과불화합물_최종보고서_ (수정).hwp

과불화합물의환경중배출량 추정연구 (I) 환경부

제출문 환경부장관귀하 본보고서를 과불화합물의환경중배출량추정연구 (I) 의최 종보고서로제출합니다. 2010 년 12 월 주관연구기관명 : 서울대학교보건대학원환경보건학과연구책임자 : 조경덕 / 서울대학교공동연구원 : 김승규 / 서울대학교고영림 / 을지대학교연구보조원 : 임종권 / 서울대학교정세영 / 서울대학교강영민 / 서울대학교김인영 / 서울대학교전중대 / 을지대학교

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I-WWTP-1 STP-1 STP-2 M -WWTP-1 M -WWTP-3 STP-3 M -WWTP-4 M -WWTP-5 하수폐수하 + 폐 I-WWTP-2 M -WWTP-2 I-WWTP-5 STP-5 STP-4 I-WWTP-4 I-WWTP-3 주요수계별로고르게분포 - v -

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(a) 10 4 STP I-WWTP M-WWTP 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10-1 10-2 (b) Emission rate (g/da 10-3 10-4 PFHxA PFHpA PFOA PFNA PFDA PFUnD PFDoD PFTrDA PFBS PFHxS PFOS PFDS FOUEA NEtF NC NMe NC 10 4 STP I-WWTP M-WWTP 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10-1 10-2 10-3 (c) Emission rate (g 10-4 PFHx PFHp PFOA PFNA PFDA PFU PFD NC NC NC N N FOU PFDS PFOS PFHx PFBS PFTr STP I-WWTP M-WWTP 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10-1 10-2 Concentration (ng/g) in Sludge cake 10-3 NC 10-4 PFDA PFNA PFOA PFHpA PFHxA PFUnDA FOUEA PFDS PFOS PFHxS PFBS PFTrDA PFDoDA NEtFOSAA NMeFOSAA - xii -

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(a) 하수처리장 (S TP ) S TP -sludge 100% S TP -effluent 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% PFHxA P FHpA P FOA P FNA P FDA P FUnDA P FDoD A P FTrDA PFBS P FHxS PF OS PFDS F OUEA N-EtF OS AA N-MeFOS AA tp FCAs tpf AS s tpfc s (b) 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP ) I-W W TP-sludge 100% I-W W TP-effluent 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% P FHxA PFHpA PFOA PFNA P FDA PF UnDA P FDoDA PF TrDA PF BS P FHxS P FOS PF DS FOUEA N-EtF OS AA N-MeFOS AA tp FCAs tpf AS s tpfc s (c) 하 + 폐수처리장 (M-W W TP) M-W W TP -sludge 100% M-W W TP -effluent 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% P FHxA PF HpA P FOA P FNA P FDA P FUnDA P FDoDA PFTrDA PFB S PF HxS P FOS PF DS FOUE A N-EtFOSAA N-MeFOSAA tpfc As tpfas s tpf Cs - xiv -

발생량 (g/day)/( 증감량 ) PFOA PFOS tpfcas tpfass tpfcs 유입수 14.3 9.2 44.2 21.7 65.9 하수 방류수슬럿지 14.4 (+0.1) +0.3 3.8 (-4.4) +0.9 38.5 (-5.7) +2.8 12.5 (-9.2) +1.8 51.1 (-14.8) +4.6 총계 14.7 (+0.4) 4.7 (-3.5) 41.3 (-2.9) 14.3 (-7.4) 55.6 (-10.2) 유입수 2.8 2.9 13.8 10.2 24.0 폐수 방류수슬럿지 3.0 (+0.2) +0.5 1.4 (-1.5) +1.1 19.2 (+5.4) +5.8 8.1 (-2.1) +1.2 27.3 (+3.3) +7.0 총계 3.5 (+0.7) 2.5 (-0.4) 25.0 (+11.2) 9.3 (-0.9) 34.3 (+10.3) 유입수 31.5 12.1 63.7 18.9 82.5 하 + 폐수 방류수슬럿지 83.2 (+51.7) +1.2 27.4 (+15.3) +1.5 176.3 (+112.6) +3.7 34.2 (+15.3) +1.6 210.5 (+128) +5.3 총계 84.4 (+52.9) 28.8 (+16.8) 180.0 (+116.3) 35.8 (+16.9) 215.7 (+133.3) - xv -

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3. PFCs (unit; t/yr) 구부 방류수 PFOA PFOS tpfcas tpfass tpfcs 하수 단위배출량 기준 1) 총하수발생량 기준 2) 0.24 0.17 0.048 0.039 0.65 0.47 0.13 0.11 0.78 0.58 폐수 총폐수발생량 기준 3) 0.12 0.16 0.70 0.55 1.25 하 + 폐수 총합 0.30 0.19 1.17 0.66 1.8 하구측정값 4) 0.27 0.31 -- -- 0.69 - xvii -

구부 PFHxA PFHpA PFOA PFNA PFOS 출처 일본 1) -- 2.6 5.6 2.6 3.6 Murakami et al., 2008 한국 2) 0.68 0.10 0.30 0.04 0.19 This study 대만 3) -- -- 5.66 -- 6.28 Lin et al., 2009 유럽 2.8 a 0.86 a 14.3 a / 13.3 b 0.26 a 21.3 b a McLachlan et al., 2007 b Pistocchi et al., 2009 전세계 -- 1 c 200 c 25 c 14-84 d,4) c Prevedouros et al., 2008 d Alexander et al., 2009 - xviii -

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목 차 1 - xxii -

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(A) (B) - 12 -

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Source area Korea Japan China Ocean Source area Korea Japan China Ocean (Kim et al., 2008). - 16 -

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(Rhoads et al., 2008) (Dinglassan et al., 2004) - 18 -

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7. / PFCs,, - 20 -

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8. PFCs - 23 -

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시료채취지점 - 25 -

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11. (a) (b). - 28 -

(a) (b) (c) - 29 -

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13. BOD 15 (a) (b). 14. BOD 15 (a) (b). - 32 -

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I-WWTP-1 STP-1 STP-2 M -WWTP-1 M -WWTP-3 STP-3 M -WWTP-4 M -WWTP-5 하수폐수하 + 폐 I-WWTP-2 M -WWTP-2 I-WWTP-5 STP-5 STP-4 I-WWTP-4 I-WWTP-3 주요수계별로고르게분포 17.. - 37 -

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4. 연구 결과 4.1. 4.1.1 시료채취 사업장별 시료채취 유입수 방류수 슬러지(케잌) 그림 18. 1, 2, 3차시기 유입수, 방류수, 슬러지(탈수케잌) 채취 모습. - 40 -

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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% STP-1 STP-2 STP-3 STP-4 STP-5 I- W W T P-1 I- W W T P-2 I- W W T P-3 I- W W T P-4 I- W W T P-5 M - W W T P-1 M - W W T P-2 M - W W T P-3 M - W W T P-4 M - W W T P-5 폐수 % 0.629 0 2.329 10 5.198 98.57 90.91 97.89 100 100 58.62 70.83 45 70 70 하수 % 99.37 100 93.18 90 94.8 1.429 9.091 2.105 0 0 41.38 29.17 55 30 30 19. ( - 44 -

