* (Continuing Bonds Scale: CBS) ( K-CBS),. 1 (293 ), 10, 52.59%. K-CBS.92. 2 (200 ),.40 9. 9., K-CBS,, K-CBS.. K-CBS. K-CBS.,. * 2014 ( ) (NRF-2014S1A3A2044196). :,, (16499) 206 Tel : 031-219-2769, E-mail : wsgim@ajou.ac.kr
. (Baltes & Carstensen, 1996; Boerner & Heckhausen, 2003). (Boerner & Heckhausen, 2003). (continuing bonds), (Stroebe & Schut, 2005, p. 477).,. Freud(1917). Freud (work of mourning) - -.. (Field, 2008). (Kim & Jacobs, 1991; Raphael, 1983; Sanders, 1989; Volkan, 1981),. ( : Worden, 1982) 1).,,., Shuchter Zisook(1993) 13 63%, 47%, 49%, 65%. (Hagman, 1995, 2001; Klass, Silverman, & Nickman, 1996; Klass & Walter, 2001; Silverman, Nickman, & Worden, 1992). Klass Silverman, Nickman(1996) Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. 1) Worden(2003) Grief counseling and grief therapy 3.
,. Klass (1996) (Boerner & Heckhausen, 2003; Stroebe & Schut, 2005). (Field, 2008; Field, Gao, & Paderna, 2005; Fraley & Shaver, 1999, Stroebe & Schut, 2005; Wortman & Silver, 2001). (transformation) (Boerner & Heckhausen, 2003; Field, 2008; Gaines, 1997; Hagman, 1995, 2001; Shuchter & Zisook, 1993; Stroebe & Schut, 2005). Bowlby(1980) (reorganization). Bowlby., (Fraley & Shaver, 1999).,, (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2008). Bowlby Rando (1993),,.. (Boelen, Stroebe, Schut, & Zijerveld, 2006; Bonanno, Notarius, Gunzerath, Keltner, & Horowitz, 1998; Currier, Irish, Neimeyer, & Foster, 2015; Field & Filanosky, 2010; Field & Friedrichs, 2004; Field, Gal-Oz, & Bonanno, 2003; Field, Nichols, Holen, & Horowitz, 1999; Neimeyer, Baldwin, & Gillies, 2006; M. Stroebe, Abakoumkin, Stroebe, & Schut, 2012). (Currier et al., 2015; Root & Exline, 2014)., Field Nichols, Holen, Horowitz(1999).,.
. Boelen Stroebe, Schut, Zijerveld(2006). Field Gal-Oz, Bonanno(2003) 5 2). (Field & Friedrichs, 2004). Neimeyer Baldwin, Gillies(2006) (meaning making). Field Filanosky(2010),, 2), Field (1999) ( ),,. Field (2003)... Currier Irish, Neimeyer, Foster(2015) Neimeyer (2006),. (Klass et al., 1996),., Field (1999) (Horowitz et al., 1997) 4(,,, ). Boelen (2006),, 3, Field Friedrichs(2004) 6,. Field Gal-Oz, Bonanno(2003) (Continuing Bonds Scale: CBS). Field
(1999) 89 5 39 (: 13, : 26 ) CBS. CBS (Klass et al., 1996; Parkes, 1998; Shuchter & Zisook, 1993), 11, ( ), ( ), ( ), (,, ), ( ), (, ), ( ). 5 (1, 5 ),.87. Pearson, 5,. CBS. Field (2003) CBS, Neimeyer (2006) 2 506, CBS,.90.,. Field Filanosky(2010), 2.,,..,,. Field (2003) CBS,. CBS,....
. CBS (K-CBS). (, ) 293 ( 93, 200 ), 39.05 (SD=17.84), 40.62 (SD=17.18). 1. Field Gal-Oz, Bonanno(2003) (Continuing Bonds Scale: CBS) 1 2 1.. 1 5, 1 (%) 93 (31.7) 200 (68.3) 20 34 (11.6) 21~30 88 (30.0) 31~40 35 (11.9) 41~50 34 (11.6) 51~60 61 (20.8) 61 41 (14.0) 85 (29.0) 80 (27.3) 4 ( 1.4) 15 ( 5.1) 18 ( 6.1) (,, ) 88 (30.1) 3 ( 1.0) 160 (54.6) 128 (43.7) 5 ( 1.7) 138 (47.6) 30 (10.3) 34 (11.7) 3 ( 1.0) 71 (24.5) 14 ( 4.8) 3 ( 1.0) 6 30 (10.2) 1 38 (13.0) 3 122 (41.6) 6 72 (24.6) 6 27 ( 9.2) 4 ( 1.4)
5 (1, 5 ' ),. (K-CBS). 1 49.,... 313 20 293. K-CBS 11. KMO(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure).917, Bartlett (sphericity) 1759.113(df=55), p<.001. (principle axis factoring) (direct oblimin) (eigenvalue) 1 1. Scree 1..40 3 (. ) 10 1 52.59%,.678.773 ( 2). K-CBS, - (Cronbach's α). SPSS Statistics 22.0. 10 - (Cronbachʹs α) ( 3). -.651.734,,.92.
