정책연구시리즈 2009-04 외국인력의현황과정책과제 유경준 이규용
외국인력의현황과정책과제 2009. 5 한국개발연구원
발간사 1994, 20.,,,. 2009 3 116 2,171 2.5%. 1997 38 6,972 10 3.05, 2012 150. 70. 3.1%( 4.4%), 8.6%.,..,.,,,,
,..,.,. 2009 12
목 차 발간사 요약 1 제 1 장서론 7 제 2 장최근의일자리변동과외국인력 11 제 1 절일자리현황 11 제 2 절외국인력및외국인력통계의현황 14 제3장외국인력제도와노동시장구조 17 제1절외국인력제도 17 1. 분류기준 17 2. 비전문외국인력제도 19 3. 전문외국인력제도 22 제2절외국인력노동시장구조 28 1. 외국인력의범주와규모 28 2. 비전문외국인력고용구조 33 3. 불법체류자와외국인노동시장 37 4. 전문외국인력고용구조 42 제3절외국인력고용효과와적정외국인력규모 46 1. 외국인력의고용효과 46 2. 적정외국인력도입규모의결정문제 55
제4장외국의외국인력정책 60 제1절유럽 60 1. 외국인근로자수용제도체계 60 2. 외국인근로자수용제도와사회통합정책의특징 62 3. 결론 73 제2절일본 76 1. 외국인근로자수용제도체계 76 2. 외국인근로자수용제도와실태의개요 76 제3절대만말레이시아 싱가포르 87 1. 외국인근로자수용제도체계 87 2. 외국인근로자수용제도와실태의개요 89 제5장외국인력정책과제 96 제1절비전문외국인력정책과제 96 1. 문제점 96 2. 정책과제 100 제2절전문기술외국인력정책과제 111 1. 필요성 111 2. 문제점 112 3. 제도개선방안 114 참고문헌 120 부록 122
표목차 < 표 2-1> 외국인근로자의추이 14 < 표 2-2> 방문취업제관련외국국적동포의추이 15 < 표 3-1> 외국인전문인력의체류자격별활동범위 체류기간종합 27 < 표 3-2> 취업자격체류외국인의자격별현황 (2009년 3월말 ) 29 < 표 3-3> 비자유형별외국인력현황 (2008년 5월 ) 31 < 표 3-4> 성별외국인력추이 32 < 표 3-5> 합법여부별외국인력체류현황 32 < 표 3-6> 고용허가 고용특례업종별현황 (2009년 3월 ) 34 < 표 3-7> 비전문외국인력의업종별분포 36 < 표 3-8> 외국국적동포체류추이 37 < 표 3-9> 체류외국인자격별현황 (2009년 3월 ) 39 < 표 3-10> 체류자격별국적별불법체류자현황 (2009년 3월 ) 40 < 표 3-11> 비자유형별출신국분포 (2008년 9월 ) 44 < 표 3-12> 전문인력고용사업체의업종별분포 (2008년 9월 ) 45 < 표 3-13> E-7 비자취득자의세부직종별분포 (2008년 9월 ) 47 < 표 3-14> 업종별내외국인생산단순직종근로자비중변화 49 < 표 3-15> 인과관계검정결과 51 < 표 3-16> 추정결과 53 < 표 4-1> 외국인근로자수용정책의변천 63 < 표 4-2> 취업허가에관련되는제도 65 < 표 4-3> 각의사회통합정책 69 < 표 4-4> 일본의외국인체류자격일관표 77 < 표 4-5> 체류자격별외국인신규입국자수의추이 78
< 표 4-6> 외국인근로자수의추이 ( 추계 ) 82 < 표 4-7> 체류자격별외국인근로자수 (2008년 6월말현재 ) 83 < 표 4-8> 체류자격별불법체류자수의추이 84 < 표 4-9> 외국인근로자수용제도 92 < 표 4-10> 외국인근로자규모 93 < 표 4-11> 외국인근로자의산업별구성 94 < 표 5-1> 외국인력통계보완필요사항 110 < 표 5-2> 외국전문인력활용현황 (2007년 12월현재 ) 112 < 표 5-3> 사업장규모별분포 113
그림목차 [ 그림 1-1] 직종별인력부족률추이 9 [ 그림 2-1] 최근취업자증가추이 (2006년 1월부터 2008년 6월까지월별 ) 13 [ 그림 2-2] 산업별취업자수증감 15 [ 그림 4-1] 유럽에서외국인근로자의수용제도와노동시장 사회통합 61 [ 그림 4-2] 외국인근로자수용제도와노동시장 사회통합 ( 아시아 ) 88 [ 그림 4-3] 외국인근로자수용제도의변천 90 [ 그림 5-1] 훈련연계외국인근로자도입절차 104
요 약 20.,,,..,.,.,.,.,.,. 2. 2008 20,,
. 2007,,. 2007 10 2008 67 ( 6070% ) 2008. 3.. (E), (H-2), (C-4), (D-3), (D-8), (F-1-4)., 2008 5 71 7,398, 57 6,260, 14 1,138. 47 7,327(66.5%), 24 71(33.5%)..,,.,
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제 1 장서론 20, 1994.,,,. 2009 3 116 2,171 2.5%. 1997 38 6,972 10 3.05, 2012 150. 2009 3, 27.4%, 45.6%, 1) 10.8%, 6.6%, 2.9%, 1.7%, 0.7%.. 2000 40 2005 10 2008 5 72. 3.1%( 4.4%) 1).
, 8.6%.,..,...,. 2007 4/4 27 8,000 2008 1/4 20 9,000 45 18 6,000., 2005,. 2008 2009.,,.,. (), 5
[ 그림 1-1] 직종별인력부족률추이 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 2000 년 2003 년 2005 년 2008 년 관리직 전문가 사무직 서비스판매 농어업숙련직 기능원 조립원 단순노무직종사자 : 2000, 2003, 2005 2007 4. 2005 2008 2008.,, 2005 3.07%( 3.53%) 2006 2.74%( 3.23%) 2007 3.23%( 3.69%) 2005 2008 2.1%( 2.4%). :, (),. 2000 2.16%(30 3.7%) 2005 4.6%(30 6.19%) 2006, 2007 2008 2.71%(30 4.02%) 2000. (, 2007), 3.79%, 7.40%, 3.16%,..
,. (, 2006), (1564) 2016 36,190, 2018 49,340.. (, 2007. 12), (5054) (55 ). (1529) (3049)..,.,....,.,, ( ),,
... 2, 3. 4. 5.
제 2 장일자리변동과외국인력 제 1 절일자리현황 2008 20. [ 2-1] 2007 6( 31.5 ) 2008 2/4 17.3 (0.7% ). 2007 2/4 28.9(1.2%) 2008 1/4 20.9(0.9%). 2),. 5(200307) 25.3, 4.4%, 1% 5.7. 2008 4.2% 24. 3) 2) 2008 3/4 13 7. 3) 2008 5.2%, 4/4 3%. 5.2% 30, 4.2% 24.
