5, 200110 WTO,,,,,, 34 199912 1, 4, FTA

6 FTA? FTA FTA, FTA, FTA, FTA FTA,,, 200111

1 2 3 4 WTO 5 6 1 FTA? 2 FTA? 3 FTA? 4 FTA 5 FTA? 6 FTA 7 FTA 8 FTA

1 FTA 2 FTA? 3 FTA? 4 FTA? 5 FTA? 1 FTA? 2 FTA? 3 FTA? 4 FTA 5 FTA 6 FTA NAFTA

<1> <2> <3> <1> FTA <2> NAFTA <3> FTA <4> <1> GDP FDI <2> <3> NAFTA <4> MERCOSUR <5> FTAA <6> <7> EU FTA

< 1> < 2> GATT/WTO < 1> FTABIT < 1> < 2> < 3> < 4> FTA

13 10,,,,,,,,

14 FTA? (FDI),, (FTA)

17 G ATT/WTO (m u l ti lateralism) (regionalism) 1947 GATT WTO 1) WTO, (MFN), WTO, GATT 248(b) (substantially all the trade) 1) IMF,, UN,

18 FTA?, GATS 5, 1990,,,,,, (Viner) (FTA), 2) (NAFTA, EFTA ) ( ) (EEC, CACM, CCM, ANCOM ) ( EC ) (EU: EU) : (2001),,, 4 2) (free trade area), (free trade area agreement), (customs free area)

19 (Customs Union), (Common Market),, (Economic Community),, (Single Market) (NAFTA) (MERCOSUR), 1960 1990 (EC), 1993 (EU)?, (FTA), FTA CU FTA CU (20007 ) 148 24 67 1 : WTO(2000), Mapping of Regional Trade Agreements

20 FTA? 1989 FTA,, 2000 EU FTA, EU FTA, 50%,,,,,, ( 1 ),,, 20001 1 ASEAN3 ASEAN FTA 3 2001, FTA,, FTA, 20019 ASEAN FTA

21,,,,,,,,,,,,, (trade deflection) *

22 FTA? 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1990 (WTO) WTO WTO(2000a), 20007, 240, 70%172 10 2, 1997 WTO WTO (EC1 ) 5 2, 172 60% 98 2 30%,

23, ECMERCOSUR FTA, CERAFTA 1950 5 1951 4 (ECSC) :,,, 36 1958 1 (EEC) (EURATOM) :,,, 36 1973 1 1 (,, ) 1979 3 (EMS) 1981 1 2 ( ) 1986 1 3 (, ) 1992 2 EU (, 93 11 ) 1993 1 1995 1 4 (,, ) 1998 3, 6 1998 5 (EMU) 11 1999 1 (EMU 3 ) 2000 2001 FTA FTA EU 19922 (EU)

24 FTA?,, (EU)2005 (EUMERCOSUR FTA), 2010 12 (FTA) EU (TAFTA), 2005 34 (FTAA) 1992 4 ASEAN,,,,, 6 (AFTA), AFTA1995, 1997,, CER WTO 2000 240,, WTO ( G AT TW T O ), WTO( 1995 GATT), 1948 2000 GATT/WTO 152, 36 1990, 98 1990 152 < -2> 3) 3) 4

25, WTO WTO 1995, WTO WTO WTO (likelyminded), 1985,, MERCOSUR 4), 1970, 1980 1990, 1980 10 9 4) 1980 1990 MERCOSUR, Krueger(1999, p 122)

26 FTA? 19481960 2 EC( ; 1957), EFTA( ; 1959) 19611965 1 CACM( ; 1961), EFTA (1970), 19661970 3 CARICOM( ; 1994) 19711975 9 ECNorway FTA(1973), CARICOM( ; 1974) 19761980 9 ECJordan FTA(1977), EC (1979) 19811985 6 USIsrael FTA(1985) 19861990 0 19911995 32 MERCOSUR( ; 1992), NAFTA( ; 1993) 19962001 90 EC FTA(1996), FTA(1999), ECMexico FTA(2000) 152 : 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1948-1960 1961-1970 1971-1980 1981-1990 1990-2001

