.. (Figley, 2002).,,,,,,, (,, 2015; Stamm, 2010). (,, ; )..,.,. DSM-5(American Psychiatry Association, 2013) ( A4) , (secondary traumatic stress
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1 (K-ProQOL 5) * (Professional Quality of Life Scale, ProQOL 5; Stamm, 2010). ProQOL 5 489, K-ProQOL 5,, -.,,, 3., ,,. K-ProQOL 5. * 2014 ( ) (NRF-2014S1A3A ). (Corresponding Author) :,, 11-1 Tel : / ahn12@ewha.ac.kr
2 .. (Figley, 2002).,,,,,,, (,, 2015; Stamm, 2010). (,, ; )..,.,. DSM-5(American Psychiatry Association, 2013) ( A4) , (secondary traumatic stress, STS), (burnout, BO), (compassion fatigue, CF), (vicarious traumatization, VT). (McCann & Pearlman, 1990),.,,,,.
3 . (CF), PTSD. (Figley, 2002), (Adams, Boscario, & Figley, 2006). Empathy Fatigue(Stebnicki, 2007). Stamm (2010) (STS) (BO). (STS),, PTSD.,. (BO),,,,.,, 3 (Maslach, Schaufeli, & Leiter, 2001), (,,, ). (Cieslak et al., 2013).,.. (Impact of Event Scale-Revised, IES-R; Weiss, 2004), (Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale, TABS; Pearlman, 2003),
4 (Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, STSS; Bride, Robinson, Yegidis, & Figley, 2004), (Professional Quality of Life Scale, ProQOL; Stamm, 2010).. IES-R (Impact of Event Scale, IES; Horowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez, 1979) (intrusion) (avoidance), (hyperarousal) 22. (, 2011), (, 2012). TABS (vicarious trauma) TSI (Traumatic Stress Institute Belief Scale, Pearlman, 1996). TABS (,,,,, ) 84, (self) (others) 10. (, 2012;,, 2015), (, 2015), (, 2016) TABS. IES-R TABS STSS ProQOL. STSS,,, 17. (,, 2011), (, 2012;,, 2015), (, 2015), (, 2012), (, 2016)., ProQOL Figley(1995) CFST(Compassion Fatigue Self-Test). CFST (compassion satisfaction) CSFT(Compassion Satisfaction and Fatigue Test; Stamm & Figley, 1996) 2005 ProQOL. STSS, ProQOL (CS) (CF). (Hensel et al., 2015) 38
5 23 ProQOL(17 ) CFST(6 )., ProQOL (,,, 2015;,, 2014a). (, 2007),,,, (,,, 2015), (,, 2012;,, 2012;,, 2014;,, 2014b).. (2010) ProQOL. ProQOL. ProQOL ProQOL 5(Stamm, 2010) 30. ProQOL 5 (compassion satisfaction, CS) (compassion fatigue, CF), 2, (burnout, BO) (secondary traumatic stress, STS) , 5 (1=, 5= ). (1, 4, 15, 17, 27). ProQOL 5 T. T 25% (%tile) 25%tile 75%tile,,. ProQOL 5 25%tile T 44, 43, 42, 75%tile 57, 56, 56. ProQOL 5,. ProQOL 5 (CS), (BO), (STS)
6 . Stamm(2010) 1. ProQOL 5., ProQOL 5,,,. ProQOL 5. Stamm(2010). ( K-ProQOL 5) CS BO STS.. CS BO STS CS BO STS CS BO STS CS BO STS.... PTSD..,,. CS=compassion satisfaction; BO=burnout; STS=secondary traumatic stress.
