발간등록번호 국가항생제사용및내성모니터링 - 가축, 축산물 -

발간등록번호 11-1543061-000142-01 국가항생제사용및내성모니터링 - 가축, 축산물 -

CONTENTS Ⅰ. 요약문... Ⅱ. 모니터링개요... Ⅲ. 축 수산용항생제판매량 제1장총괄판매실적... 제2장축종별판매실적... 제3장항생제성분별판매실적... Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 제1장대상세균분리및동정... 제2장지표세균의항생제내성 1. Escherichia coli... 2. Enterococcus faecium... 3. Enterococcus faecalis... 제3장식중독세균의항생제내성 1. Salmonella spp.... 2. Campylobacter jejuni/coli... 3. Staphylococcus aureus... 제4장가축병원성세균의항생제내성 1. Escherichia coli... 2. Salmonella spp.... 3. Pasteurella multocida... 4. Actinobacillius pleuropneumoniae... 5. Streptococcus suis... Ⅴ. 국내산축산물및수입축산물의항생제내성 제1장대상세균의분리및동정... 제2장지표세균의항생제내성 1. Escherichia coli... 2. Enterococcus spp.... 제3장식중독세균의항생제내성 1. Salmonella spp.... 2. Staphylococcus aureus... 3. Campylobacter spp.... [2014년보고서수정 ]... 1 5 7 8 9 23 27 34 40 47 54 65 69 72 75 75 75 79 82 87 89 90 95 96 Ⅵ. 부록 제1장축 수산용항생제판매량조사방법... 제2장가축및도체에서대상세균분리방법... 제3장축산물에서대상세균분리방법... 제4장항생제감수성검사방법... 101 102 105 106 Ⅶ. 참고문헌... 113

국문요약문 Ⅰ. 요약문 국문요약문 농림축산식품부가주관하고농림축산검역본부와 14개가축위생시험소및보건환경연구원이참여하는 축산항생제내성균감시체계구축 사업과식품의약품안전처에서실시한 유통축산물유래미생물의항생제내성균조사및특성연구 과제에서수행한 2015년도축산및수산용항생제판매현황과가축, 도축장도체, 소매상축산물, 수입축산물에대한항생제내성현황은다음과같다. 1. 동물용 ( 축산용및수산용 ) 항생제판매한국동물약품협회에서는국내축산용항생제및항콕시듐제판매량을축종별 ( 소, 돼지, 닭, 수산용 ) 및항생제종류별로조사하였다 ( 추정치 ). '15년항생제전체판매량은 910톤으로 '03년부터 '07년까지약 1,500톤내 외로판매되었으나, '11년부터 '15년까지 4년연속 1,000톤이하로판매되었다. 축종별로는돼지, 수산용, 닭, 소순으로판매되었으며, 전체판매된항생제및항콕시듐제중돼지에서 53%(481톤 ), 수산에서 22%(201톤 ), 닭에서 17%(157톤 ), 소에서 8%(71톤 ) 차지하는것으로조사되었다. '15년항생제종류별판매량은 tetracyclines계 (237톤) 와 penicillins계 (223톤) 항생제가가장많이판매된것으로조사되었다. 대부분의항생제판매량은감소추세를나타냈지만 phenicols계와 cephalosporins계항생제판매량은점차증가하여 '07년에비해각각 3배와 5배증가되었다. 2. 가축및도축장도체유래세균의항생제내성가축및도축장도체의항생제내성실태를조사하기위해정상가축분변및도축장도체에서지표세균총 2,525균주 (Escherichia coli 976균주, Enterococcus faecium 531균주, Enterococcus faecalis 1,018균주 ), 식중독세균총 870 균주 (Salmonella spp. 256균주, Campylobacter spp. 218균주, Staphylococcus aureus 396균주 ), 질병에이환된가축에서가축병원성세균총 391주 (E. coli 193균주, Salmonella spp. 87균주, Pasteurella multocida 104균주, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 21균주, Streptococcus suis 67균주 ) 를분리하여항생제감수성검사를실시하였다. 항생제감수성검사결과지표세균인 E. coli 에서는 tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin의내성이높았으며대체로소 ( 고기 ) 에비해돼지 ( 고기 ) 와닭 ( 고기 ) 에서높게나타났다. 그러나 colistin의내성은모든축종및시료에서낮았으나 ceftiofur의내성은닭 (10.6%) 및닭도체 (13.4%) 유래균주에서증가하는것으로나타났다. E. faecium/e. faecalis의내성률은전반적으로감소하는경향을나타내었으며사람에서중요하게사용되는 vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin 등의내성은검출되지않거나매우낮은것으로조사되었다. 식중독세균인 Salmonella spp. 내성률은축종및시료별로다소차이가있었으며 ceftiofur의내성은닭 (28.3%) 및닭도체 (25.6%) 에서높게관찰되었다. Campylobacter spp. 는모든축종 ( 시료 ) 에서 quinolones계항생제 (nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin) 의내성이가장높게나타났으며 macrolides계항생제내성은 C. jejuni에서는낮았으나 C. coli에서는높게나타났다. S. aureus 검사결과모든시료에서 penicillin 내성이가장높았으며 methicillin 내성 S. aureus 는총 50(12.6%) 균주가검출되었다. 가축병원성세균은균종별로항생제내성률의차이가있었으며대체로정상가축및축산물에서분리한세균과유사한내성경향을보였으나내성률은높게나타났다. 1

Ⅰ. 요약문 3. 국내산축산물및수입축산물의항생제내성축산물의항생제내성실태조사를위해, 소매상등에서구입한국내산축산물 154건으로부터 E. coli 93주, S. aureus 52주, Enterococcus spp. 12주, Salmonella spp. 2주, Campylobacter coli 1주를분리하였다. E. coli의경우 tetracycline, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, ampicillin의내성이높았으며, 대체로쇠고기에서분리한균주가돼지고기나닭고기유래균주보다내성률이낮았다. S. aureus의경우 penicillin에대한내성률이높았으며 vancomycin, linezolid, mupirocin 등의항생제에는내성을갖는균주가발견되지않았다. Enterococcus spp. 는 tetracycline과자연내성이있다고알려진 quinupristin/dalfopristin을제외하면대부분항생제에내성을보이지않았다. Salmonella 는닭고기에서 2주가분리되었으며 nalidixic acid 에대해공통적으로내성을보였다. 수입축산물의항생제내성률조사를위해, 수입신고된축산물등 282건에서 E. coli 31주, S. aureus 33주, Enterococcus spp. 4주를분리하였다. E. coli는 streptomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline의내성이다른항생제에비해높았다. 축산물별로는분리균주수가적어내성률의차이를보기어려웠지만쇠고기유래의내성률이다른축종에비해낮아국내산과유사한경향을보였다. S. aureus의경우 penicillin, tetracycline에대한내성률이높았으나 vancomycin, linezolid, chloramphenicol 등의항생제에는내성을갖는균주가발견되지않았다. Enterococcus spp. 에대해서는균주가거의분리되지않아내성률을보기어려웠지만 tetracycline 등에내성을보였으며그외대부분의항생제에대해서는내성을보이지않았다. Key words : 가축, 축산물, 항생제내성, 항생제판매량 2

Summary Summary Under the project "Establishment of antimicrobial resistance surveillance system for livestock" by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, and 14 Veterinary Service Laboratory and under the project "Monitoring and characterization of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria from livestock products" by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, we investigated the amount of antimicrobials sold for use in livestock and fisheries and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from food producing animals, carcasses, retail food and imported meats in Korea during 2015. The main results of the investigations are summarized as follows: 1. Antimicrobial use in livestock Korea Animal Health Products Association investigated the sales of antimicrobials in animals and fisheries by animal species and antimicrobial agents (estimation). In total, around 1,500 tons of antimicrobials were sold each year during 2003-2007, however, less than 1,000 tons of antimicrobials were sold from 2011 to 2015 for the four consecutive years. The largest volume of antimicrobials was sold for use in pigs (53%, 481 tons) followed by fishery (22%, 201 tons), poultry (17%, 157 tons), and cattle (8%, 71 tons). Tetracyclines (237 tons) and penicillins (223 tons) were the biggest selling antimicrobial. Overall sale of most of antimicrobials gradually decreased, however, the sales of phenicols and cephalosporins increased by 3 and 5 times from 2007 to 2015, respectively. 2. Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in animals and carcasses To investigate the antimicrobial resistance in animals and carcasses, 2,525 indicator bacteria and 870 foodborne pathogens were isolated from fecal samples and carcasses of animals during 2015: 976 Escherichia coli, 531 Enterococcus faecium, 1,018 Enterococcus faecalis, 256 Salmonella spp., 218 Campylobacter spp., and 396 S. aureus. In addition, a total of 391 pathogenic bacteria were isolated from diseased animals: 193 E. coli, 87 Salmonella spp., 104 Pasteurella multocida, 21 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and 67 Streptococcus suis. Among the E. coli from healthy animals and carcasses, high rates of resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, and streptomycin was observed but resistance to colistin and ceftiofur was rare except for ceftiofur resistance in poultry (10.6%) and chicken carcasses (13.4%). Resistance of E. faecium and E. faecalis gradually decreased for most antimicrobials and no or low rates of resistance were observed for vancomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid that are used for treatment of important bacterial disease in humans. Generally, higher rates of resistance and MIC levels were observed in indicator bacteria isolated from pigs (pig carcasses) and poultry (chicken carcasses) than those from cattle (cattle carcasses). Among the Salmonella isolates, resistance varied according to animal species and carcass samples. Resistance to ceftiofur, a 3 rd generation cephalosporins, was observed in poultry (28.3%) and chicken carcass (25.6%) isolates. Regardless the origin of the isolates, Campylobacter spp. showed the highest resistance rate to ciprofloxacin. There was a tendency for C. coli to be more resistant than C. jejuni to the macrolides. Penicillin resistance was highest among S. aureus isolates from all kinds of meat samples. Meanwhile, a total of 50 (12.6%) methicillin resistant S. aureus was detected in carcass samples. The level of resistance in pathogenic bacteria from diseased animals was higher than that of indicator bacteria from healthy animals, although the resistance of pathogenic bacteria varied according to bacterial species and antimicrobials. 3

Ⅰ. 요약문 3. Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in retail meats(domestic and imported) A total of 93 E. coli, 52 S. aureus, 12 Enterococcus spp., 2 Salmonella spp. and 1 Campylobacter coli were isolated to investigate antimicrobial resistance of food-borne bacteria from 154 retail meats that were produced in Korea. For E. coli, high resistance rate for tetracycline, nalidixic acid, streptomycin and ampicillin were observed. Generally, strains from beefs had lower resistance rate compared to those from porks and chicken meats. Resistance of S. aureus showed high rate to penicillin, and all strains were susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, mupirocin etc. For Enterococcus spp., tetracycline and quinupristin/dalfopristin that was known as intrinsic resistance by Enterococcus faecalis, resistance were relatively high but showed low resistance to the other antimicrobials. Two strains of Salmonella were isolated from chicken meats. They showed resistance to nalidixic acid. To investigate antimicrobial resistance of bacteria, 68 strains of bacteria were isolated (31 E. coli, 33 S. aureus, 4 Enterococcus spp.) from 282 imported meats. For E. coli, streptomycin, tetracycline and ampicillin resistance was higher than those of the other antimicrobials. Though small numbers of isolates from each type of livestock made it difficult to compare antimicrobial resistances, strains from beefs had lower resistance rate compared to those from porks and chicken meats. Resistance of S. aureus showed high rate to penicillin and tetracycline. No strain was found that had resistance to vancomycin, linezolid, chloramphenicol etc. For Enterococcus spp., statistical meaning was not clear because of small number of isolated strains. Some strains showed resistance to tetracycline etc. but didn't have resistance to other antimicrobials. Key words : Livestock, animal products, antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial consumption 4

Ⅱ. 모니터링개요 Ⅱ. 모니터링개요 항생제는사람과동물에서세균성질병치료및예방에기여한바가크다. 그러나항생제오 남용으로인한다제내성균출현및증가로질병치료의어려움이많은실정이다. 최근세계보건기구 (WHO), 동물보건기구 (OIE), G20 정상회의, 글로벌보건안보구상 (GHSA) 등에서는항생제내성문제의심각성을지적하고국가차원의대응을촉구하고있으며무엇보다도항생제내성문제인식을위해국가감시체계구축및운영을강조하고있다. 미국, 유럽등선진국에서는 1990년대중반부터국가차원의항생제내성균모니터링프로그램을구축하여운용하고있다. 대표적인것으로덴마크의 DANMAP(Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme), 미국의 NARMS(National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System), 캐나다의 CIPARS(Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance), 일본의 JVARM(Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System), 스웨덴의 SVARM(Swedish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring) 등이있다. 덴마크, 캐나다등선진국에서는모니터링결과를위해도분석, 항생제관련정책결정, 내성균에대한연구방향설정등에활용하여과학적근거에의한적절한항생제사용전략으로점차항생제내성률이낮아지고있다. 국내축산분야항생제내성모니터링사업은가축과도축장도체에대해서는 2003년부터농림축산검역본부 ( 구국립수의과학검역원 ) 에서 축산용항생제관리시스템구축 사업을수행하였으며, 2008년부터는농림축산식품부가주관하는 축산항생제내성균감시체계구축 사업으로확대실시하게되었다. 본사업은농림축산검역본부와 14개시 도가축위생시험소및보건환경연구원, 한국동물약품협회가참여하고있다. 본사업의목적은 1) 축산 ( 가축및수산 ) 용항생제사용량을조사하고, 2) 가축및식육유래세균에대해항생제내성을조사하는데있다. 이러한항생제사용및내성모니터링결과는가축에서사용하는항생제가공중보건에미치는영향을평가하고, 축산항생제관리정책결정, 항생제내성연구방향설정등의기초자료로활용될수있다. 축산항생제내성감시체계구축 사업은농림축산식품부의행정적, 재정적지원으로농림축산검역본부, 각시 도가축위생시험소및보건환경연구원, 한국동물약품협회가참여하고있다. 축 수산용항생제판매량은한국동물약품에서자체개발한프로그램을이용하여축산 ( 소, 돼지, 닭 ) 및수산용으로판매된항생제를축종별, 용도별, 항생제별로조사하였다. 가축및도축장도체유래항생제내성조사는 14개시 도가축위생시험소에서 5

Ⅱ. 모니터링개요 가축및도체에서시료를채취하여지표세균 ( 대장균, 장구균 ) 과식중독세균 ( 살모넬라균, 캠필로박터균, 황색포도상구균 ), 가축병원성세균 ( 병원성대장균, 살모넬라균, 파스튜렐라균, 엑틴노바실러스균, 연쇄상구균, 헤모필루스균 ) 을분리하여분리균주를농림축산검역본부로송부하고농림축산검역본부에서는송부한균주에대해항생제감수성검사를수행하고분석하였다. 유통중인축 수산물에대해서는식품의약품안전처에서 2003년부터유통식품에대하여지속적으로항생제내성률을모니터링을수행해왔으며, 2013년이후에는수입축산물에대한항생제내성실태조사도함께수행하고있다. 국내유통축산물및수입축산물의항생제내성도가축및도체의항생제내성검사방법과동일하게지표세균및식중독세균에대해서조사하였다 (Fig. 1). 본보고서에서는 2015 년축 수산용항생제판매실태조사결과와가축, 도축장도체, 유통단계의국내및 수입축산물등생산부터유통단계까지의항생제내성조사결과를통합하여기술하였다. 항생제판매량 한국동물약품협회 조사결과 가축 도체 시 도시험소, 보건환경연구원 시 도시험소, 보건환경연구원 분리균주 분리균주 농림축산검역본부 검사결과 국가항생제사용및내성모니터링 - 가축, 축산물 - 국내소매상축산물 식품의약품안전처 검사결과 수입축산물 식품의약품안전처 검사결과 Fig. 1. 축 수산항생제사용및내성모니터링개요 6

제 1 장총괄판매실적 Ⅲ. 축 수산용항생제판매량 제 1 장. 총괄판매실적 ( 추정치 ) 연도별총항생제및항콕시듐제의판매실적을살펴보면, '15년에는 910톤으로 '11년부터지속적으로 1,000톤이하로판매되었다. 항생제판매량추이를보면 '07년도 1,527톤으로, 1,500톤이상판매되었으나 '08년부터점차감소하여 '08년 1,211톤, '09년 998톤, '10년 1,047톤으로약 1,000톤내 외가판매되었다. '11년부터는 1,000톤이하로감소되어 '11년 956톤, '12년 936톤, '13년 820톤, '14년 893톤으로 '11년부터 5년연속 1,000톤이하로판매되었다 (Table 1). 일반적으로항생제판매량은그해가축사육두수, 질병발생등에따라크게달라질수있다. 4년연속 1, 000톤이하로판매된기간 ( '11 - '14년) 의가축사육두수는항생제판매량이비교적높았던기간 ( '06 - '07년) 에비해, 돼지사육두수는약 1% 로감소하였지만소는약 25%, 닭은약 17% 증가하여전반적으로가축의사육두수증가에도불구하고판매량은크게감소하여실제농가에서사용된항생제량이감소한것으로생각된다 (Fig. 2). Table 1. 총항생제판매실적 ( 단위 : kg ) 구분 항생제판매량 2007 년도 2008 년도 2009 년도 2010 년도 2011 년도 2012 년도 2013 년도 2014 년도 2015 년도 항생제 1,438,486 1,136,894 923,199 978,584 878,224 855,649 765,092 840,520 866,359 항콕시듐제 88,227 73,722 74,968 68,328 78,067 80,720 55,267 52,612 43,328 합계 1,526,713 1,210,616 998,167 1,046,912 956,291 936,369 820,359 893,132 909,687 < 자료출처 : 한국동물약품협회 > 12000 200 10000 180 160 Tousands of animals 8000 6000 4000 140 120 100 80 60 Millions of broilers 2000 40 20 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Cattle Pigs Poultry 0 Fig. 2. 가축사육두수동향 (2007~2015 년 ) < 자료출처 : 통계청가축통계 > 7

Ⅲ. 축 수산용항생제판매량 제 2 장. 축종별판매실적 ( 추정치 ) '07년도부터 '15년까지축종별항생제및항콕시듐제판매량 ( 추정 ) 을살펴보면, 소, 돼지, 닭및수산용등주요사육가축에서의판매량비율은소는약 5-8%, 돼지는 47-57%, 닭은 17-21%, 수산용은 17-22% 로나타나돼지에서가장많이판매되고수산용, 닭, 소의순으로조사되었다. 연도별로축종에따른판매량은크게차이는없으나돼지에서판매량은 '10년이전까지는전체판매량의약 55% 이상판매되었으나 '11년부터 '14년까지는약 47-48% 로점차감소추세를나타내었으나 '15년에는 53% 로증가하였다. 수산용항생제판매량은 '10년이전까지는 20% 이하 (16-19%) 로판매되었으나 '11년이후에는약 22-27% 로점차증가추세를나타내었다 (Table 2, Fig. 3). Table 2. 축종별항생제판매실적 ( 단위 : kg ) 구분 항생제판매량 2007년도 2008년도 2009년도 2010년도 2011년도 2012년도 2013년도 2014년도 2015년도 항생제 114,917 93,533 60,344 53,908 55,061 62,839 61,282 68,639 68,161 소 항콕시듐제 6,337 5,758 2,722 3,535 2,665 2,617 2,256 3,775 2,972 소계 121,254 99,291 63,066 57,443 57,726 65,456 63,538 72,414 71,133 항생제 868,431 653,304 542,726 574,178 452,775 441,020 371,995 423,535 474,598 돼항콕시듐제 5,874 8,226 8,383 7,329 6,545 7,656 12,301 4,748 6,120 지소계 874,305 661,530 551,109 581,507 459,320 448,676 384,296 428,283 480,718 항생제 204,483 196,534 141,759 147,008 131,072 123,862 118,580 106,491 122,667 닭 항콕시듐제 76,016 59,738 63,863 57,464 68,857 70,447 40,710 44,089 34,236 소계 280,499 256,272 205,622 204,472 199,929 194,309 159,290 150,580 156,903 수 항생제 250,655 193,523 178,370 203,490 239,316 227,928 213,235 241,855 200,933 산 항콕시듐제 - - - - - - - - - 용 소계 250,655 193,523 178,370 203,490 239,316 227,928 213,235 241,855 200,933 항생제 1,438,486 1,136,894 923,199 978,584 878,224 855,649 765,092 840,520 866,359 계 항콕시듐제 88,227 73,722 74,968 68,328 78,067 80,720 55,267 52,612 43,328 소계 1,526,713 1,210,616 998,167 1,046,912 956,291 936,369 820,359 893,132 909,687 < 자료출처 : 한국동물약품협회 > 70% Antimicrobial agents (percentage) 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Pigs Poultry Aquaculture < 자료출처 : 한국동물약품협회 > Fig. 3. 축종별항생제판매추이비교 8

제 3 장항생제성분별판매실적 제 3 장. 항생제성분별판매실적 ( 추정치 ) 축산용항생제성분별판매량 tetracycline계열과 penicillin 계열항생제가가장많이판매된것으로조사되었다. Tetracyclines계열은 '07년까지는연간약 600-700톤판매되었으나점차감소하여 '07년에는약 624톤, '09부터 '13년까지는약 270-280톤내 외, '14년에약 230톤, 15년에는 237톤으로 '07년에비해약 60% 이상감소하였다. 그다음으로많이판매되는항생제인 penicillin계열은 '07년까지약 267톤판매되었으며 '08년부터 '13년까지는 200톤이하로판매되었으나 '14년부터는증가하여 200톤이상판매되었다. 전반적으로항생제판매량은감소추세를나타났으며특히판매량이가장많았던 tetracyclines계, sulfonamides계와그외 polypeptides계, streptogramins계, glycolipid계항생제의판매량감소폭이크게나타났다 (Table 3). 그러나 phenicols계와 cephalosporins계항생제의판매량은증가하였으며특히 phenicols계항생제중에서 florfenicol의판매량이약 91톤, cephalosporins 계열항생제중에서는 ceftiofur의판매량약 9.3톤으로해당계열항생제중이들항생제가가장많이판매된것으로조사되었다 (Table 4). Table 3. 항생제계열별판매량 ( 단위 : kg ) 항생제 ( 계열 ) 항생제판매량 2007 년도 2008 년도 2009 년도 2010 년도 2011 년도 2012 년도 2013 년도 2014 년도 2015 년도 Tetracyclines 624,236 470,946 287,712 283,830 308,206 281,974 268,787 229,745 237,070 Sulfonamides 183,209 157,455 92,122 116,797 100,334 102,273 74,587 79,724 98,845 Penicillins 266,968 170,721 150,589 145,466 154,724 189,748 187,320 252,728 223,354 Aminoglycosides 93,727 73,188 51,209 58,975 46,185 46,071 36,945 45,781 47,821 Macrolides 75,342 68,556 88,124 90,638 60,273 55,924 40,934 58,189 65,909 Quinolones 56,585 51,257 37,418 46,102 51,066 49,149 49,727 43,601 49,161 Ionophores 88,227 73,222 74,968 68,328 78,067 80,720 55,267 52,612 43,328 Polypeptides 38,889 43,581 96,532 117,010 56,776 10,236 10,061 11,118 12,458 Phenicols 34,367 35,892 54,543 63,882 59,238 83,423 65,046 77,790 93,321 Pleuromutilins 21,195 20,015 35,025 34,578 22,426 17,740 13,598 19,425 18,252 Quinoxalines 13,070 18,008 4,601 - - - - - - Lincosamides 16,373 12,048 5,674 6,886 7,506 9,172 7,900 10,168 9,306 Cephalosporins 1,962 2,694 3,163 4,980 5,650 7,759 8,065 10,293 10,082 Streptogramins 4,942 5,081 8,164 5,913 3,159 889 626 1,290 190 Orthosomycins 5,429 5,203 5,566 4,214 1,261 143 111 88 13 Glycolipid 2,341 1,971 2,469 2,099 897 459 319 271 243 Others -149 778 288-2,786 523 689 1,066 309 334 Total 1,526,713 1,210,616 998,167 1,046,912 956,291 936,369 820,359 893,132 909,687 < 자료출처 : 한국동물약품협회 > 9

Ⅲ. 축 수산용항생제판매량 Table 4. 항생제성분별판매실적 ( 단위 : kg ) 항생제계열 Penicillins Cephems Quinolones Aminoglycosides 항생제성분 항생제판매량 2007년도 2008년도 2009년도 2010년도 2011년도 2012년도 2013년도 2014년도 2015년도 Amoxycillin 143,700 82,418 101,358 91,485 102,734 128,412 112,021 178,824 139,676 Ampicillin 33,757 22,382 23,352 26,646 26,771 34,591 37,359 49,430 56,766 Cloxacillin 142 129 118 216 207 88 45 67 44 Dicloxacillin sodium 44 42 35 37 28 36 32 141 198 Penicillin 89,325 65,750 25,726 27,082 24,984 26,621 37,863 24,266 26,670 소계 266,968 170,721 150,589 145,466 154,724 189,748 187,320 252,728 223,354 Cefadroxil 77 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cefoperazone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cefquinome 28 18 20 43 43 56 41 43 35 Ceftiofur 624 1,488 2,230 4,119 4,743 6,784 7,308 9,397 9,300 Cephalexin 1,142 1,042 813 740 846 845 656 799 695 Cephazolin sodium 91 83 100 78 18 74 60 54 52 소계 1,962 2,694 3,163 4,980 5,650 7,759 8,065 10,293 10,082 Cenfloxacin HCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ciprofloxacin 9,112 8,062 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Danofloxacine 14 0 8 7 4 0 4 4 6 Enrofloxacin 32,254 26,847 31,257 38,280 41,728 41,340 40,668 32,813 36,592 Flumequine 3,242 1,986 2,099 3,593 3,274 2,586 2,704 2,383 3,012 Marbofloxacine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,233 3,494 Nalidixic acid -1-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nitroxoline 405 231 260 194 311 29 2 13 0 Norfloxacin 6,213 7,365 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ofloxacin 1,055 1,526 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Orbifloxacin 18 16 13 6 0 0 0 0 0 Oxolinic acid 3,240 2,932 3,891 4,022 5,749 5,194 6,349 6,155 6057 Pefloxacine 1,033 2,293-110 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sarafloxacin HCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 소계 56,585 51,257 37,418 46,102 51,066 49,149 49,727 43,601 49,161 Amikacin sulfate 32 40 45 48 40 50 36 51 143 Apramycin sulfate 5,186 4,840 15,376 15,709 5,829 1,725 829 1,324 1,615 Destomycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dihydrostreptomycin 18,461 13,632 10,534 9,917 9,016 9,886 8,283 9,609 11,826 Gentamicin 3,984 4,764 4,130 3,736 2,805 3,900 2,367 2,763 2,624 Kanamycin 3,703 3,309 3,085 3,065 2,309 2,786 2,412 2,730 2,810 Neomycine 51,583 37,058 8,633 13,892 13,557 13,972 10,889 14,173 13,368 Spectinomycin 5,188 3,764 4,967 7,622 6,933 8,269 6,685 8,347 9,814 Streptomycin sulfate 5,590 5,781 4,439 4,986 5,696 5,483 5,444 6,784 5,621 소계 93,727 73,188 51,209 58,975 46,185 46,071 36,945 45,781 47,821 10

제 3 장항생제성분별판매실적 Table 4. 항생제성분별판매실적 (continued) 항생제계열 Tetracyclines Lincosamides Phenicols Macrolides Sulfonamides 항생제성분 항생제판매량 2007년도 2008년도 2009년도 2010년도 2011년도 2012년도 2013년도 2014년도 2015년도 Chlortetracycline 308,357 239,481 114,208 101,387 95,228 92,327 75,454 74,390 76,306 Doxycycline 2,905 4,765 6,057 2,869 2,582 1,900 1,553 1,404 1,633 Oxytetracycline 312,423 226,367 167,447 179,574 210,396 187,747 191,780 153,951 159,131 Tetracycline 551 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 소계 624,236 470,946 287,712 283,830 308,206 281,974 268,787 229,745 237,070 Clindamycin 1,367 1,075 409 955 1,294 919 600 707 342 Lincomycin 15,006 10,973 5,265 5,931 6,212 8,253 7,300 9,461 8,964 소계 16,373 12,048 5,674 6,886 7,506 9,172 7,900 10,168 9,306 Chloramphenicol 541 463 384 363 394 1,305 1,149 1,248 1,544 Florfenicol 33,681 35,365 54,086 63,433 58,741 82,023 63,815 76,495 91,727 Thiamphenicol 145 64 73 86 103 95 82 47 50 소계 34,367 35,892 54,543 63,882 59,238 83,423 65,046 77,790 93,321 Erythromycin 14,521 13,576 8,710 10,019 9,271 11,942 6,671 8,520 10,185 Josamycin 22 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kitasamycin 2,156 2,673 2,242 1,953 1,363 1,484 572 942 614 Oleandomycin 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 Roxithromycine 48 32 37 34 28 30 38 30 23 Spiramycine 3,030 2,125 2,229 2,704 1,969 2,119 1,322 1,768 1,556 Tilmicosin 1,770 4,083 3,017 6,886 6,757 9,564 5,768 8,651 14,639 phosphate 53,794 46,062 71,885 69,042 4,0884 30,784 26,563 38,278 38,892 Tylosin 75,342 68,556 88,124 90,638 60,273 55,924 40,934 58,189 65,909 Formosulfathiazole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sulfachlorpyridazine 3,670 3,801 1,441 927 1,165 1,555 873 1,000 782 Sulfaclozine 7 126 0 138 30 417 234 5 6 Sulfadiazine 8,689 10,515 8,791 11,298 12,535 15,645 8,487 10,866 12,182 Sulfadimethoxine 2,216 1,949 2,041 1,867 2,374 2,679 1,606 2,569 2,121 Sulfadoxine 313 255 464 426 401 804 332 375 442 Sulfaguanidine 81 78 46 113 58 42 38 50 70 Sulfamerazine 190 133 175 423 260 199 219 240 256 Sulfamethazine 24,024 19,390 19,472 17,067 14,065 13,771 10,269 12,987 13,068 Sulfamethoxazole 22,134 20,449 20,494 23,949 25,073 27,407 21,816 20,975 27,677 Sulfamethoypyridazine 785 553 548 556 584 426 219 377 166 Sulfamonmethoxine 787 705 509 1,017 772 1,110 198 374 261 Sulfanilamide 30 36 33 30 32 32 0 8 18 Sulfaquinoxaline 3,828 2,673 2,448 1,931 2,076 1,834 780 977 1,102 Sulfathiazole 106,523 86,886 28,314 48,481 32,397 26,543 22,902 22,035 32,269 Sulfisomidine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sulfisoxazole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trimethoprim 9,932 9,906 7,346 8,574 8,512 9,809 6,614 6,886 8,425 소계 183,209 157,455 92,122 116,797 100,334 102,273 74,587 79,724 98,845 11