27,,,,,, 199094 5 33, 1990 GATT, 5), WTO 1995 100,, 5) WTO(1995), p 1

28 FTA?, 1990 (B h a g w a t i, 1993), FTA (NAFTA), FTA,, FTA 6) NAFTA,, 50 GATT 24 GATT, GATT 24 7) 6), John Whalley(1996) NAFTA 7) WTO(2000a)

29 (Baldwin, 1995),,,, ( EU ), EU,,,, GATT 24, (CRTA) GATT/WTO (MFN) GATT

30 FTA? 1995 (CRTA), WTO CRTA,,, WTO, 3 CRTA ( 2), 2000 2527, 10 10 100 2000 82 CRTA WTO WTO, GATT GATT (24)

31 GATT/WTO 1 WTO GATT 24 GATT 24, GATS 5, WTO 1) (substantially all trade) (GATT 11 15 GATT 20 ) (GATT 248) 2) (substantially all discrimination) (GATS 51) 1), 2), (GATS 54) (reasonable length of time) 10 GATT 24 3,,,,, 8) 8), 1990,

32 FTA? WTO,, WTO (CRTA ) HS 6 95% HS, 10, NAFTA, 5, 10, 15, FTA 18,,, (other regulations of commerce),,,, (TBT)/ (SPS), GATT 24 7(a), (shall

33 promptly notify) 9) 2000 13, 5 NAFTAGATT 10) WTO, 2000 7 240 172, 152, WTO WTO WTO,, 1990 11) 9) GATS 55 90 (at least 90 days advance notice) 10) Custodio(2000) 11) Krueger(1999)

34 FTA? WTO WTO(1995)OECD (1995), UNCTAD(1999), APEC(2000),,, ( ),, 12) 1997 (USTR ), FTA 1999 EU, NAFTA, 2000 WTO, 12) BhagwatiPanagariya(1996) Panagariya(1999),

35,, *,,, WTO, ( ) WTO, WTO, Krueger(1999),

36 FTA?, (Krugman 1991), (Thurow 1992), (1993), (Levy 1997) (building block) (stumbling block) (Bergsten, 1996),, WTO, WTO (CRTA ) WTO WTO, NGO, WTO

37 WTO WTO WTO WTO,,,,,,, (MRA),, FTA (Chapter)

38 FTA? WTO,, FTA,,,, (ILO),,,,,,,,,,, WTO WTO, WTO

39, WTO, 13) WTO 13) ( s p a g e t t i bowl), B h a g w a t i, Jagdish and Arvind Panagariya (1996)

43 (FTA ),, 1990 FTA,, FTA,, FTA FTA NAFTA,,,,,,,,, FTANAFTA,,,

44 FTA?, FTA FTA,,, 14) FTA,,, 5, 10, 15, FTA, 515 ( ) 14) NAFTA < 2>

(FTA)? 45 NAFTA FTAA EU ANZCE RTA (MRA) : NAFTA FTA, ANZCERTA :, 13, 2001 5

46 FTA? FTA, FTA,, (Viner 1950) (trade creation effect) (trade diversion effect),, ( ) ( ),,,,,,

(FTA)? 47, FTA,,,,,,,,,,, FTA,,,,,

48 FTA? FTA,,,,, (R&D),,,, FTA FTA,, 199412 2 1 NAFTA, (FTAA) 200

(FTA)? 49 FTA, FTA,,,,,,,,,,,, FTA, ( ),,

50 FTA? FTA FTA, FTA (hub and spoke) (spoke) FTA, FTA 15) (adjustment costs), FTA 15) Wonnacott(1996a, b), FTA FTA, FTA, FTA Hub -and-spoke FTA FTA, FTA