7 . ProQOL 5. ProQOL 5. ProQOL (Stamm, 2010),. K-ProQOL 5. K-ProQOL 5. Stamm(2010) ProQOL 5,.. ProQOL 5, (IRB). 489 ProQOL 5,.,.. (,,,,,,,,, ), (,,,,,,, ). 6 ( 200 ) (289 ) 489
8 . - 4, PTSD (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000) (90.6%), 26 (8.7%), (SD = 8.13; =25 ~62 ), (239, 79.9%) (43, 14.4%), (17, 5.7%). (162, 54.2%), (52, 17.4%), (,,, ; 25, 8.3%), 60(20.1%)., (SD= 50.66; =4 ~240 ), (SD=10.90; =1 ~50 ), 7.05 (SD=8.48; =1 ~48 ).,,., (F=8.38, p<.001) (M=104.29, SD=60.92) (M=68.76, SD=48.57) (M=69.60, SD=73.80). (F=6.86, p<.01) (M=14.55, SD=9.25) (M=19.27, SD= 11.66) (M=20.07, SD=14.18). (F=6.72, p<.01) (M=10.71, SD=12.86) (M=5.69, SD= 6.37) (M=6.76, SD=7.78). ProQOL 5(Stamm, 2010). (forward-adaptation) 1
9 (Brislin, 1970:, 2003 ). (, 2003). ProQOL ProQOL , 1, K-ProQOL 5. (Maslach Burnout Inventory, MBI) (Maslach & Jackson, 1981),, (2002) MBI K-ProQOL 5 (BO). MBI (Emotional Exhausion, 9 ), (Depersonalization, 5 ), (Personal Accomplishment, 8 ) 3 7 Likert (0 = ~6= )., K-ProQOL 5 CS. MBI Cronbach s.87,.58,.85. (Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, PDS) (Foa, Cashman, Jaycox, & Perry, 1997) DSM-IV 1: (0= /, 1= 1 1 /, 2= 1 /2~4, 3= /5 ) 20 (,,, 2010). (2005) PDS K-ProQOL 5 (STS)
10 . Cronbach s.93. CES-D(Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D) CES-D(Rdloff, 1977) CES-D(,,, 2001). CES-D 20 4 Likert (0= /1, 1= /1~2, 2= /3~4, 3= /5~7 ) (4, 8, 12, 16). CES-D K-ProQOL 5 Cronbach s.91. (Trauma History Checklist THC) (,,, 2015) DSM-5(APA, 2013) A. THC ( ) ( ),,,. K-ProQOL 5,, -,, (Cronbach s α). K-ProQOL 5-4. K-ProQOL 5., K-ProQOL 5.., RMSEA, CFI, TLI. RMSEA(Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation) (, 2000; Hu & Bentler, 1999) TLI(Tucker Lewis Index) CFI(Comparative Fit Index) (, 2000; Bentler, 1990). K-ProQOL 5,,
11 M SD - Cronbach s α α (CS) (BO) (STS)
12 K-ProQOL 5. K-ProQOL 5 T, Scheffe, Dunnett T3. AMOS 18.0 SPSS K-ProQOL 5 -,, ( 2)., (0.7 ), -.30, (, 2006)., 2.97~3.85(SD= 0.76~0.98), 1.75~2.84(SD=0.74~1.15), 1.69~2.87(SD= 0.76~1.09). ProQOL 5 Likert 1-5 3,,. -.59~.78,.37 ~.71,.41~.72,. Cronbach's α.89,.74,.80. 2, BO K-ProQOL (SD=6.08), 23.71(SD=5.08), 23.06(SD=5.71). K-ProQOL 5 -
13 70.81(p<.001),.71(p<.001),.65(p<.001) -. K-ProQOL 5 (Confirmatory Factor Analysis, CFA)., ProQOL 5 ( 1). Stamm(2010), 1, 2 (CF) (CS) ,, 3, K-ProQOL 5 3., Stamm. ProQOL
14 3 (Kline, 2011), K-ProQOL 5 10 (MacCallum, Widaman, Zhang, & Hong, 1999). (item parceling) (Kiston & Widaman, 1994).,, (Bandalos, 2002)., (unidimensionality). (Construct Reliability, CR) (Average Variance Extracted, AVE),.70 (Hair, Anderson, Tatham, & Black, 1998),.50 (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). K-ProQOL (Construct Reliability, CR) (Average Variance Extracted, AVE),.89,.77,.81.68,.52,.55 df RMSEA (90% ) CFI TLI ( ) ( ) ( ) RMSEA = Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation; CFI = Comparative Fit Index; TLI = Comparative Fit Index.
15 , ( =740.02, df=90; RMSEA=.156; CFI=.68; TLI=.62) 2 ( =393.69, df=89; RMSEA=.107; CFI=.85; TLI=.82) 3 ( =245, df=87; RMSEA=.078; CFI=.92; TLI=.91) K-ProQOL 5 3 C.R. (CS) CS *** CS *** CS *** CS *** CS *** (BO) BO *** BO *** BO *** BO *** BO *** (STS) STS *** STS *** STS *** STS *** STS *** CS=compassion satisfaction; BO=burnout; STS=secondary traumatic stress. *** p <.001.
