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1 *. (N=439) 68.11(±18.47), (Posttraumatic Risk Checklist: PRC), (Impact of Event Scale-Revised: IES-R) (Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale: MFODS).,.,,.,,.,. * 2013 ( ). (NRF-2013S1A3A ) :,, ( ) 1095 Tel : , Fax : , ykchoi@kmu.ac.kr

2 , (, 2015) TV (posttraumatic stress disorder: PTSD), PTSD (Neria & Sullivan, 2011). DSM-5 (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5 th ed.: American Psychiatric Association, 2013) PTSD., PTSD A,, (A1), (A2), (A3), (A4). A4,, TV,., PTSD. PTSD, 911 PTSD (Ahern et al., 2002) 911 TV PTSD 66% (Ahern, Galea, Resnick, & Vlahov, 2004). Silver, Holman, Andersen, Poulin, McIntosh Gil-Rivas(2013), 911 TV 2-3 PTSD TV 2-3. Bernstein, Ahern, Tracy, Boscarino, Vlahov Galea(2007) TV 12 PTSD TV PTSD. Bernstein TV.,. 1 (, 4, 13), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( )

3 .,, (Cohn, Mehl, & Pennebaker, 2004; DeRoma, Saylor, Swickert, Sinisi, Marable, & Vickery, 2003; Rimé, Páez, Basabe, & Martínez, 2010),.,.,. (Neimeyer, 1998),, (Chung, Chung, & Easthope, 2000; Chung, Werrett, Easthope, Farmer, & Chung, 2002).,,,, (Iverach, Menzies & Menzies, 2014). PTSD (Iverach et al., 2014) (anxiety-buffering disruption) (Pyszczynski & Kesebir, 2011).,,,., PTSD PTSD (Chatard, Pyszczynski, Arndt, Selimbegović, Konan, & Van der Linden, 2012).. Chung (2000),.,,., PTSD. (2008) PTSD.,,,,,,,,. (Cukor et al., 2011)

4 . (2008),.,.,,,.., (,,,, 2005; Hoelter, 1979),,,,.,., (, 2012; Thienman et al., 2015),, (Herman, 1997; Kosloff et al., 2006)..,. Maxfield, John Pyszczynski(2014),,.,. PTSD (Chatard et al., 2012; Chung et al., 2000, 2002),,., PTSD (APA, 2013; Neria & Sullivan, 2011),,., (Breslau, 2009).

5 1.,,, ( 147, 292 ).,,. 1.,,,,, χ 2 (4, N=436)=18.86, p<.001..,., 0 4 Likert. 1, 1. 8., ( ). 1), ), Likert.,

6 (n=147) (n=292) (N=439) χ² t (±12.91) (±11.30) (±11.87) *** *** p< , (n=238) (n=1),., , , 7 420, , ( : Norman, 2010) , 68.11(±18.47). (Post trauma Risk Checklist: PRC) PTSD

7 PTSD (2008). 53,, /, PTSD. PRC.91,.84(.64,.76,.73),.90(.64,,,.79,.60,.67,.66,.76). (Impact of Event Scale-Revised: IES-R) Weiss Marmar(1997), (2005). 22,,, /. 0 4 Likert, PTSD. IES-R-K. IES-R-K.96(.88,.92,.90, /.75). Hoelter(1979) MFODS (Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale) (2005), (6 ), (3 ), (6 ), ( ) (4 ), (3 ), (4 ), (3 ). 29, 5 Likert, 3,,,. MFODS.82,.61,.87. t ( )..,,,,,. χ² RMSEA (Root Mean Error of Approximation), NFI(Normed

8 fit index), CFI(comparative fit index), TLI(Tuker Lewis Index). RMSEA.05,.08,.10 TLI, NFI, CFI.90 (, 2000). (bootstrap), SPSS 23.0 AMOS 23.0.,. 2, (56.03%), TV (38.95%), SNS(8.88%), (8.66%), (1.59%). TV (n=147) (n=292) (N=439) χ² t (* ) TV SNS > * = < ( ) ( 1 ) 88.50(±104.86) (±129.90) (±123.47) *** (1 ) 26.33(± 61.03) 39.90(± 93.09) 35.35(± 83.91) (0-4 ) 2.86(± 1.10) 3.23(±.99) 3.12(± 1.04) *** ( ) 71.14(±22.27) 66.05(±16.05) 98.11(±18.47) * 1. * p<.05, *** p<