[ 그림 2-1] 최근의취업자증가추이 (2006 년 1 월부터 2008 년 6 월까지월별 ) 450.0 ( : ) ( 전년동월대비 : 천명 ) 350.0 250.0 150.0 50.0 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 2006 2007 2008 2008 19.1 56. 4). 1, 2003 20., ( ).. 3 4) (2008) 2007 2008 22,.
. 제 2 절외국인력및외국인력통계의현황 2008. 2008 5 114. < 2-1> 72, (,,,, ). 2007 3 2007 ( ). 5) 2002 (F-1-4) 2006 23 2007 10. 6) 2008 5 75.,, < 표 2-1> 외국인근로자의추이 (: ) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008. 4 253,179 218,243 324,653 424,093 488,833 188,483 180,792 186,894 223,464 231,040 441,662 399,035 511,547 647,557 719,873 : (2008). 5) 5 (H-2), 3 2007 3. 6) 2007 12 2007 13 5.
< 표 2-2> 방문취업제관련외국국적동포의추이 (: ) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007. 3 2007. 6 2007. 9 2007. 12 2008. 3 2008. 4 156 6,964 21,946 70,793 139,296 146,480 163,513 193,684 238,297 282,411 291,109 F-1-4 156 6,964 19,258 52,043 84,055 74,421 46,456 20,926 6,522 2,732 2,628 H-2 - - - - - 26,758 93,708 161,514 228,448 278,034 286,911 E-9 () - - 2,688 18,750 55,241 45,301 23,349 11,244 3,327 1,645 1,570 : F-1-4, H-2, E-9(). :. [ 그림 2-2] 산업별취업자수증감 : KDI, 2008. (, ).. 7) 7) 3.
2008 5 15 3,954 9 77 4(2005 2006 ), 114 30 9. 2 2 (moving average)., 2008 16 2007 12, 2005~06. 2007., 6070%, 30 9 18 521 6.,. 2007 10 2008 67 ( 6070% ) 2008. 8) 8) 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008.
제 3 장외국인력제도와노동시장구조 1. 분류기준 제 1 절외국인력제도..,. (established migrant workers).,. (contract migrant workers).,.. (seasonal migrant workers) 1.
(temporary migrant workers).. (project-tied workers).... (receiving countries)..,. (tertiary education; ) (Vertovec[2002]).,,,,,,,,, IT. (International Organization for Migration) (),.. 9),,,. (visa). 9) (2008c).
,. (D-3, E-8), (E-9), (H-2).,,, 32,. E-1(), E-2(), E-3(), E-4(), E-5() E-6(), E-7( )..,.. 2. 비전문외국인력제도가. 정책의전개과정 1980,. 1991 11, 1993 11.
1990,., 2000 4. 2 1, (2002. 4. 18) (2002. 4. 27) 1 2. 1 2. 2002 12. 2003 8 16 2004 8 17., 2006, 2007 1 1. 2007. 나. 고용허가제도. (E-9) 300,, 3, 5..
,.,.. 1 3.... 300..,.,. 4. 다. 방문취업제., 8 4 30 2002 11
(F-1-4). 2004 8 17 (F-1-4) (E-9).., ( ). 25 (H-2) (5, 1 3 ), 5 3,... 3. 전문외국인력제도가. 전문인력의범주., (skill)..,,,,
.. ()., 2000 H1-B. ( ) 8%.... IT,.. (HSMP),,,. 2003,. 2000. 51,000.
(Independnent Skilled Worker Programs).,, 6.. 5. 1999 9 IT.. 6 3..., 2,500,. (Employement Pass)... E-1E-7(E-6 ). 나. 전문인력비자제도 (E-1)
.,,. E-1 2. (E-2),. 1. E-3(),,,.. (E-1). (E-4).,. 2. (E-5).,
, (),,. 2. (E-6),,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,, (:, ).,,, (:,, ),,,. 6, ( ). (E-7).,,,,,,,,,,,. < 3-1>.
< 표 3-1> 외국인전문인력의체류자격별활동범위 체류기간종합 1 2 (E-1),, (E-2) 1 2 (E-3) [(E-1) ] (E-4) 2 ( ),, 2, (E-5), [(E-1) ],,,,,,. (E-6-1), (E-6-2), (E-6-3) 6, :,, (HIV), (E-6),, 2,, (E-7),, :. http://www.molab.go.kr/kr/oneclick/foreigner08/for0202.jsp.
제 2 절외국인력노동시장구조 1. 외국인력의범주와규모,..., (C-4). (E-1), (E-2), (E-3), (E-4), (E-5), (E-6), (E-7). (E-8), (E-9), (H-2). (H-1), (H-10) (F-1-4)., (C-2), (D-7), (D-8), (D-9).,,,., (E-1E-7) (,,, ), (C-4), (D-3), (F-14). 10). 11) 10) 2009 3.
< 표 3-2> 취업자격체류외국인의자격별현황 (2009 년 3 월말 ) (: ) 568,906 516,619 52,287 34,085 33,342 743 (E-1) 1,852 1,846 6 (E-2) 21,105 20,979 126 (E-3) 1,950 1,940 10 (E-4) 110 106 4 (E-5) 527 515 12 (E-7) 8,541 7,956 585 (E-6) 4,970 3,579 1,391 529,851 479,698 50,153 191,955 158,809 33,146 (E-9-1) 22,481 20 22,461 (E-9-2~E-9-7) 168,659 158,786 9,873 (E-9-A~E-9-K) 815 3 812 (E-8) 14,998 421 14,577 (E-10) 4,317 3,595 722 (H-2) 318,581 316,873 1,708 :,, 2009. 3., 2009 3 56 8,906, 90.8%, (C-4) 862 523 339 (D-3) 16,449 2,090 14,359 (F-1-4) 1,300 5 1,295 : (2009). 11).
8.2%. 52 9,851(93.1%), 3 4,085 (5.9%). (H-2) 31 8,581, 19 1,955. 3 4,085 2 1,105, (8,541), (1,950), (1,852). (E), (H-2), (C-4), (D-3), (D-8), (F-1-4).. (E), (H-2), (C-4), (D-3), (D-8), (F-1-4).,. 12).. < 3-3> 2008 5. 13) ( ). 71 7,398 14) 57 6,260, 12). ( 1660 90% ),. 13) 2008 5. 14).