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그림 35. 조사대상 5개 하+폐수처리장의 일별 유입수량 및 방류수량의 일별변화. (2009년) - 62 09-12-31 09-12-17 09-12-03 09-11-19 09-11-05 09-10-22 09-10-08 0 09-09-24 100000 09-09-10 300000 09-08-27 400000 09-05-21 09-12-31 09-12-17 09-12-03 09-11-19 09-11-05 09-10-22 09-10-08 09-09-24 09-09-10 09-08-27 09-08-13 09-07-30 09-07-16 09-07-02 09-06-18 09-06-04 하+ 폐수처리장 09-08-13 500000 09-12-31 09-12-17 09-12-03 09-11-19 09-11-05 09-10-22 09-10-08 09-09-24 09-09-10 09-08-27 09-08-13 09-07-30 09-07-16 09-07-02 09-06-18 09-06-04 09-05-21 09-05-07 09-04-23 09-04-09 09-03-26 09-03-12 09-02-26 09-02-12 09-01-29 폐수처리장 09-07-30 M -W W TP-5 09-07-16 600000 09-07-02 M -W W TP-3 09-06-18 M -W W TP-2 09-01-15 하수처리장 09-06-04 700000 M -W W TP-1 09-05-21 800000 700000 09-05-07 10000 09-05-07 0 09-04-23 20000 10000 09-04-23 20000 09-04-09 30000 09-04-09 40000 09-03-26 50000 09-03-26 60000 I-W W TP-5 09-03-12 I-W W TP-4 09-03-12 I-W W TP-3 09-02-26 I-W W TP-2 09-02-26 70000 I-W W TP-1 09-02-12 80000 90000 09-02-12 0 09-01-01 500000 09-01-29 1000000 09-01-15 1500000 09-01-29 STP-3 09-01-01 2000000 방류수량 (m 3/d ay) STP-1 09-01-15 09-12-31 09-12-17 09-12-03 09-11-19 09-11-05 09-10-22 09-10-08 09-09-24 09-09-10 09-08-27 09-08-13 09-07-30 09-07-16 09-07-02 09-06-18 STP-5 방류수량 (m 3/d ay) 09-06-04 2500000 방류수량 (m 3/d ay) 09-12-31 09-12-17 09-12-03 09-11-19 09-11-05 09-10-22 09-10-08 09-09-24 09-09-10 09-08-27 09-08-13 09-07-30 09-07-16 09-07-02 09-05-21 09-05-07 09-04-23 09-04-09 09-03-26 09-03-12 09-02-26 09-02-12 09-01-29 유입수량 (m 3/d ay) 3000000 09-01-01 09-12-31 09-12-17 09-12-03 09-11-19 09-11-05 09-10-22 09-10-08 09-09-24 09-09-10 09-08-27 09-08-13 하+ 폐수처리장 09-06-18 09-06-04 09-05-21 09-05-07 09-04-23 09-04-09 09-03-26 09-03-12 09-02-26 09-02-12 09-01-15 09-01-01 폐수처리장 09-07-30 09-07-16 09-07-02 09-06-18 09-06-04 09-05-21 09-05-07 09-04-23 09-04-09 09-03-26 09-03-12 09-02-26 09-02-12 09-01-29 09-01-15 09-01-01 900000 09-01-29 유입수량 (m 3/d ay) 90000 09-01-15 09-01-01 유입수량 (m 3/d ay) 3500000 STP-2 3,500,000 하수처리장 3,000,000 STP-1 STP-4 STP-2 2,500,000 STP-3 STP-4 2,000,000 STP-5 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000-80000 70000 60000 600000 M -W W TP-4 500000 I-W W TP-1 I-W W TP-2 I-W W TP-3 I-W W TP-4 50000 I-W W TP-5 40000 30000 0 M -W W TP-1 M -W W TP-2 M -W W TP-3 M -W W TP-4 400000 M -W W TP-5 300000 200000 200000 100000 0 다음으로 표 17는 사업장별 유입수 방류수 각각의 계절별(봄, 여름, 가을) 유의성 (ANOVA)과 사업장별 유입수와 방류수의 유의성(t-test) 결과를 p 값을 사용하여 나타 내었다. 하수, 폐수 그리고 하폐수 사업장에서 골고루 계절별 유입수와 방류수가 유의 하지 않게(p>0.05) 나타났다. 이것은 계절별 변동없이 유입수와 방류수가 일정하게 유 지된다는 의미이다. 하지만 사업장의 유입수와 방류수간의 유의성을 평가한 결과 하수 처리장 1곳, 폐수처리장 3곳 그리고 하폐수처리장 1곳이 유의하지 않게 (p > 0.05) 나 타났다. 이 결과는 상대적으로 폐수처리장이 비교적 일정한 유입량과 방류량이 유지된 다고 사료된다. 이는 폐수처리장의 경우 지속적으로 공장이 가동되기 때문에 하수와 하폐수 사업장의 경우와 달리 유입, 방류수의 량이 비교적 일정하다고 판단된다.

STP-1 STP-2 STP-3 STP-4 STP-5 분류유입방류유입방류유입방류유입방류유입방류계절별 0.44 0.44 0.04 0.171 0.172 0.016 0.004 <0.001 0.002 0.002 유입vs. 방류유의하지않음 <0.001 0.02 0.011 <0.001 I-WWTP-1 I-WWTP-2 I-WWTP-3 I-WWTP-4 I-WWTP-5 분류유입방류유입방류유입방류유입방류유입방류계절별 0.006 0.019 0.024 0.024 0.882 0.567 <0.001 0.088 0.519 0.432 유입vs. 방류 <0.001 유의하지않음 0.941 <0.001 0.087 M-WWTP-1 M-WWTP-2 M-WWTP-3 M-WWTP-4 M-WWTP-5 분류유입방류유입방류유입방류유입방류유입방류계절별 0.218 0.218 <0.001 0.008 0.222 0.42 <0.001 <0.001 0.171 0.157 유입vs. 방류유의하지않음 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001-63 -

60000 70000 55000 60000 50000 50000 /day) 3 45000 /day) 3 40000 40000 30000 Flow (m 35000 Flow (m 20000 30000 유입 방류 10000 유입 방류 /day) 3 Flow (m 3.0e+5 2.8e+5 2.6e+5 2.4e+5 2.2e+5 2.0e+5 1.8e+5 1.6e+5 1.4e+5 1.2e+5 유입 방류 /day) 3 Flow (m 60000 58000 56000 54000 52000 50000 48000 46000 유입 방류 - 64 -

분류 STP-1 STP-2 STP-3 STP-4 STP-5 (BOD) 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 계절별 0.02 0.075 0.022 0.001 0.002 0.074 0.27 0.716 <0.001 0.014 유입vs. 방류 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 분류 I-WWTP-1 I-WWTP-2 I-WWTP-3 I-WWTP-4 I-WWTP-5 (BOD) 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 계절별 0.002 <0.001 자료부족 자료부족 0.03 0.168 자료부족 자료부족 자료부족 자료부족 유입vs. 방류 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 분류 M-WWTP-1 M-WWTP-2 M-WWTP-3 M-WWTP-4 M-WWTP-5 (BOD) 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 계절별 <0.001 0.381 0.001 0.29 0.927 0.007 0.382 <0.001 0.151 0.964 유입vs. 방류 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001-65 -

300 300 250 250 200 200 150 150 BOD (mg/l) 100 50 0 유입 방류 BOD (mg/l) 100 50 0 유입 방류 300 300 250 250 200 200 150 150 BOD (mg/l) 100 50 0 유입방류 BOD (mg/l) 100 50 0 유입방류 - 66 -

분류 STP-1 STP-2 STP-3 STP-4 STP-5 (COD) 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 계절별 0.001 0 0.002 0 0 0.002 0.001 0 0.002 0.538 유입vs. 방류 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 분류 I-WWTP-1 I-WWTP-2 I-WWTP-3 I-WWTP-4 I-WWTP-5 (COD) 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 계절별 0.008 0.104 자료부족 0 0.014 0.192 자료부족 0.001 0.544 0 유입vs. 방류 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 분류 M-WWTP-1 M-WWTP-2 M-WWTP-3 M-WWTP-4 M-WWTP-5 (COD) 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 계절별 0 0.03 0.001 0 0.774 0.115 0.03 0 0.01 0.078 유입vs. 방류 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001-67 -

180 700 160 140 120 100 600 500 400 COD (mg/l) 80 60 40 20 0 유입 방류 COD (mg/l) 300 200 100 0 유입 방류 1000 120 800 100 COD (mg/l) 600 400 200 0 유입방류 COD (mg/l) 80 60 40 20 0 유입방류 - 68 -

분류 STP-1 STP-2 STP-3 STP-4 STP-5 (SS) 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 계절별 0.99 0.389 0.1 0.001 0 0.091 0.99 0.871 0.208 0 유입vs. 방류 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 분류 I-WWTP-1 I-WWTP-2 I-WWTP-3 I-WWTP-4 I-WWTP-5 (SS) 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 계절별 0.36 0 자료부족 0.032 0.003 0.004 자료부족 0 0.109 0.007 유입vs. 방류 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 분류 M-WWTP-1 M-WWTP-2 M-WWTP-3 M-WWTP-4 M-WWTP-5 (SS) 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 유입 방류 계절별 0 0.039 자료부족 0.007 0.15 0.018 0.134 0.138 0.075 0.499 유입vs. 방류 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001-69 -

120 100 80 60 SS (mg/l) 40 20 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 SS (mg/l) 60 40 20 0 유입 방류 0 유입 방류 200 250 180 160 200 140 120 150 100 80 100 SS (mg/l) 60 40 20 0 유입방류 SS (mg/l) 50 0 유입방류 - 70 -

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PFHxA (left) and MPFHxA (right) PFHpA (left) and MPFOA (right) - 88 -