(FTA)? 51, FTA FTA FTA, 1965, 1962 16, 1968 24, FTA FTA FTA, NAFTA 50%,, 2%

52 FTA?, FTA, FTA FTA FTA EUFTA,, FTA, FTA NAFTA, 10 16), 17) 16) Kennes(2000) 17) (1998)

(FTA )? 53 ( ), 18) ( ) NAFTA, NAFTA NAFTA (N A F TA Implementation Act) 5 12 N A F TA 3 19 ) NAFTA NAFTA, NAFTA 20) N A F TA 199411 1996 18) Robinson and Thierfelder(1999, p16),,,,,,,, 19) US Government (1997), Study on the Operation and Effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement, July 20) NAFTA (1998)

54 FTA? NAFTA 44%, 33% NAFTA 1993 1996 336%365% 1996 230 NAFTA NAFTA 10% 2% NAFTA 3 14%, 71% NAFTA,, NAFTA 69% 93% NAFTA, 3 NAFTA (Kehoe, 1992), 5% NAFTA 140%106%, 5 881 1,960 122%, 3

(FTA )? 55, NAFTA (NAALC) 3 NAFTA (NAFTA CEC),, 3 NAFTA, NAFTA ALOCIONAFTA 42, AFLCIO, A+ A+ A+ NAFTA B A+ A+ : Sweeny(1997), (2000) B A

56 FTA? NAFTA, (NGO),,, 3 NAFTA FTA, FTA? FTA,,,, FTA,,,, FTA

(FTA)? 57, FTA, FTA, FTA FTA, FTA FTA FTA FTA NAFTA,, FTA Venables(1999) FTA, FTA, FTA ( S o u t h - S o u t h ) ( S o u t h - North)

58 FTA?, FTA FTA,, FTA FTA, FTA, FTA, (De Long 1996) NAFTA, NAFTA 1994 (Francois 1997) NAFTA,,,, NAFTA

(FTA )? 59, FTA,,, 510 19976 FTA, (HS 8 8,100 )842% 6,824 ( 80% ),,,, 37,, 7 () 1) (HS 8 ) 0 6,824 A, Bn4* 3 52 B,B *,Bn6 5 572 Ba 6 85 B,BL,Bn1Bn8, Bq1,Bq2,X1X3 7 567 96 (HS 13, 14, 24),,,, (HS 28, 3038, 4150, 6598),,,,,,,,,,, : 1 1 : FTA

60 FTA?, FTA 7, NAFTA 15, FTA FTA,,,,,,,,,, 21) FTA, (CER), FTA FTA, WTO (DSU), NAFTA 21),, KOTRA,, 30 1994 1999,

(FTA )? 61, 8 1996 1996, NAFTA 2068 22) FTA NAFTA FTA, NAFTA 1993 429 2000 1,476, 1993 34, NAFTA : (Secofi), KOTIS ( : ) 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2000/1993 429 516 663 806 942 1,029 1,204 1,476 34 22) Folsom(1999)

62 FTA?, BIT (IPPA: Investment Promotion & Protection Agreement) (BIT: Bilateral Investment Treaty) FTA, BIT FTA, BIT IMF,, BIT, (country risk ) ( ), BITIPPA IPPA, BIT

(FTA)? 63 1959, 1980, 1990 1,472 19501960197019801990 1 71 93 220 1,472 1,857 UN(2000), 1,857 65%, 200012 73, 52, 21 () 28, 13,, IPPA, BIT,,,, FTA BIT

64 FTA? 199869: 1998711: 13 19981121: 19991 : ( Screen Quata ) 19981113:, APEC 19981128: 1999320: 1999920013 16

(FTA)? 65, BIT BITFTA

69 FTA, 19992000 FTA, FTA FTA,, FTA FTA FTA,, FTA NAFTA FTA, 1990 FTA, FTA 1998115

70 FTA?,,,,, FTA,,, 19999 APEC, 199912 1, 4 5 15 10, 130 5 13 FTA,, FTA 1999 FTA 20005 9, FTA, FTA FTA,

71,,,, 1997, IMF 23) FTA FTA, FTA FTA, 1990,,,, WTO, OECD FTA, WTO 1996 1WTO, 23) (2000)