16 (CS) - 2. (BO) -.77 *** - 3. (STS) -.29 ***.77 *** -. *** p< ~.82,.50~.71,.61-~.80 (p<.001). -.77, -.29,.77 ( 5). K-ProQOL 5 K-ProQOL 5 CES-D, PDS, MBI 6. K-PorQOL 5 (CS) MBI (r=.66, p<.001), CED-D(r=-.39, p<.001), PDS(r=-.26, p<.001), MBI (r=-.34, p<.001) (r=-.41, p<.001). K-PorQOL 5 (BO) MBI (r=-.40, p<.001), (r=-.63, p<.001) (r=.53, p<.001). CED-D(r=.61, p<.001) PDS(r=.51, p<.001) K-ProQOL 5 (concurrent validity). K-ProQOL 5 (STS) PDS (r=.58, p<.001), CED-D(r=.45, p<.001). MBI (r=.57, p<.001), (r=.47, p<.001) (r=-.10, p>.05). K-ProQOL 5 T 2, 25%tile 75%tile 7
17 K-ProQOL CS - 2. K-ProQOL BO -.61 *** - 3. K-ProQOL STS -.25 ***.64 *** - 4. CES-D -.39 ***.61 ***.45 *** - 5. PDS -.26 ***.51 ***.58 ***.56 *** - 6. MBI -.34 ***.63 ***.57 ***.51 ***.44 *** - 7. MBI.66 *** -.40 *** *** MBI -.41 ***.53 ***.47 ***.43 ***.45 ***.62 *** -.21 *** - M (SD) (6.08) (5.08) (5.71) (9.25) 7.75 (7.73) (9.55) (7.21) 7.27 (5.20). CS=compassion satisfaction; BO=burnout; STS=secondary traumatic stress; CES-D=Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; PDS=Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; MBI=Maslach Burnout Inventory. *** p <.01. (CS) ~54 55 (BO) ~58 59 (STS) ~ T 1) 42 ( =30 ), 43 ( =31 ) ~54 ( =37 ), 55 ( =38 ), 2) 44 ( =20 ), 45 ( =21 ) ~58 ( =27 ), 59 ( =28 ), 3) 42 ( =18 ), 43 ( =19 ) ~55 ( =25 ), 56 ( =26 ).,, PDS, CES-D, MBI. 8
18 M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) F n=68 (22.7%) n=153 (51.2%) n=78 (26.1%) PDS (9.88) 7.09 (7.06) 5.74 (5.60) F(2,292)=12.24 *** >, a (CS) CES-D (10.45) (7.76) (8.64) F(2,288)=21.73 *** > > a MBI (10.57) (8.41) (9.56) F(2,295)=11.19 ***, > b MBI 9.85 (6.00) 7.68 (4.74) 4.23 (3.66) F(2,296)=87.64 *** > > a MBI (6.28) (5.87) (4.88) F(2,294)=25.90 *** < < b n=67 (22.4%) n=187 (62.5%) n=45 (15.1%) PDS 4.72 (4.82) 6.92 (6.68) (9.97) F(2,292)=37.69 ***, < a (BO) CES-D 8.81 (8.34) (7.22) (10.72) F(2,288)=46.41 *** < < a MBI (6.71) (7.93) (10.06) F(2,295)=62.36 *** < < a MBI 4.18 (3.29) 7.21 (4.60) (6.20) F(2,296)=15.08 *** < < a MBI (6.77) (6.94) (6.87) F(2,294)=40.03 *** > > b n=71 (23.7%) n=151 (50.5%) n=77 (25.8%) (STS) PDS 3.35 (3.69) 6.72 (6.20) (9.39) F(2,292)=48.19 *** < < a CES-D 9.56 (7.28) (8.65) (9.45) F(2,288)=24.80 *** < < b MBI (7.01) (7.68) (9.96) F(2,295)=55.02 *** < < a MBI 4.23 (3.98) 7.16 (4.39) (5.94) F(2,296)=30.39 *** < < a MBI (8.13) (7.04) (6.60) F(2,294)=1.50. PDS=Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; CES-D=Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; MBI=Maslach Burnout Inventory. a = Dunnet T3, b = Scheffe. *** p<.001.., PDS MBI. PDS. MBI.