PFOA (left) and MPFOA (right) PFNA (left) and MPFNA (right) - 89 -

PFDA (left) and MPFDA (right) PFUnDA (left) and MPFUnDA (right) - 90 -

PFDoDA (left) and MPFDoDA (right) PFTrDA (left) and MPFDoDA (right) - 91 -

PFTrDA (left) and MPFDoDA (right) PFBS (left) and MPHxS (right) - 92 -

PFHxS (left) and MPFHxS (right) PFOS (left) and MPFOS (right) - 93 -

PFDS (left) and MPFOS (right) FOUEA (left) and MFOUEA (right) - 94 -

N-MePFOSAA (left) and d3-n-mepfosaa (right) N-EtPFOSAA (left) and d5-n-etpfosaa (right) - 95 -

PFOSA (left) and d3-n-mepfosaa (right) - 96 -

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RSD = CV = S x' 100-104 -

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(a) 각처리장그룹별 Recovery (% ) in Influent 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 STP-all I-W W TP-all M -W W TP-all A ll sam ple M PFH xa M PFO A M PFN A M PFD A M PFU nd A M PFD od A M PFH xs M PFO S M FO U EA d5-n EtFO SA A d3-n M efo SA A (b) 각처리장그룹별 Recovery (% ) in Effluent 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 STP-all I-W W TP-all M -W W TP-all A ll sam ple M PFH xa M PFO A M PFN A M PFD A M PFU nd A M PFD od A M PFH xs M PFO S M FO U EA d5-n EtFO SA A d3-n M efo SA A (c) 각처리장그룹별 Recovery (% ) in dew atered cake 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 STP-all I-W W TP-all M -W W TP-all A ll sam ple M PFH xa M PFO A M PFN A M PFD A M PFU nd A M PFD od A M PFH xs M PFO S M FO U EA d5-n EtFO SA A d3-n M efo SA A - 111 -

- 112 -

분류코드 STP-1 (n=3) STP-2 (n=3) STP-3 (n=3) STP-4 (n=3) STP-5 (n=3) STP-all (n=15) PFHxA 20.5 (± 14.1) 17.0 (± 8.5) 18.1 (± 8.0) 24.1 (± 16.3) 124.1 (± 74.2) 40.8 (± 52.3) PFHpA 1.1 (± 0.6) 0.8 (± 0.4) 1.4 (± 0.7) 0.5 (± 0.3) 19.8 (± 8.3) 4.7 (± 8.4) PFOA 6.9 (± 2.6) 7.6 (± 2.8) 6.7 (± 1.3) 4.0 (± 1.5) 125.3 (± 69.9) 30.1 (± 56.0) PFNA 1.6 (± 1.4) 0.9 (± 0.4) 1.5 (± 0.5) 1.7 (± 1.7) 11.7 (± 4.7) 3.5 (± 4.7) PFDA 2.1 (± 1.9) 0.7 (± 0.3) 0.9 (± 0.2) 0.7 (± 0.1) 12.1 (± 9.0) 3.3 (± 5.7) PFUnDA 0.9 (na) 0.5 (na) 0.4 (na) 0.3 (na) 1.7 (± 1.4) 1.0 (± 1.0) PFDoDA ND ND ND ND ND ND PFTrDA ND ND ND ND ND ND PFBS 11.5 (± 8.3) 6.8 (± 7.7) 5.3 (± 2.9) 4.2 (± 3.8) 9.4 (± 7.0) 7.4 (± 6.0) PFHxS 9.5 (± 7.1) 10.8 (± 9.8) 10.8 (± 6.6) 4.5 (± 5.4) 11.5 (± 13.0) 9.0 (± 7.1) PFOS 21.2 (± 22.2) 3.9 (± 1.3) 4.8 (± 1.1) 2.7 (± 1.9) 12.3 (± 11.7) 9.0 (± 12.0) PFDS ND ND ND ND ND ND FOUEA 0.3 (± 0.2) 0.4 (± 0.1) 0.7 (na) 0.5 (± 0.1) 2.6 (± 2.7) 1.1 (± 1.6) N-EtFOSAA ND ND ND ND ND ND N-MeFOSAA ND ND ND ND ND ND tpfcas 32.6 (± 16.5) 27.4 (± 9.3) 28.9 (± 8.7) 31.3 (± 16.7) 297.2 (± 158.6) 83.5 (± 126.2) tpfass 42.2 (± 24.2) 17.8 (± 17.3) 17.3 (± 9.4) 11.5 (± 10.7) 29.3 (± 29.6) 23.6 (± 20.2) tpfcs 74.8 (± 38.9) 45.2 (± 25.8) 46.2 (± 16.8) 42.8 (± 26.3) 326.5 (± 178.1) 107.1 (± 134.2) tpfcas = sum of PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, and FOUEA tpfass = a sum of PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, N-EtFOSAA, N-MeFOSAA tpfcs = a sum of tpfcas and tpfass. - 113 -

- 114 -

분류코드 I-WWTP-1 (n=3) I-WWTP-2 (n=3) I-WWTP-3 (n=3) I-WWTP-4 (n=3) I-WWTP-5 (n=3) I-WWTP-all (n=15) PFHxA 139.5 (± 59.6) 206.0 (± 16.8) 84.2 (± 16.0) 142.7 (± 71.5) 272.5 (± 102.5) 161.6 (± 78.4) PFHpA 8.6 (± 2.3) 86.6 (± 11.3) 22.8 (± 2.4) 7.3 (± 1.9) 8.2 (± 2.7) 27.0 (± 33.1) PFOA 18.5 (± 8.8) 41.4 (± 14.1) 134.3 (± 69.9) 35.4 (± 14.7) 79.2 (± 31.7) 61.8 (± 52.4) PFNA 14.9 (± 15.5) 16.2 (± 7.0) 5.1 (± 5.3) 1.9 (± 1.6) 12.6 (± 5.4) 10.1 (± 9.2) PFDA 12.4 (± 13.3) 9.5 (± 6.4) 5.2 (± 7.5) 2.1 (± 2.4) 25.6 (± 10.1) 11.0 (± 11.2) PFUnDA 6.6 (± 8.1) 2.6 (± 1.4) 2.0 (na) 0.8 (± 0.6) 3.2 (± 1.3) 3.2 (± 4.0) PFDoDA 4.7 (± 5.0) 0.3 (na) 2.5 (± 3.1) ND 2.6 (± 1.3) 2.8 (± 2.7) PFTrDA 1.9 (na) 1.2 (na) 0.9 (na) ND ND 1.3 (± 0.5) PFBS 2.0 (± 0.3) 340.4 (± 129.5) 146.7 (± 142.0) 71.3 (± 49.7) 11.9 (na) 130.3 (± 154.3) PFHxS 3.9 (± 3.8) 2.6 (± 2.6) 245.6 (± 383.7) 172.9 (± 85.5) 93.7 (± 31.6) 104.5 (± 185.1) PFOS 13.2 (± 15.3) 7.1 (± 6.5) 291.0 (± 447.4) 244.4 (± 153.3) 5.7 (± 2.9) 112.3 (± 222.5) PFDS ND ND ND ND 1.9 (± ) 1.9 (± ) FOUEA 12.1 (± 2.9) 1.8 (± 1.3) ND 1.0 (± 1.6) 84.9 (± 42.3) 25.0 (± 40.7) N-EtFOSAA ND ND ND ND ND ND N-MeFOSAA ND ND ND ND ND ND tpfcas 216.3 (± 78.3) 364.5 (± 53.2) 246.6 (± 59.4) 191.1 (± 58.6) 398.0 (± 218.1) 283.3 (± 128.0) tpfass 19.2 (± 19.2) 350.1 (± 121.9) 683.3 (± 851.6) 488.7 (± 270.1) 72.7 (± 66.5) 322.8 (± 428.8) tpfcs 235.5 (± 91.3) 714.7 (± 86.7) 929.9 (± 813.1) 679.8 (± 328.6) 470.7 (± 153.9) 606.1 (± 418.4) tpfcas = sum of PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, and FOUEA tpfass = a sum of PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, N-EtFOSAA, N-MeFOSAA tpfcs = a sum of tpfcas and tpfass. - 115 -