< 표 3-3> 비자유형별외국인력현황 (2008 년 5 월 ) (: ) (C-4) 1,250 860 390 (D-3) 21,880 16,423 5,457 (D-8) 8,326 7,227 1,099 (E-1) 1,589 1,131 458 (E-2) 18,087 10,454 7,633 (E-3) 2,166 1,846 320 (E-4) 168 161 7 (E-5) 457 452 5 (E-6) 4,694 1,210 3,484 (E-7) 7,583 5,813 1,770 (E-8) 24,265 21,413 2,852 (E-9) 190,004 164,233 25,771 (E-10) 3,164 3,164 - (F-14) 2,202 1,229 973 (H-2) 290,465 157,368 133,097 (A) 576,260 392,984 183,276 (B) 141,138 84,343 56,795 (A+B) 717,398 477,327 240,071 : 1). 2). : (2008). 14 1,138. 47 7,327(66.5%) 24 71(33.5%).
< 표 3-4> 성별외국인력추이 2004 467,367 313,602 153,765 2005 438,534 297,367 141,167 2005 407,935 282,946 124,989 2006 472,432 323,804 148,628 2006 528,414 364,235 164,179 2007 553,204 381,044 172,160 2007 622,028 422,379 199,649 2008 15 712,124 473,435 238,690 :,. < 표 3-5> 합법여부별외국인력체류현황 (: ) 2005. 12 2006. 12 2007. 12 2008. 7 (A+B) 399,035 511,547 647,557 701,048 (A) 218,243 324,653 424,093 477,819 (B) 180,792 186,894 223,461 223,229 : 1) (47.3%), (18.5%), (14.0%), (3.6%). 2) 2008 12. :. ( 3-4 ). 2000 40 2005 10 2008 5 70 3.0%( 4.4%)., 2008 7 68.2% ( 3-5), 92.6%. ()
(H-2) 66.1% ( 3-8). 2. 비전문외국인력고용구조., 2003,... 10%. 15), 25%. 16). < 3-6> 2009 3. 16 8,659 9,873. 15 159, (8,722), (7,352), (2,294)... 15) 2008 6 29 7,329 1 5,368 5% 16) 2008.
< 표 3-6> 고용허가 고용특례업종별현황 (2009 년 3 월 ) (:, %) 191,955 158,809 33,146 17.3 (E-91) 22,481 20 22,461 99.9 168,659 158,786 9,873 5.9 (E-92) 150,159 142,066 8,093 5.4 (E-93) 8,722 8,261 461 5.3 (E-94) 7,352 6,523 829 11.3 (E-95) 2,294 1,826 468 20.4 (E-96) 114 94 20 17.5 (E-97) 18 16 2 11.1 815 3 812 99.6 (E-9A) 343 1 342 99.7 (E-9B) 14 0 14 100.0 (E-9C) 114 0 114 100.0 (E-9D) 309 1 308 99.7 (E-9F) 31 1 30 96.8 (E-9G) 3 0 3 100.0 (E-91) 1 0 1 100.0 : (2009). < 3-6>,,,. 2007..,,..
, (2004) 2002. 17) 2002. 2003 4. 18) 2003 (51.0%), (22.8%), (15.7%).,., 5. (2008),. 19),., 2003 (, ).,., 90%,, 2002. < 3-7>. 17) (2004), pp.203206. 18) 4 4,498, 1,367, 3,686, 600. 19) (2008), pp.3233.,.
< 표 3-7> 비전문외국인력의업종별분포 (: ) 2004. 12 438,730 197,245 94,912 41,338 10,648 94,587 2005. 6 375,065 171,819 79,970 36,442 9,286 77,548 2005. 12 395,708 187,009 79,326 43,484 11,006 74,883 2006. 6 464,347 213,336 96,067 57,115 14,797 83,033 2006. 12 502,577 232,280 102,646 63,557 16,822 87,272 2007. 6 533,277 232,878 112,239 71,001 18,635 98,524 2007. 12 612,962 238,025 151,246 87,932 22,905 112,855 2008. 5 673,078 247,047 175,017 101,325 26,365 123,324 : (2008). 2008 5 67 3,078, 24 7,047(36.7%), 17 5,017(26.0%), 10 1,325(15.1%), 2 6,365(3.9%), 12 3,324(18.3%).,, (, ). < 3-8> 2002 (F-1-4) 2006 2~3, 2007 3 2007 10. 2007 12 2007 13 5, H-2 10..,.
< 표 3-8> 외국국적동포체류추이 (: ) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007. 3 2007. 6 2007. 12 2008. 6 2008. 11 156 6,964 21,946 70,793 139,296 146,480 163,513 238,297 297,329 300,681 F-1-4 156 6,964 19,258 52,043 84,055 74,421 46,456 6,522 2,029 1,489 H-2 - - - - - 26,758 93,708 228,448 294,029 298,307 E-9() - - 2,688 18,750 55,241 45,301 23,349 3,327 1,271 885 : F-1-4, H-2, E-9(), 2008 42. :. 3. 불법체류자와외국인노동시장.,,,...... 1987.
1991 93.4%. 1991 11. 1994 58.9% 2002 79.8%. 2003 8 2003 10 2 2003 12 35.5%, 2002 28 9 13 8. 2009 3 116 2,171 16.8% 19 5,038., 20. 2009 3. 22.1%, 17.0%, 15.6%, 8.0%, 7.5%. 99.6%, 97.2%, 80.9%, 76.9%, 56.9%.. 2009 3 58.5% 6.9%. 65.9%, 44.2% 40.8%...,
< 표 3-9> 체류외국인자격별현황 (2009 년 3월 ) (:, %) () 1,162,171 967,133 195,038 100 16.8 (B-1) 27,449 11,843 15,606 8.0 56.9 (B-2) 56,083 47,456 8,627 4.4 15.4 (C-2) 37,591 7,163 30,428 15.6 80.9 (C-3) 56,022 12,946 43,076 22.1 76.9 (E-6) 4,970 3,579 1,391 0.7 28.0 (E-8) 14,998 421 14,577 7.5 97.2 (E-9) 191,955 158,809 33,146 17.0 17.3 (F-1) 42,927 37,418 5,509 2.8 12.8 (F-1-4) 1,300 5 1,295 0.7 99.6 728,876 687,493 41,383 21.2 5.7 : (2009)..,..,,.,,,,
< 표 3-10> 체류자격별 국적별불법체류자현황 (2009 년 3 월 ) (:, %),,,, 195,038 100 24,233 12.4 73,504 37.7 38,809 19.9 58,492 30.0 64,487 100 4,675 7.2 37,713 58.5 4,454 6.9 17,645 27.4 26,379 100 158 0.6 7,894 29.9 2,555 9.7 15,772 59.8 15,382 100 200 1.3 2,152 14.0 8,551 55.6 4,479 29.1 13,728 100 9,040 65.9 23 0.2 3,005 21.9 1,660 12.1 13,517 100 707 5.2 7,281 53.9 3,149 23.3 2,380 17.6 12,670 100 148 1.2 3,486 27.5 4,122 32.5 4,914 38.8 8,193 100 23 0.3 5,036 61.5 2,072 25.3 1,062 13.0 7,700 100 3,406 44.2 427 5.5 1,868 24.3 1,999 26.0 5,266 100 131 2.5 345 6.6 3,820 72.5 970 18.4 3,293 100 1,343 40.8 233 7.1 1,072 32.6 645 19.6 24,423 100 4,402 18.0 8,914 36.5 4,141 17.0 6,966 28.5 : 2003. : (2009)...,, 20)., 20).