19 ProQOL 5.,,., K-ProQOL 5 (CS), (BO), (STS). -.77,.77, Stamm(2010). Stamm. K-ProQOL 5 MBI,..,., (Bride, Jones, & Macmaster, 2007; Jenkins & Baird, 2002; Nelson-Gardell & Harris, 2003), (, 2011; Sommer & Cox, 2006), (Sprang, Clark, & Witt-Woosley, 2007), (Bride et al., 2007), (,, 2012; Bakker, Demerouti, & Euwema, 2005), (Bride et al., 2007).. K-ProQOL 5. K-ProQOL 5., K-ProQOL 5
20 .,., K-ProQOL 5,,. ProQOL 25%. K-ProQOL 5. K-ProQOL 5 CS(M=34.88, SD=6.08), BO(M=23.71, SD=5.08), STS(M=23.06, SD=5.71) Stamm (2010). K-ProQOL 5 ProQOL 5, K-ProQOL 5 8, 14, 16.,,,,,,, ProQOL. 1, ProQOL 5. K-ProQOL 5 (CS), (BO) ( ) (STS).,. 21 (14.2%), 29 (10.3%),
21 30 (10.0%). Stamm (2010).,.,, (2016) (, ; Secondary Trauma Care Inventory, STCI),,,,.,,,..,. Stamm(2010),,,,, ProQOL 5,,.,. K-ProQOL 5.,.,
22 (, 2014).,.. (2011). :,,., (2012)..., (2014)., :., , (2015).,, :., (2015).., , (2012). :,,., ,, (2010).., (2016).., (2011).,., (2015). :., (2003).., (2007).. (2005). :.,
23 , (2012).., , (2002).,., ,, (2015). :., , (2015).., ,,,,, (2012).,,., , (2010). :., ,, (2001). CES-D., , (2012).., , (2014).,,,., (2012).., (2014). :., , (2014a).., , (2014b).,,., ,, (2005). : 6., ,, (2016). (STCI) (2006). :. (2000).., Adams, R. E., Boscarino, J., & Figley, C. R. (2006). Compassion fatigue and psychological distress among social workers: A validation study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76,
24 American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational health Psychology, 10, Bandalos, D. L. (2002). The effects of item parceling on goodness-of-fit and parameter estimate bias in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, Bride, B. E., Robinson, M. M., Yegidis, B., & Figley, C. R. (2004). Development and validation of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 14, Bride, B. E., Jones, J. L., & Macmaster, S. A. (2007). Correlates of secondary traumatic stress in child protective services workers. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 4, Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, Cieslak, R., Shoji, K., Douglas, A., Melville, E., Luszczynska, A., & Benight, C. C. (2013). A meta-analysis of the relationship between job burnout and secondary traumatic stress among workers with indirect exposure to trauma. Psychological Services, 11, Figley, C. R. (1995). (Ed.). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder. New York: Brunner/Mazel. Figley, C. R. (2002). Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists' chronic lack of self care. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research. 18, Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psycholigical Assessment, 9, Hair, J. F. Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Hensel, J. M., Ruiz, C., Finney, C., & Dewa, C. S. (2015). Meta-analysis of risk factors for secondary traumatic stress in therapeutic work with trauma victims. Journal of traumatic Stress, 28, Horowitz, M. J., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective distress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria
25 for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternative. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, Hunsaker, S., Chen, H., Maughan, D., & Heaston, S. (2015). Factors that influence the development of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in emergency department nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47, Jenkins, S. R., & Baird, S. (2002). Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma: A validational study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, Kim, K., Han. Y., & Kim, J. (2015). Korean nurses ethical dilemmas, professional values and professional quality of life. Nursing Ethics, 22, Kiston, J. M., & Widaman, K. F. (1994). Unidimensional versus domain representative parceling of questionnaire items: An empirical example. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford. Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job Bournout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2, McCann, I. L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3, MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, Nelson-Gardell, D., & Harris, D. (2003). Childhood abuse history, secondary traumatic stress, and child welfare workers. Child Welfare: Journal of Policy, Practice, and Program, 82, Pearlman, L. A. (2003). Trauma and attachment belief scale. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services. Pearlman, L. A. (1996). Psychometric review of TSI Belief Scale, revision L. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.). Measurement of stress, trauma and adaptation (pp ). Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press. Sommer, C., & Cox, J. (2006). Sexual violence counselors' reflections on supervision: Using stories to mitigate vicarious traumatization. Journal of Poetry Therapy, 19, Sprang, G., Clark, J. J., & Whitt-Woosley, A. (2007). Compassion Fatigue, Compassion satisfaction, and burnout: Factors Impacting a professional s quality of life. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 12, Stamm, B. H. (2010.). The concise ProQOL manual (2nd ed.). Pocatello, ID: ProQOL.org. Stamm, B. H., & Figley, C. R. (1996). Compassion satisfaction and fatigue test. Retrieved November 23, 2015, from
26 vo110n3/stamm.pdf. Stebnicki, M. A. (2007). Empathy fatigue: Healing the mind, body, and spirit of professional counselors. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 10, Weiss, D. S. (2004). The Inpact of Event Scale-Revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.). Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD(2 nd Ed, pp ). New York: Guilford Press. : : :
27 Validation of the Korean Version of Professional Quality of Life Scale 5(K-ProQOL 5) for Mental Health Professional Hyesun Joo Yoonwha Cho Hyunnie Ahn Department of Psychology, Ewha Womans University This study aimed to develop Korean version of the Professional Quality of Life Scale 5 (K-ProQOL 5; Stamm, 2010) and test its validity and reliability. 489 mental health practitioners participated in the research, and responses from 299 participants who had recently seen at least one trauma survivor were used for data analysis. All items of K-ProQOL 5 showed adequate mean, standard deviation, internal consistency and item-total correlations. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted and yielded a structure of three inter-correlated factors, compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress. 79 out of the 299 participants took the test four weeks later to confirm good test-retest reliability. Cut-off scores were identified to help mental health workers to see their relative standing in each sub-test, and the validity of those scores were checked. Finally, implications and limitations of the study and ways of appropriate applications of K-ProQOL 5 were addressed. Key words : Professional Quality of Life, ProQOL 5, compassion satisfaction, burnout, secondary traumatic stress
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A Study on the Relationships between Self-Differentiation and Adaptability Factors for Senior Dementia Patients Care Givers Department of Social Welfare, Seoul Welfare Graduate University Full-time Lecturer
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Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타
RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 20-40대 여성의 외모만족도가 미용관리태도에 미치는 영향 홍수남 1, 김효숙 2 * 1 건국대학교 뷰티사이언스디자인학과, 2 건국대학교 의상디자인과 Effects of Extrinsic Body Satisfaction on Beauty Management Behavior of
202 김 수 현 원 영 신 있으므로, 이러한 선수들의 긍정적인 태도를 높여 구 단의 성과를 향상시킬 수 있는 조직적 차원의 연구가 요구된다 하겠다. 따라서 선수들을 대상으로 한 프로 구단의 조직성과 제고에 관한 학문적 작업은 중요한 연구과제인 것이다. 최근 조직 커뮤
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- 최원희ㆍ 김명희: 중년후기 여성의 집단회상 경험과 효과에 대한 연구 - 에 직면하며 심리 사회적인 역할갈등, 고립, 위축, 상실 감 등을 경험하게 된다. 이 시기동안 위기에 잘 대처하 지 못하면 자신에 대하여 실망하며 두려움과 슬픔 등 을 겪으면서 자아존중감이 낮아
한국모자보건학회지 제15권 제1 호(2011년 1 월) J Korean Soc Matern Child Health 2011;15(1):48-59 E 1) 중년후기 여성의 집단회상 경험과 효과에 대한 연구 최 원 희ㆍ김 명 희 1 경남대학교 간호학과, 부산대학교 간호대학 1 = Abstract = The Experience and Effects of Group
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A Depth Interview on Qualification, Role, and Professionalism of Infant/Toddler Teachers Department of Child & Family Studies, Kyung Hee University Associate Professor : Ahn, Sun Hee Department of Early
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The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although
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Abstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,
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기혼 여성이 사이버대학에서 상담을 전공하면서 겪는 경험 방기연 (고려사이버대학교 상담심리학과 부교수) * 요 약 본 연구는 기혼 여성의 사이버대학 상담전공 학과 입학에서 졸업까지의 경험을 이해하는 것을 목적으로 한 다. 이를 위해 연구참여자 10명을 대상으로 심층면접을 하고, 합의적 질적 분석 방법으로 분석하였다. 입학 전 에 연구참여자들은 고등교육의 기회를
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