- 116 -

분류코드 M-WWTP-1 (n=3) M-WWTP-2 (n=3) M-WWTP-3 (n=3) M-WWTP-4 (n=3) M-WWTP-5 (n=3) M-WWTP-all (n=15) PFHxA 52.5 (± 6.9) 51.0 (± 81.4) 107.4 (± 71.9) 138.2 (± 85.1) 1003.3 (± 769.1) 270.5 (± 481.9) PFHpA 23.7 (± 9.7) 0.8 (na) 84.5 (± 72.4) 7.5 (± 1.9) 175.3 (± 11.9) 67.2 (± 75.1) PFOA 90.0 (± 34.4) 2.9 (± 3.1) 1527.4 (± 2004.9) 23.7 (± 5.5) 1099.7 (± 594.1) 548.7 (± 1031.1) PFNA 17.1 (± 8.8) 1.8 (± 0.6) 12.7 (± 6.0) 6.1 (± 2.3) 62.7 (± 40.3) 20.1 (± 27.6) PFDA 23.9 (± 20.2) 1.7 (± 1.4) 7.6 (± 9.2) 6.5 (± 3.9) 96.3 (± 77.7) 27.2 (± 47.7) PFUnDA 4.8 (± 5.3) 0.8 (± 0.7) 2.3 (na) 1.1 (± 0.8) 6.4 (± 4.6) 3.4 (± 3.9) PFDoDA ND ND 4.8 (na) ND 3.9 (± 2.8) 4.1 (± 2.3) PFTrDA ND ND 3.4 (na) ND ND 3.4 (na) PFBS 117.4 (± 26.6) 14.6 (± 5.6) 25.1 (± 21.2) 4.0 (± 2.7) 23.2 (± 10.3) 36.9 (± 44.5) PFHxS 21.3 (± 9.7) 0.9 (± 0.1) 3.7 (na) 15.0 (± 1.9) 16.1 (± 12.4) 13.2 (± 10.3) PFOS 319.0 (± 205.2) 2.5 (± 3.6) 16.0 (± 8.0) 9.1 (± 6.1) 97.3 (± 74.4) 88.8 (± 149.3) PFDS ND ND ND ND ND ND FOUEA 2.3 (± 2.3) 3.9 (± 4.1) 2.8 (± 2.7) 1.2 (± 0.8) 155.8 (± 61.2) 37.8 (± 71.8) N-EtFOSAA 2.7 (na) ND 2.7 (na) ND ND 2.7 (± 0.01) N-MeFOSAA ND ND 1.5 (na) ND ND 1.5 (na) tpfcas 213.6 (± 85.0) 61.1 (± 85.2) 1745.8 (± 2129.2) 183.9 (± 77.6) 2603.4 (± 1517.5) 961.6 (± 1453.3) tpfass 458.6 (± 233.7) 17.7 (± 9.5) 43.7 (± 10.4) 23.0 (± 4.8) 131.3 (± 79.5) 134.9 (± 196.5) tpfcs 672.3 (± 317.8) 78.8 (± 81.5) 1789.5 (± 2125.9) 206.9 (± 74.8) 2734.7 (± 1587) 1096.4 (± 1587.0) tpfcas = sum of PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, and FOUEA tpfass = a sum of PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, N-EtFOSAA, N-MeFOSAA tpfcs = a sum of tpfcas and tpfass. - 117 -

(a) 하수처리장 (STP) C oncentration (ng/l) in influent 250 200 150 100 50 STP-1 STP-2 STP-3 STP-4 STP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU nd A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (b) 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP) Concentration (ng/l) in influent 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 I-W W TP-1 I-W W TP-2 I-W W TP-3 I-W W TP-4 I-W W TP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU nd A P FD od A PFT rd A PFB S PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (c) 하 + 폐수처리장 (M -W W TP) C oncentration (ng/l) in influent 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 M -W W TP-1 M -W W TP-2 M -W W TP-3 M -W W TP-4 M -W W TP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU nd A PFD od A P FTrD A P FBS P FH xs P FO S P FD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A - 118 -

- 119 -

분류코드 STP-1 (n=3) STP-2 (n=3) STP-3 (n=3) STP-4 (n=3) STP-5 (n=3) STP-all (n=15) PFHxA 15.3 (± 15.5) 11.6 (± 3.9) 20.4 (± 16.3) 8.6 (± 3.2) 120.8 (± 57.6) 35.3 (± 50.2) PFHpA 1.0 (± 0.7) 0.9 (± 0.6) 1.9 (± 1.1) 0.3 (± 0.2) 22.1 (± 8.5) 5.3 (± 9.3) PFOA 10.5 (± 1.6) 10.8 (± 4.8) 8.4 (± 2.6) 4.4 (± 0.3) 107.4 (± 30.6) 28.3 (± 42.7) PFNA 0.9 (± 0.5) 1.0 (± 0.2) 1.4 (± 0.4) 0.6 (± 0.2) 12.3 (± 6.2) 3.2 (± 5.2) PFDA 1.3 (± 0.8) 1.9 (± 1.1) 1.4 (± 0.4) 0.7 (± 0.2) 15.8 (± 6.2) 4.2 (± 5.2) PFUnDA 1.0 (na) 0.5 (± 0.03) 0.6 (± 0.3) 0.6 (± 0.6) 1.9 (± 2.0) 1.0 (± 1.2) PFDoDA ND 0.1 (na) 0.4 (na) 0.1 (na) 0.5 (na) 0.3 (± 0.2) PFTrDA ND ND ND ND ND ND PFBS 7.3 (± 5.3) 4.9 (± 3.0) 5.5 (± 2.0) 4.8 (± 0.9) 8.2 (± 5.6) 6.1 (± 3.5) PFHxS 9.1 (± 7.1) 3.5 (± 0.9) 4.3 (± 1.8) 1.8 (± 0.1) 6.2 (± 2.6) 5.0 (± 3.9) PFOS 3.2 (± 2.0) 6.4 (± 0.3) 5.7 (± 1.8) 4.0 (± 0.9) 12.5 (± 9.3) 6.3 (± 5.0) PFDS ND ND ND ND ND ND FOUEA 0.2 (na) 0.7 (± 0.7) 0.7 (na) 0.2 (± 0.1) 0.4 (± 0.2) 0.4 (± 0.4) N-EtFOSAA 0.6 (na) 0.4 (na) ND 0.5 (na) ND 0.5 (± 0.1) N-MeFOSAA ND ND ND ND ND ND tpfcas 29.4 (± 15.3) 27.0 (± 6.1) 34.3 (± 20.2) 15.2 (± 4.3) 280.8 (± 112.7) 77.3 (± 114.2) tpfass 19.9 (± 2.0) 14.9 (± 3.7) 15.5 (± 2.2) 10.8 (± 1.7) 26.9 (± 13.5) 17.6 (± 7.9) tpfcs 49.3 (± 16.4) 41.9 (± 7.0) 49.8 (± 19.9) 25.9 (± 5.7) 307.6 (± 124.9) 94.9 (± 120.6) tpfcas = sum of PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, and FOUEA tpfass = a sum of PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, N-EtFOSAA, N-MeFOSAA tpfcs = a sum of tpfcas and tpfass. - 120 -

- 121 -

분류코드 I-WWTP-1 (n=3) I-WWTP-2 (n=3) I-WWTP-3 (n=3) I-WWTP-4 (n=3) I-WWTP-5 (n=3) I-WWTP-all (n=15) PFHxA 661.5 (± 498.1) 209.7 (± 78.1) 74.2 (± 60.9) 128.0 (± 12.3) 87.4 (± 48.4) 232.1 (± 298.3) PFHpA 11.7 (± 8.1) 86.0 (± 12.4) 9.4 (na) 5.4 (± 1.4) 38.8 (± 12.6) 33.5 (± 33.5) PFOA 12.4 (± 1.0) 53.4 (± 26.7) 109.4 (± 63.8) 16.0 (± 2.5) 118.7 (± 47.6) 62.0 (± 56.4) PFNA 4.5 (± 0.4) 14.6 (± 3.4) 1.5 (± 0.5) 1.6 (± 0.4) 23.0 (± 8.1) 9.0 (± 9.4) PFDA 3.0 (± 0.9) 7.8 (± 5.0) 1.0 (± 0.6) 1.3 (± 0.5) 20.8 (± 14.3) 6.8 (± 9.6) PFUnDA 1.1 (± 0.4) 1.6 (± 0.6) 0.5 (± 0.1) 1.7 (± 1.9) 8.0 (± 7.8) 2.9 (± 4.4) PFDoDA 0.4 (na) ND 0.9 (± 0.2) 0.6 (na) ND 0.7 (± 0.3) PFTrDA ND ND ND ND ND ND PFBS 1.7 (± 0.4) 295.0 (± 93.6) 320.3 (± 155.5) 38.4 (± 7.9) 9.6 (± 12.1) 141.8 (± 166.0) PFHxS 1.6 (± 0.2) 2.1 (± 1.6) 156.2 (± 210.0) 180.0 (± 58.6) 5.7 (± 4.2) 69.1 (± 117.7) PFOS 3.4 (± 2.0) 5.3 (± 2.6) 134.3 (± 162.6) 216.7 (± 253.7) 1.3 (± 0.6) 77.3 (± 150.1) PFDS 2.9 (na) ND ND ND 2.3 (± 1.5) 2.5 (± 1.1) FOUEA 4.9 (± 4.4) 3.3 (na) 0.6 (na) 0.3 (± 0.2) 20.6 (± 16.4) 8.1 (± 11.9) N-EtFOSAA ND ND ND ND ND ND N-MeFOSAA ND ND ND ND ND ND tpfcas 698.8 (± 497.3) 374.1 (± 112.5) 190.4 (± 103.3) 154.4 (± 17.6) 317.3 (± 147.9) 347.0 (± 286.2) tpfass 7.7 (± 3.4) 302.4 (± 94.6) 610.8 (± 296.5) 435.1 (± 256.6) 14.5 (± 7.6) 274.1 (± 288.0) tpfcs 706.5 (± 498.1) 676.5 (± 182.0) 801.2 (± 397.0) 589.5 (± 265.8) 331.8 (± 155.5) 621.1 (± 321.8) tpfcas = sum of PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, and FOUEA tpfass = a sum of PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, N-EtFOSAA, N-MeFOSAA tpfcs = a sum of tpfcas and tpfass. - 122 -