72 FTA? WTO,,,,,,,,,

73,, FTA FTA FTA ( : %) 1) GDP FDI 2) 774 61 2187 670 624 773 1013 143 1022 175 633 143 562 404 223 171 : 1) (( + )/GDP)100, 1999 2) GDP FDI (FDI )/GDP)100, 1998 3) : (2000)

74 FTA? <-1>,,, GDP FDI FTA, FTA FDI FTA NAFTA NAFTA 1991, 1994 FDI FTA, 24) 1994, : UNCTAD(2000), World Investment Report ( : ) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2,549 4,742 4,393 6,715 10,973 9,526 9,186 12,831 10,238 11,233 24) FTA Tommy Koh(2001) (Ambassador-at-Large) FTA,, (balancer)

75, FTA,, FTA,,, FTA 25), FTA, Rajan, Sen and Siregar(2001) p 76 25) (2001), FTA

76 FTA? 20% 33% 2003,, MERCOSUR, 14% EU, EU 35% EU EPSI(EU ), ( ) FTA,, EU EU EU <-3><-4> NAFTAMERCOSUR, FTA 1990 3 414%, 1999 539%10 30% MERCOSUR(,

77 ( :, %) 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 229 286 283 295 361 613 755 758 808 881 655 621 702 861 884 NAFTA 304,068 326,031 546,720 853,172 1,047,393 NAFTA 102,217 143,190 226,273 394,472 564,185 NAFTA (336) (439) (414) (462) (539) : KOTIS(DOTS) ( :, %) 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 MERCOSUR 3,423 1,951 4,126 14,199 15,313 MERCOSUR 29,526 35,222 46,560 70,008 74,669 MERCOSUR (116) (55) (89) (203) (205) : KOTIS(DOTS),, ) 10 2 NAFTA,

78 FTA? MERCOSUR (%) 1200 99 ( ) 281 413 : (2001), FTAA,,,, 34 (FTAA), 1012%( 7 ),, GDP(%p) (%p) (, 2000 ) 1 1) 084 1571 271 2 1) 049 421 73 FTA 2) 133 1922 344 : 1) 1 FTA, 2 FTA 2) FTA :

79, 133% 344 WTO WTO 80,, WTO, WTO, WTO,, WTO1996 GATT 24GATT 24 (Understanding),, 1997 CRTANAFTA 2 14 20, WTO, WTO WTO 2/3 (GATT 24 10),

80 FTA? WTO, WTO WTO, WTO,, FTA FTA,

81, GATT 24, 199911 EU FTA, FTA FTA EU FTAEU 15 EU FTA, EU 3 650 319 (C5 ),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, (CEP) FTA FTA 0% FTA GATT 24

82 FTA? EU 109,729 10,488 C 5 650(61%) 319(30%) C 6 5(00%) 4(00%) C 7 145(14%) 4(00%) C 0 101(10%) 0(00%) AC, C1C4 3 Tariff Quota ( ) (, ) : : EU FTA,,,,, EU,,, 101 1%, EU 101 EU FTA, FTA,,

83 FTA FTA FTA WTO, NAFTA, FTA, FTA WTO, NAFTA FTA EU NAFTA FTA WTO, FTA,

84 FTA? FTA WTO WTO WTO GATT, WTO WTO GATT 24,

87, EU,, FTA FTA FTA 26), FTA, FTA, FTA FTA FTA FTA, 20009 ( )53 26) FTA (, 2001615 ), (, 200173 5 ), (, 200174 6 ), (, 624 73 )