6,. M(SD) 3.09 (1.20).773.597 7. 3.30 (1.15).757.573 9. 3.37 (1.14).746.556 8. 2.95 (1.13).740.547 10,. 2.59 (1.14).724.525 11. 2.27 (1.14).722.522 4. 2.47 (1.21).705.497 5,. 3.73 (1.13).704.495 2. 2.88 (1.31).699.488 1. 2.79 (1.13).678.460 Eigenvalue 5.259 6,. - Cronbach'α.734.906 7..718.907 9..708.907 8..703.907 10,..689.908 11..692.908 4..675.909 5,..669.909 2..669.910 1..651.910
(%) 55 (27.5) 145 (72.5) 20 23 (11.5) 2 (, ), 200 (: 55, 145 ). 38.29 (SD=18.24), 45.26 (SD=17.13). 4. 2.,... 230, 30 200. 21~30 42 (21.0) 31~40 21 (10.5) 41~50 28 (14.0) 51~60 52 (26.0) 61 34 (17.0) 39 (19.5) 67 (33.5) 5 ( 2.5) 11 ( 5.5) 34 (17.0) (,, ) 44 (22.0) 116 (58.0) 84 (42.0) 128 (64.0) 16 ( 8.0) 13 ( 6.5) 0 ( 0.0) 35 (17.5) 8 ( 4.0) 6 35 (17.5) 1 43 (21.5) 3 49 (24.5) 6 46 (23.0) 6 24 (12.0) 3 ( 1.5)
11 10. Faschingbauer Zisook, Devaul(1987) Texas Revised Inventory of Grief(TRIG) (2006)., 13,,,,. TRIG 5, (2006).91,.93. Radloff(1977) Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D) (1992) CES-D. 19, 4 (,,, ), 4. (1992).89,.90. Tedeschi Calhoun(1996) Posttraumatic Growth Inventory(PTGI),, (2009). 16, 4(,,, ), 6. (2009).94,.94. 1 K-CBS, K-CBS Pearson. K-CBS,, t, Kruskal-Wallis. AMOS 20.0, SPSS Statistics 22.0. K-CBS (N=200). 10 (Standardized Regression Weights) (Squared Multiple Correlations: SMC),.50 p<.001
t (R 2 ) 11 1.000.704.496 10 1.018.722.105 9.680 ***.521 9 1.028.789.097 10.560 ***.623 8 1.087.771.105 10.318 ***.594 7.988.772.096 10.334 ***.596 6 1.112.825.101 11.013 ***.680 5.992.776.096 10.386 ***.602 4 1.015.695.109 9.333 ***.483 2 1.071.724.110 9.711 ***.524 *** p <.001. 1 (. ).37.40 9. 5. CFI TLI, CFI =.929, TLI =.905.90 (, 2000 ), 3) 3) RMSEA.119 RMSEA. RMSEA SRMR =.052.08 (Hu & Bentler, 1999). 9 10 ( 6). 1 9.92 10.. (, 2000; Breikvik & Olsson, 2001; Kline, 2011). (2000) RMSEA (RMSEA>.10), CFI TLI (CFI, TLI>.90), RMSEA CFI TLI.