- 123 -

분류코드 M-WWTP-1 (n=3) M-WWTP-2 (n=3) M-WWTP-3 (n=3) M-WWTP-4 (n=3) M-WWTP-5 (n=3) M-WWTP-all (n=15) PFHxA 74.5 (± 20.3) 25.4 (± 13.8) 198.7 (± 72.7) 677.7 (± 1059.0) 2475.7 (± 2270.5) 690.4 (± 1344.8) PFHpA 16.8 (± 9.2) 7.4 (± 4.6) 286.3 (± 249.8) 118.7 (± 191.7) 241.3 (± 178.1) 134.1 (± 180.5) PFOA 114.9 (± 19.2) 18.4 (± 5.1) 2915.0 (± 2360.4) 539.4 (± 892.5) 1724.3 (± 1017.5) 1062.4 (± 1540.0) PFNA 20.3 (± 8.6) 5.0 (± 2.1) 10.2 (± 4.8) 41.8 (± 63.4) 91.7 (± 38.5) 33.8 (± 43.2) PFDA 25.1 (± 10.4) 4.0 (± 1.2) 1.7 (± 0.6) 52.2 (± 84.7) 99.0 (± 71.0) 36.4 (± 56.3) PFUnDA 3.7 (± 2.8) 0.5 (± 0.6) 0.5 (± 0.2) 6.2 (± 8.6) 20.7 (± 16.8) 6.8 (± 10.9) PFDoDA 0.1 (na) ND 0.5 (na) 1.5 (± 1.3) 5.7 (± 1.9) 2.3 (± 2.6) PFTrDA ND ND ND ND ND ND PFBS 76.9 (± 60.9) 2.2 (± 1.9) 32.6 (± 16.3) 11.5 (± 10.3) 28.3 (± 9.1) 30.3 (± 36.2) PFHxS 9.8 (± 5.3) 1.8 (± 2.0) 8.4 (± 2.3) 4.9 (± 1.4) 8.6 (± 3.8) 6.7 (± 4.1) PFOS 416.2 (± 383.1) 3.3 (± 2.0) 15.0 (± 2.7) 34.7 (± 47.9) 62.2 (± 41.3) 106.3 (± 218.4) PFDS ND 1.1 (na) ND ND ND 1.1 (na) FOUEA 2.7 (± 1.7) 0.6 (± 0.6) 0.7 (± 0.5) 17.7 (± 30.2) 19.6 (± 6.5) 9.4 (± 15.5) N-EtFOSAA 6.3 (na) ND ND ND ND 6.3 (na) N-MeFOSAA ND ND ND ND ND ND tpfcas 258.0 (± 61.8) 61.1 (± 21.8) 3412.8 (± 2643.9) 1455.2 (± 2331.1) 4676.1 (± 3567.8) 1972.7 (± 2659.9) tpfass 505.0 (± 447.2) 7.6 (± 5.6) 56.0 (± 19.4) 51.1 (± 59.3) 99.1 (± 43.0) 143.8 (± 255.4) tpfcs 763.0 (± 509.0) 68.8 (± 23.5) 3468.8 (± 2626.1) 1506.3 (± 2390.3) 4775.2 (± 3607.2) 2116.4 (± 2641.0) tpfcas = sum of PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, and FOUEA tpfass = a sum of PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, N-EtFOSAA, N-MeFOSAA tpfcs = a sum of tpfcas and tpfass. - 124 -

(a) C oncentration (ng/l) in effluent 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 하수처리장 (STP) STP-1 STP-2 STP-3 STP-4 STP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU nd A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (b) C oncentration (ng/l) in effluent 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP) I-W W TP-1 I-W W TP-2 I-W W TP-3 I-W W TP-4 I-W W TP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A P FD o D A PFT rd A PFB S PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (c) 하 + 폐수처리장 (M -W W TP) C oncentration (ng/l) in effluent 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 M -W W TP-1 M -W W TP-2 M -W W TP-3 M -W W TP-4 M -W W TP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU nd A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A - 125 -

- 126 -

- 127 -

분류코드 STP-1 (n=3) STP-2 (n=3) STP-3 (n=3) STP-4 (n=3) STP-5 (n=3) STP-all (n=15) PFHxA NC NC NC NC NC NC PFHpA ND ND ND ND ND ND PFOA 6.6 (± 6.2) 2.1 (± 2.7) 1.7 (± 0.1) 3.6 (± 4.3) 15.8 (± 10.5) 6.0 (± 7.4) PFNA 0.8 (± 1.0) 1.1 (± 1.5) 0.7 (± 0.4) 0.9 (± 1.2) 6.0 (± 2.6) 2.2 (± 2.7) PFDA 10.2 (± 7.2) 5.4 (± 3.5) 9.2 (± 1.2) 4.3 (± 0.8) 63.7 (± 20.5) 18.6 (± 24.9) PFUnDA 5.3 (± 2.6) 3.4 (± 2.2) 6.3 (± 1.3) 3.7 (± 0.6) 72.5 (± 4.7) 18.2 (± 28.2) PFDoDA 6.5 (± 1.5) 3.8 (± 2.2) 6.1 (± 2.6) 3.8 (± 0.5) 42.6 (± 6.1) 12.6 (± 15.8) PFTrDA 2.3 (± 0.5) 1.6 (± 0.2) 2.9 (± 1.0) 2.5 (± 0.6) 16.0 (± 2.2) 5.0 (± 5.8) PFBS 0.5 (± 0.4) ND ND 0.6 (na) 0.4 (na) 0.5 (± 0.3) PFHxS ND 1.0 (± 0.8) ND 4.5 (± 1.3) ND 2.8 (± 2.2) PFOS 14.2 (± 7.4) 19.2 (± 3.1) 18.5 (± 6.8) 15.6 (± 9.9) 12.2 (± 1.7) 15.7 (± 6.2) PFDS ND 2.7 (na) ND 2.7 (na) ND 2.7 (± 0.01) FOUEA 1.8 (± 2.0) 1.4 (± 1.5) ND ND.4.8 (± 2.2) 2.7 (± 2.3) N-EtFOSAA 13.5 (± 7.1) 11.2 (± 5.8) 10.9 (± 1.9) 7.2 (± 0.9) 9.1 (± 2.2) 10.4 (± 4.3) N-MeFOSAA 4.6 (± 3.4) 5.3 (± 2.7) 3.4 (± 0.9) 1.9 (± 0.6) 13.0 (± 10.4) 5.7 (± 5.8) tpfcas 33.2 (± 17.7) 18.4 (± 8.5) 26.9 (± 6.3) 18.5 (± 3.4) 221.4 (± 30.8) 63.7 (± 83.0) tpfass 32.8 (± 15.7) 30.9 (± 20.5) 32.9 (± 5.9) 28.8 (± 12.0) 34.4 (± 13.3) 32.0 (± 12.2) tpfcs 66.0 (± 32.4) 49.3 (± 27.5) 59.8 (± 4.4) 47.4 (± 13.5) 255.8 (± 31.5) 95.6 (± 85.7) tpfcas = sum of PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, and FOUEA tpfass = a sum of PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, N-EtFOSAA, N-MeFOSAA tpfcs = a sum of tpfcas and tpfass; nc = not calculated due to low recoveries. - 128 -