,,,...,,..,,..,.,,.. 2007, 22 1,573 6 4 7,659(21.5%) 10 2 692(9.4%). 10 91.8% 1 9,003, 5,779, 1 3,224...,.
.,,., 5.... 4. 전문외국인력고용구조.. 21) 2008 9 E-3() 2,098, E-4() 154, E-5() 476, E-7( ) 6,372 9,100. 30 46.4% 40 68.2%., 50 14.9%. E-3 E-7 30 E-4 E-5 50. E-4 50 50.0%, E-5 50 53.4%.. 21) (2008c), (2009).
100, 10 < 3-11>. 2,782(30.6%), (11.9%), (10.2%), (7.8%), (4.4%). (E-3) 27.4%,,,. (E-3). (E-4)., (E-4) 11.0%. (E-5),,,,,,,,,. (E-7) 36.8% 40%. DB DB. < 3-12>. 24.3%, 21.2%, 16.0%, 14.2% 4 75.7%.. (E-3) 38.7%, (25.1%). (21.2%),, (12.0%). (E-3). (E-4)
< 표 3-11> 비자유형별출신국분포 (2008년 9월 ) (:, %) E-3() E-4() E-5() 575 27.4 25 16.2 64 13.4 431 20.5 () 19 12.3 45 9.5 302 14.4 17 11.0 40 8.4 () 206 9.8 16 10.4 35 7.4 98 4.7 15 9.7 33 6.9 59 2.8 15 9.7 30 6.3 47 2.2 11 7.1 26 5.5 46 2.2 5 3.2 26 5.5 31 1.5 4 2.6 () 22 4.6 24 1.1 3 1.9 17 3.6 1,819 86.7 130 84.4 338 71.0 2,098 100.0 154 100.0 476 100.0 E-7( ) 2,348 36.8 2,782 30.6 788 12.4 1,081 11.9 500 7.8 926 10.2 378 5.9 706 7.8 337 5.3 401 4.4 203 3.2 () 367 4.0 198 3.1 290 3.2 192 3.0 262 2.9 141 2.2 244 2.7 141 2.2 186 2.0 5,226 82.0 7,245 79.6 6,372 100.0 9,100 100.0 :, DB.
< 표 3-12> 전문인력고용사업체의업종별분포 (2008 년 9 월 ) E-3() E-4 () E-5 () E-7 ( ) % % % % % 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.1 3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.0 753 38.7 64 53.8 0 0.0 903 16.2 1,720 21.2 3 0.2 1 0.8 0 0.0 5 0.1 9 0.1 24 1.2 8 6.7 0 0.0 357 6.4 389 4.8 16 0.8 2 1.7 0 0.0 333 6.0 351 4.3 0 0.0 1 0.8 0 0.0 1,970 35.4 1,971 24.3 1 0.1 0 0.0 465 98.5 114 2.0 580 7.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 25 0.4 25 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 165 3.0 165 2.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 33 0.6 33 0.4 488 25.1 38 31.9 0 0.0 769 13.8 1,295 16.0, 233 12.0 4 3.4 0 0.0 30 0.5 267 3.3 413 21.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 739 13.3 1,152 14.2 6 0.3 0 0.0 7 1.5 6 0.1 19 0.2, 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 65 1.2 66 0.8, 5 0.3 1 0.8 0 0.0 51 0.9 57 0.7 1,944 100.0 119 100.0 472 100.0 5,569 100.0 8,104 100.0 : DB, < 3-11>. : DB DB. (53.8%) (31.9%) 85.7%, E-5 98.5%, (E-5). (E-7) 35.4%, (16.2%), (13.8%),
(13.3%). (E-7). DB (E-7), < 3-13>. 2,107 33.1%, (12.6%),,,, (5.0%). (E-7),,,, (, )..,,,. 제 3 절외국인력고용효과와적정외국인력규모, 1. 외국인력의고용효과,... (1995), (2004). (translog production function)
< 표 3-13> E-7 비자취득자의세부직종별분포 (2008 년 9 월 ) (:, %) % % 2,107 33.1,, 21 0.3,, 804 12.6 21 0.3,,, 318 5.0 19 0.3 277 4.3, 19 0.3 196 3.1 19 0.3 196 3.1 18 0.3, 192 3.0 16 0.3 149 2.3 16 0.3 109 1.7 15 0.2 107 1.7 15 0.2 105 1.6 14 0.2 100 1.6 12 0.2 97 1.5 12 0.2 91 1.4 12 0.2 82 1.3 11 0.2 81 1.3 10 0.2 78 1.2 9 0.1 77 1.2 7 0.1 74 1.2 7 0.1 62 1.0 7 0.1 61 1.0 7 0.1 61 1.0 6 0.1 58 0.9 5 0.1 51 0.8 5 0.1 51 0.8 5 0.1 49 0.8 4 0.1 49 0.8 4 0.1 45 0.7 4 0.1,,, 44 0.7 3 0.0 39 0.6 3 0.0 38 0.6 2 0.0 37 0.6 2 0.0 35 0.5 2 0.0 34 0.5 2 0.0 34 0.5 2 0.0, 24 0.4 1 0.0 22 0.3 1 0.0 6,372 100.0 : E-7. :, DB.
.. (2008). 22). < 3-14>. 2006., 2007., 2005 2007 3839% 4950% 2008 36.2% 46.5%. 2004 45% 2007 7.27% 2008 9.13%. 38% 2008 37.35%, 2007 2008.,.,. 22) (2008).
< 표 3-14> 업종별내외국인생산 단순직종근로자비중변화 (: %) 1 2 2002 25.63-58.10-42.13 50.81-36.63-98.65-2002 25.49-58.02-42.98 52.27-36.98-98.30-2003 25.06-56.88-41.25 51.57-36.43-97.81-2003 24.97-55.96-41.54 52.14-36.91-98.07-2004 25.46-56.58-40.64 51.38-37.45-97.48-2004 25.66 1.94 57.07 4.59 40.12 50.67 5.21 37.63 2.00 96.86 9.01 2005 25.45 1.80 56.04 4.32 38.40 48.58 4.93 38.17 1.91 96.48 7.79 2005 25.17 1.63 55.04 4.23 39.12 49.13 4.14 38.73 1.86 97.25 7.45 2006 25.46 1.91 54.86 4.88 38.01 48.05 4.92 39.06 2.52 97.00 9.77 2006 25.52 2.11 53.91 5.48 38.33 48.64 5.45 38.30 3.00 97.91 11.42 2007 25.94 2.21 54.19 5.63 39.82 50.13 5.71 38.15 3.26 97.51 11.20 2007 25.44 2.48 53.61 5.74 37.80 48.05 7.27 38.06 3.91 97.72 12.73 2008 25.21 2.84 53.87 6.00 36.22 46.47 9.13 37.35 4.78 97.98 16.29 : 1).,. - : / - : / - 1: / - 2: / - : / - : / :,,.