Ⅲ. 축 수산용항생제판매량 Table 4. 항생제성분별판매실적 (continued) 항생제계열 항생제성분 항생제판매량 2007 년도 2008 년도 2009 년도 2010 년도 2011 년도 2012 년도 2013 년도 2014 년도 2015 년도 Polypeptides Bacitracin 20,370 28,370 82,859 100,775 36,651 1,133 2,218 1,663 2,587 Colistin sulfate 16,307 13,685 5,637 7,699 16,961 8,909 7,648 9,183 9,331 Enramycin 2,212 1,526 8,036 8,536 3,164 194 195 272 540 소계 38,889 43,581 96,532 117,010 56,776 10,236 10,061 11,118 12,458 Streptogramins Orthosomycins Glycolipid Virginiamycin 4,942 5,081 8,164 5,913 3,159 889 626 1,290 190 소계 4,942 5,081 8,164 5,913 3,159 889 626 1,290 190 Avilamycin 5,429 5,203 5,566 4,214 1,261 143 111 88 13 소계 5,429 5,203 5,566 4,214 1,261 143 111 88 13 Bambermycin 2,341 1,971 2,469 2,099 897 459 319 271 243 소계 2,341 1,971 2,469 2,099 897 459 319 271 243 Carbadox 11,335 14,956 3,559 0 0 0 0 0 0 Quinoxalines Olaquindox 1,735 3,052 1,042 0 0 0 0 0 0 소계 13,070 18,008 4,601 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tiamulin 21,151 19,988 35,028 34,578 22,426 17,740 13,598 19,425 18.252 Pleuromutilins Valnemulin 44 27-3 0 0 0 0 0 0 소계 21,195 20,015 35,025 34,578 22,426 17,740 13,598 19,425 18.252 Clopidol 24,735 21,253 17,352 25,189 19,433 25,338 10,631 11,514 11,581 Diclazuril 196 297 444 550 398 411 386 450 549 Fenbendazol 4,552 5,225 5,806 6,731 5,709 7,353 12,177 4,928 5,672 Lasalocid 8,293 7,087 4,882 5,574 5,344 8,702 6,506 2,576 1,102 Ionophores Madurmycin 1,600 2,418 2,297 1,729 2,224 1,135 1,280 667 1,635 Monensin 11,046 6,940 4,091 6,954 4,415 5,782 2,218 5,335 5,047 Narasin 622 955 1,253 818 3,558 1,288 3,588 88 883 Salinomycin 33,992 28,109 38,843 20,783 36,986 30,711 18,481 27,054 16,859 Semduramycin 3,191 1,438 - - - - - - - 소계 88,227 73,722 74,968 68,328 78,067 80,720 55,267 52,612 43,328 Novobiocin 13 16 12 16 12 13 14 13 10 Others Others -162 762 276-2,770 511 1,053 1,052 296 324 소계 -149 778 288-2,786 523 1,066 1,066 309 334 합계 1,526,713 1,210,616 998,167 1,046,912 956,291 936,369 820,359 893,132 909,687 * Oxytetracycline quaterary ammonium salt 등 9개약제는 AI(active ingredient) 로추정하지못함. < 자료출처 : 한국동물약품협회 > 12

제 3 장항생제성분별판매실적 Table 5. 용도및축종별항생제판매실적 (2014 년 ) ( 단위 : kg ) 구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료 예방용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Amikacin sulfate - - - - - 1 - - 11 39 - - Amoxycillin Hydrate - - - - 546 4,178 259 511 18,640 79,627 5,862 18,644 Amoxicillin - - - - - - - - - - - - Amoxycillin Sodium - - - - 10 50-598 951 1,297-44,184 Amoxycillin trihydrate - - - - 134 179 133-838 1,424 607 152 Ampicillin - - - - - - - - 294 221 221 206 Ampicillin hydrate - - - - 247 2,172 532 11 7,162 17,858 9,871 2,211 Ampicillin sodium - - - - 103 161-479 1,332 3,605-363 Ampicillin trihydrate - - - - 12 50 37-107 1,856 319 - Apitol-R - - - - - - - - - - - - Apramycin sulfate - - - - 72 169 - - 211 870 2 - Avilamycin - - - - - - - - - 88 - - Avoparcin - - - - - - - - - - - - Bacitracin methylene disalicylate - - - - - - - - - - - - Bacitracin zinc - - - - 241 659 418-35 177 133 - Bambermycin - - - - - - - - 65 117 89 - Bromopropylate - - - - - - - - - - - - Carbadox - - - - - - - - - - - - Cefacetril - - - - - - - - 2 - - - Cefadroxil - - - - - - - - - - - - Cefazolin sodium - - - - - - - - 14 - - - Cefoperazone - - - - - - - - - - - - Cefovecin sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Cefquinome - - - - 6 4 - - 14 19 - - Ceftiofur - - - - 3 30 - - 2 280 - - Ceftiofur Crystalline Free acid - - - - - - - - - - - - Ceftiofur HCL - - - - 121 86 - - 208 212 - - Ceftiofur sodium - - - - 141 186 44-2,071 4,974 1,039 - Cefuroxime - - - - - - - - - - - - Cefuroxime sodium - - - - - - - - 2 - - - Cenfloxacin HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Cephalexin - - - - 1 - - - 160 404-54 Cephalexin monohydrate - - - - - - - - 90 90 - - Cephalonium - - - - - - - - 36 - - - Cephaloridine - - - - - - - - - - - - Cephapirin - - - - - - - - - - - - Cephazolin sodium - - - - - - - - 27 27 - - Chloramphenicol - - - - 26 - - - 828 394 - - Chloramphenicol monoethanolamine hemisuccinate - - - - - - - - - - - - 13

Ⅲ. 축 수산용항생제판매량 구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료 예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Chlormycetin - - - - - - - - - - - - Chlortetracycline - - - - - - - - - - - - Chlortetracycline calcium - - - - - 225 - - - 5,550 - - Chlortetracycline HCl - - - - 336 2,576 883-2,890 31,167 9,807 - Chlortetracycline hydrochloride calcium - - - - - - - - - 18,156 2,800 - Ciprofloxacin - - - - - - - - - - - - Ciprofloxacin HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Clindamycin - - - - - - - 64 - - - 86 Clindamycin HCL - - - - - - - 35 - - - 522 Clopidol - - 1,696 - - - 243 - - - 9,575 - Cloxacillin - - - - - - - - - - - - Cloxacillin benzathine - - - - 1 - - - 66 - - - Cloxacillin sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Colistin sulfate - - - - 30 82 113-623 6,380 1,955 - Cymiazole HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Danofloxacine - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - Destomycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Dextromethorphane - - - - - - - - - - - - Diclazuril - - 267 - - - 28 - - - 155 - Dicloxacillin sodium - - - - 1 - - - 140 - - - Difuran - - - - - - - - - - - - Dihydrostreptomycin - - - - 46 86 - - 74 636 - - Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate - - - - 90 57 - - 2,536 6,013 71 - Dimetridazole - - - - - - - - - - - - Doxycycline - - - - - - - - - - - - Doxycycline Hyclate - - - - - 52 232-12 114 907 87 Efrotomycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Enramycin - - - - - 4 4 - - 164 100 - Enrofloxacin - - - - 18 1,307 2,836-994 4,996 22,431 - Enrofloxacin-Na - - - - - - - - 35 196 - - Erythromycin - - - - - - - 4 31 13-1,846 Erythromycin estolate - - - - - - - - - - - - Erythromycin thiocyanate - - - - - - 39 1,966 8 1 459 4,153 Fenbendazole - 862 - - 7 265 - - 220 3,574 - - Florfenicol - - - - 30 2,684 704 365 1,908 55,834 12,331 2,639 Floxazone - - - - - - - - - - - - Flumequine - - - - - 9 144 151-138 821 1,120 Formosulfathiazole - - - - - - - - - - - - Fumagillin - - - - - - - - - - - - Furaltadone HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Furazolidone - - - - - - - - - - - - Gentamycin - - - - - - - - 8 40 - - 14

제 3 장항생제성분별판매실적 구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료 예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Gentamicin sulfate - - - - 21 109 25-543 1,439 577 1 Glydent Antimicrobial - - - - - - - - - - - - Iodochlorhydroxyquinoline - - - - - - - - - - - - Isoeugenol - - - - - - - - - - - - Josamycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Kanamycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Kanamycin sulfate - - - - 67 257 1-57 2,340 8 - Kitasamycin - - - - - - - - - 942 - - Kitasamycin tartrate - - - - - - - - - 0 - - Lasalocid sodium - - 2,400 - - - - - 176 0 - - Lincomycin - - - - - - - - - 2,336 - - Lincomycin HCl - - - - - 94 51-22 5,411 1,547 - Maduramycin ammonium - - 136 - - 0 - - - 0 531 - Marbofloxacine - - - - 59 170 - - 875 1,129 - - Methenamine - - - - - - - - - - - - Monensin sodium 1,405-1,285-46 0 30-1,894 0 675 - Nafcillin - - - - - - - - - - - - Nafcillin sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Nalidixic acid - - - - - - - - - - - - Narasin - - - - - - - - - - 88 0 Neomycine - - - - - - - 125-93 16 0 Neomycine sulfate - - - - 65 138 108 204 3,913 3,779 934 4,798 Nicarbazine - - - - - - - - - - - - Nidroxyzone - - - - - - - - - - - - Nisin - - - - - - - - - - - - Nitrofurazone - - - - - - - - - - - - Nitrovin - - - - - - - - - - - - Nitroxoline - - - - - - - - - - 13 - Norfloxacin - - - - - - - - - - - - Nosiheptide - - - - - - - - - - - - Novobiocin - - - - - - - - - - - - Novobiocin sodium - - - - - - - - 13 - - - Ofloxacin - - - - - - - - - - - - Olaquindox - - - - - - - - - - - - Oleandomycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Oleandomycine phosphate - - - - - - - - - - - - Orbifloxacin - - - - - - - - - - - - Ormethoprim - - - - - - - - - - - - Oxacillin sodium monohydrate - - - - - - - - - - - - Oxolinic acid - - - - - - - 865 - - - 4,274 Oxolinic acid sodium - - - - - - - 202 - - - 814 15

Ⅲ. 축 수산용항생제판매량 구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료 예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Oxytetracycline - - - - - - - - 23 29 22 4,302 Oxytetracycline dihydrate - - - - 244 170 - - 908 648 - - Oxytetracycline HCl - - - - 88 182 167 16,729 1,902 3,121 2,784 121,667 Oxytetracycline quaterary ammonium - - - - - - - - 7 954 4 - salt Pefloxacine - - - - - - - - - - - - Penicillin - - - - - - - - - - - - Penicillin G benzathine - - - - 17 19 - - 788 1,754 - - Penicillin G clemizole - - - - - - - - 113 1,538 - - Penicillin G potassium - - - - 1 65 66-275 1,233 603 - Penicillin G procaine - - - - 101 233 - - 5,065 12,127 - - Penicillin G sodium - - - - - - - - 27 241 - - Phthalylsulfathiazole - - - - - - - - 26 41 16 - Piromidic acid - - - - - - - - - - - - Polymixin-B sulfate - - - - - - - - - - - - Rifampicin - - - - - - - - - - - - Rifaximin - - - - - - - - 3 - - - Robenidine HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Roxarsone - - - - - - - - - - - - Roxithromycine - - - - - - 4 - - - 26 - Salinomycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Salinomysin sodium - - 8,160 - - - - - 27 47 18,820 - Sarafloxacin HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Sedecamycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Semduramycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Silver sulfadiazine - - - - - - - - - - - - Sodium nifurstylenate - - - - - - - - - - - - Sodium Sulfachloropyridazine - - - - - - - - - - - - Spectinomycin - - - - - - - - - 3,338 - - Spectinomycin HCl - - - - 1 1 - - - 21 - - Spectinomycin sulfate - - - - - 80 47-13 3,427 1,270 - Spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate - - - - - - - - - 104 45 - Spiramycin - - - - - 1 - - 40 120 - - Spiramycin adipate - - - - - 0 - - 82 101 - - Spiramycin embonate - - - - - 146 - - - 1,278 - - Streptomycin - - - - - 0 - - - - - - Streptomycin sulfate - - - - 4 152 169-2,127 2,792 1,540 - Sulfacetamide - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfachloropyridazine sodium - - - - 16 33 32-188 410 285 - Sulfachlorpyridazine - - - - - - - - 12 12 12 - Sulfaclozine - - - - - - - - - - 5-16

제 3 장항생제성분별판매실적 구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료 예방용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Sulfadiazine - - - - 12 57-1,587 115 4,220 935 3,213 Sulfadiazine sodium - - - - - - 32 - - - 29 666 Sulfadimethoxine - - - - - - - - 45 27 9 - Sulfadimethoxine sodium - - - - 6 7 4-425 636 546 864 Sulfadoxine - - - - 6 8 - - 184 177 0 - Sulfaguanidine - - - - - - - - 25 25 0 - Sulfamerazine - - - - - - - - 140 87 13 - Sulfamerazine sodium - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 - Sulfamethazine - - - - 11 1,106 - - 364 11,443 15 - Sulfamethazine sodium - - - - 17 17 - - 7 7 0 - Sulfamethoxazole - - - - 38 1,053 426-429 10,533 6,676 - Sulfamethoxazole sodium - - - - 1 17 17-94 881 810 - Sulfamethoypyridazine - - - - - - - - 288 64 25 - Sulfamethoypyridazine sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfamonomethoxine - - - - - - 95 - - 70 131 - Sulfamonomethoxine sodium - - - - - - 27 - - 10 41 - Sulfanilamide - - - - - - - - 3 5 0 - Sulfaphenazole - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfaquinoxaline - - - - - - 19 - - - 958 - Sulfathiazole - - - - - 553 2-136 21,259 37 - Sulfathiazole sodium - - - - 17 17 - - 7 7 0 - Sulfatolamide - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfisomidine - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfisoxazole - - - - - - - - - - - - Tetracycline - - - - - - - - - - - - Tetracycline HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Thiamphenicol - - - - 1 1 - - 13 32 - - Thiamphenicol glycinate HCL - - - - - - - - - - - - Thiopeptin - - - - - - - - - - - - Tiaclaton - - - - - - - - - - - - Tiamulin - - - - - - - - - 379 - - Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate - - - - - 1,061 166 - - 16,563 1,256 - Tilmicosin phosphate - - - - 5 707 536-231 5,335 1,837 - Trimethoprim - - - - 23 232 133 317 274 3,263 1,868 776 Tulathromycin - - - - - - - - 5 151 - - Tylosin - - - - 2 3 - - 320 69 - - Tylosin phosphate - - - - 79 2,245 - - 2,824 24,101 22 - Tylosin tartrate - - - - 16 397 544-128 5,342 2,186 - Valnemulin - - - - - - - - - - - - Virginiamycin - - - - - - - - - 774 516 - TOTAL 1,405 862 13,944 0 3,186 24,603 9,350 24,213 67,823 402,818 127,286 217,642 < 자료출처 : 한국동물약품협회 > 17

Ⅲ. 축 수산용항생제판매량 Table 6. 용도및축종별항생제판매실적 (2015 년 ) ( 단위 : kg ) 구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료 예방용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Amikacin sulfate - - - - - 1 - - 9 133 - - Amoxycillin Hydrate - - - - 1,070 6,737 321 278 19,534 81,416 5,000 17,407 Amoxicillin - - - - - - - - - - - - Amoxycillin Sodium - - - - - - - 328 152 235-3,356 Amoxycillin trihydrate - - - - 252 336 252-746 1,607 582 67 Ampicillin - - - - - - - - 130 97 97 135 Ampicillin hydrate - - - - 336 2,278 2,112-7,958 17,836 16,504 972 Ampicillin sodium - - - - 54 95-333 1,129 3,495-240 Ampicillin trihydrate - - - - 5 14 4-145 2,390 407 - Apitol-R - - - - - - - - - - - - Apramycin sulfate - - - - 166 126 - - 277 1,038 8 - Avilamycin - - - - - 3 - - - 10 - - Avoparcin - - - - - - - - - - - - Bacitracin methylene disalicylate - - - - - - - - - 92 92 - Bacitracin zinc - - - - 211 644 433-333 590 192 - Bambermycin - - - - - - - - 59 95 89 - Bromopropylate - - - - - - - - - - - - Carbadox - - - - - - - - - - - - Cefacetril - - - - - - - - 2 - - - Cefadroxil - - - - - - - - - - - - Cefazolin sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Cefoperazone - - - - - - - - - - - - Cefovecin sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Cefquinome - - - - - - - - 14 21 - - Ceftiofur - - - - 1 5 - - 4 155 - - Ceftiofur HCL - - - - - - - - - 60 - - Ceftiofur sodium - - - - 11 2 - - 67 81 - - Cefuroxime - - - - 108 194 27-1,680 5,955 950 - Cefuroxime sodium - - - - - - - - Cenfloxacin HCl - - - - 2 - - - Cephalexin - - - - - - - - Cephalexin onohydrate - - - - 1 250 - - 172 146-8 Cephalonium - - - - - - - - 59 59 - - Cephaloridine - - - - - - - - 48 - - - Cephapirin - - - - - - - - - - - - Cephazolin sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Chloramphenicol - - - - - - - - 26 26 - - Chloramphenicol monoethanolamine hemisuccinate - - - - 26 - - - 962 556 - - 18

제 3 장항생제성분별판매실적 구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료 예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Chlormycetin - - - - - - - - - - - - Chlortetracycline - - - - - - - - - - - - Chlortetracycline calcium - - - - - 250 - - - 6,713 - - Chlortetracycline HCl - - - - 155 2,828 492-3,317 33,088 9,789 - Chlortetracycline hydrochloride calcium - - - - - 799 32 - - 16,501 2,342 - Ciprofloxacin - - - - - - - - - - - - Ciprofloxacin HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Clindamycin - - - - - - - 5 - - - 116 Clindamycin HCL - - - - - - - 11 - - - 210 Clopidol - - 458 - - - 68 - - - 11,055 - Cloxacillin - - - - - - - - - - - - Cloxacillin benzathine - - - - 4 - - - 40 - - - Cloxacillin sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Colistin sulfate - - - - 18 76 80-678 6,513 1,966 - Cymiazole HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Danofloxacine - - - - - - - - 3 3 - - Destomycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Dextromethorphane - - - - - - - - - - - - Diclazuril - - 213 - - - 57-1 - 278 - Dicloxacillin sodium - - - - 2 - - - 196 - - - Difuran - - - - - - - - - - - - Dihydrostreptomycin - - - - 3 5 - - 138 1,410 - - Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate - - - - 48 89 - - 3,046 6,999 88 - Dimetridazole - - - - - - - - - - - - Doxycycline - - - - - - - - - - - - Doxycycline Hyclate - - - - - 44 359-9 149 837 235 Efrotomycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Enramycin - - - - - 9 9 - - 331 191 - Enrofloxacin - - - - 67 1,030 3,079-1,031 5,234 25,943 - Enrofloxacin-Na - - - - 1 3 - - 32 172 - - Erythromycin - - - - - - - 4 39 17-1,847 Erythromycin estolate - - - - - - - - - - - - Erythromycin thiocyanate - - - - - - 19 2,255 1-281 5,730 Fenbendazole - 707 - - 27 376 - - 241 4,321 - - Florfenicol - - - - 17 4,453 798 513 2,265 66,595 14,134 2,952 Floxazone - - - - - - - - - - - - Flumequine - - - - - - 243 120-337 984 1,328 Formosulfathiazole - - - - - - - - - - - - Fumagillin - - - - - - - - - - - - Furaltadone HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Furazolidone - - - - - - - - - - - - Gentamycin - - - - - - - - 7 22 - - 19

Ⅲ. 축 수산용항생제판매량 구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료 예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Gentamicin sulfate - - - - 14 127 16-514 1,409 515 - Glydent Antimicrobial - - - - - - - - - - - - Iodochlorhydroxyquinoline - - - - - - - - - - - - Isoeugenol - - - - - - - - - - - - Josamycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Kanamycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Kanamycin sulfate - - - - 73 224 - - 67 2,438 8 - Kitasamycin - - - - - - - - - 614 - - Kitasamycin tartrate - - - - - - - - - - - - Lasalocid sodium - - 970 - - - 14-118 - - - Lincomycin - - - - - - - - - 1,960 - - Lincomycin HCl - - - - 2 260 200-57 4,900 1,585 - Maduramycin ammonium - - 199 - - - - - - - 1,436 - Marbofloxacine - - - - 23 75 - - 1,277 2,119 - - Methenamine - - - - - - - - - - - - Monensin sodium 1,215-2,445-120 - 110-1,156-1 - Nafcillin - - - - - - - - - - - - Nafcillin sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Nalidixic acid - - - - - - - - - - - - Narasin - - 805 - - - 40 - - - 38 - Neomycine - - - - - - - 376-67 - - Neomycine sulfate - - - - 49 75 82 98 2,015 3,708 1,147 5,751 Nicarbazine - - - - - - - - - - - - Nidroxyzone - - - - - - - - - - - - Nisin - - - - - - - - - - - - Nitrofurazone - - - - - - - - - - - - Nitrovin - - - - - - - - - - - - Nitroxoline - - - - - - - - - - - - Norfloxacin - - - - - - - - - - - - Nosiheptide - - - - - - - - - - - - Novobiocin - - - - - - - - - - - - Novobiocin sodium - - - - - - - - 10 - - - Ofloxacin - - - - - - - - - - - - Olaquindox - - - - - - - - - - - - Oleandomycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Oleandomycine phosphate - - - - - - - - - - - - Orbifloxacin - - - - - - - - - - - - Ormethoprim - - - - - - - - - - - - Oxacillin sodium monohydrate - - - - - - - - - - - - Oxolinic acid - - - - - - - 812 - - - 3,813 Oxolinic acid sodium - - - - - - - 220 - - - 1,212 20

제 3 장항생제성분별판매실적 구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료 예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Oxytetracycline - - - - - - - - 20 25 5 2,748 Oxytetracycline dihydrate - - - - 1,568 1,051 - - 1,747 1,212 - - Oxytetracycline HCl - - - - 70 197 172 19,967 2,422 4,195 3,426 119,036 Oxytetracycline quaterary ammonium - - - - - - - - - 1,270 - - salt Pefloxacine - - - - - - - - - - - - Penicillin - - - - - - - - - - - - Penicillin G benzathine - - - - 10 30 - - 955 2,146 - - Penicillin G clemizole - - - - - - - - 128 1,905 - - Penicillin G potassium - - - - 2 106 102-268 1,477 548 - Penicillin G procaine - - - - 44 512 - - 3,394 14,710 - - Penicillin G sodium - - - - - - - - 33 300 - - Phthalylsulfathiazole - - - - - - - - 33 51 18 - Piromidic acid - - - - - - - - - - - - Polymixin-B sulfate - - - - - - - - - - - - Rifampicin - - - - - - - - - - - - Rifaximin - - - - - - - - 3 - - - Robenidine HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Roxarsone - - - - - - - - - - - - Roxithromycine - - - - - - 5 - - - 18 - Salinomycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Salinomysin sodium - - 5,991 - - - - - 94 716 10,058 - Sarafloxacin HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Sedecamycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Semduramycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Silver sulfadiazine - - - - - - - - - - - - Sodium nifurstylenate - - - - - - - - - - - - Sodium Sulfachloropyridazine - - - - - - - - - - - - Spectinomycin - - - - - - - - - 3,594 - - Spectinomycin HCl - - - - 4 4 - - - 30 - - Spectinomycin sulfate - - - - - 257 200-84 4,155 1,259 - Spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate - - - - - - - - - 159 68 - Spiramycin - - - - - 1 - - 41 123 - - Spiramycin adipate - - - - - - - - 89 109 - - Spiramycin embonate - - - - - 178 - - - 1,015 - - Streptomycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Streptomycin sulfate - - - - 9 250 239-50 3,718 1,355 - Sulfacetamide - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfachloropyridazine sodium - - - - - 8-78 - 152 311 268 - Sulfachlorpyridazine - - - - - - - - 40 40 41 - Sulfaclozine - - - - - - - - - - 6-21

Ⅲ. 축 수산용항생제판매량 구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료 예방용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Sulfadiazine - - - - 20 59-1,658 119 4,772 228 3,480 Sulfadiazine sodium - - - - - - 16 - - 225 41 1,564 Sulfadimethoxine - - - - - - - - 54 32 10 - Sulfadimethoxine sodium - - - - 7 8 5-474 538 578 415 Sulfadoxine - - - - 20 22 - - 194 206 - - Sulfaguanidine - - - - - - - - 35 35 - - Sulfamerazine - - - - 1 1 - - 121 118 15 - Sulfamerazine sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfamethazine - - - - 2 1,157 - - 334 11,082 16 - Sulfamethazine sodium - - - - - - - - - 477 - - Sulfamethoxazole - - - - 1 654 519-755 14,599 9,928 - Sulfamethoxazole sodium - - - - 1 1 - - 100 597 522 - Sulfamethoypyridazine - - - - - - - - 83 83 - - Sulfamethoypyridazine sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfamonomethoxine - - - - - - 8 - - 97 130 - Sulfamonomethoxine sodium - - - - - - - - - 8 18 - Sulfanilamide - - - - - - - - 7 11 - - Sulfaphenazole - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfaquinoxaline - - - - - - 33 - - - 1,069 - Sulfathiazole - - - - 1 1,875 3-81 30,284 25 - Sulfathiazole sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfatolamide - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfisomidine - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfisoxazole - - - - - - - - - - - - Tetracycline - - - - - - - - - - - - Tetracycline HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Thiamphenicol - - - - 2 2 - - 16 30 - - Thiamphenicol glycinate HCL - - - - - - - - - - - - Thiopeptin - - - - - - - - - - - - Tiaclaton - - - - - - - - - - - - Tiamulin - - - - - 6 - - - 257 - - Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate - - - - - 1,035 131 - - 15,467 1,356 - Tilmicosin phosphate - - - - 8 970 419-332 9,356 3,554 - Trimethoprim - - - - 7 140 94 332 318 4,194 2,331 1,009 Tulathromycin - - - - - 14 - - 5 148 - - Tylosin - - - - 1 2 - - 331 109 - - Tylosin phosphate - - - - 138 1,847 - - 2,228 26,222 68 - Tylosin tartrate - - - - 8 604 231-224 5,569 1,310 - Valnemulin - - - - - - - - - - - - Virginiamycin - - - - - - - - - 122 68 - TOTAL 1,215 707 11,081-4,788 32,399 10,946 27,302 65,130 447,612 134,876 173,631 < 자료출처 : 한국동물약품협회 > 22

제 1 장대상세균분리및동정 Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 (2015) 제1장. 대상세균의분리 1. 지표세균분리 가축및도체로부터지표세균을분리하기위해 2015년 1월부터 12월까지전국도축장에서정상가축의분변및도체스왑시료를채취하였다. 시료는농가당 5개이내의분변과도체스왑시료를채취하여균을분리하였으며최종적으로농가당 1개의지표세균을선발하여항생제감수성시험에사용하였다. E. coli는총 4,699농가의 7,758 분변및도체시료로부터균주를분리하여농가당 1개균주인 976 균주를선발하여항생제감수성검사를실시하였다. 시료별로는 4,019개의분변시료 ( 소 1,331, 돼지 1,592, 닭 1,096) 로부터 613균주 ( 소 206균주, 돼지 218균주, 닭 189균주 ) 와 3,739개의도체시료 ( 소도체 1,309, 돼지도체 1,497, 닭도체 933) 로부터 363균주 ( 소도체 125균주, 돼지도체 111균주, 닭도체 127균주 ) 를분리하였다. E. faecium은총 10,870 분변및도체시료로부터 531균주를분리하였으며이중농가별로한개의균주를선발하여총 531균주에대해항생제감수성검사를실시하였다. 시료별로는 5,235개의분변시료 ( 소 1,741, 돼지 2,089, 닭 1,405) 로부터 359균주 ( 소 51균주, 돼지 142균주, 닭 166균주 ) 와 5635개의도체시료 ( 소도체 1,968, 돼지도체 2,219, 닭도체 1,448) 로부터 172균주 ( 소도체 44균주, 돼지도체 64균주, 닭도체 64균주 ) 를분리하였다. E. faecalis는총 10,597분변및도체시료로부터 1,018균주를분리하였다. 시료별로는 5,200개의분변시료 ( 소 1,739, 돼지 2,082, 닭 1,379) 로부터 450균주 ( 소 102균주, 돼지 173균주, 닭 175균주 ) 와 5,397개의도체시료 ( 소도체 1,869, 돼지도체 2,079 닭도체 1,449) 로부터 568균주 ( 소도체 146균주, 돼지도체 254균주, 닭도체 168균주 ) 를분리하였다 (Table 7). Table 7. 가축분변및도체로부터분리한지표세균 Bacterial species Animal faeces Carcasses cattle pigs poultry subtotal cattle pig chicken subtotal Total Escherichia coli No. of farms 1,000 923 419 2,342 1,014 883 460 2,357 4,699 No. of samples 1,331 1,592 1,096 4,019 1,309 1,497 933 3,739 7,758 No. of isolates 206 218 189 613 125 111 127 363 976 No. of farms 1,309 1,198 500 3,007 1,492 1,199 708 3,399 6,406 Enterococcus No. of samples faecium 1,741 2,089 1,405 5,235 1,968 2,219 1,448 5,635 10,870 No. of isolates 51 142 166 359 44 64 64 172 531 No. of farms 1,306 1,196 486 2,988 1,404 1,091 685 3,180 6,168 Enterococcus No. of samples faecalis 1,739 2,082 1,379 5,200 1,869 2,079 1,449 5,397 10,597 No. of isolates 102 173 175 450 146 254 168 568 1,018 * 농가당 1개균주분리수 23