- 129 -

분류코드 I-WWTP-1 (n=3) I-WWTP-2 (n=3) I-WWTP-3 (n=3) I-WWTP-4 (n=3) I-WWTP-5 (n=3) I-WWTP-all (n=15) PFHxA NC NC NC NC NC NC PFHpA ND 5.3 (± 1.0) ND ND 0.5 (na) 4.1 (± 2.5) PFOA 5.7 (± 6.7) 43.0 (± 18.7) 6.2 (± 4.8) 6.4 (± 7.1) 23.0 (± 11.1) 16.9 (± 17.7) PFNA 1.3 (± 0.8) 58.9 (± 16.7) 0.9 (± 0.4) 1.3 (± 1.6) 9.7 (± 3.7) 15.4 (± 24.8) PFDA 3.7 (± 1.1) 273.3 (± 250.9) 3.1 (± 1.0) 9.6 (± 3.4) 43.0 (± 8.7) 66.6 (± 143.8) PFUnDA 5.9 (± 1.3) 73.2 (± 13.6) 2.6 (± 0.8) 3.9 (± 3.3) 37.6 (± 11.5) 24.6 (± 29.3) PFDoDA 5.8 (± 1.3) 170.2 (± 229.4) 2.1 (± 0.1) 5.6 (± 3.2) 17.7 (± 7.7) 40.3 (± 109.9) PFTrDA 2.3 (± 0.4) 10.2 (± 2.8) 0.8 (± 0.2) 5.7 (± 4.2) 12.2 (± 5.7) 6.3 (± 5.4) PFBS ND 2.4 (± 1.0) 3.4 (± 3.1) 1.4 (± 1.1) 8.8 (na) 3.0 (± 2.7) PFHxS ND 1.6 (± 0.6) 9.2 (± 0.8) 25.6 (± 6.7) ND 14.0 (± 11.9) PFOS 1.3 (± 0.2) 53.2 (± 20.4) 216.0 (± 130.8) 1017.3 (± 195.5) 24.5 (± 33.8) 262.5 (± 408.4) PFDS 1.2 (na) 0.5 (na) 2.9 (± 1.2) 7.3 (± 2.7) ND 4.2 (± 3.5) FOUEA 1.4 (± 0.7) 0.4 (na) 1.6 (na) 0.2 (na) 95.2 (± 78.7) 32.4 (± 61.3) N-EtFOSAA 9.2 (na) 2.7 (± 0.4) 5.4 (± 3.1) 22.5 (± 10.4) ND 10.1 (± 10.1) N-MeFOSAA ND ND 2.3 (± 1.2) 0.8 (na) 4.1 (± 1.5) 2.9 (± 1.8) tpfcas 26.0 (± 6.8) 634.2 (± 502.4) 16.0 (± 4.7) 32.7 (± 22.4) 238.6 (± 112.4) 189.5 (± 313.5) tpfass 4.8 (± 5.1) 59.5 (± 21.1) 234.4 (± 138.3) 1074.3 (± 215.9) 31.5 (± 37.5) 280.9 (± 430.3) tpfcs 30.8 (± 8.6) 693.7 (± 490.4) 250.5 (± 143.0) 1107.0 (± 238.3) 270.1 (± 89.8) 470.4 (± 452.2) tpfcas = sum of PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, and FOUEA tpfass = a sum of PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, N-EtFOSAA, N-MeFOSAA tpfcs = a sum of tpfcas and tpfass; nc = not calculated due to low recoveries. - 130 -

- 131 -

분류코드 M-WWTP-1 (n=3) M-WWTP-2 (n=3) M-WWTP-3 (n=3) M-WWTP-4 (n=3) M-WWTP-5 (n=3) M-WWTP-all (n=15) PFHxA NC NC NC NC NC NC PFHpA ND ND 6.9 (± 7.2) ND 23.4 (± 9.4) 15.1 (± 11.7) PFOA 20.9 (± 12.9) 21.6 (± 11.2) 760.8 (± 695.4) 3.1 (± 1.8) 145.3 (± 103.6) 190.3 (± 400.7) PFNA 8.6 (± 5.5) 0.8 (± 0.6) 5.9 (± 2.1) 4.8 (± 2.4) 51.0 (± 35.0) 14.2 (± 23.4) PFDA 44.6 (± 22.0) 1.9 (± 0.6) 20.5 (± 16.1) 36.6 (± 11.1) 329.7 (± 262.2) 86.6 (± 161.2) PFUnDA 42.2 (± 20.0) 1.0 (± 0.2) 15.7 (± 17.4) 64.8 (± 10.9) 148.2 (± 109.2) 54.4 (± 68.5) PFDoDA 9.0 (± 1.6) 1.1 (± 0.3) 7.8 (± 4.2) 23.5 (± 10.9) 288.9 (± 286.4) 66.1 (± 158.4) PFTrDA 4.8 (± 0.6) 0.5 (± 0.1) 3.4 (± 2.7) 7.4 (± 2.9) 57.0 (± 47.0) 14.6 (± 28.4) PFBS 2.1 (± 0.9) 0.4 (na) 0.2 (± 0.01) 1.1 (± 0.8) 1.3 (± 1.3) 1.2 (± 1.0) PFHxS ND ND ND ND ND ND PFOS 128.3 (± 14.5) 0.6 (± 0.5) 80.4 (± 83.4) 16.5 (± 2.8) 95.0 (± 37.2) 68.7 (± 60.6) PFDS ND ND 7.4 (na) 1.5 (± 1.0) 0.2 (na) 2.7 (± 3.3) FOUEA 3.1 (± 1.8) ND 1.9 (na) 1.1 (± 0.4) 16.7 (± 14.2) 6.5 (± 9.8) N-EtFOSAA 3.6 (± 0.6) 1.0 (± 0.1) 15.4 (± 6.1) 6.7 (± 0.6) 3.7 (± 1.5) 6.4 (± 5.8) N-MeFOSAA 6.6 (± 4.2) ND 2.5 (± 0.2) 2.3 (± 0.6) 4.3 (± 3.5) 3.9 (± 2.9) tpfcas 133.2 (± 61.9) 26.8 (± 12.9) 819.4 (± 666.2) 141.2 (± 10.9) 1052.3 (± 839.8) 434.6 (± 593.1) tpfass 140.6 (± 17.4) 1.2 (± 1.1) 101.0 (± 86.7) 27.6 (± 3.3) 104.0 (± 40.6) 74.9 (± 65.2) tpfcs 273.8 (± 73.7) 28.0 (± 14.0) 920.4 (± 597.5) 168.9 (± 12.2) 1156.3 (± 807.4) 509.5 (± 597.7) tpfcas = sum of PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, and FOUEA tpfass = a sum of PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, N-EtFOSAA, N-MeFOSAA tpfcs = a sum of tpfcas and tpfass; nc = not calculated due to low recoveries. - 132 -

(a) 하수처리장 (STP) C oncentration (ng/g) in sludge cake 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 STP-1 STP-2 STP-3 STP-4 STP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU nd A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (b) 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP) Concentration (ng/g ) in sludge cake 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 I-W W TP-1 I-W W TP-2 I-W W TP-3 I-W W TP-4 I-W W TP-5 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A P FD o D A PFT rd A PFB S PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (c) 하 + 폐수처리장 (M -W W TP) C oncentration (ng/g) in sludge cake 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 M -W W TP-1 M -W W TP-2 M -W W TP-3 M -W W TP-4 M -W W TP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU nd A P FD od A P FTrD A P FBS P FH xs P FO S P FD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A - 133 -

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(a) 유입수 P FC co n cen tratio n (n g /L) in in flu en t 1000 100 10 1 5-days average 5-days com posite P FH xa P FH p A P FO A P FN A P FD A P FU n D A P FD od A P FTrD A P FB S P FH xs P FO S P FD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (b) 방류수 PFC concentration (ng/l) in effluent 1000 100 10 1 5-days average 5-days com posite PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A PFD o D A P FT rd A P FB S P FH xs P FO S P FD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (c) 슬러지 ( 탈수케잌 ) PFC concentration (ng/g) in sludge cake 1000 100 10 1 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A P FD A PFU n D A PFD o D A P FT rd A P FB S P FH xs P FO S P FD S 5-days average 5-days com posite FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A - 140 -

- 141 -

- 142 -

(a) 하수처리장 (STP) 유입수 계절간변동 RSD (% ) 200 150 100 50 STP-1 STP-2 STP-3 STP-4 STP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU nd A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SAA N -M efo SA A (b) 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP) 유입수 계절간변동 R SD (% ) 200 150 100 50 I-W W TP-1 I-W W TP-2 I-W W TP-3 I-W W TP-4 I-W W TP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (c) 하 + 폐수처리장 (STP) 유입수 계절간변동 R SD (% ) 200 150 100 50 M -W W TP-1 M -W W TP-2 M -W W TP-3 M -W W TP-4 M -W W TP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A - 143 -