... Granger. (FWK) (DWK),.. 23) (1) (2) 3 (1) (2) < 3-15>.,., Granger (period) (period).. Nerlove (partial adjustment model). 23) (2007), pp.569570.
< 표 3-15> 인과관계검정결과 F(3, 25) 0.323 0.476 2.559* 0.799 3.649** 0.299 0.801 1.317 : 2004 7 2008 5 < 3-14>. (3) (3). ln ln ln (4)., 1, 0. 0 1., (),,,, ln ln. (4).
ln ln ln (5) ( ),, < 3-16>. 2004 7 2008 5,., +, +,..,., t t-1., Durbin-h, Durbin-w. 24) Cochrane-Orcutt.,. 3 24) (serial correlation) (autocorrelation) Durbin Watson d. d d 2 0 (+), 4 (-). Theil-Nager Geary., Durbin Watson d, Durbin h. (2007), pp.376383.
< 표 3-16> 추정결과 (AR1) (AR1) (AR1) (AR!) 5.244(1.161)*** 7.837(0.146)*** 4.392(1.219)*** 6.209(0.663)*** 6.113(0.537)*** 6.274(0.648)*** 5.401(0.945)*** 7.086(0.243)*** 1.792(0.519)** 3.999(0.077)*** 0.001(0.001) 0.001(0.001) 0.083(0.029)** 0.093(0.028)** 0.122(0.036)** 0.093(0.027)** -0.002(0.002) -0.003(0.003) (t-1) 0.329(0.146)** 0.254(0.148)* 0.247(0.134)* 0.558(0.130)*** (t-1) 0.036(0.031) 0.053(0.032) -0.073(0.150) -0.119(0.170) -0.116(0.037)** -0.145(0.034)*** 0.003(0.062) -0.022(0.074) -0.183(0.095)* -0.143(0.164) (=1) 0.013(0.007)* 0.019(0.007)** 0.040(0.064) 0.077(0.066) 0.082(0.048)* 0.081(0.065) -0.001(0.013) -0.003(0.0128) -0.003(0.000)** -0.004(0.000)*** -0.001(0.002) -0.001(0.003) -0.001(.001) -0.001(0.003) 0.003(0.001)** 0.004(0.001)*** 0.003(0.002) 0.008(0.002)***
< 표 3-16> 의계속 (AR1) (AR1) (AR1) (AR!) 46 46 45 45 47 46 46 46 46 46 0.880 0.882 0.435 0.411 0.120 0.418 0.317 0.841 0.841 0.777 D-h/ D-W 1.318 1.954 1.567 1.488 0.946 1.534 1.848 1.833 1.206 0.877 : 1. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.10 2. AR1 Cochrane-Orcutt. 3.,,. 4. (). : : + : + : 5. 2007 3 1, 0. 6.. :. :,. :, KOSIS.
Cochrane-Orcutt 4. 1 2 (-). 25),,..,.,.,.... 2. 적정외국인력도입규모의결정문제 25) (2008a).
..,,.,.,.,,,,, (dependency ceiling) (levy).,,.. 26).,..,,... 26) (2004).
(dependency ratio),...,.. 1990 14...., 14,.., (DOL)., DOL...,,,,.,
.,.....,.,,,..,,.,.,,...,
,,..,,.
제 4 장외국의외국인력정책 27),,.... 제 1 절유럽 1. 외국인근로자수용제도의체계 5(,,,, ). 5 < 5-1>. 27) (2001), (2001), (2005), (2006, 2007).
[ 그림 4-1] 유럽의외국인근로자수용제도와노동시장 사회통합, 1. 2. (, ) (, ) : (2006)..,,,.,.,. [ 4-1]..,
,.. ( ),,,. 2. 외국인근로자수용제도와사회통합정책의특징가. 외국인근로자수용정책의변천,. 2,. < 4-1>.,,, 1970,.,.,,.., 2, 3.,. 2000. < 4-1>
< 표 4-1> 외국인근로자수용정책의변천 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 (2000) IT (2001), (1973), (1990) (2004 ). (EU, ) (2004 ) (1974) (a) (b) (1984) (2001) ( ).. (1971) (2005) ( (SBS)) (1970 ) (1998) - (2002) (1986) 1960 1970, : (2006).
4 2000, ( ), ( ), (). 나. 외국인근로자수용제도의특징,.,,.,.. < 4-2>. ( ),.. EU., EU,.,, EU.
< 표 4-2> 취업허가에관련되는제도., EU,.., EU 1975, EU ( ) ( ) EEA() -,,, (,, 8.46 ) ( ) (, 7 l 10 31 3 ) 3 (IT ) ( ) - 3 (), -, IT, ( 6 ) ( ),, ( ) EU ( ) l ( ) (l) ( ),,, 9 ( -, ) ( ) - 8, 4 (2), 68 EU ( 8 ) (2006) 1) : 1),,,,,,,.
< 표 4-2> 의계속 ( ) ( ) 2) ( ) (HSMP) - 2002 ( -, -., - 1, 4 ) (SAWS) ( -, 18, - 5 6, - ) (SBS) (1),,,.,. 2006 1,,. 2 (a)2003 ( ) (b) (c) - (d) -, (e) - 1 (f) (g) ( ) - 4.5 (, 30 3.3 ) EU 8 : 2) 18 25 (). 1980 12 1 ()( ).
