Tzvelev 씀바귀 O O Ixeris debilis (Thunb.) A.Gray 벋음씀바귀 O O Ixeris polycephala Cass. 벌씀바귀 O O

98 You-Mi Lee, Su-Hyun Park, Su-Young Jung, and Jong-Cheol Yang Ixeris strigosa (H.Lv. & Vaniot) J.H.Pak & Kawano 선씀바귀 O Lactuca indica L. 왕고들빼기 O O O O Lactuca scariola L. 가시상추 O O Leibnitzia anandria (L.) Turcz. 솜나물 O Petasites japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. 머위 O O Picris hieracioides var. koreana Kitam. 쇠서나물 O Rhaponticum uniflorum (L.) DC. 뻐꾹채 O Rudbeckia bicolor Nutt. 원추천인국 O O Rudbeckia hirta L. 수잔루드베키아 O Rudbeckia laciniata L. 삼잎국화 O Senecio vulgaris L. 개쑥갓 O O O Sigesbeckia glabrescens Makino 진득찰 O O O O Sigesbeckia pubescens Makino 털진득찰 O O O O Solidago altissima L. 양미역취 O Solidago virgaurea subsp. asiatica Kitam. ex Hara 미역취 O O Sonchus asper (L.) Hill 큰방가지똥 O O O O Sonchus brachyotus DC. 사데풀 O O O O Sonchus oleraceus L. 방가지똥 O O Syneilesis palmata (Thunb.) Maxim. 우산나물 O Tagetes minuta L. 만수국아재비 O Taraxacum coreanum Nakai 흰민들레 O Taraxacum laevigatum DC. 붉은씨서양민들레 O Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. 털민들레 O O Taraxacum officinale Weber 서양민들레 O O O O Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst. 민들레 O Verbesina alternifolia Britton 나래가막사리 O Xanthium canadense Mill. 큰도꼬마리 O Xanthium italicum Moore 가시도꼬마리 O Xanthium strumarium L. 도꼬마리 O Youngia japonica (L.) DC. 뽀리뱅이 O O O O O Alismataceae Alisma canaliculatum A.Br. & Bouch 택사 O Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz. 질경이택사 O O Sagittaria sagittifolia subsp. leucopetala (Mig.) Hartog 벗풀 O Juncaginaceae Triglochin maritimum L. 지채 O Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton crispus L. 말즘 O O Potamogeton distinctus A.Benn. 가래 O Zannichellia pedunculata Rchb. 뿔말 O Liliaceae Allium macrostemon Bunge 산달래 O O O Allium thunbergii G.Don 산부추 O O Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. 부추 O O Asparagus oligoclonos Maxim. 방울비짜루 O O O Asparagus schoberioides Kunth 비짜루 O O O Convallaria keiskei Miq. 은방울꽃 O Disporum smilacinum A.Gray 애기나리 O O O Disporum viridescens (Maxim.) Nakai 큰애기나리 O Hemerocallis coreana Nakai 골잎원추리 O Lilium amabile Palib. 털중나리 O Lilium lancifolium Thunb. 참나리 O O Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii (Regel) Baker 중나리 O Liriope platyphylla F.T.Wang & T.Tang 맥문동 O Polygonatum involucratum (Franch. & Sav.) Maxim. 용둥굴레 O Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum (Miq.) Ohwi 둥굴레 O O O Scilla scilloides (Lindl.) Druce 무릇 O O O Smilacina japonica A.Gray 풀솜대 O Smilax china L. 청미래덩굴 O O O O Smilax nipponica Miq. 선밀나물 O O Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis (Regel) Hara & T.Koyama 밀나물 O O O Smilax sieboldii Miq. 청가시덩굴 O O O O Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea batatas Decne. 마 O O O Dioscorea quinqueloba Thunb. 단풍마 O O Pontederiaceae Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea (Roxb.) Solms 물달개비 O