88 FTA? (20009), 886%, 114%,, 943% 57% FTA (428%), (365%), (79%), (64%) 886%, (298%), ( 29 8 %), (263%), (88%) GSP

FTA 89 226% 76% 38% 66 % 16% 16% 64% 32% 79% 365% 428%,, 94%,,

90 FTA? 94% 38% 15% 718% 1998 FTA,, NAFTA, FTA FTAA 50 15 EU,,, FTA,,,,, ASEAN FTA

FTA 91 FTA FTA,,, FTA FTA, FTA FTA, FTA 10 FTA, FTA FTA EUMERCOSUR FTA FTA FTA,, 1 FTA FTA,,,

92 FTA?,,,,, FTA 2001 8%2003 6%,,, MERCOSUR FTA FTA 199217,800 199692,700 FTA FTA 96,000, 66,000 26,000 4,,,

FTA 93,, FTA FTA, FTA FTA, FTA FTA,,,, FTA, WTO, FTA FTA FTA,

94 FTA?, FTA,, FTA 23% 7-8%, FTA 510, 10, FTA,, 10 3, FTA FTA, 20

FTA 95 199810: 21 FTA 19993: 21 20005: KIEP (IDE) FTA 1 ( ) 20009: FTA IT (BIT) FTA FTA IT 2001 : FTA 20019: FTA 1 ( ) FTA, FTA FTA,

96 FTA? FTA, 3, 1998 FTA, FTA 199911 3, 3, 3 3 FTA, 21,

FTA 97 3,, 3, 3 FTA FTA, 3 3, 3, 3 FTA,,,,, 3 FTA, 3 FTA, 3

98 FTA?,, 3, <>,,, 227, 606, 240, 1,073 33200 22,38567 22,71767 8,50673 52,12221 60,62894 4,66493 19,31044 23,97537 107,32198 : (1 ) : (1999) :, ( :, ), EU 3,, EAEG,, 3 AFTA

FTA 99 FTA, 3 F TA 1980, 1989 (USITC) FTA FTA,,, FTA 27) FTA 3 FTA, FTA, 1990 FTA 1 NAFTA, FTAA, FTA 27) 2000 FTA, 2001 FTA,

100 FTA? 1 FTA FTA,, ( ) 48 33 42 (%p) 147 078 110 (%p) 311 022 007 ( : ) 50%, 100% : CGE : (1998) FTA FTA, FTA, FTA 2001517 USITC FTA 28) 28) 20001218 (USITC) (FTA) USITC

FTA 101,,, 4 FTA FTA, FTA,,, FTA,,,,, FTA 200110 USITC, FTA 3 (ATPC),, FTA FTA, 1995 1998 (Perception ), FTA (Baucus) (, ) (Roth), FTA,

102 FTA?, FTA, FTA FTA,, FTA 29),,,,,,,, ASEAN, EU FTA, FTA,, EU, ASEAN, FTA 29) (2001), FTA

FTA 103, 1020, FTA, EU,,,, FTA, FTA,, 4 FTA,, FTA,, EUFTA EU FTA,, FTA FTA, FTA, FTA, ASEAN, F TA EU FTAEU FTA, 5 FTA ( ) 23, 20

104 FTA?,,, FTA 1980, EU 1998 ASEAN+3, (EAVG) FTA ASEAN+3 FTA, FTA, FTA, FTA (hub country), FTA FTA, FTA, FTA 3, ASEAN FTA, WTO FTA FTA FTA, FTA < V-4> FTA,,

FTA 105

106 FTA? FTA, FTA, (BIT) (MRA) FTA FTA 2003,, FTA, FTA, FTA,, FTA FTA 2005 FTA, WTO ( 993% ), WTO FTAA, FTA AFTA 30) AFTA 2005, ASEAN, EU F TA ASEAN FTA FTA AFTA FTA 30), 6 2002 05%,

FTA 107, 2005 ASEAN,, FTA FTA FTA FTA,, FTA FTA FTA,,, FTA,, FTA

111,,, FTA FTA,,,,, ASEAN FTA FTA, ASEAN+3( ) FTA, 3 FTA FTA, FTA,, (), (GATT/WTO), FTA, FTA ( ) FTA, WTO FTA

112 FTA? FTA, FTA FTA ( ),, EU 31), FTA,, 2005 FTA WTO, FTA FTA FTA FTA EU,,, MERCOSUR FTA EUNAFTA FTA,,,,,,, 31) Rajan, Sen Siregar(2001) FTA, WTO