< 표 4-2> 의계속 (, ) (2) (a) - 18 (2005) (b) -,, :, 3. 3 (c)eu, : 3. : 24 (a) ( l) ( 2) (b)(2) (c)( 9) EU 8 (2006), (a) (b)cwi( ) 1 (2004) (c) -,,, ( ), ( ), ( ). (WRS) : (2006). EU., EU., EU EU. < 4-2>,,
. 다. 사회통합정책의특징 1990,. 1970 2, 3,, 1990.,, 2003, (ANAEM). 3,,. 3.,,. 1998. 1990 3,,. < 4-3>.,,.,,
< 표 4-3> 각국의사회통합정책, - 2005 () 23 1990 : (a)(eu ), (b) - ( ), (c) (2005 ): 19.4( 9.8, 4.0, 5.6) - (a) (600), (1998) (30), (b) 34, (c) ( ),, (a) - ( 1),, (b), ( a ) (b)
< 표 4-3> 의계속, (ANAEM (2005 )). l(l ).. () ( ) -..,,.. - ANAEM -, (a) ( - ). FASTI - (DIDO) ) -, 95.,., (a)anaem. 2003 2003,,. (b) - - : GISTI- (a), 30(05 ), A N A E M (300~500, 60 ( ). - : 6,000 (, SSAE, ) DPM (, (b) ( ). ) ). (b) (1970 )
< 표 4-3> 의계속, j o b () () - -, (, ( ) ). ( ) ( ) ASI -,, -,,., JCWI - ( ) (,,, ) (a) 1998 -, ( a ) ( ) -, (b), (b), 400,,,
< 표 4-3> 의계속 - 1 9 6 0 (, ),, 2, 3 - - : (2006). ( ) - (1998 ) - (a) (b) - CWI( ) (c) - CWI ( ROC ) CWI, ( ), - : 1 6,000, 7,000 CWI ( ).,.,,.
3. 결론가. 유럽의경험의의미 5,,..,,.,..,...,..,..,,.
,,,. 1960..,.. 나. 사회통합정책의시사점 1) 피할수없는외국인근로자의정주화,,.,..,.,. 2) 막대한사회통합비용의각오가필요 1 2, 3
. 1, 2, 3 1., 2, 3.,.,., 1960 1990 30 40, 2, 3.,.,,.,,,,,.,,,,,.,, 2, 3.
.,. 제 2 절일본 1. 외국인근로자수용제도의체계 < 4-4> ( ).,,,,,,,,.,,,. < 4-5>, 2004 13 4,879, 7 5,359, 3 1,307. 2. 외국인근로자수용제도와실태의개요가. 외국인근로자수용정책의변천 1980., 1990..
< 표 4-4> 일본의외국인체류자격일관표 1-1 1-2 - (,, ) - ( ) - ( ) - (,, ) - ( ) - (, ) - ( ) - ( ) - (, ) - ( ) - (, ) - ( ) - (,, ) - ( ) - (,,, ) - (,, ) - ( ) 1-3 - (, ) - (,, ( )) 1-4 2 - (, ) - () - (, ) 1-5 - (, ) - ( ) - ( ) - ( ) - (, 3 ) : 1),, ( 19 2). 2),,. 3) ( ). : (2005).
< 표 4-5> 체류자격별외국인신규입국자수의추이 (: ) 1990 1995 2000 2002 2004 1990~2004 2,927,578 2,934,428 4,256,403 4,646,240 5,508,926 2,581,348 8,554 9,315 9,408 9,339 8,710 156 13,802 10,768 11,767 14,060 12,633-1,169 591 1,296 1,941 1,966 2,339 1,748 1,202 103 167 220 197-1,005 1,958 1,219 1,199 946 911-987 410 212 231 351 150-260 / 3,807 1,021 863 566 675-3,132 / 42 7 3-42 73 1-72 458 870 1,036 782 577 119 4,092 2,963 3,323 3,337 3,180-912 1,338 3,717 3,396 2,759 3,506 2,168 / 2,756 4,982 7,039 6,151 6,641 3,885 1,540 3,074 3,876 2,900 3,550 2,010 75,091 59,833 103,264 123,322 134,879 59,788 1,510 2,210 3,529 1,792 2,211 701 1,920 3,668 3,210 3,084 4,191 2,271 2,703,793 2,724,559 3,910,624 4,302,429 5,136,943 2,433,150 9,528 10,155 19,503 24,730 21,958 12,430 20,851 9,928 22,404 25,948 15,027-5,824 37,566 40,591 54,049 58,534 75,359 37,793 10,744 13,989 17,617 13,888 13,553 2,809 3,935 3,160 4,364 4,890 6,478 2,543 13,543 19,950 33,167 20,857 23,083 9,540 165 256 389 473 807 642 8,154 6,581 40,033 22,905 31,307 23,153 155 6-155 :, ; (2005).
1960,. 1990. ( OJT) 1993. 3D, (JITCO).,. 1990 6 (),,, 2, 3.,, 1990 7 20..,. 1990,,,,,. 21,
.. 나. 수용정책의특징.,.,,,,.,,,.,, 3.,,., 1999 9
,,,. 다. 외국인근로자노동시장의규모 2003, < 4-6>, 18 5, 5 3, 9 8. 21 9., < 4-7>. 2008 6 15 44.2%,, (20.9%), (8.3%)., 2005 20 7 (67.3%), (5.5%), (4.1%), (3.9%) ( 4-8 ). 라. 일본의경험이주는함의 3D,,. 3D, 3D, 3D.. 3D,
< 표 4-6> 외국인근로자수의추이 ( 추계 ) 1) (: ) (/ ) 1990 1993 1996 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2) 1,824 3,182 4,573 5,879 6,744 7,196 7,751 8,037 6,213 560 174 272 351 363 381 397 386-174 5,476 5,733 5,010 4,962 4,976 4,948 4,858 4,732 744 382 383 454 361 349 348 351 294-88 7,334 4,429 5,014 5,440 5,694 5,906 5,956 6,135-1,199 76 72 65 77 95 99 111 122 46 365 195 140 114 95 95 114 110-255 975 1,477 2,019 2,896 2,934 3,141 3,369 2,770 1,795 7,569 6,195 7,514 8,079 8,375 9,069 9,715 9,390 1,821 3,398 9,922 11,052 15,668 15,531 19,439 20,717 20,807 17,409 14,426 23,455 27,377 31,766 34,739 40,861 44,496 44,943 30,517 1,488 5,718 5,941 7,377 8,657 9,913 10,923 10,605 9,117 21,138 28,528 20,103 32,297 53,847 55,461 58,359 64,642 43,504 2,972 5,913 8,767 10,459 11,349 11,927 12,522 12,583 9,611 67,983 95,376 98,301 125,726 154,748 168,783 179,639 185,556 117,573 3,260 5,054 8,624 23,334 29,749 37,831 46,445 53,503 50,243 ( ) 10,935 39,299 30,102 45,966 59,435 65,535 83,340 98,006 87,071 71,803 174,904 211,169 220,458 233,187 239,744 233,897 230,866 159,063 106,497 296,751 282,986 251,697 232,121 224,067 220,552 219,418 112,921 : 1) 1 1, 1 2. 1 5. 19 2,,. 2,,.. 1. 1990 7 1, 1992 1996 11 1, 1997 1 1. 2) 1990~2003. : ; (2005).