x 2 df TLI CFI SRMR 1(9) 103.577 27.905.929.052 1(10) 139.599 35.887.912.057. TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index. CFI = Comparative Fit Index. SRMR = Standardized Root Mean Square Residual. K-CBS (TRIG) (CES-D) Pearson. 7, r=.66, p<.01., r=.20, p<.01,, r=.24, p<.01,. (PTGI). 4, r=.38, p<.01,, r=.36, p<.01,, r=.41, p<.01,, r=.56, p<.01,. TRIG... (R 2 =.233) 2.6%, ΔR 2 =.026, p<.01,, β =.624, p<.001,, β = -.214, p<.001,, F=34.40, p<.001.,., ΔR 2 =.001, ns, β =.044, ns. K-CBS,,. (M=3.04, SD=0.97) (M=3.26, SD=0.98), t(198) = -1.46, p=.147. Kruskal- Wallis., x 2 (5) = 59.95, p<.001 ( 8),
1 2 3 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 4 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 1. - 2..66 ** - 3..20 **.48 ** - 3-1..24 **.50 **.94 ** - 3-2. a.08.29 **.55 **.34 ** - 3-3..11.30 **.84 **.76 **.19 ** - 3-4..11.34 **.66 **.57 **.25 **.48 ** - 4..46 **.33 ** -.15 * -.07 -.23 ** -.11 -.14 * - 4-1..38 **.24 ** -.23 ** -.15 * -.28 ** -.17 * -.15 *.93 ** - 4-2..36 **.28 ** -.18 * -.10 -.24 ** -.11 -.16 *.92 **.80 ** - 4-3..41 **.30 ** -.03.04 -.12 -.01 -.13.81 **.68 **.69 ** - 4-4..56 **.45 **.09.11.06.01.09.70 **.59 **.57 **.46 ** - 3.20 2.79 1.96 1.88 2.89 1.52 1.71 3.67 3.74 3.69 3.52 3.64 0.98 0.94 0.52 0.72 0.71 0.54 0.68 1.03 1.06 1.18 1.19 1.59 * p <.05, ** p <.01 x 2 70.96 120.96 173.30 95.86 136.04 (,, ) *** p <.001 60.95 59.95 *** Tukey., (, ).,., F(3, 193) = 2.11, p=.100. 4) 4)? 1
() t 3.00 (1.01) ** p <.01 3.47 (0.87) ( 9), (M=3.47, SD=0.87) (M=3.00, SD=1.01), t(192) = -3.45, p=.001. -3.45 ** Field (2003) (, ) K-CBS.. 1 293 K-CBS. Field (2003) CBS 1 Neimeyer (2006), 11 10.50., 1. 105 (52.5%), 89 (44.5%) ( )..92 K-CBS. 2 K-CBS 200, K-CBS K-CBS K-CBS.,.50.40. 9. CFI TLI, SRMR. Field (2003) CBS, Neimeyer (2006) 506.., K-CBS, (TRIG) (CES-D) K-CBS,
., (PTGI).. Schut Stroebe, Boelen, Zijerveld(2006) TRIG CBS.. 2.6%,,.,. K-CBS TRIG.,. (Field & Filanosky, 2010)., (Parkes, 1993)., (Calhoun & Tedeschi, 2001)....,.,.,,, K-CBS.,. Kruskal-Wallis, Tukey,,,.. K-CBS
. (,, ) (Bonanno & Kaltman, 1999).. (Parkes, 2010). (Boerner & Heckhausen, 2003).. K-CBS,.,,...,., Field Friedrich(2004). (Stroebe & Schut, 2005). (Currier et al., 2015; Field et al., 2005; Stroebe, Schut & Boerner, 2010). - (Field et al., 2005; Stroebe et al., 2010). -, (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2008) (Field et al., 2005). K-CBS, (Stroebe et al., 2012).,. (Rosenblatt, 2001),.,
(Root & Exline, 2014)....,.,.,..,,,., TRIG. (,. ),,, (Neimeyer & Hogan, 2001). CBS TRIG TRIG....,,, (2009).. (1). 193-214. (2006).., (1992). CES-D 1. (1), 65-76. (2000).. (1). 161-177. Baltes, M. M. & Carstensen, L. L. (1996). The process of successful ageing. Ageing and Society, 16(4), 397-422.