113, FTA,, (IIE) (Bergsten 1997) 1994 61% GATT 24,,,, FTA, 133% 344 WTO,,, FTA 1999 FTA, FTA FTA

114 FTA? FTA, FTA,, FTA, FTA FTA, FTA FTA,, ( ) FTA FTA, FTA FTA FTA FTA,,

115 32) GATT/WTO 33), GATT 24 34) 105, (enabling clause) 35) (GATS) 5 36) 17 12 GATT/WTO 100 32) (2000), 33) WTO, GATT( ) 24, (Enabling Clause) GATS( ) 5 34) GATT 24,, 35) ( )MFN, 4 36) GATS 5,

116 FTA? GATT 24 1) 2) GATS 5 2) 19481959 1 0 1 2 19601969 2 1 0 3 19701979 19 3 0 22 19801989 2 6 1 9 199020001 81 7 10 98 105 17 12 134 1) 200051 2) 200011 3) 4) GATT 24 GATS 5 2 :WTO(http://wwwwtoorg/english/tratop_e/region_e/regfac_ehtm) < 1>, 1960 1970 1980, 1990 91 20005 98 731% 195060 4, 1957,,,,, EEC(1967 GATT 24

117 73 1 1,,,,,,, 81 1 1 1950,,, 86 1 1, EC-European,, Communities,, 95 1 1, (195811),,, EFTAEuropean Free Trade Area (1960 5 3) CACMCentral 1960 American Common Market (1961 1012), 70 3 1,,,,,, 62 3 Tripartite Agreement (1968 4 1),, 1) GATT 24 20005, (Enabling Clause) GATS 5 20001 (inactive) 2) <E(Enabling Clause)> <GATS 5>, <GATT 24> RTA 3) ( ) EC ) (1958 ), 1960 E F TA 1961 C A C M, 1968,, 3 ( 2 )

118 FTA? 1970 22 195060, EC 1970 4, 1973, ( C A R I C O M ) 1976,, 1977 ASEAN (PATCRA)(1977 ) EC ( 3 ) < 4>, 1980 (Enabling Clause) (SPARTECA) (1981 ), (LAIA) (1981 ) (GSTP) GSTP, GSTP 1980 (ANZCERTA) (1983 ) FTA(1985 )

119 TNDC-Trade Negotiations among Developing Countries (1973 2 11),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, CARICOM-Caribean Communitiy and Common Market (1973 8 1),,,,,,, 83,,,, 95, 97,,, -Bangkok Agreement (1976 6 17),,,,,, ASEAN,,, -Agreement on,,, ASEAN Preferential,, Trade Arrangement (1977 8 31) E C E C (, EC (1975 7 1) 9 ) ( P T O M EC (1976 7 1) )(1971 1 1) EC (1976 7 1) EC (1971 4 1) (PATCRA)(197721) EC (1973 1 1) EC (1977 7 1) EC (1973 1 1) EC (1977 7 1) EC (1973 4 1) EC (1977 7 1) EC (1973 6 1) EC (1977 7 1) EC (1973 7 1) : < 2>

120 FTA? SPARTECA-South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (1981 1 1) LAIA-Latin American Integration Association (1981 3 18) MSG-Melanesian Spearhead Group (1984) GCC-Unified Economic Agreement among member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (1984 10 11- ) Andean Group (1988 5 25),,,, 11,,,,, 98,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, GSTP-Global System of Trade Preferences (1989 4 19),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (42 ) - (ANZCERTA-Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement) (1983 1 1) - - (1985 8 19) : <2>

121 1990, ( RTA 731%) 1991 4 (,,, ) ( M E R C O S UR) (Treaty of Asuncion), 1992, ASEAN (Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme) 19933 (CEFTA), 199411 3(,, ) (NAFTA), EC EFTA, 1990 (<5> ) E U,, FTA EU 1998 (Rio Group) 8 FTA, MERCOSUR (Associate Agreement) 200071 EU FTA EU 1990 (PHARE) 19911995