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 2. 식중독세균분리 가축및도체로부터식중독세균을분리하기위해 2015년 1월부터 12월까지정상가축의분변도체시료를전국도축장에서채취하였다. 시료는농가당 5개이내의분변과도체시료를채취하여분리하였다. Salmonella spp. 는총 11,162개의분변및도체시료로부터 256균주를분리하였다. 시료별로는 5,219개의분변시료 ( 소 1,707, 돼지 2,039, 닭 1,473) 로부터 97균주 ( 소 3균주, 돼지 41균주, 닭 53균주 ) 와 5,943개의도체시료 ( 소도체 1,908, 돼지도체 2,363, 닭도체 1,672) 로부터 159균주 ( 소도체 11주, 돼지도체 15균주, 닭도체 133균주 ) 를분리하였다. Campylobacter jejuni는총 10,108 분변및도체시료로부터 79균주를분리하였다. 시료별로는 4,769개의분변시료 ( 소 1,663, 돼지 1,876, 닭 1,230) 로부터 35균주 ( 소 22균주, 돼지 3균주, 닭 10주 ) 와 5,339개의도체시료 ( 소도체 1,842, 돼지도체 2,152, 닭도체 1,345) 로부터 44 균주 ( 소도체 3균주, 돼지도체 1, 닭도체 40균주 ) 를분리하였다. Campylobacter coli는총 10,078 분변및도체시료로부터 109주를분리하였다. 시료별로는 4,739분변시료 ( 소 1,648, 돼지 1,861, 닭 1,230) 로부터 18균주 ( 돼지 11균주, 닭 7균주 ) 와 5,339개의도체시료 ( 소도체 1,842 돼지도체 2,152, 닭도체 1,345) 로부터 91균주 ( 소도체 1균주, 돼지도체 47균주, 닭도체 43균주 ) 를분리하였다. Staphylococcus aureus는총 5,694 도체시료 ( 소도체 1,882, 돼지도체 2,219, 닭도체 1,593) 로부터 396균주 ( 소 41주, 돼지 160균주, 닭 195균주 ) 를분리하였다 (Table 8). Table 8. 가축분변및도체로부터분리한식중독세균 Bacterial species Animal faeces Carcasses cattle pigs poultry subtotal cattle pig chicken subtotal Total Salmonella spp. Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacter coli Staphylococcus aureus No. of farms 1,292 1,165 535 2,992 1,459 1,251 795 3,505 6,497 No. of samples 1,707 2,039 1,473 5,219 1,908 2,363 1,672 5,943 11,162 No. of isolates 3 41 53 97 11 15 133 159 256 No. of farms 1,248 1,115 481 2,844 1,393 1,195 702 3,290 6,134 No. of samples 1,663 1,876 1,230 4,769 1,842 2,152 1,345 5,339 10,108 No. of isolates 22 3 10 35 3 1 40 44 79 No. of farms 1,233 1,100 482 2,815 1,393 1,195 702 3,290 6,105 No. of samples 1,648 1,861 1,230 4,739 1,842 2,152 1,345 5,339 10,078 No. of isolates 0 11 7 18 1 47 43 91 109 No. of farms ND ND ND ND 1,428 1,203 772 3,403 3,403 No. of samples ND ND ND ND 1,882 2,219 1,593 5,694 5,694 No. of isolates ND ND ND ND 41 160 195 396 396 ND *, not done 24

제 1 장대상세균분리및동정 3. 가축병원성세균 2015년 1월부터 12월까지질병에이환된가축으로부터시료를채취하여가축병원성세균총 5종 196 균주를분리하였다. 균종별로는소화기질병원인체인 Salmonella spp. 는총 418시료 ( 소 9, 돼지 256, 닭 153) 로부터 63균주 ( 소 5균주, 돼지 8균주, 닭 50균주 ), E. coli는총 331 시료 ( 소 53, 돼지 248, 닭 30) 로부터 38균주 ( 소 11균주, 돼지 22균주, 닭 5균주 ) 를분리하였다. 호흡기질병원인체인 P. multocida 는총 285 돼지호흡기시료로부터 63균주, A. pleuropneumoniae 는총 327 돼지호흡기시료로부터 4균주, S. suis는총 251 돼지호흡기시료로부터 28균주를분리하였다 (Table 9). Table 9. 질병에이환된가축으로부터분리한가축병원성세균 Bacterial species Diseased animals cattle pigs poultry Total No. of farms 8 50 48 106 Salmonella spp. No. of samples 9 256 153 418 No. of isolates 5 8 50 63 No. of farms 40 106 15 161 Escherichia coli No. of sample 53 248 30 331 No. of isolates 11 22 5 38 Pasteurella multocida Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Streptococcus suis No. of farms 7 100 ND 107 No. of sample 7 278 ND 285 No. of isolates 1 62 ND 63 No. of farms ND 104 ND 104 No. of sample ND 327 ND 327 No. of isolates ND 4 ND 4 No. of farms ND 108 ND 108 No. of samples ND 251 ND 251 No. of isolates ND 28 ND 28 ND *, not done 25

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 4. 살모넬라균의혈청형분포도 정상가축의분변, 도체, 임상시료에서분리된살모넬라 343균주에대한혈청형동정결과, 총 22종의혈청형이동정되었으며 40균주는동정 (untypable) 되지않았다. 시료별 축종별로혈청형분포를조사한결과, 정상소분변에서는총 3균주가분리되었으며 S. Derby, S. Mbandaka, S. Rissen이각각 1균주씩분포하였다. 돼지분변에서는총 6종의혈청형이분포하였으며 S. Rissen이 34.1%(14/41), S. Typhimurium 26.8% (11/41) 로높은분포율을나타내었다. 닭분변에서는총 13종으로다양한혈청형이분포하였으며 S. Virchow가 24.5%(13/53) 로가장높게분포하였으며 S. Westhampton이 15.1%(8/53), S. Enteritidis 13.2%(7/53) 순으로나타났다. 질병에이환된가축에서분리된살모넬라균혈청형을조사한결과, S. Typhimurium이소에서 80%(4/5), 돼지에서는 84.4%(27/32) 로가장높은분포율을나타내었다. 질병에이환된닭에서는 S. Enteritidis 34.0%, (17/50) 이비교적높게분포하였다. 도체시료에서는소도체 (36.4%, 4/11) 와돼지도체 (46.7%, 7/15) 에서공히 S. Typhimurium, 그리고닭도체에서는 S. Enteritidis(23.3%, 31/133) S. Virchow(16.5%, 22/133) 가가장높게분포하는것으로조사되었다 (Table 10). Table 10. 가축및도체에서분리한 Salmonella 혈청형분포도 Serovar cattle (n=3) No. of isolates healthy animals diseased animals carcasses pigs (n=41) poultry subtotal cattle (n=53) (n=97) (n=5) pigs (n=32) poultry subtotal cattle (n=50) (n=87) (n=11) pigs (n=15) chicken subtotal (n=133) (n=159) Total (n=343) Agona - - - - - 2-2 - 4-4 6 Bareilly - 1 2 3 - - 6 6 - - 2 2 11 Berta - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 Derby 1 3-4 - 1-1 1 - - 1 6 Duesseldorf - - 1 1 - - - - - - 9 9 10 Enteritidis - - 7 7 1-17 18 - - 31 31 56 Gallinarum - - 3 3 - - 3 3 - - - - 6 Hadar - - 4 4 - - - - - - - - 4 Infantis - 2-2 - - - - - 2 1 3 5 Lagos - - - - - 1-1 - - - - 1 Livingstone - - - - - - 1 1 - - 3 3 4 Mbandaka 1 - - 1 - - - - 1 - - 1 2 Montevideo - - 1 1 - - 1 1 - - 14 14 16 Newport - - 1 1 - - - - - - 6 6 7 Othmarschen - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 Rissen 1 14 1 16-1 2 3 1 1 8 10 29 Saintpaul - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 Senftenberg - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 Typhimurium - 11 1 12 4 27 1 32 4 7 12 23 67 Virchow - 1 13 14 - - 2 2 - - 22 22 38 Westhampton - - 8 8 - - 8 8 - - 13 13 29 Yellowknife - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 Unidentified - 9 9 18 - - 9 9 3 1 9 13 40 26

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 제 2 장. 지표세균의항생제내성 1. Escherichia coli 가. 가축유래 Escherichia coli 정상가축분변에서분리한대장균 613균주 ( 소 206균주, 돼지 218균주, 닭 189균주 ) 에대해총 12 계열 (CLSI subclass 기준 ) 15종항생제의항생제감수성검사를실시한결과, 내성양상은유사하게나타났지만내성률은다소차이가있었다. 축종별로 MICs 분포도를조사한결과, MIC 50 이 64( μg / ml ) 이상을나타낸항생제는소에서는관찰되지않았으나, 돼지에서는 streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, tetracycline 그리고닭에서는 streptomycin, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline으로나타났다. 특히닭에서분리한균주는 ciprofloxacin의 MIC 50 이 8( μg / ml ) 로소와돼지의 0.125( μg / ml ) 에비해높게나타났다. 제3세대세팜계항생제인 ceftiofur의 MICs 분포도는대부분균주가 0.5( μg / ml ) 로낮은 MIC를나타내었으나 4( μg / ml ) 이상을나타낸균주가돼지에서 11.1%, 닭에서 10.6% 가관찰되었다. 총 15종항생제내성률을조사한결과, 전반적으로모든축종에서 tetracycline과 streptomycin의내성이높게나타났다. 축종별로는소에서분리한대장균은모든검사항생제의내성률이 50% 이하로돼지와닭에비해서도현저히낮게나타났다. 소에서는 tetracycline(43.7%) 와 streptomycin(41.7%) 의내성률이가장높았으나, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, colistin, cefoxitin의내성은관찰되지않았으며 gentamicin, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, cephalothin의내성률은 5% 이하로낮게나타났다. 돼지유래균주의내성률은 tetracycline(71.6%) 에서가장높게나타났으며 streptomycin(68.8%) 과 chloramphenicol(67.4%), florfenicol(58.7%) 의내성률이 50% 이상을나타냈다. 그러나 amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, colistin, cefoxitin의내성률은 5% 이하로낮게나타났다. 닭유래균주의내성률은 (fluoro)quinolones계항생제인 ciprofloxacin(79.4%) 과 nalidixic acid(91.0%) 의내성률이소와돼지비해현저하게높게나타났다. Cephalosporins계항생제인 cephalothin(23.8%), cefoxitin(3.2%), ceftiofur(10.6%) 의내성률도다른축종에비해높게나타났다. 분리된대장균균주에대해다제내성률을조사한결과, 소에서분리한균주의 52.9%(109/206), 돼지에서는 13.8%(30/218), 닭에서는 2.1%(4/189) 가검사한 15종의모든항생제에감수성을나타내었다. 총 12개 subclass 중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸다제내성균주의분포율은소분리균주의 18.4%(38/206), 돼지분리균주의 73.4%(160/218), 닭분리균주의 84.7%(160/189) 로서, 닭에서분리된균주의다제내성률이가장높게나타났다 (Table 11-13). 27

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 11. 가축분변에서분리한 Escherichia coli 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Neomycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Amoxicillin /clavulanic acid Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Nalidixic acid Colistin Cephalothin Cefoxitin Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Tetracycline Animal species * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 cattle 1-64 1 1 95.6 0.5 1.5 1 1.5 pigs 1-64 1 64 77.1 0.5 1.4 4.6 6.4 10.1 poultry 1-64 1 64 82.5 1.6 0.5 0.5 3.2 11.6 cattle 2-32 2 2 90.8 0.5 1.5 7.3 pigs 2-32 2 32 72.9 0.5 0.9 1.4 24.3 poultry 2-32 2 32 87.8 0.5 1.1 10.6 cattle 4-128 8 128 14.1 40.8 3.4 2.9 16.5 22.3 pigs 4-128 64 128 3.2 17.9 10.1 11.9 12.4 44.5 poultry 4-128 64 128 5.8 23.3 7.9 6.9 8.5 47.6 cattle 2-64 4 64 39.3 45.1 2.4 13.1 pigs 2-64 64 64 18.3 14.7 1.8 65.1 poultry 2-64 64 64 21.2 10.6 1.6 66.7 cattle 2-16 4 8 20.4 59.2 19.4 1 pigs 2-64 8 8 12.8 25.7 55.5 4.6 0.9 0.5 poultry 2-64 8 8 18.5 21.2 55 2.1 1.6 1.6 cattle 0.5-8 0.5 0.5 96.1 1.9 1.9 pigs 0.5-8 0.5 8 84.4 4.6 0.5 10.6 poultry 0.5-8 0.5 4 80.4 9 1.1 9.5 cattle 0.12-16 0.125 0.125 91.3 4.9 0.5 1 0.5 1.9 pigs 0.12-16 0.125 2 67.4 12.4 6 3.2 1.4 0.9 8.7 poultry 0.12-16 8 16 7.9 9.5 3.2 5.3 3.7 4.8 41.8 23.8 cattle 2-128 2 4 71.4 19.9 1 0.5 1 6.3 pigs 2-128 4 128 46.8 14.7 9.2 0.9 5.5 22.9 poultry 2-128 128 128 3.7 4.2 1.1 2.6 88.4 cattle 2-2 2 2 100 pigs 2-2 2 2 100 poultry 2-16 2 2 98.9 0.5 0.5 cattle 2-64 8 16 4.9 22.8 58.7 11.2 0.5 1.9 pigs 2-64 8 64 3.2 16.1 45 20.6 4.1 11 poultry 2-64 8 64 0.5 15.3 40.2 20.1 11.6 12.2 cattle 1-16 4 8 2.4 19.9 57.8 18.4 1.5 pigs 1-32 4 8 0.9 16.1 54.6 22.9 3.2 2.3 poultry 1-32 4 8 16.4 46 29.1 5.3 3.2 cattle 0.12-4 0.125 0.5 70.9 15 5.8 0.5 7.8 pigs 0.12-4 0.25 4 33.5 16.5 6 44 poultry 0.12-4 0.25 4 40.2 15.9 8.5 3.2 32.3 cattle 2-64 8 64 3.9 35.9 42.7 3.9 1 12.6 pigs 2-64 64 64 0.9 12.8 17.4 1.4 4.6 62.8 poultry 2-64 8 64 0.5 30.2 25.9 2.6 2.6 38.1 cattle 2-64 4 64 16.5 59.2 12.1 12.1 pigs 2-64 64 64 4.6 25.7 9.6 1.4 58.7 poultry 2-64 4 64 13.2 45.5 5.8 1.1 34.4 cattle 2-128 2 128 54.4 0.5 1.5 2.4 0.5 9.2 31.6 pigs 2-128 64 128 27.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.8 23.4 45.9 poultry 2-128 64 128 27.5 1.1 1.6 7.9 27 34.9 * Cattle(n=206), pigs(n=218), poultry(n=189) 28

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 Table 12. 동물분변에서분리한 Escherichia coli 에대한항생제내성률 Antimicrobials cattle (n=206) No. of resistant isolates (%) pigs (n=218) poultry (n=189) Total (n=613) Gentamicin 8(3.9) 46(21.1) 29(15.3) 83(13.5) Neomycin 18(8.7) 56(25.7) 22(11.6) 96(15.7) Streptomycin 86(41.7) 150(68.8) 119(63.0) 355(57.9) Ampicillin 27(13.1) 142(65.1) 126(66.7) 295(48.1) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 0(0) 3(1.4) 6(3.2) 9(1.5) Ceftiofur 4(1.9) 24(11.0) 20(10.6) 48(7.8) Ciprofloxacin 8(3.9) 31(14.2) 150(79.4) 189(30.8) Nalidixic acid 16(7.8) 62(28.4) 172(91.0) 250(40.8) Colistin 0(0) 0(0) 2(1.1) 2(0.3) Cephalothin 5(2.4) 33(15.1) 45(23.8) 83(13.5) Cefoxitin 0(0) 5(2.3) 6(3.2) 11(1.8) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 16(7.8) 96(44.0) 61(32.3) 173(28.2) Chloramphenicol 28(13.6) 147(67.4) 77(40.7) 252(41.1) Florfenicol 25(12.1) 128(58.7) 65(34.4) 218(35.6) Tetracycline 90(43.7) 156(71.6) 135(71.4) 381(62.2) Table 13. 동물분변에서분리한 Escherichia coli 의다제내성률 Resistance patterns cattle (n=206) No. of resistant isolates(%) pigs (n=218) poultry (n=189) Total (n=613) No resistance detected 109(52.9) 30(13.8) 4(2.1) 143(23.3) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 10(4.9) 11(5.0) 10(5.3) 31(5.1) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 49(23.8) 17(7.8) 15(7.9) 81(13.2) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 13(6.3) 29(13.3) 18(9.5) 60(9.8) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 11(5.3) 32(14.7) 29(15.3) 72(11.7) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 5(2.4) 53(24.3) 32(16.9) 90(14.7) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 1(0.5) 14(6.4) 34(18.0) 49(8.0) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 5(2.4) 17(7.8) 27(14.3) 49(8.0) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 1(0.5) 6(2.8) 13(6.9) 20(3.3) Resistance 9 CLSI subclasses 2(1.0) 8(3.7) 3(1.6) 13(2.1) Resistance 10 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 3(1.6) 3(0.5) Resistance 11 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(0.5) 1(0.5) 2(0.3) 29

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 나. 도체유래 Escherichia coli 도축장도체에서분리한대장균 363균주 ( 소도체 125균주, 돼지도체 111균주, 닭도체 127균주 ) 에대해총 12 계열 (CLSI subclass 기준 ) 15종항생제에대해항생제감수성검사를실시한결과, 정상가축에서분리한대장균의항생제내성양상과유사하였다. 항생제내성률은시료종류와항생제별로다소차이가있었으나전반적으로닭도체유래균주에서내성이높게나타났다. 항생제별로 MICs 분포도를조사한결과, MIC 50 이 64( μg / ml ) 이상을나타낸항생제는소와돼지도체에서는관찰되지않았다. 그러나닭도체에서분리된균주는 streptomycin, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline의 MIC 50 이 64( μg / ml ) 이상으로나타났다. 제3세대세팜계항생제인 ceftiofur의 MICs 분포도는대부분균주가 1( μg / ml ) 이하로낮은 MIC를나타내었으나돼지도체유래균주중 1.8%, 닭도체유래균주중 13.4% 는 MIC가 4( μg / ml ) 이상으로비교적높은 MIC를나타내었다. 시료별로항생제내성률을비교한결과, 소도체에서분리한균주의내성률은모든항생제에서 30% 이하를나타내어다른시료에비해대체로낮게나타났다. 그러나닭도체유래균주는소도체및돼지도체에비해대부분의항생제내성률이높았다. 항생제별로는대부분의시료에서 streptomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin의내성이다른항생제에비해높았다. 소도체시료에서는 streptomycin(25.6%) 의내성률이가장높았으며 tetracycline(22.4%), ampicillin(16.8%) 순으로나타났다. 그러나 amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, colistin, cephalothin, cefoxitin의내성은관찰되지않았다. 돼지도체시료에서도 streptomycin(51.4%) 의내성이가장높았으며 ampicillin(49.5%), tetracycline(45.9%), chloramphenicol(45.9%) 의내성률이 40% 이상으로나타났다. 닭도체유래균주의내성률은다른시료에비해전반적으로높았으며특히 (fluoro)quinolone 계항생제인 nalidixic acid(88.2%) 와 ciprofloxacin(74.8%) 로가장높았으며그외 ampicillin(75.6%), tetracycline(67.7%), streptomycin(63.8%) 의내성률이높았다. 또한닭도체에서는 cephalosporins계항생제인 ceftiofur(13.4%), cephalothin(21.3%), cefoxitin(6.3%) 의내성률이소도체및돼지도체에비해높게나타났다. 도체에서분리한대장균에대해다제내성을조사한결과, 소도체유래균주는 68.0%(85/125), 돼지도체유래균주는 27.0%(30/111), 닭도체유래균주는 2.4%(3/127) 가검사한모든항생제에감수성을나타내었다. 총 12개의 subclass 중 3개 subclass 이상에내성을나타낸다제내성균주는소도체유래균주의 15.2%(19/125), 돼지도체유래균주의 52.3%(58/111), 닭도체유래균주의 83.5%(106/127) 로, 닭도체에서분리된균주에서다제내성을나타낸균주가가장높게분포하는것으로나타났다 (Table 14-16). 30

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 Table 14. 도체에서분리한 Escherichia coli 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Neomycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Amoxicillin /clavulanic acid Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Nalidixic acid Colistin Cephalothin Cefoxitin Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Tetracycline Carcasses type * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 cattle 1-32 1 1 99.2 0.8 pigs 1-64 1 16 83.8 1.8 4.5 7.2 2.7 chicken 1-64 1 64 80.3 1.6 1.6 2.4 2.4 11.8 cattle 2-32 2 2 91.2 0.8 0.8 3.2 4 pigs 2-32 2 16 84.7 1.8 0.9 4.5 8.1 chicken 2-32 2 32 86.6 0.8 1.6 11 cattle 4-128 8 128 18.4 53.6 2.4 4.8 7.2 13.6 pigs 4-128 32 128 4.5 34.2 9.9 9 11.7 30.6 chicken 4-128 128 128 3.9 26 6.3 3.1 6.3 54.3 cattle 2-64 4 64 42.4 39.2 1.6 0.8 16 pigs 2-64 4 64 26.1 24.3 49.5 chicken 2-64 64 64 15 8.7 0.8 0.8 74.8 cattle 2-8 4 8 27.2 48 24.8 pigs 2-16 8 8 17.1 30.6 51.4 0.9 chicken 2-64 8 8 9.4 25.2 58.3 0.8 3.9 2.4 cattle 0.5-1 0.5 0.5 98.4 1.6 pigs 0.5-8 0.5 0.5 96.4 0.9 0.9 1.8 chicken 0.5-8 0.5 8 82.7 2.4 1.6 1.6 11.8 cattle 0.12-8 0.125 0.125 92.8 1.6 5.6 pigs 0.12-16 0.125 1 71.2 11.7 6.3 3.6 0.9 3.6 2.7 chicken 0.12-16 8 16 9.4 10.2 5.5 5.5 0.8 5.5 42.5 20.5 cattle 2-128 2 4 70.4 20 0.8 1.6 1.6 5.6 pigs 2-128 2 128 55 13.5 6.3 0.9 4.5 19.8 chicken 2-128 128 128 5.5 3.1 2.4 0.8 2.4 3.9 81.9 cattle 2-2 2 2 100 pigs 2-2 2 2 100 chicken 2-8 2 2 99.2 0.8 cattle 2-16 8 16 8 29.6 50.4 12 pigs 2-64 8 16 3.6 22.5 49.5 21.6 2.7 chicken 4-64 8 64 10.2 45.7 22.8 6.3 15 cattle 1-16 4 8 3.2 22.4 57.6 13.6 3.2 pigs 2-16 4 8 19.8 64 15.3 0.9 chicken 2-32 4 8 14.2 56.7 21.3 1.6 6.3 cattle 0.12-4 0.125 0.25 82.4 8.8 8.8 pigs 0.12-4 0.125 4 50.5 18.9 4.5 26.1 chicken 0.12-4 0.25 4 39.4 12.6 6.3 1.6 40.2 cattle 2-64 8 16 1.6 34.4 53.6 2.4 8 pigs 2-64 8 64 2.7 20.7 29.7 0.9 4.5 41.4 chicken 2-64 8 64 1.6 22.8 27.6 2.4 0.8 44.9 cattle 2-64 4 8 12 68.8 12 7.2 pigs 2-64 8 64 13.5 36 10.8 2.7 36.9 chicken 2-64 4 64 11.8 44.9 5.5 37.8 cattle 2-128 2 128 76 0.8 0.8 8 14.4 pigs 2-128 2 128 50.5 0.9 1.8 18 28.8 chicken 2-128 64 128 31.5 0.8 0.8 7.9 25.2 33.9 * Cattle carcasses(n=125), pigs carcasses(n=111), chicken carcasses(n=127) 31

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 15. 도체에서분리한 Escherichia coli 에대한항생제내성률 Resistance patterns cattle carcasses (n=125) No. of resistant isolates (%) pig carcasses (n=111) chicken carcasses (n=127) Total (n=363) Gentamicin 1(0.8) 16(14.4) 21(16.5) 38(10.5) Neomycin 9(7.2) 14(12.6) 16(12.6) 39(10.7) Streptomycin 32(25.6) 57(51.4) 81(63.8) 170(46.8) Ampicillin 21(16.8) 55(49.5) 96(75.6) 172(47.4) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 0(0) 0(0) 8(6.3) 8(2.2) Ceftiofur 0(0) 2(1.8) 17(13.4) 19(5.2) Ciprofloxacin 7(5.6) 12(10.8) 95(74.8) 114(31.4) Nalidixic acid 11(8.8) 27(24.3) 112(88.2) 150(41.3) Colistin 0(0) 0(0) 1(0.8) 1(0.3) Cephalothin 0(0) 3(2.7) 27(21.3) 30(8.3) Cefoxitin 0(0) 0(0) 8(6.3) 8(2.2) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 11(8.8) 29(26.1) 51(40.2) 91(25.1) Chloramphenicol 10(8.0) 51(45.9) 58(45.7) 119(32.8) Florfenicol 9(7.2) 41(36.9) 48(37.8) 98(27.0) Tetracycline 28(22.4) 54(48.6) 86(67.7) 168(46.3) Table 16. 도체에서분리한 Escherichia coli 의다제내성률 Resistance patterns cattle carcasses (n=125) No. of resistant isolates(%) pig carcasses (n=111) chicken carcasses (n=127) Total (n=363) No resistance detected 85(68.0) 30(27.0) 3(2.4) 118(32.5) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 4(3.2) 8(7.2) 5(3.9) 17(4.7) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 17(13.6) 15(13.5) 13(10.2) 45(12.4) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 4(3.2) 20(18.0) 15(11.8) 39(10.7) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 10(8.0) 12(10.8) 12(9.4) 34(9.4) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 15(13.5) 20(15.7) 35(9.6) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 4(3.2) 4(3.6) 19(15.0) 27(7.4) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 1(0.8) 7(6.3) 24(18.9) 32(8.8) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 8(6.3) 8(2.2) Resistance 9 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 4(3.1) 4(1.1) Resistance 10 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 4(3.1) 4(1.1) 32

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 정상가축분변및도축장도체에서분리한 E. coli 의항생제내성경향 (2007-2015) '07 년부터 '15 년까지정상가축분변과도축장도체에서분리한대장균의항생제내성경향을분석한결과, 축종및시료에따라연도별로내성률이다소차이가있었다. '15 년내성률을전년 ('14 년 ) 과비교한결과소에서는대부분의항생제내성률이감소하였지만돼지와닭에서는다소증가하는경향을보였다. 축종별로는소분변에서는전반적으로 '08 년과 '09 년의내성률이다소높게나타났으며 '10 년이후에는점차감소한추세로나타났다. 그러나소도체에서도 '07 년에비해 tetracycline(49% 22%) 과 streptomycin(47% 26%) 의내성률이크게감소하였다. 돼지에서는 '15 년내성률이 '14 년에비해다소증가하였으나 '07 년에비해서는돼지분변및돼지도체에서 tetracycline 과 streptomycin 의내성률이크게감소하였다. 그러나돼지분변에서는 '15 년내성률이 '07 년에비해 trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole (33% 44%) 과 chloramphenicol (50% 67%) 의내성률이증가하였다. 닭분변에서는대체로항생제내성률이증가추세로나타났으며다만, tetracycline(81% 71%) 의내성률은감소하였다. 중요한항생제인 ceftiofur 의내성률은소분변및소도체에서 '07 년부터 '15 년까지 2% 이하로낮게유지되었다. 그러나점차내성률이증가하였으며 '15 년 ceftiofur 내성률을 '07 년과비교한결과돼지분변 (1% 11%), 닭분변 (1% 11%), 닭도체 (0% 13%) 에서크게증가하였다. Ciprofloxacin 의 '15 년내성률은 '07 년에비해소분변 (0% 4%), 돼지분변 (7% 14%), 닭분변 (37% 80%) 등모든가축에서크게증가하였다. < 정상가축분변유래대장균의내성률 > % % resistant isolates 100 % 80 % 60 60 % 40 % 40 % 20 % 20 % 0 % 0 % -20-40 % Cattle Pigs Poultry 121 125 184 231 347 282 209 299 206 239 116 185 221 231 277 199 294 218 169 106 97 155 141 200 187 192 189 121 125 184 231 347 282 209 299 206 239 116 185 221 231 277 199 294 218 169 106 97 155 141 200 187 192 189 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20132014 2015 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year and number of isolates Year and number of isolates Year and number of isolates Ampicillin Gentamicin Streptomycin Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Tetracycline Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Chloramphenicol Ampicillin Gentamicin Streptomycin Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Tetracycline Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Chloramphenicol < 도축장도체유래대장균의내성률 > % resistant % isolates 100 % 80 % 60 % 40 % 20 % 0 % Cattle Pigs Poultry Cattle carcasses carcasses Chicken carcasses 57 51 51 136 190 111 96 159 125 62 61 48 124 153 134 96 160 111 96 100 76 107 121 163 107 140 127 166 164 173 58 17 58 162 170 213 196 229 175 2007 20072008 20082009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20072008 20082009 20092010 20102011 2011 2012 2012013 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 Year and number of isolates Year and number of isolates Tetracycline Ampicillin Erythromycin Streptomycin Gentamicin Ciprofloxacin Chloramphenicol Salinomycin Ampicillin Gentamicin Streptomycin Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Tetracycline Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Chloramphenicol 33