9 . (51.71%), (42.37%), (5.92%),, χ 2 (2, N=468)=8.11, p<.05,., (, 1 ), t(437)=-3.54, p<.001,, t(437)=-1.83, p> ( ) 4 ( ), t(437)=-3.76, p< IES-R-K,,, / (p<.01).,. MFODS,.14(p<.01).44(p<.001)..21(p<.001).51(p<.001).,,,.,,., 4.,, TLI, NFI, CFI.90 RMSEA, ( p<.001).,,.,,,, χ² (df=144)=358.31, TLI, NFI, CFI.93,.90,.94, RMSEA.06(90%

11 χ² df TLI NFI CFI RMSEA ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) χ² df TLI NFI CFI RMSEA ( ) ),. 2, (β=.18, p<.01), (β =.14, p<.05), (β=.35, p<.001), (β=.48, p<.001) (β=.41, p<.001). (β=.43, p<.001), (β=.18, p<.01), (β=.61, p<.001)., (β=.03, p>.05) (β=-.08, p>.05).., * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001.

12 .18 ** -.18 *.14 *.09 ** (.04.15).22 *.35 *** -.35 ** -.18 * (.08.26).18 * -.14 * (.07.21).14 * ( ) *** -.48 **.41 ***.21 ** (.14.33).62 ** ** (.37.59).39 *.43 *** -.43 *.18 **.27 ** (.16.43).45 *.61 *** -.61 ** -.17 *** **. ( ), * p<.05, ** p<.01.,,.,,.,,..,,

13 ...,,, TV. 2, 35.,. (Wayment, 2004), PTSD 2, (Tolin & Foa, 2006).,,.,, IES-R-K PRC MFODS..,.,. Ahern (2002, 2004) Silver (2013).,,,,,. Silver (2013), 911 TV 1 TV r=.27(p<.001), TV ,., (Bernstein et al., 2007).,,.,., DeRoma, (2003) PTSD

14 PTSD., 2 (Rimé et al., 2010). 68 ( ), PRC (,, 2008), (68.1%), 26.0%, 5.9%. PRC / PTSD PTSD., IES-R-K (, 2005), (78.8%), 13.7% /, 6.6% PTSD, 0.9%., PTSD.,,.,,.,., (Chung et al., 2000).,.,,. Chung (2000), (Becker, 1973)., PTSD (,, 2008),.,,,.,.,.,.

15 ..,,,.,, (Ahern et al., 2004)., TV (Ahern et al., 2004)., (emotional contagion) ( ).,, (Hatfield, Cacioppo, & Rapson, 1994). Hatfield (1994),,,.,. (Parkinson, 2011),., ( ) (Wayment, 2004)..,.., (Tilghman-Osborne et al., 2010).,, PTSD,,, (Norris, 2001).,,,.

16 ,..,.,,,,.,,,., ,.,,,.., TV, TV.,,..,.., Poulin, Silver, Gil-Rivas, Holman McIntosh(2009) 911,,,...,,...

17 , TV.., 1996 (Talk to Someone Who Can Help) 911 (The Road to Resilience).. (2015, 4, 16). 1,. mediatoday.co.kr/news/articleview.html?idxno= (2014). :., ,,,,, (2005).., ,,, (2005).., , (2008). :., (2015, 4, 13) Ahern, J., Galea, S., Resnick, H., & Vlahov, D. (2004). Television images and probable posttraumatic stress disorder after September 11: The role of background characteristics, event exposures, and perievent panic. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, Ahern, J., Galea, S., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D. (2002). Television images and psychological symptoms after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Psychiatry, 65, American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4 th Ed.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5 th Ed.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press. Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. New York: Free Press. Bernstein, K. T., Ahern, J., Tracy, M., Boscarino, J. A., Vlahov, D., & Galea, S. (2007). Television watching and the risk of incident probable posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective evaluation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, Breslau, N. (2009). The epidemiology of trauma, PTSD, and other posttrauma disorders. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 10(3), Chatard, A., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., Selimbegović, L., Konan, P. N., & Van der