(a) 하수처리장 (STP) 방류수 계절간변동 R SD (% ) 200 150 100 50 STP-1 STP-2 STP-3 STP-4 STP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (b) 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP) 방류수 계절간변동 R SD (% ) 200 150 100 50 I-W W TP-1 I-W W TP-2 I-W W TP-3 I-W W TP-4 I-W W TP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (c) 하 + 폐수처리장 (STP) 방류수 계절간변동 R SD (% ) 200 150 100 50 M -W W TP-1 M -W W TP-2 M -W W TP-3 M -W W TP-4 M -W W TP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A - 144 -

(a) 하수처리장 (STP) 방류수 계절간변동 R SD (% ) 200 150 100 50 STP-1 STP-2 STP-3 STP-4 STP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SAA N -M efo SA A (b) 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP) 방류수 계절간변동 RSD (% ) 200 150 100 50 0 I-W W TP-1 I-W W TP-2 I-W W TP-3 I-W W TP-4 I-W W TP-5 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU nda PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (c) 하 + 폐수처리장 (STP) 방류수 계절간변동 RSD (% ) 200 150 100 50 M -W W TP-1 M -W W TP-2 M -W W TP-3 M -W W TP-4 M -W W TP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU nda PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A - 145 -

m - 146 -

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(a) 하수처리장 (STP ) Em ission rate (g /day) from influent 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 STP-1 STP-2 STP-3 STP-4 STP-5 PFH xa P FH pa P FO A PFN A PFD A P FU nd A PFD od A P FTrD A P FBS P FH xs P FO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (b) 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP) Em ission rate (g /day) from influent 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 I-W W TP -1 I-W W TP -2 I-W W TP -3 I-W W TP -4 I-W W TP -5 P FH xa PFH p A PFO A PFN A P FD A PFU n D A P FD od A P FTrD A PFB S P FH xs P FO S P FD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (c) 하 + 폐수처리장 (M -W W TP) Em ission rate (g /day) from influent 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 M -W W TP -1 M -W W TP -2 M -W W TP -3 M -W W TP -4 M -W W TP -5 P FH xa P FH p A P FO A P FN A P FD A P FU nd A P FD o D A PFT rd A P FBS P FH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo S A A - 151 -

(a) 하수처리장 (STP) Em ission rate (g /day) from effluent 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 STP-1 STP-2 STP-3 STP-4 STP-5 0 PFH xa P FH pa PFO A P FN A PFD A P FU nd A PFD o D A P FTrD A P FBS PFH xs PFO S P FD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo S A A (b) 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP) Em ission rate (g /day) from effluent 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 I-W W TP -1 I-W W TP -2 I-W W TP -3 I-W W TP -4 I-W W TP -5 0 PFH xa PFH pa P FO A P FN A PFD A P FU n D A P FD od A P FTrD A PFB S P FH xs P FO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (c) 하 + 폐수처리장 (M -W W TP) Em ission rate (g /day) from effluent 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 M -W W TP -1 M -W W TP -2 M -W W TP -3 M -W W TP -4 M -W W TP -5 0 P FH xa P FH pa P FO A P FN A P FD A P FU n D A P FD od A P FTrD A P FB S P FH xs P FO S P FD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A - 152 -

(a) 하수처리장 (STP ) Em ission rate (g/day) from sludge cake 5 4 3 2 1 0 STP -1 STP -2 STP -3 STP -4 STP -5 PFH xa PFH p A PFO A P FN A P FD A PFU n D A PFD o D A PFT rd A PFB S P FH xs P FO S P FD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo S A A (b) 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP) Em ission rate (g/day) from sludge cake 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 I-W W TP-1 I-W W TP-2 I-W W TP-3 I-W W TP-4 I-W W TP-5 P FH xa PFH p A PFO A P FN A PFD A P FU nd A PFD o D A P FTrD A P FBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (c) Em ission rate (g /day) from sludge cake 하 + 폐수처리장 (M -W W TP) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 PFH xa PFH p A P FO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A P FD od A P FT rd A PFB S PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A M -W W TP-1 M -W W TP-2 M -W W TP-3 M -W W TP-4 M -W W TP-5 N -M efo S A A - 153 -

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(a) 하수처리장 (STP) PFC emission rate (g/day) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 STP Sludg avg. STP Effluent avg. 2 0 PFHxA PFHpA PFOA PFNA PFDA PFUnDA PFDoDA PFTrDA PFBS PFHxS PFOS PFDS FOUEA N-EtFOSAA N-MeFOSAA (b) PFC emission rate (g/day) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 폐수처리장 (I-WWTP) I-WWTP Sludge avg. I-WWTP Effluent avg. 2 0 PFHxA PFHpA PFOA PFNA PFDA PFUnDA PFDoDA PFTrDA PFBS PFHxS PFOS PFDS FOUEA N-EtFOSAA N-MeFOSAA (c) PFC emission rate (g/day) 하 + 폐수처리장 (M-WWTP) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 PFHxA PFHpA PFOA PFNA PFDA PFUnDA PFDoDA PFTrDA PFBS PFHxS PFOS M-WWTP Sludge avg. M-WWTP Effluent avg. PFDS FOUEA N-EtFOSAA N-MeFOSAA - 155 -

(a) 하수처리장 (S TP ) S TP -sludge 100% S TP -effluent 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% PFHxA P FHpA P FOA P FNA P FDA P FUnDA P FDoD A P FTrDA PFBS P FHxS PF OS PFDS F OUEA N-EtF OS AA N-MeFOS AA tp FCAs tpf AS s tpfc s (b) 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP ) I-W W TP-sludge 100% I-W W TP-effluent 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% P FHxA PFHpA PFOA PFNA P FDA PF UnDA P FDoDA PF TrDA PF BS P FHxS P FOS PF DS FOUEA N-EtF OS AA N-MeFOS AA tp FCAs tpf AS s tpfc s (c) 하 + 폐수처리장 (M-W W TP) M-WW TP -sludge 100% M-WW TP -effluent 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% P FHxA PF HpA P FOA P FNA P FDA P FUnDA P FDoDA PFTrDA PFB S PF HxS P FOS PF DS FOUE A N-EtFOSAA N-MeFOSAA tpfc As tpfas s tpf Cs - 156 -

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(a) 10 4 STP I-WWTP M-WWTP 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10-1 10-2 (b) Emission rate (g/da 10-3 10-4 PFHxA PFHpA PFOA PFNA PFDA PFUnD PFDoD PFTrDA PFBS PFHxS PFOS PFDS FOUEA NEtF NC NM NC 10 4 STP I-WWTP M-WWTP 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10-1 10-2 10-3 (c) Emission rate (g/ 10-4 PFHx PFHp PFOA PFNA PFDA PFU PFD NC NC NC N N FOUE PFDS PFOS PFHx PFBS PFTr STP I-WWTP M-WWTP 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10-1 10-2 Concentration (ng/g) in Sludge cake 10-3 NC 10-4 PFDA PFNA PFOA PFHpA PFHxA PFUnDA FOUEA PFDS PFOS PFHxS PFBS PFTrDA PFDoDA NEtFOSAA NMeFOSAA - 158 -

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(a) 유입수 Em ission rate (g /day) in influent 100 10 1 5-days average 5-days com posite P FH xa P FH p A P FO A P FN A P FD A P FU n D A P FD o D A P FT rd A P FB S P FH xs P FO S P FD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo S A A (b) 방류수 Em ission rate (g /day) in effluent 100 10 1 5-days average 5-days com posite P FH xa P FH p A P FO A P FN A P FD A P FU n D A P FD o D A P FT rd A P FB S P FH xs P FO S P FD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo S A A (c) 슬러지 ( 탈수케잌 ) Em ission rate (g /day) in sludge cake 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 P FO A P FN A P FD A P FU nd A P FD od A P FT rd A P FB S P FH xs P FO S P FD S 5-days average 5-days com posite FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A - 160 -

(a) 계절간변동 RSD (% ) 200 150 100 50 하수처리장 (STP) 유입수 STP-1 STP-2 STP-3 STP-4 STP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (b) 계절간변동 R SD (% ) 200 150 100 50 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP ) 유입수 I-W W TP-1 I-W W TP-2 I-W W TP-3 I-W W TP-4 I-W W TP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU nd A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (c) 계절간변동 R SD (% ) 200 150 100 50 하 + 폐수처리장 (M -W W TP) 유입수 M -W W TP-1 M -W W TP-2 M -W W TP-3 M -W W TP-4 M -W W TP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU nd A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A - 161 -