Boelen, P., Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Zijerveld, A. (2006). Continuing bonds and grief: A prospective analysis. Death Studies, 30, 767-776. Boerner, K. & Heckhausen, J. (2003). To have and have not: Adaptive bereavement by transforming mental ties to the deceased. Death Studies, 27, 199-226. Bonanno, G. A. & Kaltman, S. (1999). Toward an integrative perspective on bereavement. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 760-776. Bonanno, G. A., Notarius, C. I., Gunzerath, L., Keltner, D., & Horowitz, M. J. (1998). Interpersonal ambivalence, perceived relationship adjustment, and conjugal loss. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(6), 1012-1022. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss, Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books. Calhoun, L. G. & Tedeschi, R. G. (2001). Posttraumatic growth: The positive lessons of loss. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Meaning reconstruction and the experience of loss (pp. 157-172). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Currier, J. M., Irish, J. E. F., Neimeyer, R. A., & Foster, J. D. (2015). Attachment, continuing bonds, and complicated grief following violent loss: Testing a moderated model. Death Studies, 39, 201-210. Field, N. P. (2008). Whether to relinquish or maintain a bond with the deceased. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention (pp. 113-132). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Field, N. P. & Filanosky, C. (2010). Continuing bonds, risk factors for complicated grief, and adjustment to bereavement. Death Studies, 34, 1-29. Field, N. P. & Friedrichs, M. (2004). Continuing bonds in coping with the death of a husband. Death Studies, 28, 597-620. Field, N. P., Gal-Oz, E., & Bonanno, G. A. (2003). Continuing bonds and adjustment at 5 years after the death of a spouse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(1), 110-117. Field, N. P., Gao, B., & Paderna, P. A. (2005). Continuing Bonds in Bereavement: An attachment theory based perspective. Death Studies, 29, 277-299. Field, N. P., Nichols, C., Holen, A., & Horowitz, M. J. (1999). The relation of continuing attachment to adjustment in conjugal bereavement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 212-218. Fraley, R. C. & Shaver, P. R. (1999). Loss and Bereavement: Attachment theory and recent controversies concerning grief work and the nature of detachment. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 735-759). New York: Guilford. Freud, S. (1917). Mourning and Melancholia. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 14(1914-1916). On the history of the psychoanalytic movement, papers on metapsychology
and other works (pp. 237-258). London: The Hogarth Press. Gaines, R. (1997). Detachment and continuity. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 33(4), 549-571. Hagman, G. (1995). Death of a selfobject: Toward a self psychology of the mourning process. In A. Goldberg(Ed.), Progress in self psychology, Vol. 11. The impact of new ideas. (pp. 189-205). Hillsdale NJ: Analytic Press. Hagman, G. (2001). Beyond decathexis: Toward a new psychoanalytic understanding and treatment of mourning. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Meaning reconstruction and the experience of loss (pp. 13-31). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Horowitz, M. J., Siegel, B., Holen, A., Bonanno, G. A., Milbrath, C., & Stinson, C. H. (1997). Diagnostic criteria for complicated grief disorder. American Journal of psychiatry, 154(7), 904-910. Hu, L. T. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives, Structural Equation Modeling: A multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. Kim, K. & Jacobs, S. (1991). Pathological grief and its relationship to other psychiatric disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 21(4), 257-263. Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., & Nickman, S. L. (Eds.). (1996). Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. Klass, D. & Walter, T. (2001). Processes of grieving: How bonds are continued. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 431-448). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. Mikulincer, M. & Shaver, P. R. (2008). An attachment perspective on bereavement. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention (pp. 87-112). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Neimeyer, R. A., Baldwin, S. A., & Gillies, J. (2006). Continuing bonds and reconstructing meaning: Mitigating complications in bereavement. Death Studies, 30, 715-738. Neimeyer, R. A. & Hogan, N. (2001). Quantitative or qualitative? Measurement issues in the study of grief. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 89-118). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Parkes, C. M. (1993). Bereavement as a psychosocial transition: Processes of adaptation to change. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement: Theory, research and intervention (pp. 91-101). New York: Cambridge University Press. Parkes, C. M. (1998). Recovery from bereavement (3rd ed.). Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
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Validation of the Korean Version of the Continuing Bonds Scale Kyeyang Kim Jongwon Park Wan-Suk Gim Department of Psychology, Ajou University The present study aimed at examining the factor structure, reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Continuing Bonds Scale (K-CBS). In study 1, exploratory factor analysis was administered to 293 bereaved adults who had experienced the death of a loved one, and it revealed a single factor structure with 10 items that explained 52.59% of the total variance. The K-CBS showed good internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha of.92. In study 2, confirmatory factor analysis in a different sample of 200 bereaved adults indicated satisfactory standardized regression weights of all items. However, one item had a squared multiple correlation less than.40, hence, this item was discarded, and 9 items remained for the final scale. The single factor model with 9 items displayed a good fit. The K-CBS had strong positive correlation with grief symptoms, and weak positive correlation with depression. After controlling for grief, however, the K-CBS was predictive of a decrease in depression. The K-CBS was positively associated with posttraumatic growth. In addition, significant differences in scores of the K-CBS were shown among groups based on the deceased's relation to the bereaved and expectedness of loss. These results suggest that the K-CBS is a reliable and valid instrument to measure continuing bonds. Finally, implications, limitations, and directions for future research were discussed. Key words : continuing bonds, bereavement, grief, reliability, validity