18 Linden, M. (2012). Extent of trauma exposure and PTSD symptom severity as predictors of anxiety-buffer functioning. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Practice, Research, and Policy, 4, doi: /a Chung, M. C., Chung, C., & Easthope, Y. (2000). Traumatic stress and death anxiety among community residents exposed to an aircraft crash. Death Studies, 24, Chung, M. C., Werrett, J., Easthope, Y., Farmer, S., & Chung, C. (2002). Traumatic stress and death anxiety among community residents exposed to a train crash. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 45(2), Cohn, M. A., Mehl, M. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2004). Linguistic markers of psychological change surrounding September 11, Psychological Science, 15, DeRoma, V., Saylor, C., Swickert, R., Sinisi, C., Marable, T. B., & Vickery, P. (2003). College students PTSD symptoms, coping, and perceived benefits following media exposure to 9/11. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 18, Gershuny, B. S., Najavits, L. M., Wood, P. K., & Heppner, M. (2004). Relation between trauma and psychopathology: Mediating roles of dissociation and fears about death and control. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 5(3), Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1994). Emotional contagion. New York and Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Herman, J. (1997). Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books. Hoelter, J. W. (1979). Multidimensional treatment of fear of death. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, Holmes, E. A., Creswell, C., & O Conner, T. G. (2007). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in London school children following September 11, 2001: An exploratory investigation of peri-traumatic reactions and intrusive imagery. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, Kosloff, S., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Cohen, F., Gershuny, B., Routledge, C., & Pyszczynski, T. (2006). Fatal distraction: The impact of mortality salience on dissociative responses to 9/11 and subsequent anxiety sensitivity. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 28, Maxfield, M., John, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (2014). A terror management perspective on the role of death-related anxiety in psychological dysfunction. The Humanistic Psychologist, 42(1), Neria, Y., & Sullivan, G. M. (2011). Understanding the mental health effects of indirect exposure to mass trauma through the media. JAMA, 306(12), Neimeyer, R. (1998). Death anxiety: State of the art. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 36, Norman, G. (2010). Likert scales, levels of measurement and the laws of statistics. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 15, North, C. S., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2002). Research on mental health effects of terrorism. Journal

19 of the American Medical Association, 288, Parkinson, B. (2011). Interpersonal emotion transfer: Contagion and social appraisal. Social and Personality Psychology, 5(7), Pfefferbaum, B., Pfefferbaum, R. L., North, C. S., & Neas, B. R. (2002). Does television viewing satisfy criteria for exposure in posttraumatic stress disorder? Psychiatry, 65, Poulin, M. J., Silver, R. C., Gil-Rivas, V., Holman, E. A., & McIntosh, D. N. (2009). Finding socail benefits after a collective tramuma: Perceiving societal changes and well-being following 9/11. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, Pyszczynski, T., & Kesebir, P. (2011). Anxiety buffer disruption theory: A terror management account of posttraumatic stress disorder. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 24, doi: / Rimé, B., Páez, D., Basabe, N., & Martínez, M. (2010). Social sharing of emotion, posttraumatic growth, and emotional climate: Follow-up of Spanish citizen s response to the collective trauma of March 11 th terrorist attacks in Madrid. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, Silver, R. C., Holman, E. A., Andersen, J. P., Poulin, M., McIntosh, D. N., & Gil-Rivas, V. (2013). Mental- and physical-health effects of acute exposure to media images of the September 11, 2001, attacks and the Iraq war. Psychological Science, 24, Tolin, & Foa, E. (2006). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 132, Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane(Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD(pp ). New York: Guilford Press. : : :

20 The psychological consequences of indirect trauma exposure through the news on the Sewol ferry disaster Heung Pyo, Lee Yun Kyeung, Choi Jae Ho, Lee Hong Seock, Lee Daegu Cyber University Keimyung University Hallym University The purpose of the present study was to examine psychological consequences of indirect trauma exposure through the disaster news. Participants(N=439) completed some self-report questionnaires such as Posttraumatic Risk Checklist(PRC), Impact of Event Scale-Revised(IES-R), and Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale(MFODS) at 68.11(±18.47) days after the Sewol ferry disaster. The data were analyzed with structural equation modeling by AMOS 23.0 program. The results showed that fear of death and periand post-traumatic crisis factors mediated the association of news exposure immediately after disaster and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Findings in this study indicated that news exposure immediately after disaster influenced fear of death which led to the peri- and post-traumatic crisis, and these crisis factors increased posttraumatic stress symptoms. Finally, limitations of this study and suggestions for future study were discussed. Key words : indirect trauma, media exposure, PTSD, death anxiety, the Sewol ferry

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