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 2. Enterococcus faecium 가. 가축유래 Enterococcus faecium 건강한가축의분변에서분리한 Enterococcus faecium 359균주 ( 소 51균주, 돼지 142균주, 닭 166균주 ) 의항생제내성을조사한결과, 모든항생제의내성률이닭유래균주에서높게나타났다. 항생제별로 MICs 분포도를조사한결과, 닭에서분리한 E. faecium은자연내성을가지고있는 aminoglycosides계를제외한항생제중 tylosin과 tetracycline의 MIC 50 이 64( μg / ml ) 이상을나타내었다. 사람에서중요하게사용하는항생제의 MICs 분포도는 vancomycin 2-4( μg / ml ), tigecycline 0.125-1( μg / ml ) 로낮게나타났다. Enterococcus spp. 는 aminoglycosides계항생제에자연내성을나타내기때문에 gentamicin, streptomycin, kanamycin은모든시료의검사균주에서높은 MICs를나타내었다. 축종별로내성률을비교한결과, 닭유래균주의내성률이소와돼지유래균주에비해전반적으로높게나타났다. 소와돼지유래균주에서는대부분의항생제내성률이낮았으나닭유래균주는 ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, tylosin, tetracycline의내성률이약 50% 이상을나타내었다. 소분리균주에서는 ciprofloxacin(25.5%) 과 tetracycline(21.6%) 의내성률이높았다. 돼지분리균주에서는 erythromycin(34.5%), tetracycline(21.1%), tylosin(16.2%) 의내성률이높았다. 그러나사람에서중요하게사용되는항생제인 ampicillin, vancomycin, tigecycline, linezolid의내성은소와돼지유래균주에서는관찰되지않았으나닭유래균주는항생제별로약 0-10% 의내성률을나타내었다. 동물분변에서분리된 E. faecium의다제내성을조사한결과, 소분변에서분리한균주의 43.1%(22/51), 돼지분변유래균주의 37.3%(53/142), 닭분변유래균주의 7.2%(12/166) 가검사한모든항생제에감수성을나타내었다. 검사한 12개의 subclass 중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸균주의비율은소분변유래균주에서 11.8%(6/51), 돼지분변유래균주에서 16.2%(23/142), 닭분변유래균주에서 64.5%(107/166) 로조사되어다제내성균이닭유래균주에서매우높게분포하는것으로나타났다 (Table 17-19). 34

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 Table 17. 가축분변에서분리한 Enterococcus faecium 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Kanamycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Ciprofloxacin Vancomycin Tigecycline Daptomycin Erythromycin Tylosin (Tartrate/Base) Linezolid Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Quinupristin/ dalfopristin Tetracycline Salinomycin Animal species * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 cattle 128-128 128 128 100 pigs 128-256 128 128 99.3 0.7 poultry 128-2,048 128 128 97.6 2.4 cattle 128-2,048 128 512 68.6 19.6 7.8 2 2 pigs 128-2,048 128 512 62 21.8 8.5 1.4 6.3 poultry 128-2,048 128 1024 66.3 18.7 3.6 3 8.4 cattle 128-2,048 128 256 88.2 2 9.8 pigs 128-2,048 128 2048 85.2 14.8 poultry 128-2,048 128 2048 59 2.4 0.6 38 cattle 1-8 1 2 64.7 33.3 2 pigs 1-8 1 4 52.1 35.9 11.3 0.7 poultry 1-16 4 16 31.3 15.7 33.1 7.2 12.7 cattle 0.5-8 1 4 13.7 41.2 19.6 23.5 2 pigs 0.25-8 1 2 0.7 18.3 50.7 21.1 7.7 1.4 poultry 0.5-16 4 16 4.2 7.8 9 36.1 18.1 24.7 cattle 2-2 2 2 100 pigs 2-2 2 2 100 poultry 2-4 2 2 98.8 1.2 cattle 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.25 47.1 45.1 7.8 pigs 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.25 54.9 42.3 2.8 poultry 0.12-1 0.25 0.25 47.6 42.8 9 0.6 cattle 1-8 4 4 2 13.7 80.4 3.9 pigs 0.5-8 4 4 9.2 2.8 14.8 65.5 7.7 poultry 0.5-8 4 8 2.4 6 21.7 58.4 11.4 cattle 1-64 2 4 35.3 17.6 37.3 7.8 2 pigs 1-64 4 64 16.9 9.2 39.4 16.9 1.4 1.4 14.8 poultry 1-64 32 64 25.3 11.4 5.4 4.2 1.8 1.8 50 cattle 1-64 4 8 9.8 27.5 39.2 21.6 2 pigs 1-64 4 64 8.5 23.2 36.6 15.5 16.2 poultry 1-64 64 64 9 15.1 20.5 3.6 0.6 51.2 cattle 2-4 2 4 86.3 13.7 pigs 2-4 2 4 88 12 poultry 0.5-16 2 4 1.2 2.4 80.1 9.6 6 0.6 cattle 4-32 8 8 5.9 88.2 5.9 pigs 4-32 8 32 5.6 80.3 2.1 12 poultry 2-32 8 32 1.8 9.6 70.5 3.6 14.5 cattle 2-4 4 4 5.9 94.1 pigs 2-32 4 32 6.3 80.3 1.4 12 poultry 2-32 4 32 12.7 72.3 2.4 12.7 cattle 1-4 2 4 25.5 58.8 15.7 pigs 1-32 2 4 18.3 64.1 15.5 1.4 0.7 poultry 1-32 2 8 20.5 45.2 24.1 4.8 1.2 4.2 cattle 2-128 2 128 78.4 21.6 pigs 2-128 2 128 78.2 0.7 2.1 19 poultry 2-128 128 128 36.1 1.2 3 59.6 cattle 2-4 2 2 98 2 pigs 2-4 2 2 97.9 2.1 poultry 2-16 2 8 60.8 21.7 16.3 1.2 * Cattle(n=51), pigs(n=142), poultry(n=166) 35

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 18. 가축분변에서분리한 Enterococcus faecium의항생제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) A ntimicrobials cattle (n=51) pigs (n=142) poultry (n=166) Total (n=359) Gentamicin 0(0) 0(0) 4(2.4) 4(1.1) Kanamycin 2(3.9) 11(7.7) 19(11.4) 32(8.9) Streptomycin 5(9.8) 21(14.8) 63(38.0) 89(24.8) Ampicillin 0(0) 0(0) 21(12.7) 21(5.8) Ciprofloxacin 13(25.5) 13(9.2) 131(78.9) 157(43.7) Vancomycin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Tigecycline 0(0) 0(0) 1(0.6) 1(0.3) Daptomycin 2(3.9) 11(7.7) 19(11.4) 32(8.9) Erythromycin 5(9.8) 49(34.5) 96(57.8) 150(41.8) Tylosin\(Tartrate/Base) 1(2.0) 23(16.2) 85(51.2) 109(30.4) Linezolid 0(0) 0(0) 11(6.6) 11(3.1) Chloramphenicol 3(5.9) 17(12.0) 24(14.5) 44(12.3) Florfenicol 0(0) 17(12.0) 21(12.7) 38(10.6) Quinupristin/dalfopristin 8(15.7) 25(17.6) 57(34.3) 90(25.1) Tetracycline 11(21.6) 30(21.1) 106(63.9) 147(40.9) Salinomycin 0(0) 0(0) 29(17.5) 29(8.1) Table 19. 가축분변에서분리한 Enterococcus faecium의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns cattle (n=51) pigs (n=142) poultry (n=166) Total (n=359) No resistance detected 22(43.1) 53(37.3) 12(7.2) 87(24.2) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 18(35.3) 54(38.0) 30(18.1) 102(28.4) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 5(9.8) 12(8.5) 17(10.2) 34(9.5) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 5(9.8) 7(4.9) 24(14.5) 36(10.0) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 12(8.5) 28(16.9) 40(11.1) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 1(2.0) 3(2.1) 27(16.3) 31(8.6) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(0.7) 19(11.4) 20(5.6) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 6(3.6) 6(1.7) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 3(1.8) 3(0.8) 36

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 나. 도체유래 Enterococcus faecium 도체에서분리한 Enterococcus faecium 172주 ( 소도체 44균주, 돼지도체 64균주, 닭도체 64균주 ) 에대한항생제감수성검사결과, 대체로가축분변유래균주의내성양상과유사하였다. 닭도체유래균주의항생제내성률이소도체및돼지도체유래균주에비해높게나타났다. 항생제별로 MICs 분포도를조사한결과에서도닭도체유래균주에서는 erythromycin, tylosin, tetracycline의 MIC 50 이 64( μg / ml ) 이상을나타내었다. Ciprofloxacin의 MIC 50 은닭도체에서는 4( μg / ml ) 를나타낸반면, 소도체및돼지도체유래균주에서는 1( μg / ml ) 로나타났다. 사람에서중요하게사용하는항생제의 MICs 분포도는 vancomycin 2-4( μg / ml ), tigecycline 0.125-0.5( μg / ml ) 로비교적낮게나타났다. 시료별로내성률을비교한결과, 소도체와돼지도체유래균주에서는모든항생제내성률이대체로낮았으나, 닭도체유래균주에서는비교적높게나타났다. 소도체유래균주는 ciprofloxacin(25.0%%, 11/44) 과 erythromycin(25.0%%, 11/44) 의내성률이가장높았으며 tetracycline(18.2%, 8/44), quinupristin/dalfopristin(15.9%, 7/44) 순으로내성률이높았다. 돼지도체유래균주는 erythromycin(32.8/%, 21/64) 과 tetracycline(31.3%, 20/64) 의내성률이높았으며 quinupristin/ dalfopristin(21.9%, 14/64), daptomycin(17.2%, 11/64) 순으로내성률이높았다. 닭도체유래균주의항생제내성률은 ciprofloxacin(79.7%,51/64) 의내성률이가장높았으며, tetracycline (75.0%, 48/64), erythromycin(60.9%, 39/64), tylosin(60.9%, 39/64) 순으로높았다. 그러나모든시료에서 vancomycin, tigecycline의내성은관찰되지않았으며 gentamicin과 linezolid의내성도낮게나타났다. 도체에서분리된 E. faecium의다제내성양상을조사한결과, 소도체에서분리한균주의 31.8%(14/44), 돼지도체분리균주의 37.5%(24/64), 닭도체분리균주의 7.8%(5/64) 가검사한모든항생제에감수성을나타내었다. 검사한 12개의 subclass중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸다제내성균주의비율은소도체유래균주에서 9.1%(4/44), 돼지도체유래균주에서 20.3%(13/64), 닭도체유래균주에서 78.1%(50/64) 로닭도체유래균주에서다제내성균주의분포율이가장높게나타났다 (Table 20-22). 37

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 20. 도체에서분리한 Enterococcus faecium 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Kanamycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Ciprofloxacin Vancomycin Tigecycline Daptomycin Erythromycin Tylosin (Tartrate/Base) Linezolid Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Quiv nupristin/ dalfopristin Tetracycline Salinomycin Carcasses type * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 cattle 128-128 128 128 100 pigs 128-2,048 128 128 98.4 1.6 chicken 128-2,048 128 128 95.3 4.7 cattle 128-2,048 128 256 68.2 27.3 2.3 1.6 2.3 pigs 128-2,048 128 512 54.7 23.4 17.2 0.8 4.7 chicken 128-2,048 128 2048 68.8 10.9 6.2 1.1 14.1 cattle 128-2,048 128 128 90.9 9.1 pigs 128-2,048 128 2048 87.5 0.8 12.5 chicken 128-2,048 128 2048 53.1 6.2 1.1 40.6 cattle 1-16 1 2 63.6 31.8 2.3 2.3 pigs 1-16 1 4 59.4 26.6 9.4 3.1 1.6 chicken 1-16 4 16 39.1 7.8 35.9 4.7 12.5 cattle 0.5-16 1 4 18.2 45.5 11.4 18.2 6.8 pigs 0.25-16 1 4 1.6 28.1 31.2 28.1 3.1 1.6 6.2 chicken 0.5-16 4 16 4.7 6.2 9.4 35.9 14.1 29.7 cattle 2-2 2 2 100 pigs 2-2 2 2 100 chicken 2-4 2 2 98.4 1.6 cattle 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.5 45.5 43.2 11.4 pigs 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.5 37.5 46.9 15.6 chicken 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.5 43.8 32.8 23.4 cattle 1-8 4 8 2.3 11.4 70.5 15.9 pigs 0.5-16 4 8 1.6 23.4 14.1 43.8 15.6 1.6 chicken 0.5-8 4 8 3.1 4.7 21.9 48.4 21.9 cattle 1-64 4 8 22.7 13.6 38.6 15.9 2.3 6.8 pigs 1-64 4 64 14.1 10.9 42.2 20.3 12.5 chicken 1-64 64 64 25 6.2 7.8 1.6 59.4 cattle 1-64 4 8 6.8 18.2 54.5 13.6 6.8 pigs 2-64 4 64 23.4 34.4 25 3.1 14.1 chicken 1-64 64 64 9.4 14.1 7.8 6.2 1.6 60.9 cattle 1-8 2 4 2.3 77.3 18.2 2.3 pigs 2-4 2 4 79.7 20.3 chicken 1-8 2 2 3.1 89.1 3.1 4.7 cattle 4-32 8 8 4.5 93.2 2.3 pigs 4-32 8 8 6.2 85.9 7.8 chicken 4-32 8 16 9.4 79.7 3.1 7.8 cattle 2-32 4 4 6.8 90.9 2.3 pigs 2-32 4 4 12.5 79.7 7.8 chicken 2-32 4 4 10.9 81.2 7.8 cattle 1-8 2 4 18.2 65.9 13.6 2.3 pigs 2-4 2 4 78.1 21.9 chicken 1-32 2 32 25 40.6 21.9 1.6 10.9 cattle 2-128 2 128 81.8 2.3 4.5 11.4 pigs 2-128 2 128 68.8 1.6 1.6 28.1 chicken 2-128 128 128 25 4.7 70.3 cattle 2-8 2 2 95.5 2.3 2.3 pigs 2-8 2 4 85.9 9.4 4.7 chicken 2-8 2 8 60.9 23.4 15.6 * Cattle carcasses(n=44), pigs carcasses(n=64), chicken carcasses(n=64) 38

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 Table 21. 도체에서분리한 Enterococcus faecium의항생제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Antimicrobials cattle carcasses (n=44) pig carcasses (n=64) chicken carcasses (n=64) Total (n=172) Gentamicin 0(0) 1(1.6) 3(4.7) 4(2.3) Kanamycin 1(2.3) 3(4.7) 9(14.1) 13(7.6) Streptomycin 4(9.1) 8(12.5) 26(40.6) 38(22.1) Ampicillin 1(2.3) 1(1.6) 8(12.5) 10(5.8) Ciprofloxacin 11(25.0) 7(10.9) 51(79.7) 69(40.1) Vancomycin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Tigecycline 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Daptomycin 7(15.9) 11(17.2) 14(21.9) 32(18.6) Erythromycin 11(25.0) 21(32.8) 39(60.9) 71(41.3) Tylosin\(Tartrate/Base) 3(6.8) 9(14.1) 39(60.9) 51(29.7) Linezolid 1(2.3) 0(0) 3(4.7) 4(2.3) Chloramphenicol 1(2.3) 5(7.8) 5(7.8) 11(6.4) Florfenicol 1(2.3) 5(7.8) 5(7.8) 11(6.4) Quinupristin/dalfopristin 7(15.9) 14(21.9) 22(34.4) 43(25.0) Tetracycline 8(18.2) 20(31.3) 48(75.0) 76(44.2) Salinomycin 1(2.3) 3(4.7) 10(15.6) 14(8.1) Table 22. 도체에서분리한 Enterococcus faecium의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns cattle carcasses (n=44) pig carcasses (n=64) chicken carcasses (n=64) Total (n=172) No resistance detected 14(31.8) 24(37.5) 5(7.8) 43(25.0) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 19(43.2) 19(29.7) 8(12.5) 46(26.7) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 7(15.9) 8(12.5) 1(1.6) 16(9.3) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 1(2.3) 3(4.7) 14(21.9) 18(10.5) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 2(4.5) 5(7.8) 19(29.7) 26(15.1) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 3(4.7) 10(15.6) 13(7.6) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 2(3.1) 4(6.3) 6(3.5) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 1(1.6) 1(0.6) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 1(2.3) 0(0) 1(1.6) 2(1.2) Resistance 9 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Resistance 10 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 1(1.6) 1(0.6) 39

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 3. Enterococcus faecalis 가. 가축유래 Enterococcus faecalis 가축분변에서분리한 E. faecalis 450균주 ( 소 102균주, 돼지 173균주, 닭 175균주 ) 에대한항생제감수성검사결과, 대체로소에서낮았으며돼지와닭에서높게나타났다. 항생제별로 MICs 분포도를조사한결과, 돼지와닭유래균주에서는 tetracycline과 macrolides계항생제의 MIC 50 은 64( μg / ml ) 이상을나타났으며 aminoglycosides계항생제를제외한대부분의항생제의 MIC 50 은낮게나타났다. 사람에서중요하게사용하는항생제의 MIC 50 은 vancomycin 2( μg / ml ), tigecycline 0.125-0.25( μg / ml ), linezolid 2( μg / ml ), daptomycin 2( μg / ml ) 로대체로낮게나타났다. 축종별로내성률을비교한결과, 대체로소분변에서분리한균주보다돼지와닭분변에서분리한균주의내성률이높게나타났다. 모든축종에서 tetracycline의내성률이가장높았으며그외 macrolides계 (erythromycin, tylosin) 의내성률도돼지와닭에서높게나타났다. 축종별로 tetracycline의내성률은소에서 42.2%(43/102), 돼지에서 83.2%(144/173), 닭에서 76.0%(133/175), 그리고 macrolides계항생제의내성률은소에서는 19.6%(20/102) 로낮았으나돼지에서 70.5%(122/173), 닭에서 53.7%(94/175) 로전반적으로돼지와닭에서높게낮게나타났다. 항생제별로는닭에서는 ciprofloxacin의내성률이 47.4%(83/175) 로다른축종에비해높게나타났으며돼지에서는 aminoglycosides계항생제인 streptomycin(60.1%, 104/173), kanamycin (47.4%, 82/173), gentamicin(23.1%, 40/173), 그리고 phenicols계항생제인 chloramphenicol(55.5%, 96/173) 의내성률이다른축종에비해높게나타났다. 그러나모든축종에서 vancomycin, tigecycline의내성은관찰되지않았으며, 그외 ampicillin, daptomycin, linezolid의내성은매우낮게나타났다. 가축분변에서분리된 E. faecalis균의다제내성양상을조사한결과, 소에서분리한균주는 53.9%(55/102), 돼지에서는 12.1%(21/173), 닭에서는 9.7%(17/175) 가검사한모든항생제에감수성을나타내었다. 항생제감수성검사항생제중자연내성을나타낸 quinupristin/dalfopristin을제외한 11개의 subclass 중 3계열이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸균주의비율은소유래균주에서는 23.5%(24/102), 돼지에서분리한균주에서는 71.1%(123/173), 닭에서분리한균주에서는 51.4%(90/175) 로돼지와닭유래균주에서높게나타났다 (Table 23-25). 40

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 Table 23. 가축분변에서분리한 Enterococcus faecalis 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Animal species* MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 cattle 128-2,048 128 128 94.1 2.9 2.9 Gentamicin pigs 128-2,048 128 2048 75.1 0.6 1.2 8.1 15 poultry 128-2,048 128 128 95.4 0.6 4 cattle 128-2,048 128 2048 89.2 10.8 Kanamycin pigs 128-2,048 128 2048 50.9 1.2 0.6 47.4 poultry 128-2,048 128 2048 88 12 cattle 128-2,048 128 2048 78.4 2.9 18.6 Streptomycin pigs 128-2,048 2048 2048 38.2 1.2 0.6 60.1 poultry 128-2,048 128 2048 69.1 30.9 cattle 1-2 1 2 69.6 30.4 Ampicillin pigs 1-2 1 2 67.1 32.9 poultry 1-16 1 2 66.9 32.6 0.6 cattle 0.5-16 2 4 2.9 39.2 45.1 3.9 8.8 Ciprofloxacin pigs 0.5-16 1 16 5.2 57.8 20.2 5.8 11 poultry 0.5-16 2 16 2.3 39.4 10.9 5.7 41.7 cattle 2-4 2 2 90.2 9.8 Vancomycin pigs 2-4 2 4 82.7 17.3 poultry 2-4 2 4 82.3 17.7 cattle 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.25 59.8 32.4 7.8 Tigecycline pigs 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.25 64.7 25.4 9.8 poultry 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.5 41.1 46.9 12 cattle 0.5-8 2 4 1 28.4 51 17.6 2 Daptomycin pigs 0.5-32 2 4 0.6 26.6 61.3 9.8 0.6 1.2 poultry 0.5-8 2 2 2.3 34.3 56 6.9 0.6 cattle 1-64 1 64 64.7 14.7 1 19.6 Erythromycin pigs 1-64 64 64 23.1 4 2.3 3.5 8.1 0.6 58.4 poultry 1-64 16 64 40 5.7 0.6 3.4 3.4 0.6 46.3 cattle 1-64 2 64 30.4 49 1 19.6 Tylosin (Tartrate/Base) pigs 1-64 64 64 13.9 13.3 1.7 0.6 70.5 poultry 1-64 64 64 19.4 26.9 0.6 53.1 cattle 1-8 2 2 2 93.1 2.9 2 Linezolid pigs 2-16 2 4 85 12.7 1.2 1.2 poultry 0.5-16 2 2 0.6 1.7 92 4.6 1.1 cattle 4-32 8 32 1 77.5 2 19.6 Chloramphenicol pigs 8-32 32 32 34.1 10.4 55.5 poultry 4-32 8 32 0.6 80.6 3.4 15.4 cattle 2-32 4 4 2 89.2 3.9 4.9 Florfenicol pigs 4-32 16 32 45.7 1.7 23.1 29.5 poultry 2-32 4 16 1.1 86.3 1.7 1.7 9.1 cattle 2-128 2 128 57.8 1 12.7 28.4 Tetracycline pigs 2-128 128 128 16.8 1.2 17.3 64.7 poultry 2-128 128 128 24 1.7 12 62.3 cattle 2-4 2 2 99 1 Salinomycin pigs 2-4 2 2 98.8 1.2 poultry 2-8 2 4 87.4 8 4.6 * Cattle(n=102), pigs(n=173), poultry(n=175) 41

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 24. 가축분변에서분리한 Enterococcus faecalis 의항생제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Antimicrobials cattle pigs poultry Total (n=102) (n=173) (n=175) (n=450) Gentamicin 6(5.9) 40(23.1) 8(4.6) 54(12.0) Kanamycin 11(10.8) 82(47.4) 21(12.0) 114(25.3) Streptomycin 19(18.6) 104(60.1) 54(30.9) 177(39.3) Ampicillin 0(0) 0(0) 1(0.6) 1(0.2) Ciprofloxacin 13(12.7) 29(16.8) 83(47.4) 125(27.8) Vancomycin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Tigecycline 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Daptomycin 2(2.0) 3(1.7) 1(0.6) 6(1.3) Erythromycin 20(19.6) 122(70.5) 94(53.7) 236(52.4) Tylosin\(Tartrate/Base) 20(19.6) 122(70.5) 93(53.1) 235(52.2) Linezolid 2(2.0) 4(2.3) 2(1.1) 8(1.8) Chloramphenicol 20(19.6) 96(55.5) 27(15.4) 143(31.8) Florfenicol 5(4.9) 51(29.5) 16(9.1) 72(16.0) Tetracycline 43(42.2) 144(83.2) 133(76.0) 320(71.1) Salinomycin 0(0) 0(0) 8(4.6) 8(1.8) Table 25. 가축분변에서분리한 Enterococcus faecalis 의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns cattle pigs poultry Total (n=102) (n=173) (n=175) (n=450) No resistance detected 55(53.9) 21(12.1) 17(9.7) 93(20.7) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 15(14.7) 12(6.9) 42(24) 69(15.3) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 8(7.8) 17(9.8) 26(14.9) 51(11.3) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 12(11.8) 46(26.6) 54(30.9) 112(24.9) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 9(8.8) 59(34.1) 26(14.9) 94(20.9) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 1(1.0) 18(10.4) 9(5.1) 28(6.2) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 2(2.0) 0(0) 1(0.6) 3(0.7) 42

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 나. 도체유래 Enterococcus faecalis 도체에서분리한 E. faecalis 568균주 ( 소도체 146균주, 돼지도체 254균주, 닭도체 168균주 ) 에대한항생제감수성검사결과, 대체로가축분변유래 E. faecalis와유사한내성양상을나타냈다. 항생제내성률이전반적으로소도체유래균주에서낮았으며돼지도체와닭도체유래균주에서높게나타났다. 항생제별로 MICs 분포도를조사한결과, 모든시료에서자연내성을나타내는 aminoglycosides계항생제 (gentamicin. kanamycin, streptomycin) 를제외한항생제중 tetracycline의 MIC 50 이소도체에서 32( μg / ml ), 돼지도체에서 64( μg / ml ), 닭도체에서 128( μg / ml ) 로가장높게나타났다. 사람에서중요하게사용되는항생제의 MIC 50 은 vancomycin 2( μg / ml ), tigecycline 0.125-0.25( μg / ml ), daptomycin 1-2( μg / ml ), linezolid 2( μg / ml ) 로대체로낮았다. 항생제내성률을비교한결과, tetracycline의내성률이소도체유래균주에서는 50.7%(74/146), 돼지도체유래균주는 58.3%(148/254), 닭도체유래균주는 70.8%(119/168) 로나타났다. 그외 macrolides계항생제 (erythromycin, tylosin) 와 aminoglycosides계항생제 (gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin) 내성률도모든시료에서다른항생제에비해높게나타났다. 시료별로는닭도체유래균주에서는 macrolides계항생제인 erythromycin 45.8%(77/168), tylosin 46.4%(78/16) 로높게나타났으며 ciprofloxacin의내성률은 43.5%(73/168) 로다른시료유래균주에비해높게나타났다. Aminoglycosides계항생제내성률은 streptomycin 이 24.0-42.1%, kanamycin이 13.0-17.3% 로다른항생제에비해높게나타났다. 그러나 ampicillin, vancomycin, tigecycline의내성은모든시료에서관찰되지않았으며 daptomycin, linezolid의내성률도낮게나타났다. 도체에서분리된 E. faecalis의다제내성양상을조사한결과, 소도체유래균주 45.9%(67/146), 돼지도체유래균주에서는 39.4%(100/254), 닭도체유래균주에서는 13.1%(22/168) 가검사한모든항생제에감수성을나타내었다. 항생제감수성검사항생제중자연내성을나타낸 quinupristin/dalfopristin을제외한 11개의 subclass 중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸균주는소도체유래균주에서는 17.8%(26/146), 돼지도체유래균주에서는 27.2%(69/254), 닭도체유래균주에서는 46.4%(78/168) 로닭도체에서다제내성균주의분포율이가장높게나타났다 (Table 26-28). 43

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 26. 도체에서분리한 Enterococcus faecalis 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Kanamycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Ciprofloxacin Vancomycin Tigecycline Daptomycin Erythromycin Tylosin (Tartrate/Base) Linezolid Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Tetracycline Salinomycin * Carcasses types * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 cattle 128-2,048 128 128 94.5 0.7 4.8 pigs 128-2,048 128 1024 87.4 0.8 2.8 9.1 chicken 128-2,048 128 128 92.9 0.6 6.5 cattle 128-2,048 128 2048 86.3 0.7 13 pigs 128-2,048 128 2048 82.7 17.3 chicken 128-2,048 128 2048 83.9 1.2 14.9 cattle 128-2,048 128 2048 74.7 1.4 24 pigs 128-2,048 128 2048 57.1 0.8 42.1 chicken 128-2,048 128 2048 67.9 32.1 cattle 1-2 1 2 69.2 30.8 pigs 1-2 1 2 68.9 31.1 chicken 1-2 1 2 72.6 27.4 cattle 0.5-16 1 2 4.1 63 30.8 0.7 1.4 pigs 0.25-16 1 2 0.4 14.2 57.1 21.7 2 0.4 4.3 chicken 0.5-16 2 16 1.2 44.6 10.7 2.4 41.1 cattle 2-4 2 2 92.5 7.5 pigs 2-4 2 2 96.1 3.9 chicken 2-4 2 4 81 19 cattle 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.5 56.2 33.6 10.3 pigs 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.5 56.7 33.1 10.2 chicken 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.5 47 42.9 10.1 cattle 0.5-8 2 4 2.1 41.1 45.2 7.5 4.1 pigs 0.5-8 1 2 13 45.7 32.3 8.3 0.8 chicken 0.5-8 2 2 1.8 40.5 49.4 7.7 0.6 cattle 1-64 1 64 64.4 19.9 15.8 pigs 1-64 1 64 60.6 11.8 0.4 0.4 26.8 chicken 1-64 2 64 44.6 9.5 3.6 2.4 39.9 cattle 1-64 2 64 46.6 37 0.7 15.8 pigs 1-64 2 64 42.1 30.3 0.4 27.2 chicken 1-64 2 64 24.4 29.2 0.6 45.8 cattle 1-4 2 2 1.4 97.9 0.7 pigs 1-8 2 2 5.1 90.2 4.3 0.4 chicken 1-16 2 2 1.8 89.9 6.5 0.6 1.2 cattle 4-32 8 32 0.7 87 0.7 11.6 pigs 4-32 8 32 0.8 83.5 1.2 14.6 chicken 8-32 8 32 79.2 4.8 16.1 cattle 2-32 4 4 2.7 93.8 1.4 2.1 pigs 2-32 4 16 10.2 78.7 0.4 5.1 5.5 chicken 2-32 4 16 1.8 83.9 3 1.8 9.5 cattle 2-128 32 128 49.3 4.1 15.1 31.5 pigs 2-128 64 128 41.7 3.1 10.2 44.9 chicken 2-128 128 128 29.2 3.6 16.7 50.6 cattle 2-4 2 2 99.3 0.7 pigs 2-8 2 2 99.6 0.4 chicken 2-8 2 4 89.9 7.7 2.4 Cattle carcasses(n=146), pig carcasses(n=254), chicken carcasses(n=168) 44