< 표 4-7> 체류자격별외국인근로자수 (2008 년 6 월말현재 ) (: ) (1) / (2) (3) / (4) (5) (6) (7) (4)(7) 149,876 (44.2%) 24,405 58,703 37,323 4,686 13,107 7,043 678 3,931 24,759 (16.5%) 13,106 (3.9%) 5,094 828 3,442 256 2,261 959 74 192 3,486 (26.6%) 28,134 (8.3%) 70,809 (20.9%) 1,535 3,737 133 90 10,892 5,623 379 5,745 236 66 51 10 18,868 16,764 284 34,530 22,639 (80.5%) 70,446 (99.5%) 10,632 (3.1%) 44 32 32 5 5,223 1,192 248 3,856 10,519 (98.9%) G8/ / 24,210 (7.1%) 15,650 430 323 146 3,769 3,620 59 213 7,661 (31.6%) 42,046 (12.4%) 8,430 11,492 4,162 852 6,087 4,822 363 2,838 14,110 (33.6%) 338,813 55,394 75,288 48,466 6,045 60,207 40,023 2,085 51,305 153,620 (45.3%) :,,. : (http://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/koyou/index.html).,.. 3D.
< 표 4-8> 체류자격별불법체류자수의추이 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 (2004 ~05 ) (:, %) (%) 278,892 234,876 5,450 16,998 4,183 1,360 16,025 100.0 84.2 2.0 6.1 1.5 0.5 5.7 298,646 242,465 7,451 20,095 6,484 1,788 20,363 100.0 81.2 2.5 6.7 2.2 0.6 6.8 293,800 226,930 9,243 23,995 7,659 2,116 23,857 100.0 77.2 3.1 8.2 2.6 0.7 8.1 286,704 216,057 11,073 22,623 8,216 2,237 26,498 100.0 75.4 3.9 7.9 2.9 0.8 9.2 284,500 211,797 12,911 19,906 8,406 2,585 28,895 100.0 74.4 4.5 7.0 3.0 0.9 10.2 282,986 209,125 13,385 17,873 7,445 2,685 32,473 100.0 73.9 4.7 6.3 2.6 0.9 11.5 276,810 206,620 13,917 15,083 6,824 3,099 31,267 100.0 74.6 5.0 5.4 2.5 1.1 11.3 271,048 206,193 13,610 12,931 5,914 3,115 29,285 100.0 76.1 5.0 4.8 2.2 1.1 10.8 251,697 189,847 12,552 11,359 5,100 3,055 29,784 100.0 75.4 5.0 4.5 2.0 1.2 11.9 232,121 173,051 11,029 10,025 4,401 3,004 30,611 100.0 74.6 4.7 4.3 1.9 1.3 13.2 224,067 163,271 11,154 9,956 4,442 3,264 31,983 100.0 72.9 5.0 4.4 2.0 1.4 14.3 220,552 155,498 11,770 9,779 5,450 3,409 34,646 100.0 70.5 5.3 4.4 2.5 1.5 15.8 220,552 150,326 11,974 9,511 6,672 3,959 36,976 100.0 68.5 5.5 4.3 3.0 1.8 16.9 207,299 139,417 11,319 8,506 8,173 3,648 36,236 100.0 67.3 5.5 4.1 3.9 1.8 17.6-6.0-7.3-5.5-10.6 22.5-7.9-2.0 : ; (2005).
,.,,. 3D., 3D,. 3D,,.,,,....,,..,,.
.,,.,,,,..,,.,,..,.,.,.,..,,.
.. 제 3 절대만 말레이시아 싱가포르 1. 외국인근로자수용제도의체계,.,.. 1980 1990,.,,,.,, ( ),. [ 4-2],,.,,.,
[ 그림 4-2] 외국인근로자수용제도와노동시장 사회통합 ( 아시아 ) ( ) - - - - - - - (, ) (, ) : (2007).
...,. [ 4-1],. ( 4-1 ),, (, ),, ( 4-1 ). 2. 외국인근로자수용제도와실태의개요가. 외국인근로자수용정책의변천 3., 1960 1980.,. [ 4-3], 1980., 1020.,, 1960. ( )
[ 그림 4-3] 외국인근로자수용제도의변천 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1989 (1960~1980 ) 1984 1970 1984 (,,,, ) 1992 1997 1998 1989 1992 1992 1996 1968 ( ) 1970, ( ) 1980 (1980) 1988 : (2007).
., 1970, 20., 1984. 나. 수용정책의특징 2.,,., 2. 1960, 1970.,,. ( 1980, 1992),., ( 4-3 )., 1980.,. 2. < 4-9>.
< 표 4-9> 외국인근로자수용제도 (, 3( (39 )), 3), 3 (,, (2 ) (, ), 5 ),,, P1 ( 7,000 ),, P2 ( 5,000 ) 2( Q1 ( 2,500 ) ). S,,,, ( (, ) ) ( 1,800 ) : (2007).,, ( ), (Q1), S,.,..
.,,, (Ql). 다. 외국인근로자노동시장의규모 3 < 4-10>., 27.3%, 17.5%.. 3.2%. < 표 4-10> 외국인근로자규모 2006 2005 2005 (, %) (, %) 10,502 333-333 100.0 3.2 3.2 10,398 1,823 ( 40) 1,823 100.0 17.5 (3.8) 17.5 2,267 - - 620 100.0-27.3 : 1) 40. 2). : (2007). 1) 송출국의구성.,,,,
,. 2) 외국인근로자의산업별구성,,,,.,, ().,. < 표 4-11> 외국인근로자의산업별구성 (2006) (2006) (2005) (2006) 60,473 33,359 () () () 671,200 51.5 50.4 31.1 29.9 30.0 4.0 15.5 20.8 0.7 17.8 44.0 26.5 48.8 (%) 0.7 - - () 26.9 0.6 0.0 1.0 - - - - : (2007). 라. 아시아 3 개국의경험이주는함의,,..,,,
.,.,, ()..,.,.,,,.,.,,.
제 5 장외국인력정책과제 1. 문제점 제 1 절비전문외국인력정책과제 28).,., 3.., 29)... (2006) 30), 28) 2008. 29),,,,,,,,,.
(20.9)%, (34.0%), 53.4%.,,.,....,..., 95%.,,,. 2008 6070 ( 56), 60 90, 2030, 3040() 120150( 78)., (, ). 31) 30),,, 2006.
.,.. 2007 72, 2008 8 92.5. () () () () (). (, ). () ().. (,,, ). NGO(250 ),.. ( ),.,. 70., 31) (2008);.
. 32).,.,....,., (, ).,,.,. 10%,., 32) ().,,,,, (),,, 8, 34. ( 500 ) 50.
,,,.,..,.,,. 2. 정책과제가. 기업수요에적합한외국인력공급, 300,...,.,
.,,... MOU,.. (, ). (Job Card).,.,.....,
.,.,,,,.,.,..,,.,.,. 나. 고용비용의적정화와생산성제고.,,.
.. 80~90%,.,,. 38,250., ( ),. 2004 7,127 2007( ) 2,008..,...,..