(a) 계절간변동 R SD (% ) 200 150 100 50 하수처리장 (STP) 방류수 STP-1 STP-2 STP-3 STP-4 STP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (b) 계절간변동 RSD (% ) 200 150 100 50 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP) 방류수 I-W W TP-1 I-W W TP-2 I-W W TP-3 I-W W TP-4 I-W W TP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (c) - 162 -

계절간변동 RSD (% ) 200 150 100 50 하 + 폐수처리장 (M -W W TP ) 방류수 M -W W TP-1 M -W W TP-2 M -W W TP-3 M -W W TP-4 M -W W TP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (a) 계절간변동 R SD (% ) 200 150 100 50 하수처리장 (STP) 슬러지 STP-1 STP-2 STP-3 STP-4 STP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (b) - 163 -

계절간변동 RSD (% ) 200 150 100 50 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP) 슬러지 I-W W TP-1 I-W W TP-2 I-W W TP-3 I-W W TP-4 I-W W TP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A (c) 계절간변동 RSD (% ) 200 150 100 50 하 + 폐수처리장 (M -W W TP ) 슬러지 M -W W TP-1 M -W W TP-2 M -W W TP-3 M -W W TP-4 M -W W TP-5 0 PFH xa PFH pa PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU n D A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A - 164 -

(a-1) (b-1) 하수처리장 (STP) 하수처리장 (STP) PFH xa PFH xa STP-5 PFH pa STP-5 PFH pa PFO A PFO A PFN A PFN A STP-4 PFD A STP-4 PFD A PFU nd A PFU nd A PFD o D A PFD o D A STP-3 PFTrD A STP-3 PFTrD A PFBS PFBS PFH xs PFH xs STP-2 PFO S STP-2 PFO S PFD S PFD S FO U EA FO U EA STP-1 N -EtFO SA A STP-1 N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SAA N -M efo SAA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% (a-2) (b-2) 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP) 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP) PFH xa PFH xa I-W W TP -5 PFH pa I-W W TP-5 PFH pa PFO A PFO A PFN A PFN A I-W W TP -4 PFD A I-W W TP-4 PFD A PFU nd A PFU nd A PFD od A PFD od A I-W W TP -3 PFTrD A I-W W TP-3 PFTrD A PFBS PFBS PFH xs PFH xs I-W W TP -2 PFO S I-W W TP-2 PFO S PFD S PFD S FO U EA FO U EA I-W W TP -1 N -EtFO SA A I-W W TP-1 N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A N -M efo SA A 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% (a-3) (b-3) 하 + 폐수처리장 (M -W W TP ) 하 + 폐수처리장 (M -W W TP) PFH xa PFH xa M -W W TP -5 PFH p A M -W W TP-5 PFH pa PFO A PFO A PFN A PFN A M -W W TP -4 PFD A M -W W TP-4 PFD A PFU nd A PFU nd A PFD od A PFD od A M -W W TP -3 PFTrD A M -W W TP-3 PFTrD A PFBS PFBS PFH xs PFH xs M -W W TP -2 PFO S M -W W TP-2 PFO S PFD S PFD S FO U EA FO U EA M -W W TP -1 N -EtFO SA A M -W W TP-1 N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A N -M efo SA A 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% - 165 -

(a) 하수처리장 (STP) PFH xa STP-5 STP-4 STP-3 STP-2 STP-1 PFH p A PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU nd A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% (b) 폐수처리장 (I-W W TP) PFH xa I-W W TP -5 I-W W TP -4 I-W W TP -3 I-W W TP -2 I-W W TP -1 PFH p A PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU nd A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% (c) 하 + 폐수처리장 (M -W W TP ) PFH xa M -W W TP -5 M -W W TP -4 M -W W TP -3 M -W W TP -2 M -W W TP -1 PFH p A PFO A PFN A PFD A PFU nd A PFD od A PFTrD A PFBS PFH xs PFO S PFD S FO U EA N -EtFO SA A N -M efo SA A 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% - 166 -

로 영향받음을 의미한다. 반면, 대부분의 하+폐수처리장에서는 PFCAs류가 유입수에 비해 방류수에서 크게 증가하였다. 이것은 유입수내에 PFCAs류 전구물질이 다량으로 함유되어 있다가 해당 처리장들에서 생분해등을 거쳐 PFCAs로 전환되었을 가능성을 의미한다. (a) 하수 처리장 (STP ) 100 STP-1 avg STP-2 avg STP-3 avg STP-4 avg STP-5 avg 농도비 (방류수 / 유입수) 10 1 0.1 0.01 폐수 처리장 (I-W W TP ) 100 I-W W TP-1 avg I-W W TP-2 avg I-W W TP-3 avg I-W W TP-4 avg I-W W TP-5 avg 농도비 (방류수 / 유입수) 10 1 0.1 0.01 하+ 폐수 처리장 (M -W W TP ) 100 M -W W TP-1 avg M -W W TP-2 avg M -W W TP-3 avg M -W W TP-4 avg M -W W TP-5 avg 농도비 (방류수 / 유입수) 10 1 N Et-FOSAA N M e-fosaa PFDS FOUEA PFOS PFBS PFTrDA PFDoDA PFUnDA PFN A PFDA PFOA PFHxA PFHpA 0.01 PFHxS 0.1 그림 72. 각 처리장 유입수와 방류수 사이의 농도의 변화 (농도비=방류수/유입수). 한편, 개별 PFCs 물질의 해당 사업장내에서 유입되는 양과 방류수를 통해 배출되 는 개별 양의 차이(증감량 = 배출량 - 유입량)를 비교한 물질수지를 그림 73에 비교하 - 167 -

였다. 개별물질들의 일일배출량 증감량은 STP-1의 PFOS와 I-WWTP-1의 PFHxA를 제 외한 모든 사업장의 모든 물질들에서 ± 10 g/day의 작은 변동폭을 보였다. 반면, 하+ 폐수처리장에서는 거의 모든 사업장의 모든 물질들이 유입량에 비해 방류량이 더 컸 다. 이것은 이들 사업장내에서 개별 PFCs 물질들의 추가적인 발생을 지시한다. (a) 하수 처리장 (STP ) 100 STP-1 avg STP-2 avg STP-3 avg STP-4 avg STP-5 avg 농도비 (방류수 / 유입수) 10 1 0.1 0.01 폐수 처리장 (I-W W TP ) 100 I-W W TP-1 avg I-W W TP-2 avg I-W W TP-3 avg I-W W TP-4 avg I-W W TP-5 avg 농도비 (방류수 / 유입수) 10 1 0.1 0.01 하+ 폐수 처리장 (M -W W TP ) 100 M -W W TP-1 avg M -W W TP-2 avg M -W W TP-3 avg M -W W TP-4 avg M -W W TP-5 avg 농도비 (방류수 / 유입수) 10 1 N Et-FOSAA N M e-fosaa PFDS FOUEA PFOS PFBS PFTrDA PFDoDA PFUnDA PFN A PFDA PFOA PFHxA PFHpA 0.01 PFHxS 0.1 그림 73. 각 처리장에서의 PFCs 물질수지 (발생량 차이 = 총발생량 - 유입량). - 168 -

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m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m - 171 -

m m m m m m m m m - 172 -

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구부 방류수 PFOA PFOS tpfcas tpfass tpfcs 하수 단위배출량 기준 1) 총하수발생량 기준 2) 0.24 0.17 0.048 0.039 0.65 0.47 0.13 0.11 0.78 0.58 폐수 총폐수발생량 기준 3) 0.12 0.16 0.70 0.55 1.25 하 + 폐수 총합 0.30 0.19 1.17 0.66 1.8 하구측정값 4) 0.27 0.31 -- -- 0.69-175 -

대표하 / 폐수처리장 PFCs 배출실태조사 국내하 / 폐수처리장현황조사 유입수특성별배출특성및배출량파악 - 절대유입, 방류농도? - 입수 (PFCAs>PFASs?)) - 유입수 < 방류수? 수계별 / 유입수특성별하 / 폐수장분류 실태파악 배출특성별하 / 폐수처리장분류 STP vs. I-WWTP vs. M-WWTP 수계별 / 유입수특성별국내총배출량추정및배출기여도추정 추정방법 대상표본시설채취방법, 배출량추정방법 / 검증방법제시 하 / 폐수처리장별우선조사대상시설및시료수선정 조사체계 - 177 -

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