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 Table 27. 도체에서분리한 Enterococcus faecalis 의항생제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Antimicrobials cattle carcasses pig carcasses chicken carcasses Total (n=146) (n=254) (n=168) (n=568) Gentamicin 8(5.5) 30(11.8) 11(6.5) 49(8.6) Kanamycin 19(13.0) 44(17.3) 27(16.1) 90(15.8) Streptomycin 35(24.0) 107(42.1) 54(32.1) 196(34.5) Ampicillin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Ciprofloxacin 3(2.1) 17(6.7) 73(43.5) 93(16.4) Vancomycin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Tigecycline 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Daptomycin 6(4.1) 2(0.8) 1(0.6) 9(1.6) Erythromycin 23(15.8) 69(27.2) 77(45.8) 169(29.8) Tylosin\(Tartrate/Base) 23(15.8) 69(27.2) 78(46.4) 170(29.9) Linezolid 0(0) 1(0.4) 3(1.8) 4(0.7) Chloramphenicol 17(11.6) 37(14.6) 27(16.1) 81(14.3) Florfenicol 3(2.1) 14(5.5) 16(9.5) 33(5.8) Tetracycline 74(50.7) 148(58.3) 119(70.8) 341(60.0) Salinomycin 0(0) 1(0.4) 4(2.4) 5(0.9) Table 28. 도체에서분리한 Enterococcus faecalis 의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns cattle carcasses pig carcasses chicken carcasses Total (n=146) (n=254) (n=168) (n=568) No resistance detected 67(45.9) 100(39.4) 22(13.1) 189(33.3) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 39(26.7) 27(10.6) 50(29.8) 116(20.4) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 14(9.6) 58(22.8) 18(10.7) 90(15.8) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 13(8.9) 38(15.0) 45(26.8) 96(16.9) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 10(6.8) 25(9.8) 19(11.3) 54(9.5) Resistance 5 CLSI subclass 3(2.1) 5(2.0) 13(7.7) 21(3.7) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(0.4) 1(0.6) 2(0.4) 45

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 정상가축분변에서분리한 E. faecium/e. faecalis 의항생제내성경향 (2007-2015) '07년부터 '15년까지정상가축분변에서분리한장구균 (E. faecium/e. faecalis) 의항생제내성경향을분석한결과, 축종및시료별로항생제내성률이차이가있었다. 돼지에서는 E. faecium과 E. faecalis 공히 15년내성률이 '14년에비해다소증가하였으나 E. faecium에서는다소낮게유지하였다. E. faecium 내성률은특히돼지유래균주에서크게감소하였으며항생제별로는 '08년에비해 '15년에 tetracycline(92% 21%), erythromycin(90% 35%), streptomycin(78% 15%), ciprofloxacin(37% 9%), chloramphenicol (64% 12%) 의내성률이크게감소하였다. 소유래 E. faecium에서도연도별로다소차이가있지만일부항생제를제외한대부분의항생제내성률이감소하였으며, 특히 tetracycline(85% 22%), erythromycin(31% 10%), gentamicin(2% 0%) 의내성률이 '08년에비해감소되었다. 닭유래 E. faecium 에서는대체로 '10년까지는다소증가추세를나타내었으나 '11년부터다시감소추세를나타내었다. E. faecalis 내성률은소와돼지유래균주에서는 '08년이후에점차감소추세를나타내었으며, 돼지유래균주에서는 '08년에비해 '15년에 tetracycline(100% 83%), erythromycin(94% 71%) 의내성률이크게감소되었다. 닭유래 E. faecalis 내성률은전반적으로 '08년과 '09년에비해서는 '15년에낮아지는경향을나타내었다. < 정상가축분변유래 E. faecium 의내성률 > % resistant isolates 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Cattle Pigs Poultry 24 61 34 25 72 53 46 73 51 45 59 108 60 163 148 127 144 142 80 70 55 77 87 168 134 240 166 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year and number of isolates Tetracycline Ampicillin Erythromycin Streptomycin Gentamicin Ciprofloxacin Chloramphenicol Salinomycin < 정상가축분변유래 E. faecalis 의내성률 > % resistant isolates 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Cattle Pigs Poultry 40 32 32 61 152 80 85 99 102 104 52 87 88 216 145 166 164 173 58 17 58 162 170 213 196 229 175 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year and number of isolates Tetracycline Ampicillin Erythromycin Streptomycin Gentamicin Ciprofloxacin Chloramphenicol Salinomycin 46

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 제 3 장. 식중독세균의항생제내성 1. Salmonella spp. 가. 가축유래 Salmonella spp. 정상가축분변에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 97균주 ( 소 3균주, 돼지 41균주, 닭 53균주 ) 에대한 MIC 검사결과, 대체로항생제및축종별로내성률이차이가있었으나전반적으로돼지와닭유래균주에서높게나타났다. 축종및항생제별 MIC 50 은소유래균주에서는 streptomycin 64( μg / ml ), tetracycline 128( μg / ml ), 돼지유래균주에서는 streptomycin 128( μg / ml ), ampicillin 64( μg / ml ), tetracycline 128( μg / ml ), 닭유래균주에서는 nalidixic acid 128( μg / ml ) 로높게나타났다. 항생제내성률을조사한결과, 축종및항생제별로다소차이가있었다. 축종별로항생제내성률을분석한결과소유래검사균주수가적지만 streptomycin 66.7%(2/3), tetracycline 66.7%(2/3) 로가장높게나타났다. 돼지유래균주의내성률은 tetracycline 73.2%(30/41) 로가장높았으며 ampicillin(65.9%, 27/41) 과 streptomycin(68.3%, 28/41) 이대체로높게나타났다. 닭유래균주에서는 nalidixic acid의내성률이 94.3%(50/53) 로가장높았으며, tetracycline (52.8%, 28/53), ampicillin(45.3%, 24/53) 과 streptomycin(41.5%, 22/53) 의내성률이대체로높게나타났다. Cephalosporins계항생제내성률은닭유래균주에서 cephalothin 28.3%(15/53), cefoxitin 3.8%(2/53) 로나타났으며제3세대세팜계항생제인 ceftiofur의내성률도 28.3%(15/53) 로높게나타났다. 또한 fluoroquinolones계항생제인 ciprofloxacin의내성률은소와돼지유래균주에서는관찰되지않았으나닭유래균주에서 1.9%(1/53) 로관찰되었다. 다제내성양상을조사한결과, 모든항생제에감수성을나타낸균주가소유래균주에서는 33.3%(1/3), 돼지분변분리균주는 14.6%(6/41), 닭분변분리균주에서는 5.7%(3/53) 로나타났다. 검사한 12종 subclass 항생제중 3개 subclass 이상에내성을나타낸균주는소유래의 33.3%(1/3), 돼지유래균주의 61.0%(25/41), 닭분리균주의 56.6%(30/53) 로돼지와닭에서분리된살모넬라균의다제내성률이높은것으로나타났다 (Table 29-31). 47

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 29. 가축분변에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Neomycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Amoxicillin /clavulanic acid Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Nalidixic acid Colistin Cephalothin Cefoxitin Animal species * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 cattle 1-8 1 8 66.7 33.3 pigs 1-32 1 8 82.9 2.4 7.3 2.4 4.9 poultry 1-64 1 32 81.1 5.7 7.5 5.7 cattle 2-2 2 2 100 pigs 2-32 2 2 97.6 2.4 poultry 2-32 2 32 77.4 1.9 20.8 cattle 8-128 64 128 33.3 33.3 33.3 pigs 4-128 128 128 2.4 22 7.3 7.3 61 poultry 2-128 16 128 7.5 7.5 20.8 22.6 7.5 34 cattle 2-64 2 64 66.7 33.3 pigs 2-64 64 64 34.1 65.9 poultry 2-64 2 64 54.7 45.3 cattle 2-8 2 8 66.7 33.3 pigs 2-16 8 8 34.1 4.9 56.1 4.9 poultry 2-64 2 16 54.7 20.8 7.5 13.2 3.8 cattle 1-1 1 1 100 pigs 0.5-8 1 1 2.4 90.2 4.9 2.4 poultry 0.5-8 1 8 3.8 66 1.9 28.3 cattle 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.5 66.7 33.3 pigs 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.25 80.5 12.2 7.3 poultry 0.12-4 0.25 0.25 26.4 64.2 7.5 1.9 cattle 2-8 4 8 33.3 33.3 33.3 pigs 2-128 4 128 12.2 68.3 2.4 17.1 poultry 2-128 128 128 1.9 3.8 94.3 cattle 2-2 2 2 100 pigs 2-2 2 2 100 poultry 2-16 2 4 81.1 9.4 5.7 3.8 cattle 2-4 4 4 33.3 66.7 pigs 2-64 4 8 12.2 56.1 24.4 4.9 2.4 poultry 2-64 4 64 47.2 22.6 1.9 28.3 cattle 4-4 4 4 100 pigs 2-8 4 4 46.3 51.2 2.4 poultry 2-32 4 8 39.6 43.4 11.3 1.9 3.8 cattle 0.12-1 0.25 1 33.3 33.3 33.3 Trimethoprim/ pigs 0.12-4 0.125 0.25 63.4 26.8 2.4 2.4 4.9 sulfamethoxazole poultry 0.12-4 0.125 4 54.7 28.3 17 cattle 8-64 8 64 66.7 33.3 Chloramphenicol pigs 4-64 8 64 7.3 61 12.2 19.5 poultry 4-64 8 64 26.4 54.7 1.9 17 cattle 4-64 4 64 66.7 33.3 Florfenicol pigs 2-64 4 64 2.4 68.3 9.8 19.5 poultry 2-64 4 16 20.8 60.4 1.9 7.5 5.7 3.8 cattle 2-128 128 128 33.3 66.7 Tetracycline pigs 2-128 128 128 26.8 7.3 65.9 poultry 2-128 32 128 47.2 15.1 24.5 13.2 * Cattle(n=3), pigs(n=41), poultry(n=53) 48

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 30. 가축분변에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 의항생제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Antimicrobials cattle pigs poultry Total (n=3) (n=41) (n=53) (n=97) Gentamicin 0(0) 3(7.3) 7(13.2) 10(10.3) Neomycin 0(0) 1(2.4) 11(20.8) 12(12.4) Streptomycin 2(66.7) 28(68.3) 22(41.5) 52(53.6) Ampicillin 1(33.3) 27(65.9) 24(45.3) 52(53.6) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 0(0) 0(0) 2(3.8) 2(2.1) Ceftiofur 0(0) 1(2.4) 15(28.3) 16(16.5) Ciprofloxacin 0(0) 0(0) 1(1.9) 1(1) Nalidixic acid 0(0) 7(17.1) 50(94.3) 57(58.8) Colistin 0(0) 0(0) 10(18.9) 10(10.3) Cephalothin 0(0) 1(2.4) 15(28.3) 16(16.5) Cefoxitin 0(0) 0(0) 2(3.8) 2(2.1) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 0(0) 2(4.9) 9(17) 11(11.3) Chloramphenicol 1(33.3) 8(19.5) 9(17) 18(18.6) Florfenicol 1(33.3) 8(19.5) 5(9.4) 14(14.4) Tetracycline 2(66.7) 30(73.2) 28(52.8) 60(61.9) Table 31. 가축분변에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns cattle pigs poultry Total (n=3) (n=41) (n=53) (n=97) No resistance detected 1(33.3) 6(14.6) 3(5.7) 10(10.3) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 0(0) 4(9.8) 14(26.4) 18(18.6) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 1(33.3) 6(14.6) 6(11.3) 13(13.4) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 15(36.6) 6(11.3) 21(21.6) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 1(33.3) 7(17.1) 0(0) 8(8.2) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 2(4.9) 8(15.1) 10(10.3) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(2.4) 11(20.8) 12(12.4) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 3(5.7) 3(3.1) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 2(3.8) 2(2.1) 49

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 나. 도체유래 Salmonella spp. 도체에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 159균주 ( 소도체 11균주, 돼지도체 15균주, 닭도체 133균주 ) 에대한항생제감수성검사결과, 항생제및시료별로다소차이가있었다. 전반적으로가축유래살모넬라균에비해 MIC는낮게나타났다. 그러나닭유래균주에서 nalidixic acid의 MIC 50 은 nalidixic acid 128( μg / ml ) 로가장높게나타났으며 ceftiofur의 MIC가 8( μg / ml ) 이상균주가 25.6% 로닭유래균주의 MIC가비교적높게나타났다. 시료별로항생제내성률을조사한결과, 소도체유래균주에서는 streptomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline의내성률이 45.5%(5/11) 로가장높았으며 nalidixic acid 27.3%(3/11) 로나타났으나그외항생제내성은관찰되지않았다. 돼지도체유래균주의항생제내성률은소도체유래균주와유사하게나타났다. 돼지도체유래균주에서도 ampicillin의내성률이 40.0%(6/15) 로가장높았으며 tetracycline(33.3%, 5/15), gentamicin(26.7%, 4/15), streptomycin(26.7%, 4/15) 순으로높게나타났다. 그러나돼지도체유래균주에서는 cephalosporins계항생제, ciprofloxacin, colistin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole의내성은검출되지않았다. 닭도체유래균주에서는 nalidixic acid의내성률이 87.2%(116/133) 로가장높게나타났으며 tetracycline(42.1%, 56/133), ampicillin(40.6%, 54/133), streptomycin(30.8%, 41/133) 순으로높게나타났다. 닭도체유래균주에서는제3세대 cephalosporins계항생제인 ceftiofur의내성률이 25.6%%(34/133) 로높게나타났다. 또한 ciprofloxacin의내성균은소도체및돼지도체에서는검출되지않았으나닭도체에서 1균주 (0.8%) 검출되었다. 다제내성양상을조사한결과, 모든검사항생제에감수성을나타낸균주가소도체유래균주에서 27.3%(3/11), 돼지도체유래균주에서 46.7%(7/15), 닭도체유래균주에서 9.8%(13/133) 로나타났다. 검사한총 12개 subclass 항생제중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸균주는소도체유래균주에서는 45.5%(5/11), 돼지도체유래균주에서는 40.0%(6/15), 닭도체유래균주에서는 39.8%(53/133) 로나타났다 (Table 32-34). 50

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 32. 도체에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Neomycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Amoxicillin /clavulanic acid Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Nalidixic acid Colistin Cephalothin Cefoxitin Carcasses type * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 cattle 1-1 1 1 100 pigs 1-64 1 64 73.3 13.3 13.3 chicken 1-64 1 64 82.7 0.8 3.8 12.8 cattle 2-32 2 2 100 pigs 2-32 2 4 86.7 6.7 6.7 chicken 2-32 2 32 76.7 0.8 22.6 cattle 8-128 8 128 54.5 45.5 pigs 8-128 8 128 60 13.3 26.7 chicken 2-128 8 128 7.5 15 28.6 18 1.5 29.3 cattle 2-64 2 64 54.5 45.5 pigs 2-64 2 64 53.3 6.7 40 chicken 2-64 2 64 54.1 4.5 0.8 40.6 cattle 2-8 2 8 54.5 18.2 27.3 pigs 2-32 2 8 53.3 40 6.7 chicken 2-64 2 8 59.4 18 15.8 4.5 2.3 cattle 1-1 1 1 100 pigs 0.5-2 1 1 6.7 86.7 6.7 chicken 0.5-8 1 8 3 61.7 9.8 25.6 cattle 0.12-0.25 0.125 0.25 72.7 27.3 pigs 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.25 86.7 6.7 6.7 chicken 0.12-8 0.25 0.25 39.8 52.6 6.8 0.8 cattle 2-128 4 128 9.1 63.6 27.3 pigs 2-128 4 128 6.7 80 13.3 chicken 2-128 128 128 0.8 10.5 1.5 87.2 cattle 2-2 2 2 100 pigs 2-2 2 2 100 chicken 2-32 2 4 82 8.3 2.3 6.8 0.8 cattle 2-4 4 4 27.3 72.7 pigs 2-16 4 16 40 40 6.7 13.3 chicken 2-64 4 64 43.6 25.6 4.5 0.8 25.6 cattle 2-4 4 4 45.5 54.5 pigs 2-32 4 8 26.7 60 6.7 6.7 chicken 2-32 2 8 51.1 35.3 9.8 1.5 2.3 cattle 0.12-0.12 0.125 0.125 100 Trimethoprim/ pigs 0.12-0.25 0.125 0.125 93.3 6.7 sulfamethoxazole chicken 0.12-4 0.125 4 60.9 27.1 0.8 11.3 cattle 4-16 8 16 27.3 54.5 18.2 Chloramphenicol pigs 8-64 8 64 66.7 20 13.3 chicken 2-64 8 64 0.8 26.3 54.1 6.8 12 cattle 2-4 4 4 27.3 72.7 Florfenicol pigs 4-64 4 64 73.3 13.3 13.3 chicken 2-64 4 16 15 67.7 5.3 5.3 4.5 2.3 cattle 2-128 2 128 54.5 45.5 Tetracycline pigs 2-128 2 128 60 6.7 33.3 chicken 2-128 2 128 54.9 3 9.8 15.8 16.5 * Cattle carcasses(n=11), pig carcasses(n=15), chicken carcasses(n=133) 51

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 33. 도체에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 의항생제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Antimicrobials cattle carcasses pig carcasses chicken arcasses Total (n=11) (n=15) (n=133) (n=159) Gentamicin 0(0) 4(26.7) 23(17.3) 27(17) Neomycin 0(0) 1(6.7) 31(23.3) 32(20.1) Streptomycin 5(45.5) 4(26.7) 41(30.8) 50(31.4) Ampicillin 5(45.5) 6(40.0) 54(40.6) 65(40.9) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 0(0) 1(6.7) 3(2.3) 4(2.5) Ceftiofur 0(0) 0(0) 34(25.6) 34(21.4) Ciprofloxacin 0(0) 0(0) 1(0.8) 1(0.6) Nalidixic acid 3(27.3) 2(13.3) 116(87.2) 121(76.1) Colistin 0(0) 0(0) 24(18.0) 24(15.1) Cephalothin 0(0) 0(0) 34(25.6) 34(21.4) Cefoxitin 0(0) 1(6.7) 3(2.3) 4(2.5) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 0(0) 0(0) 15(11.3) 15(9.4) Chloramphenicol 0(0) 2(13.3) 16(12.0) 18(11.3) Florfenicol 0(0) 2(13.3) 9(6.8) 11(6.9) Tetracycline 5(45.5) 5(33.3) 56(42.1) 66(41.5) Table 34. 도체에서분리된 Salmonella spp. 의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns cattle carcasses pig carcasses chicken carcasses Total (n=11) (n=15) (n=133) (n=159) No resistance detected 3(27.3) 7(46.7) 13(9.8) 23(14.5) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 3(27.3) 0(0) 38(28.6) 41(25.8) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 2(13.3) 29(21.8) 31(19.5) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 5(45.5) 5(33.3) 4(3.0) 14(8.8) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 2(1.5) 2(1.3) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(6.7) 13(9.8) 14(8.8) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 24(18.0) 24(15.1) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 9(6.8) 9(5.7) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Resistance 9 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 1(0.8) 1(0.6) 52

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 가축및도축장도체에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 의항생제내성경향 (2010-2015) '10 년부터 '15 년까지가축및도축장도체에서분리한살모넬라균의항생제내성경향을분석한결과, 축종및시료종류에따라연도별, 항생제별로내성률이크게차이가있었다. 정상돼지분변에서분리한살모넬라균은 streptomycin 의내성률이 '14 년에비해 2 배이상증가하였으며질병에이환된돼지에서분리된살모넬라균에서도 '14 년에비해 ampicillin(55% 88%), streptomycin(59% 88%), tetracycline(52% 84%) 의내성률이증가하였다. Ceftiofur 의내성률은돼지유래균주에서는비교적낮게나타났다. 닭유래살모넬라균도시료별, 년도별로내성률이큰차이가있었다. 닭유래모든시료에서 nalidixic acid 의내성률이가장높았으며질병에이환된닭에서분리된살모넬라균을제외한닭분변과닭도체유래균주에서지속적으로증가추세를나타났다. 닭분변및닭도체유래균주에서는 tetracycline 과 nalidixic acid 를제외한대부분의항생제내성률이 '14 년에비해감소하였다. 그러나질병에이환된닭유래균주의내성률은 '14 년에비해전반적으로증가추세를나타내었다. 특히 '15 년 ceftiofur 의내성률은 '14 년에비해서는감소하였으나비교적높게나타났다. < 돼지및돼지도체유래살모넬라균의항생제내성률 > % resistant isolates % resistant isolates Healthy pigs Pig carcasses Diseased pigs 100 Healthy pigs Pig carcasses Diseased pigs 100 100 % % Cattle Pigs Poultry 90 90 % 90 % 80 80 % 80 % 70 % 70 70 % 60 % 60 60 % 50 % 50 50 % 40 % 40 40 % 30 % 30 30 % 20 % 20 20 % 10 % 10 0 % 10 % 0 % 40 32 32 61 152 80 85 99 102 104 52 87 88 216 145 166 164 173 58 17 58 162 170 213 196 229 175 111 47 45 67 48 41 14 16 21 44 44 15 18 18 15 30 44 32 2007111 2008 2009 47 201045 2011 2012 67 2013 482014 2015 41 200714 2008 2009 16 201021 2011 2012 44 2013 442014 2015 200718 2008 2009 18 201015 2011 2012 30 2013 442014 2015 32 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year and number of of isolates Tetracycline Ampicillin Erythromycin Streptomycin Gentamicin Ciprofloxacin Chloramphenicol Salinomycin Ampicillin Ceftiofur Gentamicin Nalidixic acid Streptomycin Tetracycline Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Chloramphenicol < 닭및닭도체유래살모넬라균의항생제내성률 > % resistant isolates % resistant isolates Healthy chicken Chicken carcasses Diseased chicken 100 100 % % Cattle Pigs Poultry 90 90 % % 80 80 % % 70 70 % % 60 60 % % 50 % 50 % 40 % 40 % 30 % 30 % 20 % 20 % 10 % 10 % 0 % 0 % 40 32 32 61 152 80 85 99 102 104 52 87 88 216 145 166 164 173 58 17 58 162 170 213 196 229 175 47 58 50 75 82 53 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 31 40 123 60 106 133 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 89 64 53 31 48 50 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year and number of isolates Tetracycline Ampicillin Erythromycin Streptomycin Gentamicin Ciprofloxacin Chloramphenicol Salinomycin Ampicillin Ceftiofur Gentamicin Nalidixic acid Streptomycin Tetracycline Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Chloramphenicol 53

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 2. Campylobacter spp. 가. 가축및도체유래 Campylobacter jejuni 가축분변에서분리한 41균주 ( 소 28균주, 돼지 3균주, 닭 10균주 ) 및도체에서분리한 46균주 ( 소도체 6균주, 닭도체 40균주 ) 의 Campylobacter jejuni 에대해 8 subclasses에속하는 9종항생제에대한항생제감수성검사를실시하였다. 전반적으로축종별로가축분변및도체유래균주는유사한내성양상을나타내었다. MIC 분포도를조사한결과 MIC 50 은돼지와닭유래분변및도체에서 ciprofloxacin 4-8( μg / ml ), nalidixic acid 64( μg / ml ) 로높았다. 그러나모든축종및시료에서 macrolides계항생제 (erythromycin, azithromycin) 의 MIC는대체로낮게나타났다. 분변유래 C. jejuni의 (fluoro)quinolone 계항생제인 ciprofloxacin과 nalidixic acid의내성률은소분변유래균주에서 42.9%(12/28), 돼지분변 66.7%(2/3), 닭분변 80%(8/10)-100.0%(10/10) 로검사항생제중가장높았으며도체시료에서도소도체 66.7%(4/6), 닭도체 90%(36/40)- 95.0%(38/40) 로가장높았다. Tetracycline의내성률은닭분변에서는 10.0% 로낮았으나소분변, 돼지분변, 소도체, 닭도체에서는약 30% 의내성을나타내었다. 그외 gentamicin의내성률은소분변에서 17.9%(5/28), 소도체에서 33.3%(2/6) 으로다른가축및축종에비해높았다. 그러나 macrolides계항생제인 azithromycin과 erythromycin의내성은닭도체유래 1균주 (2.5%) 에서만관찰되었으며다른가축및시료에서는관찰되지않았다. 다제내성양상을분석한결과, 검사한모든항생제에감수성을나타낸균주가분변유래균주에서는소분변유래균주의 50.0%(14/28) 관찰되었으나, 돼지분변과닭분변에서는관찰되지않았다. 도체시료에서는모든항생제에감수성을나타낸균주가소도체에서 16.7%(1/6), 닭도체에서 5.0%(2/40) 관찰되었다. 검사한항생제총 8개 subclass 중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸다제내성균주가소분변유래균주에서 32.1%(9/28) 관찰되었으나돼지분변과닭분변에서는관찰되지않았다. 도체시료에서는소도체유래균주에서 33.3%(2/6), 닭도체유래균주에서 35.0%(14/40) 가다제내성양상을나타났다 (Table 35-40). 54

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 35. 가축분변에서분리한 Campylobacter jejuni 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Animal species * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.016 0.032 0.064 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 cattle 0.12-16 0.125 8 75 3.6 3.6 14.3 3.6 pigs 0.12-4 0.125 4 66.7 33.3 poultry 0.12-8 0.125 0.125 90 10 cattle 0.015-16 0.125 8 3.6 42.9 10.7 35.7 7.1 Ciprofloxacin pigs 0.06-8 4 8 33.3 33.3 33.3 poultry 4-32 8 16 20 40 30 10 cattle 0.12-2 0.5 1 7.1 21.4 28.6 35.7 7.1 Telithromycin pigs 0.12-2 0.5 2 33.3 33.3 33.3 poultry 0.015-4 0.5 2 10 60 10 10 10 cattle 0.015-0.12 0.064 0.125 17.9 28.6 39.3 14.3 Azithromycin pigs 0.015-0.06 0.032 0.064 33.3 33.3 33.3 poultry 0.03-0.12 0.064 0.125 40 30 30 cattle 0.12-1 0.5 1 17.9 28.6 42.9 10.7 Erythromycin pigs 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.5 33.3 33.3 33.3 poultry 0.25-2 0.5 1 10 70 10 10 cattle 4-64 4 64 57.1 42.9 Nalidixic acid pigs 4-64 64 64 33.3 66.7 poultry 32-64 64 64 20 80 cattle 0.06-1 0.25 0.25 7.1 28.6 57.1 7.1 Clindamycin pigs 0.06-0.12 0.125 0.125 33.3 66.7 poultry 0.06-1 0.25 1 10 20 40 10 20 cattle 0.25-1 1 1 3.6 25 71.4 Florfenicol pigs 1-1 1 1 100 poultry 0.06-4 1 2 10 20 50 10 10 cattle 0.12-64 0.25 64 28.6 25 3.6 3.6 7.1 3.6 28.6 Tetracycline pigs 0.25-64 0.25 64 66.7 33.3 poultry 0.06-64 0.125 2 20 30 30 10 10 * Cattle(n=28), pigs(n=3), poultry(n=10) 55

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 36. 가축분변에서분리한 Campylobacter jejuni 의항생제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Antimicrobials cattle carcasses pig carcasses chicken arcasses Total (n=28) (n=3) (n=10) (n=41) Gentamicin 5(17.9) 0(0) 1(10.0) 6(14.6) Ciprofloxacin 12(42.9) 2(66.7) 10(100) 24(58.5) Telithromycin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Azithromycin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Erythromycin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Nalidixic acid 12(42.9) 2(66.7) 8(80.0) 22(53.7) Clindamycin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Florfenicol 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Tetracycline 9(32.1) 1(33.3) 1(10.0) 11(26.8) Table 37. 가축분변에서분리한 Campylobacter jejuni 의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns cattle carcasses pig carcasses chicken carcasses Total (n=28) (n=3) (n=10) (n=41) No resistance detected 14(50.0) 0(0) 0(0) 14(34.1) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 0(0) 1(33.3) 2(20.0) 3(7.3) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 5(17.9) 2(66.7) 7(70.0) 14(34.1) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 8(28.6) 0(0) 0(0) 8(19.5) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 1(3.6) 0(0) 1(10.0) 2(4.9) 56

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 38. 도체에서분리한 Campylobacter jejuni 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Carcasses type * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.016 0.032 0.064 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 Gentamicin cattle 0.12-8 0.125 8 66.7 33.3 chicken 0.12-16 0.125 0.25 87.5 7.5 2.5 2.5 Ciprofloxacin cattle 0.06-32 8 32 33.3 50 16.7 chicken 1-64 8 32 2.5 2.5 22.5 42.5 17.5 10 2.5 Telithromycin cattle 0.25-4 0.5 4 16.7 50 16.7 16.7 chicken 0.03-16 0.5 2 2.5 5 17.5 40 20 7.5 2.5 5 Azithromycin cattle 0.03-0.12 0.064 0.125 33.3 50 16.7 chicken 0.015-64 0.032 0.125 10 50 17.5 15 5 2.5 Erythromycin cattle 0.25-1 0.5 1 33.3 50 16.7 chicken 0.03-64 0.5 1 2.5 5 40 30 15 5 2.5 Nalidixic acid cattle 4-64 64 64 16.7 16.7 66.7 chicken 16-64 64 64 2.5 7.5 90 Clindamycin cattle 0.25-1 0.25 1 83.3 16.7 chicken 0.03-16 0.125 0.5 2.5 7.5 42.5 27.5 10 7.5 2.5 Florfenicol cattle 0.5-8 1 8 16.7 33.3 33.3 16.7 chicken 0.25-8 1 2 5 17.5 55 12.5 5 5 Tetracycline cattle 0.25-64 0.5 64 16.7 33.3 16.7 16.7 16.7 chicken 0.06-64 0.25 64 7.5 20 25 7.5 10 2.5 5 2.5 30 * Cattle carcasses(n=6), chicken carcasses(n=40) 57