[ 그림 5-1] 훈련연계외국인근로자도입절차 KOICA ( ) 다. 정책전달체계의효율화및체류환경지원.,. 3 (,, ) 1 ( ), - (G4F),.,.,..,. 5 23,.,
..,.,. 877, 1,097. 2001() 3,500 2007() 1,097 1/3..,.,. 라. 불법체류자적극대처 2003 15, 2004 5%.,.,,.,..,,.
,.,..,..,,.., 4.,,,.,.,..,,.
. 마. 노동시장변화에부합하는외국인력공급체계구축 1) 도입규모의탄력적조정 3%,..,,.,..,,,..,,., 4,.
. 2) 방문취업자에대한노동시장지원강화...,.. (2008), (53.6%), (51.6%), (26.6%), 2.0%.,,.,.,. (, ),,,.,..,.
,, (levy),.,,, ( ), ( ). ().,.,.,.,,.. 3) 외국인력수요조절기능마련,., 7.. 33)
4) 외국인력통계인프라구축및연구기반확대.,.,.,, < 5-1>..,., < 표 5-1> 외국인력통계보완필요사항 ( ) (4, 5) (5, ) 33),,,. 1 400, 300.
.,,,.. 제 2 절전문기술외국인력정책과제 1. 필요성.,,,,. (knowledge workers).,, (softpower).,,,, IT,.,.
. 2. 문제점 2007 12 60.9%,. (E-3) (E-7)., 3 E-7,., E-3 E-7 30 62.2% 62.9%, 34),..,,,. < 표 5-2> 외국전문인력활용현황 (2007 년 12 월현재 ) (:, %) (E-1) (E-2) (E-3) (E-4) (E-5) (E-7) 1,279(4.4) 17,721(60.9) 2,318(8.0) 174(0.6) 414(1.4) 7,175(24.7) 29,081 :. 34) (2008b).
< 표 5-3> 사업장규모별분포 E-3() E-7( ) (:, %) 10 864 41.6 2,176 40.5 1029 113 5.4 1,203 22.4 3099 316 15.2 893 16.6 100299 197 9.5 522 9.7 300999 274 13.2 289 5.4 1,000 312 15.0 287 5.3 2,076 100.0 5,370 100.0 :. : (2008b)...,,.. (2007 ) 4.97% 3.16%., 2008 4. Contact Korea,,..
3. 제도개선방안.,,,.. 가. 인력특성별로차별화된유치지원전략.. E-1 E-7,, 3.,,,,, E-1( ), E-3(), E-7( ). E-3(), E-4(), E-5(), E-6(), E-7( )..,. E-7.
.,,, (two-tier) (point system)....,,., E-7, E-7., (: ),. (H-1B) 33,,..,..,.
.,. 35) 나. 공급체계의다변화,,,,,,,,,..,..,.,.,., 35) (2008c).
,. 다. 소관부처별유기적협력체계구축및행정지원체계의정비,,.,.,,.,. 라. 인력의유치및활용을위한취업지원인프라활성화,,..,,.,..,. (2008), 25%
. 36),.,,.,. 마. 사회통합적인적자원관리및교육훈련의필요성,. (2008),,. 37),.,,.. 바. 내국인노동시장고려 36) (2008b). 37).
.,.,.,.,,.
참고문헌, :,, 1995, pp.135158.,,,,, 2004.,, 2008. 5.,, 2009. 3.,, KDI, 2008, 2008.,,, 2007.,,, 2001., 3,, 2007.,,, 2004.,,, 2004.,,, 2008 9,, 2008.,,, 2007a.,,, 2007b.,,, 2008a.,,, 2008b.,,, 2008c.,,, 2008.,,, 2006.,,, 2008.,,, 2004.
,,,,, 2004.,,, (I), 2003-06,, 2003, pp.82125., :,, 2001.,,, 2001.,,, 2005.,,, No. 59, 2006.,,, No. 81, 2007. (http://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/koyou/index.html) Borjas, G. J., Introduction, in G. J. Borjas(ed.), Issues in the Economics of Immigration, University of Chicago Press, 2000, pp.114. Butcher, K. F. and D. Card, Immigration and Wages: Evidence from the1980 s, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, May 1991, pp.292 296. Goto, J., The Impact of Migrant Workers on the Japanese Economy: Trickle vs. Flood, Japan and the World Economy, Vol. 10, 1998, pp.6368. Greenwood, M. J. and G. L. Hunt, Economic Effects of Immigrants on Native and Foreign-Born Workers: Complementarity, Substitutability, and Other Channels of Influence, Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 61, 1995, pp.10761097. Grossman, J. B., The Substitutability of Natives and Immigrants in Production, Review of Economic and Statistics, Vol. 64, No. 4, 1982, pp.596603. Lalonde, R. J. and R. H. Topel, Immigrants in American Labor Market: Quality, Assimilation, and Distributional Effects, American Economic Review, papers and Proceedings, May 1991a, pp.297302. Vertovec, Steven, Transnational Networks and Skilled Labour Migration, Paper Presented at the Transnational Communities Seminar at Oxford University, 2002.
부록 (2008). 참고자료 1. 고용허가제허용업종 (20062007 ) - 300 80-300 - - (55111) - (2006) (2007) - 300-300 - (55111, 55112) - 2006 - (51205) - - (5521, 5522) - - (759223) - (86) - (90) - (92211) - (92212) - (93121) - (93993) (51209) - (514) (518) - (525) - (526) - (528) - (751) - (9222) - (95) - (93991) - 2006 - (51731) - (602) - (63202) ( - ) (633) (051123) (0521) - (011) - (012)
참고자료 2. 업종별고용허용인원기준 제조업 10 5 151 200 25 11 50 10 201 300 30 51 100 15 301 500 40 101 150 20 501 50 : (3 ). 건설업 = 10 5 10100 30 10 5 100300 50 10100 0.6(40 ) 300500 80 100300 0.5(80 ) 5001,000 100 100+ 300 0.4(100 ) 1,000 1,000 50 : 1,000 100 1,000 50. 서비스업 5 2 16 20 7 6 10 3 21 10 11 15 5 : 1. ( 610): 3 4
참고자료 3. 외국인력선정및도입절차 가. 일반외국인근로자선정 도입절차 1. 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( ) 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. (, ) ( ) -, (), ( ) ( ) (37) -,,, ( ), ( ) (,, ) (), (,, ), (),
나. 고용특례자 ( 외국국적동포 ) 선정 도입절차 1. ( ) - 2. (H-2), ( ) (H-2) () 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( ) (37) 6. ( ) () -, 7. ( ) ( ) 10 14
다. 외국인근로자의재고용절차 30 1. () 2. ( ) 3. - ( ) ( ) 4. 1-10 () 5. () - -,,