Study on the Vascular Plants Found in Nearby Island Regions of Ganghwado 99 Iridaceae Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. 범부채 O Iris lactea var. chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz. 타래붓꽃 O Iris pseudoacorus L. 노랑꽃창포 O Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn 붓꽃 O O Juncaceae Juncus bufonius L. 애기골풀 O O Juncus diastrophanthus Buchenau 별날개골풀 O Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchenau 골풀 O O O O O Juncus gracillimus (Buchenau) Krecz. & Gontsch. 물골풀 O O O O Luzula capitata (Miq.) Miq. 꿩의밥 O O O O Commelinaceae Aneilema keisak Hassk. 사마귀풀 O Commelina communis L. 닭의장풀 O O O O O Commelina communis var. angustifolia Nakai 좀닭의장풀 O Gramineae Agropyron ciliare (Trin.) Franch. 속털개밀 O O O O O Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv. 구주개밀 O O Agropyron repens f. aristatum Holmb. 까락구주개밀 O O O Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens (Hack.) Ohwi 개밀 O O O O O Agrostis clavata Trin. 산겨이삭 O O O Agrostis clavata var. nukabo Ohwi 겨이삭 O O O O Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis (Kom.) Ohwi 뚝새풀 O O O O O Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino 조개풀 O O O Arundinella hirta (Thunb.) Koidz. 새 O Arundinella hirta var. ciliata Koidz. 털새 O O O Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald 개피 O O O Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng 바랭이새 O O Bromus japonicus Thunb. 참새귀리 O O O O O Bromus tectorum L. 털빕새귀리 O O O Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth 실새풀 O O O O Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth 산조풀 O O O Cleistogenes hackelii (Honda) Honda 대새풀 O O O Cymbopogon tortilis var. goeringii (Steud.) Hand.-Mazz. 개솔새 O O O Dactylis glomerata L. 오리새 O O O O Diarrhena mandshurica Maxim. 껍질용수염 O Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. 바랭이 O O O Digitaria violascens Link 민바랭이 O O O O Digitaria violascens var. intersita (Ohwi) Ohwi 서울민바랭이 O Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P.Beauv. 돌피 O O O O Echinochloa crusgalli var. echinata Honda 물피 O O Echinochloa crusgalli var. praticola Ohwi 좀돌피 O Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. 왕바랭이 O O Elymus dahuricus Turcz. ex Griseb. 갯보리 O Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link ex Vignolo 참새그령 O Eragrostis ferruginea (Thunb.) P.Beauv. 그령 O O O O Eragrostis minor Host 좀새그령 O Eragrostis multicaulis Steud. 비노리 O Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv. 큰비노리 O O Eriochloa villosa (Thunb.) Kunth 나도개피 O O Festuca arundinacea Schreb. 큰김의털 O O O O Festuca myuros L. 들묵새 O O Festuca ovina L. 김의털 O O O O O Festuca parvigluma Steud. 김의털아재비 O O O O Festuca rubra L. 왕김의털 O O Festuca subulata var. japonica Hack. 왕김의털아재비 O O O Hemarthria sibirica (Gand.) Ohwi 쇠치기풀 O O O Hierochloe odorata (L.) P.Beauv. 향모 O O Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichon (L.) Asch. 보리 O Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii (Retz.) Pilg. 띠 O O Koeleria cristata Pers. 도랭이피 O O O Leersia japonica Makino 나도겨풀 O O O Leersia oryzoides var. japonica Hack. 겨풀 O Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees 드렁새 O Leptochloa fusca Kunth 갯드렁새 O

100 You-Mi Lee, Su-Hyun Park, Su-Young Jung, and Jong-Cheol Yang Lolium multiflorum Lamarck 쥐보리 O Lolium perenne L. 호밀풀 O Melica onoei Franch. & Sav. 쌀새 O Microstegium vimineum var. imberbe (Nees ex Steud.) Honda 큰듬성이삭새 O O O Milium effusum L. 나도겨이삭 O Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Benth. 물억새 O O O O Miscanthus sacchariflorus var. gracilis Y.N.Lee 가는잎물억새 O Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. 참억새 O O O O Miscanthus sinensis f. gracillimus (Hitchc.) Ohwi 가는잎억새 O O Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens (Andersson) Rendle 억새 O O O O Muhlenbergia japonica Steud. 쥐꼬리새 O Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) P.Beauv. 주름조개풀 O O O O O Oryza sativa L. 벼 O Panicum bisulcatum Thunb. 개기장 O O Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. 미국개기장 O O O Panicum miliaceum L. 기장 O Paspalum thunbergii Kunth ex Steud. 참새피 O O Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. 수크령 O O O O Phacelurus latifolius (Steud.) Ohwi 모새달 O O Phacelurus latifolius f. angustifolius (Debeaux) Kitag. 가는잎모새달 O O Phalaris arundinacea L. 갈풀 O O O Phragmites communis Trin. 갈대 O O O O Phragmites japonica Steud. 달뿌리풀 O Poa acroleuca Steud. 실포아풀 O O O Poa annua L. 새포아풀 O O O O O Poa matsumurae Hack. 가는포아풀 O O Poa nipponica Koidz. 큰꾸러미풀 O Poa pratensis L. 왕포아풀 O O O Poa sphondylodes Trin. 포아풀 O O O O O Poa trivialis L. 큰새포아풀 O O Poa viridula Palib. 청포아풀 O O O Pseudosasa japonica (Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud.) Makino 이대 O Puccinellia coreensis Honda 갯겨이삭 O O O Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl 처진미꾸리광이 O O Puccinellia nipponica Ohwi 갯꾸러미풀 O O Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase 좀물뚝새 O O Setaria pycnocoma (Steud.) Henrard ex Nakai 수강아지풀 O Setaria faberii Herrm. 가을강아지풀 O O O O O Setaria glauca (L.) P.Beauv. 금강아지풀 O O O Setaria pallidefusca (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. 가는금강아지풀 O O Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. 강아지풀 O O O Spodiopogon cotulifer (Thunb.) Hack. 기름새 O Spodiopogon sibiricus Trin. 큰기름새 O O O Stipa sibirica (L.) Lam. 나래새 O O O Themeda triandra var. japonica (Willd.) Makino 솔새 O O O Trisetum bifidum (Thunb.) Ohwi 잠자리피 O O O Trisetum sibiricum Rupr. 시베리아잠자리피 O Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf 줄 O Zoysia japonica Steud. 잔디 O O O Zoysia sinica Hance 갯잔디 O O Araceae Acorus calamus L. 창포 O Arisaema amurense f. serratum (Nakai) Kitagausa 천남성 O Arisaema heterophyllum Blume 두루미천남성 O Lemnaceae Lemna perpusilla Torr. 좀개구리밥 O Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Sch. 개구리밥 O O Typhaceae Typha angustifolia L. 애기부들 O O O O Cyperaceae Bulbostylis densa (Wall.) Hand.-Mazz. 꽃하늘지기 O Carex aphanolepis Franch. & Sav. 골사초 O Carex bostrychostigma Maxim. 길뚝사초 O O Carex breviculmis R.Br. 청사초 O O Carex brownii Tuck. 흰꼬리사초 O