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 39. 도체에서분리한 Campylobacter jejuni 의항생제내성률 Antimicrobials No. of resistant isolates (%) cattle carcasses chicken arcasses (n=6) (n=40) Total (n=46) Gentamicin 2(33.3) 1(2.5) 3(6.5) Ciprofloxacin 4(66.7) 38(95.0) 42(91.3) Telithromycin 0(0) 2(5.0) 2(4.3) Azithromycin 0(0) 1(2.5) 1(2.1) Erythromycin 0(0) 1(2.5) 1(2.1) Nalidixic acid 4(66.7) 36(90.0) 40(87.0) Clindamycin 0(0) 1(2.5) 1(2.1) Florfenicol 1(16.7) 2(5.0) 3(6.5) Tetracycline 2(33.3) 13(32.5) 15(32.6) Table 40. 도체에서분리한 Campylobacter jejuni 의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns cattle carcasses chicken carcasses Total (n=6) (n=40) (n=46) No resistance detected 1(16.7) 2(5.0) 3(6.5) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 0(0) 2(5.0) 2(4.3) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 3(50.0) 22(55.0) 25(54.3) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 1(16.7) 10(25.0) 11(23.9) Resistance 4 CLSI subclass 1(16.7) 2(5.0) 3(6.5) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 2(5.0) 2(4.3) 58

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 나. 가축및도체유래 Campylobacter coli 정상가축분변및도체에서분리한 C. coli 19균주 ( 돼지분변 12균주, 닭분변 7균주 ) 와도체에서분리한 112균주 ( 돼지도체 69균주, 닭도체 43균주 ) 에대한항생제감수성검사결과, C. jejuni에비해내성률이전반적으로높게나타났다. MIC 분포도를조사한결과 nalidixic acid와 tetracycline의 MIC가모든시료에서대체로높게분포하였으며 MIC 50 도 nalidixic acid는모든가축및시료에서 64( μg / ml ) 그리고 tetracycline는닭분변및닭도체에서 64( μg / ml ) 로나타났다. 항생제내성률을비교한결과, 모든시료에서 ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline의내성이비교적높게나타났다. 가축분변유래균주에서는모든축종에서 (fluoro)quinoline계항생제 (ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid) 내성률이돼지분변 91.7%(11/12), 닭분변 100%(7/7)) 로가장높았다. Macrolides계항생제 (azithromycin, erythromycin) 내성률은돼지분변 16.7%(2/12)% 였으나닭분변에서는관찰되지않았다. 도체유래균주에서도가축과유사한내성경향을나타내었다. 도체유래균주의 (fluoro)quinoline계항생제내성률은돼지도체 95.7%(66/69), 닭도체유래균주에서는 100%(43/43) 로나타났으며 macrolides계항생제내성률은돼지도체 47.8%(33/69) 로높았으나닭도체유래균주에서는 9.3%(4/43) 로비교적낮게나타났다. 가축분변에서분리한 C. coli의다제내성양상을살펴보면, 검사한총 8개의 subclass중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸균주가돼지분변유래균주에서 58.3%(7/12), 닭분변유래균주에서 71.4%(5/7) 로모든축종에서높게나타났다. 도체유래균주에서는모든균주가검사한 1개이상의항생제에내성을나타내었으며, 총 8개의 subclass중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸다제내성균이돼지도체에서 82.6%(57/69), 닭도체에서 83.7%(36/43) 로모든시료에서다제내성균이비교적높게분포하였다 (Table 41-46). 59

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 41. 가축분변에서분리한 Campylobacter coli 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Animals * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.016 0.032 0.064 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 Gentamicin pigs 0.12-8 0.25 0.5 33.3 41.7 16.7 8.3 poultry 0.12-0.25 0.25 0.25 28.6 71.4 Ciprofloxacin pigs 0.015-16 8 16 8.3 25 33.3 25 8.3 poultry 8-16 16 16 14.3 85.7 Telithromycin pigs 0.015-16 1 4 8.3 16.7 33.3 25 8.3 8.3 poultry 0.015-16 1 16 14.3 42.9 28.6 14.3 Azithromycin pigs 0.015-64 0.064 64 8.3 8.3 33.3 16.7 8.3 8.3 16.7 poultry 0.03-0.25 0.064 0.25 14.3 71.4 14.3 Erythromycin pigs 0.03-64 1 64 8.3 8.3 16.7 25 25 16.7 poultry 0.12-2 1 2 14.3 71.4 14.3 Nalidixic acid pigs 4-64 64 64 8.3 91.7 poultry 64-64 64 64 100 Clindamycin pigs 0.03-16 0.25 8 8.3 16.7 41.7 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 poultry 0.03-0.5 0.25 0.5 14.3 57.1 28.6 Florfenicol pigs 0.03-2 1 2 8.3 8.3 50 33.3 poultry 0.03-4 1 4 14.3 57.1 14.3 14.3 Tetracycline pigs 0.06-64 8 64 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 16.7 8.3 41.7 poultry 0.06-64 64 64 14.3 14.3 71.4 * pigs(n=12), poultry(n=7) 60

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 42. 가축분변에서분리한 Campylobacter coli 의항생제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Antimicrobials Pigs Poultry Total (n=12) (n=7) (n=19) Gentamicin 1(8.3) 0(0) 1(5.3) Ciprofloxacin 11(91.7) 7(100) 18(94.7) Telithromycin 1(8.3) 1(14.3) 2(10.5) Azithromycin 2(16.7) 0(0) 2(10.5) Erythromycin 2(16.7) 0(0) 2(10.5) Nalidixic acid 11(91.7) 7(100) 18(94.7) Clindamycin 2(16.7) 0(0) 2(10.5) Florfenicol 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Tetracycline 6(50.0) 5(71.4) 15(32.6) Table 43. 가축분변에서분리한 Campylobacter coli 의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns Pigs Poultry Total (n=12) (n=7) (n=19) No resistance detected 1(8.3) 0(0) 1(5.3) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 4(33.3) 2(28.6) 6(31.6) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 5(41.7) 4(57.1) 9(47.4) Resistance 4 CLSI subclass 0(0) 1(14.3) 1(5.3) Resistance 5 CLSI subclass 1(8.3) 0(0) 1(5.3) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 1(8.3) 0(0) 1(5.3) 61

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 44. 도체에서분리한 Campylobacter coli 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Carcass type * MIC Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) range MIC 50 MIC 90 0.016 0.032 0.064 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 Gentamicin pig 0.12-32 0.25 4 44.9 31.9 7.2 1.4 5.8 2.9 1.4 4.3 chicken 0.12-32 0.25 32 20.9 53.5 9.3 2.3 2.3 11.6 Ciprofloxacin pig 0.03-32 8 16 1.4 1.4 1.4 7.2 39.1 42 7.2 chicken 4-64 8 16 9.3 41.9 39.5 7 2.3 Telithromycin pig 0.5-16 4 16 2.9 11.6 27.5 10.1 10.1 37.7 chicken 0.12-16 1 2 11.6 16.3 9.3 16.3 37.2 2.3 7 Azithromycin pig 0.06-64 0.25 64 15.9 27.5 7.2 1.4 1.4 46.4 chicken 0.03-64 0.064 0.25 11.6 44.2 32.6 2.3 9.3 Erythromycin pig 0.5-64 4 64 8.7 17.4 21.7 2.9 1.4 47.8 chicken 0.12-64 1 4 9.3 20.9 18.6 23.3 16.3 2.3 9.3 Nalidixic acid pig 4-64 64 64 2.9 1.4 95.7 chicken 64-64 64 64 100 Clindamycin pig 0.12-16 2 16 2.9 14.5 27.5 2.9 2.9 7.2 13 29 chicken 0.06-8 0.25 1 2.3 20.9 30.2 25.6 11.6 9.3 Florfenicol pig 0.5-64 2 8 10.1 27.5 20.3 23.2 13 4.3 1.4 chicken 0.5-4 1 2 11.6 53.5 30.2 4.7 Tetracycline pig 0.12-64 32 64 1.4 2.9 1.4 5.8 4.3 1.4 17.4 7.2 10.1 47.8 chicken 0.12-64 64 64 4.7 4.7 4.7 2.3 4.7 79.1 * Pig carcasses(n=69), chicken carcasses(n=43) 62

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 45. 도체에서분리한 Campylobacter coli 의항생제내성률 Antimicrobials pig carcasses chicken carcasses total (n=69) (n=43) (n=112) Gentamicin 6(8.7) 7(16.3) 13(11.6) Ciprofloxacin 66(95.7) 43(100) 109(97.3) Telithromycin 26(37.7) 3(7) 29(25.9) Azithromycin 33(47.8) 4(9.3) 37(33.0) Erythromycin 33(47.8) 4(9.3) 37(33.0) Nalidixic acid 66(95.7) 43(100) 109(97.3) Clindamycin 29(42.0) 4(9.3) 33(29.5) Florfenicol 13(18.8) 0(0) 13(11.6) Tetracycline 45(65.2) 36(83.7) 81(72.3) Table 46. 도체에서분리한 Campylobacter coli 의다제내성률 Resistance patterns pig carcasses chicken carcasses total (n=69) (n=43) (n=112) No resistance detected 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 1(1.4) 0(0) 1(0.9) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 11(15.9) 7(16.3) 18(16.1) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 19(27.5) 27(62.8) 46(41.1) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 8(11.6) 5(11.6) 13(11.6) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 14(20.3) 1(2.3) 15(13.4) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 11(15.9) 1(2.3) 12(10.7) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 4(5.8) 2(4.7) 6(5.4) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 1(1.4) 0(0) 1(0.9) 63

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 가축및도축장도체에서분리한 C. jejuni/c. coli 의항생제내성경향 (2010-2015) '10년부터'15년까지가축및도축장도체에서분리한 C. jejuni/c. coli의항생제내성경향을분석한결과, 연도별로항생제종류에따라다소차이가있었다. 닭분변및닭도체유래 C. jejuni는연도별로내성률이다소차이가있었으나 ciprofloxacin의내성률은모든시료에서지속적으로높게나타났다. 그러나 tetracycline의내성률은감소추세로 '15년내성률은 '10년에비해닭분변 (79% 27%) 및닭도체 (87% 33%) 에서크게감소하였다. 그외 gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin의내성률은지속적으로낮게나타났다. C. coli의내성률은모든시료에서 C. jejuni의내성률보다대체로높게나타났다. 모든시료에서 ciprofloxacin과 tetracycline의내성률은지속적으로높게나타났다. Erythromycin의내성률은전반적으로 '14년에비해감소하였으며특히돼지분변 (42% 17%), 닭분변 (7% 0%), 닭도체 (26% 9%) 에서크게감소하였다. < 닭분변및닭도체유래 Campylobacter jejuni 의항생제내성률 > % resistant isolates 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Poultry Chicken carcasses 43 30 58 9 22 10 30 43 103 19 44 40 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year and number of isolates Gentamicin Erythromycin Ciprofloxacin Tetracycline Florfenicol Clindamycin < 돼지분변 & 돼지도체, 닭분변 & 닭도체유래 Campylobacter coli 의항생제내성률 > % resistant isolates 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Pigs Pig carcasses 46 47 45 9 62 12 12 54 64 36 75 69 % resistant isolates 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Poultry Chicken carcasses 38 6 43 27 7 25 29 55 7 19 43 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year and and number number of isolates of isolates 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year and number of isolates Gentamicin Erythromycin Ciprofloxacin Tetracycline Florfenicol Clindamycin Gentamicin Erythromycin Ciprofloxacin Tetracycline Florfenicol Clindamycin 64

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 3. Staphylococcus aureus 도체에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 396균주 ( 소도체 41균주, 돼지도체 160균주, 닭도체 195균주 ) 에대해 19종항생제에대한항생제감수성검사결과, 대체로모든시료의 MICs 분포양상이유사하였으나돼지도체와닭도체분리균주의 MICs가일부항생제에서다소높게나타났다. 주요항생제의 MICs 분포범위는 penicillin 0.125-2( μg / ml ) 로나타났으며시료별 MIC 50 은소도체 1( μg / ml ), 돼지도체 2( μg / ml ), 닭도체 0.125( μg / ml ) 로소와돼지도체에서높게나타났다. 그러나 ciprofloxacin의 MIC 50 은소도체와돼지도체는 0.25( μg / ml ), 닭도체에서는 2( μg / ml ), tetracycline는소도체와돼지도체는 0.5( μg / ml ), 닭도체는 16( μg / ml ) 으로닭에서높게나타났다. 그외항생제의 MIC 50 은모든시료에서큰차이는없었으며 vancomycin 1( μg / ml ), erythromycin 0.5( μg / ml ), clindamycin 0.125-0.25( μg / ml ) 로비교적낮은 MIC를나타내었다. 항생제내성률을조사한결과, 시료별로다소차이가있었으며전반적으로돼지도체에서내성률이높게나타났다. 항생제별로는 penicillin의내성률이소도체 75.6%(31/41), 돼지도체 83.1%(133/160), 닭도체 48.2%(94/195) 로모든도체에서높게나타났다. 그외소도체에서는 penicillin과 tetracycline(17.1%, 7/41), erythromycin(12.2%, 5/41) 을제외한모든항생제내성률이 10% 이하로나타났다. 그러나돼지도체유래균주의내성률은 tetracycline이 46.3%(74/160), chloramphenicol 40.6%(65/160), clindamycin 40.0%(64/160) 순으로높게나타났다. 닭도체유래균주의내성률은 tetracycline 50.8%(97/168), ciprofloxacin 36.9%(72/195), erythromycin 27.7%(54/195), clindamycin 21.5%(42/195) 순으로높게나타났다. 그러나모든시료에서 rifampin, vancomycin sulfamethoxazole의내성은관찰되지않았다. Cefoxitin에내성을나타낸 25균주 ( 소도체 1균주, 돼지도체 23균주, 닭도체 26균주 ) 에서 meca 유전자가모두검출되어최종적으로 methicillin 내성 S. aureus로확인되었다. 도체시료에서분리한 S. aureus의다제내성양상을살펴보면, 검사한 19종의모든항생제에감수성을나타낸균주가소도체유래균주에서는 19.5%(8/41), 돼지도체유래균주에서는 10.0%(16/160), 닭도체유래균주에서는 27.2%(53/195) 로나타났다. 검사한항생제 19종 15개 subclass 중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸균주가소도체유래균주에서 12.2%(5/41), 돼지도체유래균주에서 56.3%(90/160), 닭도체유래균주에서는 36.4%(71/195) 로돼지도체및닭도체에서다소높게나타났다 (Table 47-49). 65

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 47. 도체에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Carcasses MIC Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) MIC type * range 50 MIC 90 0.016 0.032 0.064 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 cattle 1-16 1 1 90.2 4.9 4.9 Gentamicin pigs 1-16 1 16 65 0.6 13.1 21.2 chicken 1-16 1 1 90.8 1 1.5 1 5.6 cattle 4-64 4 16 87.8 2.4 9.8 Kanamycin pigs 4-64 4 64 60.6 1.9 2.5 35 chicken 4-64 4 8 89.2 1.5 1 0.5 7.7 cattle 4-32 4 4 90.2 7.3 2.4 Streptomycin pigs 4-32 4 32 53.1 12.5 1.2 33.1 chicken 4-32 4 32 72.8 13.8 13.3 cattle 0.016-0.03 0.016 0.016 95.1 4.9 Rifampin pigs 0.016-0.03 0.016 0.016 98.8 1.2 chicken 0.016-0.5 0.016 0.016 90.3 9.7 cattle 0.12-2 1 2 24.4 4.9 14.6 9.8 46.3 Penicillin pigs 0.12-2 2 2 16.9 3.1 9.4 12.5 58.1 chicken 0.12-2 0.125 2 51.8 6.2 4.1 1 36.9 cattle 0.5-16 4 4 2.4 2.4 92.7 2.4 Cefoxitin pigs 1-16 4 8 0.6 1.2 83.8 8.1 6.2 chicken 2-16 4 8 3.1 83.6 5.6 7.7 cattle 0.25-8 0.25 0.5 58.5 34.1 4.9 2.4 Ciprofloxacin pigs 0.25-8 0.25 8 51.2 12.5 0.6 3.1 0.6 31.9 chicken 0.25-8 2 8 24.1 13.8 9.2 15.9 36.9 cattle 1-2 1 1 97.6 2.4 Vancomycin pigs 1-2 1 1 96.9 3.1 chicken 1-2 1 2 80 20 cattle 0.25-8 0.5 8 24.4 63.4 12.2 Erythromycin pigs 0.25-8 0.5 8 25.6 43.8 30.6 chicken 0.25-8 0.5 8 26.2 42.6 0.5 2.6 0.5 27.7 cattle 1-2 2 2 22 78 Linezolid pigs 1-8 2 2 31.2 66.2 0.6 1.9 chicken 1-2 2 2 23.6 76.4 cattle 64-128 64 64 97.6 2.4 Sulfamethoxazole pigs 64-128 64 64 99.4 0.6 chicken 64-256 64 64 93.8 4.6 1.5 cattle 2-32 2 2 95.1 4.9 Trimethoprim pigs 2-32 2 32 73.8 0.6 25.6 chicken 2-4 2 2 95.4 4.6 cattle 0.12-4 0.125 0.125 90.2 2.4 7.3 Clindamycin pigs 0.12-4 0.25 4 48.1 1.9 6.9 3.1 40 chicken 0.12-4 0.125 4 77.9 0.5 21.5 cattle 4-64 8 8 14.6 78 7.3 Chloramphenicol pigs 4-64 8 64 1.2 58.1 4.4 36.2 chicken 4-32 8 8 5.1 93.3 0.5 1 cattle 0.5-0.5 0.5 0.5 100 Mupirocin pigs 0.5-1 0.5 0.5 98.8 1.2 chicken 0.5-256 0.5 0.5 99.5 0.5 cattle 0.5-4 0.5 1 87.8 4.9 4.9 2.4 Quinupristin/ pigs 0.5-4 1 4 47.5 15 15.6 21.9 Dalfopristin chicken 0.5-4 0.5 1 84.1 15.4 0.5 cattle 0.5-16 0.5 16 82.9 17.1 Tetracycline pigs 0.5-16 0.5 16 53.8 46.2 chicken 0.5-16 16 16 49.2 50.8 cattle 0.5-4 0.5 0.5 95.1 2.4 2.4 Fusidate pigs 0.5-4 0.5 4 86.2 0.6 0.6 12.5 chicken 0.5-4 0.5 0.5 99.5 0.5 cattle 0.5-4 0.5 0.5 95.1 2.4 2.4 Tiamulin pigs 0.5-4 0.5 4 86.2 0.6 0.6 12.5 chicken 0.5-4 0.5 0.5 99.5 0.5 * Cattle carcasses(n=41), pig carcasses(n=160), chicken carcasses(n=195) 66

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 48. 도체에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 의항생제내성률 Antimicrobials cattle carcasses (n=41) No. resistant isolates(%) * pig carcasses (n=160) chicken carcasses (n=195) Total (n=396) Gentamicin 2(4.9) 34(21.3) 11(5.6) 47(11.9) Kanamycin 4(9.8) 56(35) 15(7.7) 75(18.9) Streptomycin ND ND ND ND Rifampin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Penicillin 31(75.6) 133(83.1) 94(48.2) 258(65.2) Cefoxitin 1(2.4) 23(14.4) 26(13.3) 50(12.6) Ciprofloxacin 1(2.4) 52(32.5) 72(36.9) 125(31.6) Vancomycin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Erythromycin 5(12.2) 49(30.6) 54(27.7) 108(27.3) Linezolid 0(0) 3(1.9) 0(0) 3(0.8) Sulfamethoxazole 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Trimethoprim 2(4.9) 41(25.6) 0(0) 43(10.9) Clindamycin 3(7.3) 64(40.0) 42(21.5) 109(27.5) Chloramphenicol 3(7.3) 65(40.6) 2(1.0) 70(17.7) Mupirocin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Quinupristin/Dalfopristin 1(2.4) 35(21.9) 1(0.5) 37(9.3) Tetracycline 7(17.1) 74(46.3) 99(50.8) 180(45.5) Fusidate 1(2.4) 20(12.5) 1(0.5) 24(6.1) Tiamulin ND ND ND ND * ND, Not determined Table 49. 도체에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 의다제내성률 Resistance patterns cattle carcasses (n=41) No. resistant isolates(%) pig carcasses (n=160) chicken carcasses (n=195) Total (n=396) No resistance detected 8(19.5) 16(10.0) 53(27.2) 77(19.4) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 22(53.7) 34(21.3) 45(23.1) 101(25.5) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 6(14.6) 20(12.5) 26(13.3) 52(13.1) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 1(2.4) 21(13.1) 34(17.4) 56(14.1) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 1(2.4) 15(9.4) 3(1.5) 19(4.8) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 2(4.9) 13(8.1) 9(4.6) 24(6.1) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 4(2.5) 24(12.3) 28(7.1) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 6(3.8) 1(0.5) 7(1.8) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 4(2.5) 0(0) 4(1.0) Resistance 9 CLSI subclasses 1(2.4) 14(8.8) 0(0) 15(3.8) Resistance 10 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 13(8.1) 0(0) 13(3.3) 67

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 도축장도체에서분리한 S. aureus 의항생제내성경향 (2010-2015) '10년부터 '15년까지도축장도체에서분리한황색포도상구균의항생제내성경향을분석한결과, 시료종류에따라내성률의차이가있었으며소도체와돼지도체는유사한내성경향을보였으나닭도체는다소다른내성양상을나타내었다. 소도체유래균주에서는 penicillin 를제외한대부분의항생제내성률은 '14년에비해증가추세를나타내었다. 소도체에서 pencillin 내성률은 '10년 36% 에서 '15년 76% 로 2배이상증가하였다. 그러나 pencillin을제외한대부분의항생제의내성률은지속적으로비교적낮게유지되었다. 돼지도체유래균주에서도 pencillin 의내성률이 '07년 76% 에서 '15년 83% 로증가하여지속적으로높게나타났다. 그외항생제내성률도 '14년에비해대부분의항생제내성률이약 10% 이상증가하였다. 그러나닭도체유래균주에서는항생제별로다소차이가있었으나대체로감소추세를나타내었다. 항생제별로는 penicillin 내성률이 '14년 59% 에서 '15년 48% 로감소하였으며 erythromycin의내성률도 '14년 36% 에서 '15년 28% 로감소하였다. 그러나모든시료에서 sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, linezolid의내성은검출되지않거나매우낮게나타났다. Methicillin 내성을검출하는 cefoxitin의내성률을 '14년과비교한결과소도체 (3% 2%) 에서는감소하였으나, 돼지도체 (8% 14%) 와닭도체 (5% 13%) 에서는증가하였다. < 도체유래황색포도상구균의항생제내성률 > % resistant isolates 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Cattle carcasses Pig carcasses Chicken carcasses 39 69 76 49 62 41 70 101 122 178 182 160 81 137 201 133 168 195 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year and number of isolates Rifampin Erythromycin Linezolid Penicillin Tetracycline Cefoxitin Sulfamethoxazole Trimethoprim Clindamycin 68

제 4 장가축병원성세균의항생제내성 제 4 장. 가축병원성세균의항생제내성 1. Escherichia coli 시 도시험도및농림축산검역본부에의뢰된질병에이환된가축에서분리한대장균 193균주 ( 소 19균주, 돼지 154균주, 닭 20균주 ) 의항생제내성을조사한결과, 정상가축에서분리한대장균과내성양상은유사하였으나내성은질병에이환된가축에서분리한균주에서대체로높게나타났다. 항생제별로 MICs 분포도를조사한결과, streptomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline의 MIC50이모든축종에서높게나타났다. 축종별 MIC 50 은항생제별로다소차이가있었으며소유래균주에서는대부분의항생제에서낮게나타났다. 그러나돼지와닭유래균주의항생제별 MIC 50 은 streptomycin, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline에서 64( μg / ml ) 이상, 닭유래균주에서는 nalidixic acid 128( μg / ml ) 로높게나타났다. 항생제내성률을조사한결과, 모든축종에서 streptomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline의내성이높게나타났다. 축종별로는소유래균주에서는 streptomycin 78.9%(15/19), tetracycline 68.4%(13/19), 돼지유래균주에서는 streptomycin 87.0%(134/154), ampicillin 87.0%(134/154), chloramphenicol 83.8%(129/154), florfenicol 78.6%(121/154), 닭유래균주에서는 nalidixic acid 90.0%(18/20), tetracycline 75.0%(15/20), ampicillin 70.0%(14/20) 순으로내성률이높게나타났다. 닭유래균주에서는 (fluoro)quinolone 계항생제인 ciprofloxacin (79.5%, 31/39), nalidixic acid(87.2%, 34/39) 의내성률이높게나타났으며그외 streptomycin (74.4%, 29/39), chloramphenicol(66.7%, 26/39) 순으로나타났다. 치료용으로주로사용하는항생제인제3세대 cephalosporin계항생제인 ceftiofur 내성률이소와돼지에서는약 5% 로낮았으나닭에서는 25.0%(5/20) 으로높았다. 또한 ciprofloxacin의내성률은소 10.5%(2/19), 돼지 39.6%(61/154), 닭 50.0%(10/20) 로돼지와닭에서비교적높게나타났다. 다제내성을조사한결과, 검사한모든항생제에감수성을나타낸균주가소유래균주에서 10.5%(2/19), 닭유래균주에서 5.0%(1/20) 로나타났으며돼지유래균주는모든균주가 1개이상의항생제에내성을나타내었다. 총 12 subclasses의검사항생제중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸다제내성균주가소유래균주에서는 47.4%(9/19), 돼지유래균주에서 92.9%(143/154), 닭에서분리한균주는 85.0%(17/20) 로닭과돼지유래균주의대부분이다제내성양상을보였다 (Table 50-52). 69

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 50. 질병이환가축에서분리된 Escherichia coli 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Neomycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Amoxicillin /clavulanic acid Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Nalidixic acid Colistin Cephalothin Cefoxitin Animal species * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 cattle 1-16 1 16 89.5 10.5 pigs 1-64 1 32 61 1.9 0.6 5.2 13.6 8.4 9.1 poultry 1-64 1 64 50 10 5 10 25 cattle 2-32 2 32 68.4 5.3 26.3 pigs 2-32 2 32 61.7 0.6 1.3 4.5 31.8 poultry 2-32 2 2 90 5 5 cattle 4-128 128 128 10.5 10.5 5.3 15.8 57.9 pigs 4-128 128 128 1.9 3.9 7.1 11 18.8 57.1 poultry 4-128 16 128 30 10 10 10 5 35 cattle 2-64 4 64 26.3 26.3 47.4 pigs 2-64 64 64 9.1 7.8 83.1 poultry 2-64 64 64 25 5 70 cattle 2-8 4 8 10.5 42.1 47.4 pigs 2-64 8 16 7.1 18.2 53.9 12.3 7.1 1.3 poultry 2-64 4 32 15 35 35 5 10 cattle 0.5-8 0.5 0.5 94.7 5.3 pigs 0.5-8 0.5 1 87 7.1 1.3 4.5 poultry 0.5-8 0.5 8 75 25 cattle 0.12-16 0.125 4 89.5 5.3 5.3 pigs 0.12-16 0.25 8 38.3 13.6 8.4 12.3 5.8 3.2 11 7.1 poultry 0.12-16 0.5 16 10 35 5 5 5 25 15 cattle 2-128 2 64 84.2 5.3 5.3 5.3 pigs 2-128 64 128 27.9 7.1 6.5 1.3 2.6 7.1 47.4 poultry 2-128 128 128 10 5 85 cattle 2-16 2 2 94.7 5.3 pigs 2-32 2 2 94.8 0.6 1.9 1.3 1.3 poultry 2-2 2 2 100 cattle 4-64 8 16 10.5 47.4 36.8 5.3 pigs 2-64 8 64 1.9 9.1 47.4 25.3 5.8 10.4 poultry 2-64 8 64 5 25 35 10 25 cattle 2-16 4 8 26.3 36.8 31.6 5.3 pigs 2-32 4 16 9.7 50.6 28.6 3.2 7.8 poultry 1-32 4 32 5 10 65 5 15 cattle 0.12-4 0.125 4 63.2 15.8 10.5 10.5 Trimethoprim/ pigs 0.12-4 4 4 27.3 14.9 3.2 54.5 sulfamethoxazole poultry 0.12-4 0.25 4 40 10 5 45 cattle 4-64 8 64 5.3 68.4 5.3 21.1 Chloramphenicol pigs 2-64 64 64 0.6 6.5 7.1 1.9 3.2 80.5 poultry 2-64 4 64 10 40 20 30 cattle 2-64 4 64 5.3 73.7 21.1 Florfenicol pigs 2-64 64 64 2.6 14.3 3.9 0.6 78.6 poultry 2-64 2 64 50 20 30 cattle 2-128 64 128 31.6 21.1 47.4 Tetracycline pigs 2-128 64 128 16.2 2.6 3.9 30.5 46.8 poultry 2-128 64 128 25 5 5 35 30 * Cattle(n=19), pigs(n=154), poultry(n=20) 70

제 4 장가축병원성세균의항생제내성 Table 51. 질병이환가축에서분리된 Escherichia coli 의항생제내성률 Antimicrobials cattle (n=19) No. resistant isolates(%) pigs (n=154) poultry (n=20) Total (n=193) Gentamicin 2(10.5) 48(31.2) 8(40.0) 58(30.1) Neomycin 5(26.3) 56(36.4) 2(10.0) 63(32.6) Streptomycin 15(78.9) 134(87) 10(50.0) 159(82.4) Ampicillin 9(47.4) 128(83.1) 14(70.0) 151(78.2) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 0(0) 13(8.4) 3(15.0) 16(8.3) Ceftiofur 1(5.3) 9(5.8) 5(25.0) 15(7.8) Ciprofloxacin 2(10.5) 61(39.6) 10(50.0) 73(37.8) Nalidixic acid 2(10.5) 88(57.1) 18(90.0) 108(56.0) Colistin 1(5.3) 8(5.2) 0(0) 9(4.7) Cephalothin 1(5.3) 25(16.2) 5(25.0) 31(16.1) Cefoxitin 0(0) 12(7.8) 3(15.0) 15(7.8) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 2(10.5) 84(54.5) 9(45.0) 95(49.2) Chloramphenicol 4(21.1) 129(83.8) 6(30.0) 139(72.0) Florfenicol 4(21.1) 121(78.6) 6(30.0) 131(67.9) Tetracycline 13(68.4) 125(81.2) 15(75.0) 153(79.3) Table 52. 질병이환가축에서분리된 Escherichia coli 의다제내성률 Resistance patterns cattle (n=19) No. resistant isolates(%) pigs (n=154) poultry (n=20) Total (n=193) No resistance detected 2(10.5) 0(0) 1(5.0) 3(1.6) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 2(10.5) 2(1.3) 2(10.0) 6(3.1) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 6(31.6) 9(5.8) 0(0) 15(7.8) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 6(31.6) 12(7.8) 2(10.0) 20(10.4) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 1(5.3) 33(21.4) 2(10.0) 36(18.7) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 28(18.2) 4(20.0) 32(16.6) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 32(20.8) 4(20.0) 36(18.7) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 1(5.3) 22(14.3) 3(15.0) 26(13.5) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 1(5.3) 3(1.9) 1(5.0) 5(2.6) Resistance 9 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 5(3.2) 0(0) 5(2.6) Resistance 10 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 8(5.2) 1(5.0) 9(4.7) 71

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 2. Salmonella spp. 시 도시험도, 병성감정기관, 농림축산검역본부에의뢰된질병에이환된가축에서분리된살모넬라균 87균주 ( 소 5균주, 돼지 32균주, 닭 50균주 ) 에대한 MIC 검사결과, 축종별로차이가있었다. 축종별 MIC 50 은소및돼지유래균주에서는 streptomycin 128( μg / ml ), ampicillin 64( μg / ml ), tetracycline 128( μg / ml ), 닭유래균주에서는 nalidixic acid 128( μg / ml ) 로높게나타났다. 항생제내성률을조사한결과, 축종별 항생제별로다소차이가있었으나소와돼지에서분리한균주의내성양상은대체로유사하였다. 소에서분리한균주는 streptomycin(100%, 5/5), ampicillin(100%, 5/5), tetracycline(80.0%, 4/5) 의내성률이높았다. 돼지에서분리한균주에서도 streptomycin(88.0%, 28/32), ampicillin(88.0, 28/32), tetracycline(84.0%, 27/32) 의내성률이 80% 이상으로높게나타났다. 닭유래균주에서는 nalidixic acid 내성률이 68.0%(34/50) 로가장높았으며 streptomycin 52.0%(26/50), colistin 50.0%(25/50) 순으로높게나타났다. 제3세대 cephalosporin ceftiofur의내성은소에서는관찰되지않았으나돼지에서 3.0%(1/32), 닭에서 6.0%(3/50) 에서검출되었으며 ciprofloxacin의내성도닭에서 1균주 (2.0%) 확인되었다. 다제내성을조사한결과, 검사한 12개 subclass 15종항생제에모두감수성을나타낸균주가소와돼지에서는관찰되지않았으나닭에서는 18.0%(9/50) 로나타났다. 검사항생제중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸다제내성균주는소유래균주는 100%(5/5), 돼지유래균주는 93.8%(30/32), 닭유래균주는 40.0% (20/50) 으로소와돼지에서높게나타났다 (Table 53-55). 72

제 4 장가축병원성세균의항생제내성 Table 53. 질병이환가축에서분리된 Salmonella spp. 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Animal species * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 cattle 1-1 1 1 100 Gentamicin pigs 1-32 1 32 65.6 3.1 15.6 15.6 poultry 1-64 1 64 62 2 2 2 6 26 cattle 2-2 2 2 100 Neomycin pigs 2-32 2 2 90.6 9.4 poultry 2-32 2 32 72 28 cattle 128-128 128 128 100 Streptomycin pigs 8-128 128 128 9.4 3.1 6.2 3.1 78.1 poultry 2-128 32 128 4 6 24 14 14 4 34 cattle 64-64 64 64 100 Ampicillin pigs 2-64 64 64 12.5 87.5 poultry 2-64 2 2 92 8 cattle 8-8 8 8 100 Amoxicillin pigs 2-16 8 8 12.5 12.5 71.9 /clavulanic acid poultry 2-4 2 2 94 6 3.1 cattle 1-1 1 1 100 Ceftiofur pigs 1-4 1 2 71.9 25 3.1 poultry 0.5-8 1 1 12 82 6 cattle 0.12-0.25 0.125 0.25 80 20 Ciprofloxacin pigs 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.5 68.8 9.4 21.9 poultry 0.12-1 0.125 0.5 50 38 10 2 cattle 4-128 4 128 80 20 Nalidixic acid pigs 4-128 4 128 68.8 31.2 poultry 2-128 128 128 16 16 68 cattle 2-4 2 4 80 20 Colistin pigs 2-2 2 2 100 poultry 2-32 2 16 50 6 16 22 6 cattle 4-8 4 8 60 40 Cephalothin pigs 2-32 4 8 9.4 56.2 31.2 3.1 poultry 2-64 2 4 68 26 6 cattle 2-4 2 4 80 20 Cefoxitin pigs 2-32 4 8 46.9 40.6 9.4 3.1 poultry 2-16 4 8 46 38 12 4 cattle 0.12-0.25 0.125 0.25 80 20 Trimethoprim/ pigs 0.12-4 0.125 4 68.8 6.2 sulfamethoxazole poultry 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.25 58 38 4 25 cattle 8-16 8 16 80 20 Chloramphenicol pigs 4-64 8 64 9.4 56.2 34.4 poultry 4-64 8 64 26 50 2 22 cattle 4-4 4 4 100 Florfenicol pigs 2-64 4 64 6.2 53.1 6.2 3.1 3.1 28.1 poultry 2-64 4 64 26 48 4 22 cattle 2-128 128 128 20 80 Tetracycline pigs 2-128 128 128 9.4 3.1 3.1 6.2 78.1 poultry 2-128 2 128 60 8 4 28 * Cattle(n=5), pigs(n=32), poultry(n=50) 73

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 54. 질병이환가축에서분리된 Salmonella spp. 의항생제내성률 Antimicrobials cattle (n=5) No. resistant isolates(%) pigs (n=32) poultry (n=50) Total (n=87) Gentamicin 0(0) 10(31.3) 17(34.0) 27(31.0) Neomycin 0(0) 3(9.4) 14(28.0) 17(19.5) Streptomycin 5(100) 28(87.5) 26(52.0) 59(67.8) Ampicillin 5(100) 28(87.5) 4(8) 37(42.5) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Ceftiofur 0(0) 1(3.1) 3(6.0) 4(4.6) Ciprofloxacin 0(0) 0(0) 1(2.0) 1(1.1) Nalidixic acid 1(20.0) 10(31.3) 34(68.0) 45(51.7) Colistin 1(20.0) 0(0) 25(50.0) 26(29.9) Cephalothin 0(0) 1(3.1) 3(6.0) 4(4.6) Cefoxitin 0(0) 1(3.1) 0(0) 1(1.1) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 0(0) 8(25.0) 0(0) 8(9.2) Chloramphenicol 0(0) 11(34.4) 11(22.0) 22(25.3) Florfenicol 0(0) 10(31.3) 11(22.0) 21(24.1) Tetracycline 4(80.0) 27(84.4) 16(32.0) 47(54.0) Table 55. 질병이환가축에서분리된 Salmonella spp. 의다제내성률 Resistance patterns cattle (n=5) No. resistant isolates(%) pigs (n=32) poultry (n=50) Total (n=87) No resistance detected 0(0) 0(0) 9(18.0) 9(5.7) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 0(0) 2(6.3) 12(24.0) 14(8.8) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 9(18) 9(5.7) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 4(80.0) 1(3.1) 5(10.0) 10(6.3) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 1(20.0) 17(53.1) 1(2.0) 19(11.9) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 4(12.5) 11(22.0) 15(9.4) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 4(12.5) 2(4.0) 6(3.8) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 3(9.4) 1(2.0) 4(2.5) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Resistance 9 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Resistance 10 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(3.1) 0(0) 1(0.6) 74

제 4 장가축병원성세균의항생제내성 3. P. multocida, A. pleuropneumoniae, S. suis 시 도시험소, 병성감정기관, 농림축산검역본부에의뢰된질병에이환된돼지의호흡기병변에서분리된 P. multocida 104균주, A. pleuropneumoniae 21균주, S. suis 67균주에대해항생제감수성을실시한결과, 균종별, 항생제별로내성이차이가있었다. P. multocida는 tylosin(100%, 104/104), sulphadimethoxine(71.2%, 74/104), chlortetracycline(62.5%, 65/104), oxytetracycline (64.4%, 67/104) 의내성률이높았다. 그러나그외다른항생제의내성률은 20% 이하로비교적낮게나타났다. A. pleuropneumoniae 21균주에대한항생제감수성검사결과, 항생제별로차이는있지만 P. multocida 의내성률에비해높았다. 항생제별로는 spectinomycin의내성률이 95.7%(22/23) 로가장높았으며 oxytetracycline 90.5%(19/21), tylosin 81.0%(17/21), gentamicin 66.7%(14/21), danofloxacin 66.7%(14/21), enrofloxacin 57.1%(12/21), florfenicol 57.1%(12/21) 순으로높게나타났다. 그러나 ceftiofur와 trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole 의내성은관찰되지않았다. S. suis 67균주에대한항생제감수성검사결과, 전반적으로 P. multocida 와 A. pleuropneumoniae 에비해내성률이높게나타났다. 항생제별로는 tilmicosin, tylosin, clindamycin, oxytetracycline의내성률이 90% 이상을나타내었으며 gentamicin, neomycin, danofloxacin, sulphadimethoxine의내성률은 50% 이상을나타내었다 (Table 56-59). 75

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 56. 질병이환돼지에서분리된 P. multocida(n=104) 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 >256 Gentamicin 1-16 4 4 5.8 43.3 49 1.9 Neomycin 4-64 8 64 37.5 38.5 9.6 2.9 11.5 Ampicillin 0.25-32 0.25 0.25 94.2 1 1 3.8 Ceftiofur 0.25-0.5 0.25 0.25 99 1 Danofloxacin 0.12-2 0.125 0.5 84.6 3.8 3.8 6.7 1 Enrofloxacin 0.12-1 0.125 0.125 90.4 1.9 6.7 1 Tilmicosin 4-64 4 4 90.4 5.8 1.9 1.9 Tulathromycin 1-64 1 2 88.5 6.7 1 1.9 1.9 Tylosin 8-32 16 32 1.9 52.9 45.2 Penicillin 0.12-8 0.125 0.25 83.7 10.6 1 4.8 Sulphadimethoxine 256-512 512 512 28.8 71.2 Trimethoprim/ 0.5-16 2 4 96.2 3.8 Sulfamethoxazole Clindamycin 8-16 16 16 1.9 98.1 Florfenicol 0.25-8 0.5 8 21.2 52.9 4.8 1 1.9 18.3 Chlortetracycline 0.5-16 2 16 22.1 13.5 26 24 14.4 Oxytetracycline 8-128 16 32 15.4 62.5 20.2 1 1 Spectinomycin 2-4 2 2 96.2 3.8 Tiamulin 8-32 16 32 1.9 52.9 45.2 Table 57. 질병이환돼지에서분리된 A. pleuropneumoniae(n=21) 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 >256 Gentamicin 4-16 16 16 4.8 28.6 66.7 Neomycin 4-32 32 32 4.8 9.5 85.7 Ampicillin 0.25-32 0.25 32 76.2 4.8 19 Ceftiofur 0.25-0.5 0.25 0.25 95.2 4.8 Danofloxacin 0.12-1 1 1 33.3 66.7 Enrofloxacin 0.12-2 1 2 28.6 4.8 9.5 38.1 19 Tilmicosin 4-32 16 32 4.8 19 61.9 14.3 Tulathromycin 16-64 64 64 9.5 4.8 85.7 Tylosin 16-32 32 32 19 81 Penicillin 0.12-8 0.125 8 71.4 4.8 23.8 Sulphadimethoxine 256->256 256 512 85.7 14.3 Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole 2-2 2 2 100 Clindamycin 1-4 2 4 47.6 28.6 23.8 Florfenicol 0.25-8 8 8 14.3 4.8 4.8 9.5 9.5 57.1 Chlortetracycline 0.5-16 1 4 9.5 47.6 28.6 4.8 4.8 4.8 Oxytetracycline 0.5-16 16 16 9.5 28.6 61.9 Spectinomycin 32-64 64 64 4.8 95.2 Tiamulin 8-32 32 32 4.8 42.9 52.4 76

제 4 장가축병원성세균의항생제내성 Table 58. 질병이환돼지에서분리된 Streptococcus suis(n=67) 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 >256 Gentamicin 2-16 16 16 3 10.4 25.4 61.2 Neomycin 4-32 32 32 3 13.4 23.9 59.7 Ampicillin 0.25-16 0.25 16 82.1 6 11.9 Ceftiofur 0.25-8 0.5 8 28.4 37.3 11.9 1.5 4.5 16.4 Danofloxacin 0.12-2 2 2 1.5 1.5 13.4 83.6 Enrofloxacin 0.12-2 1 2 1.5 3 13.4 52.2 29.9 Tilmicosin 16-64 64 64 4.5 95.5 Tulathromycin 32-64 64 64 3 97 Tylosin 1-32 32 32 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 94 Penicillin 0.12-8 0.125 8 68.7 1.5 3 7.5 3 16.4 Sulphadimethoxine 256->256 512 512 14.9 85.1 Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole 2-4 2 2 91 9 Clindamycin 0.25-16 16 16 1.5 3 95.5 Florfenicol 2-8 4 8 3 68.7 28.4 Chlortetracycline 0.5-8 8 8 1.5 10.4 1.5 1.5 85.1 Oxytetracycline 1-8 8 8 6 7.5 86.6 Spectinomycin 16-128 64 128 3 29.9 46.3 20.9 Tiamulin 0.5-32 8 32 3 3 11.9 22.4 31.3 1.5 26.9 77

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 59. 질병이환돼지에서분리된 P. multocida, A. pleuropneumoniae, S. suis 의항생제내성률 Antimicrobials P. multocida (n=104) No. of resistant isolates(%) * A. pleuropneumoniae (n=21) S. suis (n=67) Gentamicin 2(1.9) 14(66.7) 41(61.2) Neomycin 12(11.5) ND 40(59.7) Ampicillin 4(3.8) 4(19.0) 8(11.9) Ceftiofur 0(0) 0(0) 11(16.4) Danofloxacin ND ND ND Enrofloxacin 1(1) 12(57.1) 20(29.9) Tilmicosin 2(1.9) 3(14.3) 64(95.5) Tulathromycin 2(1.9) 19(90.5) ND Tylosin 104(100) 17(81.0) 64(95.5) Penicillin 6(5.8) 5(23.8) 13(19.4) Sulphadimethoxine 74(71.2) 3(14.3) 57(85.1) Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole 4(3.8) 0(0) 6(9.0) Clindamycin ND ND 64(95.5) Florfenicol 19(18.3) 12(57.1) 19(28.4) Clindamycin 65(62.5) 9(42.9) 59(88.1) Florfenicol 67(64.4) 19(90.5) 63(94.0) Clindamycin 0(0) 20(95.2) 14(20.9) Tiamulin 47(45.2) 11(52.4) 18(26.9) * ND, Not determined 78

제 1 장대상세균의분리및동정 Ⅴ. 국내산축산물및수입축산물의항생제내성 제1장. 대상세균의분리및동정 1. 대상시료 국내산축산물에대해서는 2015년 3월부터 8월까지전국 5권역 ( 서울 / 경기권, 충청권, 경상권, 전라권및강원권 ) 의대형마트, 시장등에서소고기 51건, 돼지고기 52건및닭고기 51건, 총 154건을구입하여 Salmonella spp., S. aureus, E. coli, Enterococcus spp., C. jejuni 및 C. coli 오염도분석및항생제감수성검사를실시하였다. 수입축산물은 2015년 1월부터 8월까지경인지방식품의약품안전청및부산지방식품의약품안전청에수입신고된쇠고기, 돼지고기, 닭고기및소매상에서직접구입한쇠고기및돼지고기등총 282건에대해 Salmonella spp., S. aureus, E. coli, Enterococcus spp., C. jejuni, C. coli 오염도분석및항생제감수성검사를실시하였다 (Table 60). Table 60. 국내산및수입산축산물모니터링검사건수 구분 지역 모니터링식품및건수 소고기돼지고기닭고기 서울 / 경기권 14 12 14 충청권 15 9 7 국내산 경상권 13 14 15 전라권 9 9 8 강원권 0 8 7 소계 51 52 51 경인청 30 66 6 수입산 부산청 7 37 72 평가원 52 12 0 소계 89 115 78 총건수 140 167 129 수입산축산물의수입국의분포는다음의그림과같으며이는우리나라의수입량분포와거의유사했다. 79

Ⅴ. 국내산축산물및수입축산물의항생제내성 쇠고기돼지고기닭고기 미국 21% 뉴질랜드 4% 멕시코 1% 프랑스 오스트리아 5% 벨기에 3% 3% 멕시코 4% 캐나다 4% 덴마크핀란드 3% 2% 아일랜드 2% 미국 36% 네덜란드 1% 미국 6% 덴마크 6% 네덜란드 1% 호주 74% 독일 10% 칠레 10% 스페인 17% 브라질 87% Fig. 4. 수입축산물검체수입국분포 2. 대상세균의분리 국내산축산물의경우총 154 건 ( 소고기 51 건, 돼지고기 52 건, 닭고기 51 건 ) 에서 E. coli 93 주, S. aureus 52 주, Salmonella 2 주, Enterococcus spp. 12 주, Campylobacter spp. 1 주 (C. coli) 등총 160 주를분리 하였다. 수입산축산물의경우총 282 건 ( 소고기 89 건, 돼지고기 115 건, 닭고기 78 건 ) 에서 E. coli 31 주, S. aureus 33 주, Enterococcus spp. 4 주등총 68 주를분리하였다. Campylobacter 와 Salmonella 는분리되지 않았다.(Table 61, Table 62). 80

제 1 장대상세균의분리및동정 Table 61. 국내산및수입산축산물로부터분리한미생물검출현황 category No. of isolates Enterococcus spp. No. of isolates E. coli S. aureus Salmonella spp. Campylobacter spp. Beef 49 5 29 15 0 0 Domestic meats Pork 30 0 21 9 0 0 Chicken meat 81 7 43 28 2 1 subtotal 160 12 93 52 2 1 Beef 23 2 9 12 0 0 Imported meats Pork 31 2 11 18 0 0 Chicken meat 14 0 11 3 0 0 subtotal 68 4 31 33 0 0 Table 62. 국내산및수입산축산물로부터분리한 Enterococcus spp. 분포 Bacterial species Domestic meats and fishery products Beef Pork Chicken meats Imported meats and fishery products Beef Pork Chicken meats E. faecalis 0 0 7 0 1 0 E. faecium 0 0 0 0 1 0 E. hirae 5 0 0 1 0 0 E. raffinosus 0 0 0 1 0 0 81

Ⅴ. 국내산축산물및수입축산물의항생제내성 제 2 장. 지표세균의항생제내성 1. Escherichia coli 가. 국내산축산물유래 Escherichia coli 모든항생제에감수성인균주는 22주 (23.7%) 인반면 3개이상의항생제계열에내성을나타내는균주는 54주 (58.1%) 로나타났다. 2014년결과에비해감수성균주는약간감소하였으며 (27.3% 23.7%), 3개이상항생제계열에내성을갖는균주도약간감소되었다 (59.7% 58.1%). 축산물별로는, 쇠고기유래균주중 18주 (62.1%) 는전혀내성을갖고있지않았으나 7개이상의항생제계열에내성을가진 21개균주중 19개균주가닭고기에서유래하는등내성의차이가컸다. 주요항생제별내성률은 tetracycline에대해 57.0%, nalidixic acid에대해 55.9%, streptomycin에대해 49.5%, ampicillin에대해 47.3% 로나타났다. 3세대세파계항생제인 ceftiofur에대해서내성을보인균주는 13 균주로이중닭고기유래 1 균주가 ESBL 생성 E. coli로확인되었다 (Table 63-65). Table 63. 국내산축산물에서분리한 Escherichia coli 에대한항생제내성률 Antimicrobials Beef (n=29) No. of resistant isolates (%) Pork (n=21) Chicken meat (n=43) Total (n=93) Gentamicin 0(0) 1(4.8) 6(14.0) 7(7.5) Neomycin 0(0) 3(14.3) 1(2.3) 4(4.3) Streptomycin 5(17.2) 13(61.9) 28(65.1) 46(49.5) Ampicillin 2(6.9) 9(42.9) 33(76.7) 44(47.3) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 0(0) 0(0) 12(27.9) 12(12.9) Ceftiofur 0(0) 2(9.5) 11(25.6) 13(14.0) Ciprofloxacin 0(0) 4(19.0) 32(74.4) 36(38.7) Nalidixic acid 1(3.4) 9(42.9) 42(97.7) 52(55.9) Colistin 1(3.4) 3(14.3) 7(16.3) 11(11.8) Cephalothin 1(3.4) 2(9.5) 18(41.9) 21(22.6) Cefoxitin 1(3.4) 2(9.5) 10(23.3) 13(14.0) Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole 1(3.4) 4(19.0) 18(41.9) 23(24.7) Chloramphenicol 1(3.4) 11(52.4) 26(60.5) 38(40.9) Florfenicol 1(3.4) 12(57.1) 22(51.2) 35(37.6) Tetracycline 8(27.6) 11(52.4) 34(79.1) 53(57.0) 82

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 Table 64. 국내산축산물에서분리한 Escherichia coli 의최소억제농도분포도 Antimicrobials Food type * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution % of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 beef 1-2 1 1 93.1 6.9 Gentamicin pork 1-16 1 1 90.5 4.8 4.8 chicken 1-128 1 64 79.1 4.7 2.3 2.3 7.0 4.7 beef 2-4 2 4 72.4 27.6 Neomycin pork 2-64 4 16 42.9 38.1 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 chicken 2-64 4 4 37.2 55.8 4.7 2.3 beef 2-128 8 64 3.4 41.4 37.9 3.4 10.3 3.4 Streptomycin pork 4-256 32 256 14.3 14.3 9.5 19.0 14.3 28.6 chicken 4-256 128 256 9.3 18.6 7.0 2.3 62.8 beef 2-32 4 8 27.6 62.1 3.4 6.9 Ampicillin pork 2-128 8 128 23.8 23.8 9.5 42.9 chicken 2-128 128 128 16.3 7.0 2.3 74.4 beef 2-8 4 8 24.1 44.8 31.0 Amoxicillin pork 2-16 8 8 23.8 19.0 47.6 9.5 /clavulanic acid chicken 2-64 8 64 14.0 7.0 48.8 2.3 4.7 23.3 beef 0.5-1 0.5 0.5 96.6 3.4 Ceftiofur pork 0.5-8 0.5 0.5 90.5 9.5 chicken 0.5-16 0.5 8 72.1 2.3 2.3 18.6 4.7 beef 0.125 0.125 0.125 100.0 Ciprofloxacin pork 0.125-8 0.125 1 61.9 19.0 9.5 4.8 4.8 chicken 0.125-32 8 16 9.3 14.0 2.3 4.7 14.0 44.2 9.3 2.3 beef 2-128 2 4 65.5 31.0 3.4 Nalidixic acid pork 2-256 8 256 28.6 19.0 4.8 4.8 4.8 38.1 chicken 8-256 256 256 2.3 7.0 90.7 beef 2-64 2 2 96.6 3.4 Colistin pork 2-64 2 64 85.7 14.3 chicken 2-64 2 64 83.7 4.7 11.6 beef 2-64 8 16 6.9 10.3 62.1 17.2 3.4 Cephalothin pork 2-128 8 16 4.8 14.3 61.9 9.5 4.8 4.8 chicken 4-128 16 128 11.6 32.6 14.0 9.3 32.6 beef 2-32 4 8 20.7 51.7 20.7 3.4 3.4 Cefoxitin pork 2-64 4 8 33.3 47.6 9.5 9.5 chicken 2-64 4 64 9.3 39.5 20.9 7.0 4.7 18.6 beef 0.125-8 0.125 0.5 86.2 3.4 6.9 3.4 Trimethoprim/ pork 0.125-8 0.125 8 57.1 9.5 14.3 19.0 sulfamethoxazole chicken 0.125-8 0.25 8 32.6 18.6 4.7 2.3 41.9 beef 4-128 8 8 37.9 58.6 3.4 Chloramphenicol pork 4-128 32 128 14.3 28.6 4.8 4.8 47.6 chicken 4-128 128 128 25.6 11.6 2.3 4.7 4.7 51.2 beef 2-128 4 64 17.2 65.5 13.8 3.4 Florfenicol pork 2-128 32 128 4.8 33.3 4.8 9.5 47.6 chicken 2-128 128 128 7.0 27.9 11.6 2.3 51.2 beef 2-128 2 128 72.4 6.9 20.7 Tetracycline pork 2-128 64 128 47.6 28.6 23.8 chicken 2-128 64 128 18.6 2.3 2.3 25.6 20.9 30.2 * Beef(n=29), Pork(n=21), Chicken(n=43) 83

Ⅴ. 국내산축산물및수입축산물의항생제내성 Table 65. 국내산축산물에서분리한 Escherichia coli 의다제내성분포 Resistance patterns Beef (n=29) No. of resistant isolates (%) Pork (n=21) Chicken meat (n=43) Total (n=93) No resistance detected 18(62.1) 4(19.0) 0(0.0) 22(23.7) Resistance 1 CLSI subclasses 5(17.2) 2(9.5) 3(7.0) 10(10.8) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 4(13.8) 2(9.5) 1(2.3) 7(7.5) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 1(3.4) 3(14.3) 4(9.3) 8(8.6) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 2(9.5) 3(7.0) 5(5.4) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 1(3.4) 2(9.5) 5(11.6) 8(8.6) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 4(19.0) 8(18.6) 12(12.9) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 2(9.5) 5(11.6) 7(7.5) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 4(9.3) 4(4.3) Resistance 9 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Resistance 10 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 7(16.3) 7(7.5) Resistance 11 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 3(7.0) 3(3.2) 나. 수입축산물유래 Escherichia coli 모든항생제에감수성인균주는 15주 (48.4%) 인반면 3개이상의항생제계열에내성을나타내는균주는 12주 (38.7%) 로나타났다. 전년도에비해감수성균주도증가하였고 (37.9% 48.4%), 3개이상항생제계열에내성을갖는균주또한증가하였다 (31.0% 38.7%). 주요항생제별내성률은 tetracycline에대해 25.8%, streptomycin에대해 35.5%, ampicillin에대해 32.3% 로나타나전년도와유사하거나다소감소한경향을보였다. 3세대세파계항생제인 ceftiofur에대해서내성을보인균주는 2주였으나모두 ESBL 생성 E. coli가아니었다 (Table 66-68). 84

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 Table 66. 수입산축산물에서분리한 Escherichia coli 의최소억제농도분포도 Antimicrobials Food type * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution % of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 beef 1-8 1 8 88.9 11.1 Gentamicin pork 1-128 1 1 90.9 9.1 chicken 1-128 1 16 81.8 9.1 9.1 beef 2-4 2 4 66.7 33.3 Neomycin pork 2-4 2 4 54.5 45.5 chicken 2-64 4 16 36.4 36.4 9.1 9.1 9.1 beef 4-256 8 256 33.3 44.4 11.1 11.1 Streptomycin pork 4-256 8 16 45.5 36.4 9.1 9.1 chicken 4-256 32 256 9.1 18.2 27.3 18.2 27.3 beef 2-128 4 128 11.1 66.7 22.2 Ampicillin pork 2-128 4 128 45.5 18.2 9.1 27.3 chicken 2-128 4 128 18.2 36.4 9.1 36.4 beef 4-32 4 16 77.8 11.1 11.1 Amoxicillin pork 2-128 8 128 18.2 27.3 18.2 /clavulanic acid chicken 4-16 4 8 45.5 45.5 9.1 18.2 18.2 beef 0.5-1 0.5 1 88.9 11.1 Ceftiofur pork 0.5-8 0.5 4 63.6 18.2 9.1 9.1 chicken 0.5-1 0.5 1 90.9 9.1 beef 0.125-32 0.125 32 88.9 11.1 Ciprofloxacin pork 0.125 0.125 0.125 100.0 chicken 0.125-0.5 0.125 0.5 72.7 27.3 beef 2-256 2 256 55.6 33.3 11.1 Nalidixic acid pork 2-4 2 2 90.9 9.1 chicken 2-256 4 64 36.4 27.3 18.2 9.1 9.1 beef 2 2 2 100.0 Colistin pork 2-32 2 32 81.8 18.2 chicken 2-16 2 2 90.9 9.1 beef 8-32 8 32 77.8 11.1 11.1 Cephalothin pork 4-128 8 64 36.4 27.3 27.3 9.1 chicken 8-64 16 64 27.3 45.5 9.1 18.2 beef 2-64 4 64 22.2 55.6 11.1 11.1 Cefoxitin pork 2-8 4 32 27.3 27.3 9.1 9.1 18.2 9.1 chicken 2-64 8 16 9.1 27.3 45.5 18.2 beef 0.125-8 0.125 8 66.7 11.1 22.2 Trimethoprim/ pork 0.125 0.125 0.125 100.0 sulfamethoxazole chicken 0.125-8 0.25 8 54.5 9.1 36.4 beef 4-8 8 8 44.4 55.6 Chloramphenicol pork 2-16 8 16 9.1 27.3 45.5 18.2 chicken 4-128 8 64 18.2 63.6 9.1 9.1 beef 2-8 4 8 22.2 44.4 33.3 Florfenicol pork 2-16 4 8 27.3 27.3 36.4 9.1 chicken 2-16 4 16 9.1 54.5 18.2 18.2 beef 2-128 2 128 66.7 11.1 22.2 Tetracycline pork 2-128 2 64 63.6 18.2 9.1 9.1 chicken 2-128 2 128 72.7 27.3 * Beef(n=9), Pork(n=11), Chicken(n=11) 85

Ⅴ. 국내산축산물및수입축산물의항생제내성 Table 67. 수입산축산물에서분리한 Escherichia coli 에대한항생제내성률 Antimicrobials Beef (n=9) No. of resistant isolates (%) Pork (n=11) Chicken meat (n=11) Total (n=31) Gentamicin 0(0.0) 1(9.1) 2(18.2) 3(9.7) Neomycin 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 2(18.2) 2(6.5) Streptomycin 2(22.2) 1(9.1) 8(72.7) 11(35.5) Ampicillin 2(22.2) 4(36.4) 4(36.4) 10(32.3) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 1(11.1) 4(36.4) 0(0.0) 5(16.1) Ceftiofur 0(0.0) 2(18.2) 0(0.0) 2(6.5) Ciprofloxacin 1(11.1) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 1(3.2) Nalidixic acid 1(11.1) 0(0.0) 2(18.2) 3(9.7) Colistin 0(0.0) 2(18.2) 1(9.1) 3(9.7) Cephalothin 1(11.1) 4(36.4) 3(27.3) 8(25.8) Cefoxitin 1(11.1) 3(27.3) 0(0.0) 4(12.9 Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 2(22.2) 0(0.0) 4(36.4) 6(19.4) Chloramphenicol 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 2(18.2) 2(6.5) Florfenicol 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Tetracycline 3(33.3) 2(18.2) 3(27.3) 8(25.8) Table 68. 수입산축산물에서분리한 Escherichia coli 의다제내성분포 Resistance patterns Beef (n=9) No. of resistant isolates (%) Pork (n=11) Chicken meat (n=11) Total (n=31) No resistance detected 5(55.6) 7(63.6) 3(27.3) 15(48.4) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 1(11.1) 0(0.0) 1(9.1) 2(6.5) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 2(18.2) 2(6.5) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 1(9.1) 1(3.2) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 2(22.2) 1(9.1) 1(9.1) 4(12.9) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 1(11.1) 1(9.1) 3(27.3) 5(16.1) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 1(9.1) 0(0.0) 1(3.2) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 1(9.1) 0(0.0) 1(3.2) 86

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 2. Enterococcus spp. 가. 국내산축산물유래 Enterococcus spp. 분리된 12개의 Enterococcus 균주에대해항생제내성률은 tetracycline을제외하고는내성을거의나타내지않았다. Tetracycline 의경우전체 12주에대해 66.7% 의내성률을나타냈다. 장구균은분리균주수가많지않아지난 5년간의내성률의편차가큰편이여서 (2010년-52.1%, 2011년-77.1%, 2012년-44.2%, 2013년-40.0%, 2014년-28.6%) 큰의미를부여할수없었다. 한편 quinuprostin/ dalfopristin에내성을보인 6 균주는모두자연내성을갖고있다고알려진 E. faecalis였다. 그외의항생제에대해서는내성률이매우낮았다. 모든항생제에감수성인균주가 2주였으며, 1개계열에내성을보인균주가 3주, 2개계열내성 5주, 3개계열이상에내성인균주가 2주였다 (Table 69). Table 69. 국내산축산물에서분리한 Enterococcus spp. 에대한항생제내성률 Antimicrobials No. of resistant isolates (%) (n=12) Gentamicin 0(0.0) Kanamycin 0(0.0) Streptomycin 0(0.0) Ampicillin 0(0.0) Ciprofloxacin 1(8.3) Vancomycin 0(0.0) Tigecycline 0(0.0) Daptomycin 2(16.7) Erythromycin 1(8.3) Tylosin\(Tartrate/Base) 1(8.3) Linezolid 0(0.0) Chloramphenicol 0(0.0) Florfenicol 0(0.0) Quinupristin/dalfopristin 6(50.0) Tetracycline 8(66.7) Salinomycin 1(8.3) 87

Ⅴ. 국내산축산물및수입축산물의항생제내성 나. 수입산축산물유래 Enterococcus spp. 전체시료에서분리된 4개의 Enterococcus 균주에대해항생제내성률은 tetracycline 50.0%, daptomycin 25.0% 의내성률을나타냈다. 국내산과마찬가지로분리균주수가적어통계적의미가크지않았다. 그외의항생제에대해서는모두감수성을나타냈다. 모든항생제에감수성을보인균주가 2주, 1개계열에내성을보인균주가 1주, 2개계열내성균주 1주였다 (Table 70). Table 70. 수입산축산물에서분리한 Enterococcus spp. 에대한항생제내성 Strain No. Resistant antimicrobial No. of resistance CLSI subclasses Source 28 TET 1 Pork 40 TET, DAP 2 Pork 96-0 Chicken meat 120-0 Chicken meat TET: Tetracycline, DAP: Daptomycin 88

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 제 3 장. 식중독세균의항생제내성 1. Salmonella spp. 가. 국내산축산물유래 Salmonella spp. 전체시료에서 Salmonella 는 2 주가분리되었다. 1 개균주는 nalidixic acid, streptomycin, neomycin, ampicillin, cephalothin, ceftiofur, tetracycline 7 개계열항생제내성에내성을보였으며, 다른 1 균주는 nalidixic acid 에대해서만내성을보였다. 수입축산물에서는균이분리되지않았다. Table 71. 국내산축산물에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 에대한항생제내성 Strain No. Resistant antimicrobial No. of resistance CLSI subclasses sero group Source 30 NAL, STR, NEO, AMP, CEP, XNL TET 7 C Chicken 130 NAL 7 C meat (domestic) 89

Ⅴ. 국내산축산물및수입축산물의항생제내성 2. Staphylococcus aureus 가. 국내산축산물유래 Staphylococcus aureus 분리된 52개균주의주요항생제별내성률은 penicillin의경우 71.2% 의내성률을나타냈고그외 tetracycline에대해 28.8%, erythromycin에대해 26.9% 의내성률을보였다. 반면 vancomycin, linezolid, rifampin, mupirosin 은모든분리균주에대해내성을보이지않았다. 축산물별로는페니실린의경우닭고기유래균주가다른축산물유래균주보다낮은내성률을보였으며, 이는 '14년의결과와동일한경향이었다. 전체적으로는쇠고기유래균주가다른유형유래균주와비교할때약간내성률이낮았다. Cefoxitin 에내성을나타낸균주중 3개균주 ( 돼지고기유래 2균주, 닭고기유래 1균주 ) 에대해 meca 유전자를검출하여, 최종적으로 methicillin 내성 S. aureus로확인되었다. Table 72. 국내산축산물에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 에대한항생제내성률 Antimicrobials Beef (n=15) No. of resistant isolates (%) Pork (n=9) Chicken meat (n=28) Total (n=52) Gentamycin 0(0.0) 3(33.3) 4(14.3) 7(13.5) Kanamycin 0(0.0) 4(44.4) 5(17.9) 9(17.3) Streptomycin ND ND ND ND Rifampin 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Penicillin 15(100.0) 8(88.9) 14(50.0) 37(71.2) Cefoxitin 0(0.0) 2(22.2) 4(14.3) 6(11.5) Ciprofloxacin 0(0.0) 3(33.3) 6(21.4) 9(17.3) Vancomycin 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Erythromycin 1(6.7) 3(33.3) 10(35.7) 14(26.9) Linezolid 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Sulfamethoxazole 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 1(3.6) 1(1.9) Trimethoprim 0(0.0) 3(33.3) 0(0.0) 3(5.8) Clindamycin 0(0.0) 3(33.3) 4(14.3) 7(13.5) Chloramphenicol 0(0.0) 2(22.2) 0(0.0) 2(3.8) Mupirocin 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Quinupristin/dalfopristin 0(0.0) 2(22.2) 0(0.0) 2(3.8) Tetracycline (0.0) 4(44.4) 11(39.3) 15(28.8) Fusidate 2(13.3) 2(22.2) 3(10.7) 7(13.5) Tiamulin ND ND ND ND * ND, Not determined 90

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 73. 국내산축산물에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 의최소억제농도분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Kanamycin Streptomycin Rifampin Penicillin Cefoxitin Ciprofloxacin Vancomycin Erythromycin Linezolid Sulfamethoxazole Trimethoprim Clindamycin Chloramphenicol Mupirocin Quinupristin/ dalfopristin Tetracycline Fusidate Tiamulin Food type * MIC range MIC Distribution % of MICs( μg / ml ) 50 MIC 90 0.016 0.032 0.064 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 beef 1-2 1 1 93.3 6.7 pork 1-32 1 32 66.7 22.2 11.1 chicken 1-32 1 16 82.1 3.6 7.1 7.1 beef 4 4 4 100.0 pork 4-128 4 128 55.6 22.2 22.2 chicken 4-128 4 128 82.1 3.6 14.3 beef 4-8 4 4 93.3 6.7 pork 4-64 4 64 66.7 33.3 chicken 4-64 4 8 85.7 10.7 3.6 beef 0.016 0.016 0.016 100.0 pork 0.016-0.032 0.016 0.032 77.8 22.2 chicken 0.016 0.016 0.016 100.0 beef 0.5-4 4 4 6.7 6.7 6.7 80.0 pork 0.125-4 4 4 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 55.6 chicken 0.125-4 0.125 2 50.0 7.1 14.3 14.3 7.1 7.1 beef 4 4 4 100.0 pork 4-16 4 16 77.8 11.1 11.1 chicken 0.5-8 4 8 3.6 10.7 71.4 14.3 beef 0.25-0.5 0.25 0.5 60.0 40.0 pork 0.25-8 0.25 8 55.6 11.1 33.3 chicken 0.25-16 0.5 16 42.9 28.6 7.1 7.1 14.3 beef 1-2 1 1 93.3 6.7 pork 1-2 1 2 88.9 11.1 chicken 1-4 2 2 46.4 50.0 3.6 beef 0.25-16 0.5 0.5 40.0 53.3 6.7 pork 0.25-16 0.5 16 44.4 22.2 33.3 chicken 0.25-16 0.25 16 53.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 25.0 10.7 beef 1-2 2 2 20.0 80.0 pork 1-2 2 2 44.4 55.6 chicken 1-2 1 2 57.1 42.9 beef 64-256 64 64 93.3 6.7 pork 64-256 64 256 88.9 11.1 chicken 64-512 64 64 96.4 3.6 beef 2 2 2 100.0 pork 2-64 2 64 66.7 33.3 chicken 2-8 2 2 96.4 3.6 beef 0.125 0.125 0.125 100.0 pork 0.125-8 0.125 8 55.6 11.1 11.1 22.2 chicken 0.125-8 0.125 8 82.1 3.6 3.6 10.7 beef 4-8 8 8 13.3 86.7 pork 4-64 8 64 33.3 44.4 11.1 11.1 chicken 4-8 8 8 42.9 57.1 beef 0.5 0.5 0.5 100.0 pork 0.5 0.5 0.5 100.0 chicken 0.5-1 0.5 0.5 96.4 3.6 beef 0.5 0.5 0.5 100.0 pork 0.5-8 0.5 8 44.4 22.2 11.1 11.1 11.1 chicken 0.5-2 0.5 1 85.7 10.7 3.6 beef 0.5 0.5 0.5 100.0 pork 0.5-32 0.5 32 55.6 44.4 chicken 0.5-32 0.5 32 60.7 7.1 32.1 beef 0.5-8 0.5 8 86.7 13.3 pork 0.5-8 0.5 8 77.8 11.1 11.1 chicken 0.5-8 0.5 25 89.3 3.6 3.6 3.6 beef 0.5 0.5 0.5 100.0 pork 0.5-8 0.5 8 55.6 44.4 chicken 0.5-8 0.5 1 85.7 7.1 7.1 * Beef(n=15), Pork(n=9), Chicken(n=28) 91

Ⅴ. 국내산축산물및수입축산물의항생제내성 모든항생제에감수성인균주는 8주 (15.4%) 인반면 3개이상의항생제에내성을보이는균주는 16주 (30.8%) 로나타났다. 돼지고기유래의 9개항생제계열에내성을보인 2균주는동일한내성패턴을보여 rifampin, fusidate, vancomycin, cefoxitin, linezolid, mupirosin, folate pathway inhibitor 등에는감수성을보였고 clindamycin, tetracycline, penicillin, chloramphenicol, quinuprostin/dalfopristin, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, aminoglycosides계, macrolides계등에내성을보였다. Table 74. 국내산축산물에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 의다제내성분포 Antimicrobials Beef (n=15) No. of resistant isolates (%) Porks (n=9) Chickens (n=28) Total (n=52) No resistance detected 0(0.0) 1(11.1) 7(25.0) 8(15.4) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 12(80.0) 1(11.1) 4(14.3) 17(32.7) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 3(20.0) 1(11.1) 7(25.0) 11(21.2) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 2(22.2) 5(17.9) 7(13.5) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 1(11.1) 2(7.1) 3(5.8) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 1(11.1) 1(3.6) 2(3.8) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 2(7.1) 2(3.8) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Resistance 9 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 2(22.2) 0(0.0) 2(3.8) 나. 수입산축산물유래 Staphylococcus aureus 분리된 33개균주의주요항생제별내성률은, tetracycline에 45.5%, erythromycin에 18.2% 를나타냈고, clindamycin에 18.2% 의내성률을보였다. Penicillin의경우에는 75.8% 의내성률을나타내국내산과비슷한결과를보였다. Vancomycin, linezolid, rifampin 등항생제에는모든분리균주에대해내성을보이지않았다. Cefoxitin 내성균주중 2주 ( 돼지고기유래 ) 에서 meca 유전자가확인되었다. 축종별로는분리균주수가너무적어내성률을산출하지않았다. 모든항생제에감수성인균주가 2주 (6.1%) 였으며, 1개나 2개계열에내성을보인균주가각각 7주 (21.2%), 3개계열이상에내성을보인균주는 17주 (51.5%) 로나타났다. 그중 6개이상의항생제에대해내성을보인균주 4주는모두쇠고기유래였다. 92

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 75. 수입산축산물에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 에대한항생제내성률 Antimicrobials Beef (n=12) No. of resistant isolates (%) Pork (n=18) Chicken meat (n=3) Total (n=33) Gentamycin 1(8.3) 1(5.6) 0(0.0) 2(6.1) Kanamycin 1(8.3) 1(5.6) 0(0.0) 2(6.1) Streptomycin ND ND ND ND Rifampin 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Penicillin 11(91.7) 11(61.1) 3(100.0) 25(75.8) Cefoxitin 7(58.3) 4(22.2) 1(33.3) 12(36.4) Ciprofloxacin 1(8.3) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 1(3.0) Vancomycin 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Erythromycin 2(16.7) 3(16.7) 1(33.3) 6(18.2) Linezolid 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Sulfamethoxazole 9(75.0) 3(16.7) 2(66.7) 14(42.4) Trimethoprim 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Clindamycin 1(8.3) 4(22.2) 1(33.3) 6(18.2) Chloramphenicol 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Mupirocin 6(50.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 6(18.2) Quinupristin/dalfopristin 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Tetracycline 5(41.7) 9(50.0) 1(33.3) 15(45.5) Fusidate 5(41.7) 6(33.3) 1(33.3) 12(36.4) Tiamulin ND ND ND ND * ND, Not determined 93

Ⅴ. 국내산축산물및수입축산물의항생제내성 Table 76. 수입산축산물에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 의최소억제농도분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Kanamycin Streptomycin Rifampin Penicillin Cefoxitin Ciprofloxacin Vancomycin Erythromycin Linezolid Sulfamethoxazole Trimethoprim Clindamycin Chloramphenicol Mupirocin Quinupristin/ dalfopristin Tetracycline Fusidate Tiamulin Food type * MIC range MIC Distribution % of MICs( μg / ml ) 50 MIC 90 0.016 0.032 0.064 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 beef 1-32 1 4 58.3 16.7 16.7 8.3 pork 1-16 1 2 88.9 5.6 5.6 chicken 1-4 2 4 33.3 33.3 33.3 beef 4-128 4 16 66.7 16.7 8.3 8.3 pork 4-128 4 16 88.9 5.6 5.6 chicken 4 4 4 100.0 beef 4-64 4 16 50.0 25.0 16.7 8.3 pork 4-64 4 8 50.0 44.4 5.6 chicken 4-8 4 8 66.6 33.3 beef 0.016-0.25 0.016 0.125 58.3 16.7 16.7 8.3 pork 0.016-0.064 0.016 0.064 72.2 16.7 11.1 chicken 0.016-0.064 0.016 0.064 66.7 33.3 beef 0.125-4 1 4 8.3 8.3 33.3 8.3 41.7 pork 0.125-4 0.25 4 38.9 11.1 11.1 5.6 33.3 chicken 0.25-2 1 2 33.3 33.3 33.3 beef 4-32 8 32 41.7 8.3 16.7 33.3 pork 2-32 4 16 5.6 72.2 5.6 11.1 5.6 chicken 4-8 4 8 66.7 33.3 beef 0.25-8 0.5 0.5 41.7 50.0 8.3 pork 0.25-0.5 0.25 0.5 72.2 27.8 chicken 0.25-1 0.25 1 66.7 33.3 beef 1 1 1 100.0 pork 1-2 1 2 88.9 11.1 chicken 1-2 1 2 66.7 33.3 beef 0.25-16 0.25 16 58.3 25.0 16.7 pork 0.25-16 0.5 16 38.9 44.4 16.7 chicken 0.25-16 0.5 16 33.3 33.3 33.3 beef 1-2 1 1 91.7 8.3 pork 1-2 2 2 22.2 77.8 chicken 2 2 2 100.0 beef 64-512 512 512 25.0 75.0 pork 64-512 64 512 72.2 5.6 5.6 16.7 chicken 128-512 512 512 33.3 66.7 beef 2 2 2 100.0 pork 2 2 2 100.0 chicken 2 2 2 100.0 beef 0.125-8 0.125 0.5 50.0 25.0 16.7 8.3 pork 0.125-8 0.125 8 72.2 5.6 22.2 chicken 0.125-8 0.5 8 33.3 33.3 33.3 beef 4-8 8 8 8.3 91.7 pork 4-8 8 8 11.1 88.9 chicken 4-8 8 8 33.3 66.7 beef 0.5-256 1 256 41.7 8.3 50.0 pork 0.5-1 0.5 1 83.3 16.7 chicken 0.5 0.5 0.5 100.0 beef 0.5-2 0.5 0.5 91.7 8.3 pork 0.5-2 1 2 44.4 38.9 16.7 chicken 0.5-1 1 1 33.3 66.7 beef 0.5-32 0.5 32 50.0 8.3 16.7 25.0 pork 0.5-32 1 32 44.4 5.6 50.0 chicken 0.5-32 0.5 32 66.7 33.3 beef 0.5-8 0.5 2 50.0 8.3 33.3 8.3 pork 0.5-4 0.5 1 66.7 27.8 5.6 chicken 0.5-4 0.5 4 66.7 33.3 beef 0.5-8 0.5 1 83.3 8.3 8.3 pork 0.5-8 0.5 8 55.6 22.2 22.2 chicken 0.5-8 0.5 8 66.7 33.3 * Beef(n=12), Pork(n=18), Chicken(n=3) 94

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 77. 국내산축산물에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 의다제내성분포 Antimicrobials Beef (n=12) No. of resistant isolates (%) Porks (n=18) Chickens (n=3) Total (n=33) No resistance detected 1(8.3) 1(5.6) 0(0.0) 2(6.1) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 2(16.7) 5(27.8) 0(0.0) 7(21.2) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 1(8.3) 5(27.8) 1(33.3) 7(21.2) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 1(8.3) 3(16.7) 1(33.3) 5(15.2) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 1(8.3) 3(16.7) 0(0.0) 4(12.1) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 2(16.7) 1(5.6) 1(33.3) 4(12.1) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 2(16.7) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 2(6.1) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 2(16.7) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 2(6.1) 3. Campylobacter spp. 가. 국내산축산물유래 Campylobacter spp. 전체시료에서 Campylobacter 는닭고기에서 1 주가분리되었다 (C. coli). 분리균주는 ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline, florfenicol, nalidixic acid 에내성을나타냈다. 수입축산물에서는균이분리되지않았다. 95

[ 2014 년보고서수정 ] 2014 년보고서수정 1. 2014 년도항생제판매실적총괄 (2014 년보고서 p7, Table 1) 구분 2014년도당초변경 항생제 591,090 840,520 항콕시듐제 43,863 52,612 합계 634,953 893,132 2. 2014 년도축종별항생제판매실적 (2014 년보고서 p8, Table 2) 소돼지닭수산용계 구분 2014년도당초변경 항생제 52,868 68,639 항콕시듐제 3,537 3,775 소계 56,405 72,414 항생제 307,936 423,535 항콕시듐제 3,619 4,748 소계 311,555 428,283 항생제 85,783 106,491 항콕시듐제 36,707 44,089 소계 122,490 150,580 항생제 144,503 241,855 항콕시듐제 - - 소계 144,503 241,855 항생제 591,090 840,520 항콕시듐제 43,863 52,612 소계 634,953 893,132 3. 2014 년도항생제계열별항생제판매실적 (2014 년보고서 p9, Table 3) 항생제 ( 계열 ) 2014년도당초변경 Tetracyclines 166,707 229,745 Sulfonamides 59,737 79,724 Penicillins 162,107 252,728 Aminoglycosides 34,702 45,781 Macrolides 43,057 58,189 Quinolones 31,621 43,601 Ionophores 43,863 52,612 Polypeptides 7,823 11,118 Phenicols 54,591 77,790 Pleuromutilins 13,197 19,425 Quinoxalines - - Lincosamides 7,147 10,168 Cephems 7,600 10,293 Streptogramins 870 1,290 Orthosomycins 90 88 Glycolipid 210 271 Others 1,631 309 Total 634,953 893,132 96

[ 2014 년보고서수정 ] 4. 2014 년도항생제별항생제판매실적 (2014 년보고서 p10, Table 4) 항생제계열 Penicillins Cephems Quinolones Aminoglycosides 항생제성분 2014년도당초변경 Amoxycillin 98,164 178,824 Ampicillin 36272 49,430 Cloxacillin 75 67 Dicloxacillin sodium 16 141 Penicillin 27,580 24,266 소계 162,107 252,728 Cefadroxil 0 0 Cefoperazone 0 0 Cefquinome 29 43 Ceftiofur 6,998 9,397 Cephalexin 527 799 Cephazolin sodium 46 54 소계 7,600 10,293 Cenfloxacin HCl 0 0 Ciprofloxacin 0 0 Danofloxacine 2 4 Enrofloxacin 24,915 32,813 Flumequine 1,931 2,383 Marbofloxacine 0 2,233 Nalidixic acid 0 0 Nitroxoline 13 13 Norfloxacin 0 0 Ofloxacin 0 0 Orbifloxacin 0 0 Oxolinic acid 4,760 6,155 Pefloxacine 0 0 Sarafloxacin HCl 0 0 소계 31,621 43,601 Amikacin sulfate 25 51 Apramycin sulfate 952 1,324 Destomycin 0 0 Dihydrostreptomycin 6,904 9,609 Gentamicin 2,028 2,763 Kanamycin 2,036 2,730 Neomycine 11,082 14,173 Spectinomycin 5,651 8,347 Streptomycin sulfate 6,024 6,784 소계 34,702 45,781 97

[ 2014 년보고서수정 ] 4. 2014 년도항생제별항생제판매실적 (2014 년보고서 p11, Table 4) 항생제계열 Tetracyclines Lincosamides Phenicols Macrolides Sulfonamides 항생제성분 2014년도당초변경 Chlortetracycline 53,225 74,390 Doxycycline 1,071 1,404 Oxytetracycline 112,411 153,951 Tetracycline 0 0 소계 166,707 229,745 Clindamycin 625 707 Lincomycin 6,522 9,461 소계 7,147 10,168 Chloramphenicol 1,073 1,248 Florfenicol 53,482 76,495 Thiamphenicol 36 47 소계 54,591 77,790 Erythromycin 6,124 8,520 Josamycin 0 0 Kitasamycin 652 942 Oleandomycin 0 0 Roxithromycine 24 30 Spiramycine 1,502 1,768 Tilmicosin phosphate 6,367 8,651 Tylosin 28,388 38,278 소계 43,057 58,189 Formosulfathiazole 0 0 Sulfachlorpyridazine 698 1,000 Sulfaclozine 5 5 Sulfadiazine 8,520 10,866 Sulfadimethoxine 1,996 2,569 Sulfadoxine 243 375 Sulfaguanidine 40 50 Sulfamerazine 200 240 Sulfamethazine 9,710 12,987 Sulfamethoxazole 15,736 20,975 Sulfamethoypyridazine 221 377 Sulfamonmethoxine 350 374 Sulfanilamide 5 8 Sulfaquinoxaline 786 977 Sulfathiazole 16,016 22,035 Sulfisomidine 0 0 Sulfisoxazole 0 0 Trimethoprim 5,211 6,886 소계 59,737 79,724 98

[ 2014 년보고서수정 ] 4. 2014 년도항생제별항생제판매실적 (2014 년보고서 p12, Table 4) 항생제계열 Polypeptides Streptogramins Orthosomycins Glycolipid Quinoxalines Pleuromutilins Ionophores Others 항생제성분 2014년도당초변경 Bacitracin 1,079 1,663 Colistin sulfate 6,521 9,183 Enramycin 223 272 소계 7,823 11,118 Virginiamycin 870 1,290 소계 870 1,290 Avilamycin 90 88 소계 90 88 Bambermycin 210 271 소계 210 271 Carbadox 0 0 Olaquindox 0 0 소계 0 0 Tiamulin 13,197 19,425 Valnemulin 0 0 소계 13,197 19,425 Clopidol 10,064 11,514 Diclazuril 293 450 Fenbendazol 3,739 4,928 Lasalocid 2,354 2,576 Madurmycin 443 667 Monensin 5,188 5,335 Narasin 88 88 Salinomycin 21,694 27,054 Semduramycin 0 - 소계 43,863 52,612 Novobiocin 10 13 Others 1,621 296 소계 1,631 309 합계 634,953 893,132 99

[ 2014 년보고서수정 ] 4. 2014 년도항생제별항생제판매실적 (2014 년보고서 p12, Table 4) [ 당초 ] 연도별사용량 (Kg) 항생제계열 항생제성분 2006년도 2007년도 2008년도 2009년도 2010년도 2011년도 2012년도 2013년도 2014년도 Bacitracin 15,927 20,370 28,370 82,859 100,775 36,651 1,133 2,218 1,079 Colistin Polypeptides sulfate 14,691 16,307 13,685 5,637 7,699 16,961 8,909 7,648 6,521 Enramycin 4,580 2,212 1,526 8,036 8,536 3,164 194 195 223 소계 13,842 15,800 15,487 19,296 38,792 23,687 1,175 848 7,823 Virginiamycin 4,522 4,942 5,081 8,164 5,913 3,159 889 626 870 Streptogramins 소계 4,522 4,942 5,081 8,164 34,578 22,426 889 626 870 Avilamycin 4,660 5,429 5203 5,566 4,214 1,261 143 111 90 Orthosomycins 소계 4,660 5,429 5,203 5,566 0 0 143 111 90 Glycolipid Bambermycin 2,407 2,341 1,971 2,469 2,099 897 459 319 210 소계 2,407 2,341 1,971 2,469 34,578 22,426 459 319 210 Carbadox 7,878 11,335 14,956 3,559 0 0 0 0 0 Quinoxalines Olaquindox 2,109 1,735 3,052 1,042 0 0 0 0 0 소계 45,767 37,580 33,565 28,040 37,494 30,486 0 0 0 Tiamulin 22,571 21,151 19,988 35,028 34,578 22,426 17,740 13,598 13,197 Pleuromutilins Valnemulin 77 44 27-3 0 0 0 0 0 소계 17,240 12,845 12,312 10,688 12,305 11,053 17,740 13,598 13,197 [ 변경 ] 항생제계열 Polypeptides Streptogramins Orthosomycins Glycolipid Quinoxalines Pleuromutilins 항생제판매량 항생제성분 2007년도 2008년도 2009년도 2010년도 2011년도 2012년도 2013년도 2014년도 2015년도 Bacitracin 20,370 28,370 82,859 100,775 36,651 1,133 2,218 1,663 2,587 Colistin sulfate 16,307 13,685 5,637 7,699 16,961 8,909 7,648 9,183 9,331 Enramycin 2,212 1,526 8,036 8,536 3,164 194 195 272 540 소계 38,889 43,581 96,532 117,010 56,776 10,236 10,061 11,118 12,458 Virginiamycin 4,942 5,081 8,164 5,913 3,159 889 626 1,290 190 소계 4,942 5,081 8,164 5,913 3,159 889 626 1,290 190 Avilamycin 5,429 5,203 5,566 4,214 1,261 143 111 88 13 소계 5,429 5,203 5,566 4,214 1,261 143 111 88 13 Bambermycin 2,341 1,971 2,469 2,099 897 459 319 271 243 소계 2,341 1,971 2,469 2,099 897 459 319 271 243 Carbadox 11,335 14,956 3,559 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olaquindox 1,735 3,052 1,042 0 0 0 0 0 0 소계 13,070 18,008 4,601 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tiamulin 21,151 19,988 35,028 34,578 22,426 17,740 13,598 19,425 18.252 Valnemulin 44 27-3 0 0 0 0 0 0 소계 21,195 20,015 35,025 34,578 22,426 17,740 13,598 19,425 18.252 100

제1장 축 수산용 항생제 판매량 조사 방법 Ⅵ. 부록 제1장. 축 수산용 항생제 판매량 조사 방법 2001년 한국동물약품협회에서 개발한 종합관리시스템인 성분통계 프로그램(http://www.kahpa.or.kr/main.asp)을 이용하여 2006년부터 2014년까지 국내 축산용 및 수산용으로 판매된 항생제를 조사하였다. 1. 자료입력 동물용 항생제 판매실적이 있는 국내 총 218업체(74개 제조업체, 144개의 수입업체)에서 종합관리 시스템-성분통계 프로그램에 각 품목별로 판매량을 입력하고 각 품목별 항생제 함유량은 active ingredient(ai) 값으로 산출하였다. 2. 축종별 항생제 판매량 조사 축종은 소, 돼지, 닭, 수산용으로 구분하여 입력하였으며 각 제품의 품목 허가에 명시된 축종에 대해 제조 또는 판매업체에서 정한 사용 점유율에 따라 판매량을 입력하였다. 3. 항생제별 항생제 판매량 조사 국내 축산용 및 수산용으로 판매된 모든 항생제는 Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (2012년) 가이드라인 항생제 분류(class) 기준[4]에 따라 16개 항생제 그룹으로 조사하였다. Fig. A.1. 축 수산용 항생제 판매량 검색창 101