122 FTA? MERCOSUR-Southern Common Market (1991 11 29) AFTA-ASEAN Free Trade Area (1992 1 28) ECO-Preferential Tariffs among members of the Economic Cooperation Organization (1992 7 22- ) CEFTA-Central European Free Trade Area (1993 3 1) EEA-European Economic Area (1994 1 1) NAFTA-North American Free Trade Agreement (1994 1 1) / / FTA(1994 4 1) COMESA-Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (1994 12 8) SAPTA-South Asian Preferential Trade Arrangement (1995 12 7) UEMOA-West African Economic and Monetary Union (1999 10 27),,,,, (97),, (97),,,, (95), (98),,,,,,,, EC,,,,, (FTA94 4 1, FTA97 7 1, NTB 98 7 1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 21,,,,,,,,,,,, (91 6 20)<E> EFTA (92 4 1) EC (91 7 1) EFTA (92 7 1) EC (92 3 1) EFTA (92 7 1), (95 21)EFTA (93 1

123 EC (92 3 1), () ()(93 1 1) (94 2 1) EC (93 5 1) EC (92 3 1),, (95 2 1) (94 2 1) EFTA (93 5 1) E C - (92 3 1)EFTA (93 7, (95 2 1) (93 7 1) (93 7 1) EFTA- (93 10 1) () (97 7 1) EFTA- (93 11 15) (97 7 5) EC- (93 12 31), (95 2 1) () (97 9 1) EC- (95 1 1) () (97 12 1) EC- (95 1 1) (98 1 1) (95 1 1) (97 12 1) (95 7 1) (98 2 1) EFTA (95 7 1) () (98 2 12) EC (95 9 26) () (98 2 12) EC (96 1 1) EC- (98 3 1) EFTA (96 6 1) EFTA (96 8 1) (93 8 1) EFTA (96 6 1) () (96 9 1) EC (97 1 1) EC (97 1 1) (97 1 1) () (97 1 1) (97 1 1) (97 1 1) (97 3 1) (97 5 1) () (97 7 1) () (97 7 1) : < 2> (98 3 1) (98 3 1) (98 4 1) (98 7 1) (98 9 1) ()(98 9 1) ()(98 9 1) (98 12 1) (99 1 1) EFTAPLO(99 7 1) (99 6 1) (99 6 1) EFTA (99 12 1) (2000 1 1) (2000 1 1) (2000 3 1)

124 FTA?, EU EU 19936 EU EU EU,, 2010 FTA 19993 FTA EU (TAFTA), 2005 (FTAA),,, FTA, EU FTA, 1 996 (The African Growth and Opportunity Act) NAFTA FTA (TAFTA) EFTA(,,, )FTA, EU FTA,

125 NAFTA 1990,,,, FTA, EUFTA (20007 ), FTA MERCOSUR EUFTA, ASEAN FTA FTA,,, FTA 2001 FTA ASEAN 2003 05% 2002 (AFTA) A S E A N F TA, NAFTA CER (, ) MERCOSUR ASEAN (ASLAF),,,,,,, (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation), FTA,,,

126 FTA? 2000 FTA, 2001 FTA 199811 22 FTA, FTA FTA,, FTA 200011AFTA 1989 (,,,, ) (Common Market) EU,,, EU, 2010,,,, 14 SADC2002 FTA ( C ER) A S E A N, MERCOSUR FTA CERASEAN,,

127, EU (FTA),,,,, 5 (P5)FTA,

128 1989 FTA NAFTA, NAFTA 15, 10 199171,, 3 90% 5, 3,,,,,

129 20011, 37) (Waiver of Customs Duties) 200111 FTA 199811 3,,, (repair) (alteration) NAFTA,,,, 5,,,,,, 37) 3 14 TVCPT

130 FTA?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ), ( ),,,

131 3,, (Advance Ruling), 5, 650, 25, 800,,, UN (CODEX),,,,, ( P rocess Patents),,, 3 NAFTA, 3

132 FTA?, 8

133 2000 NAFTA : 00-03 2000 (53) 1994-94-04 1998 42 1998 FTA KIEP 98-16 1999 :, 99-02 2001 FTAA 4 2000 12 2001 FTA Baldwin, R E 1995 A domino theory of regionalism, in Baldwin, R E, Perttti Haaparanta and Jaakko Kiander ( 1995)(eds) E x p a n d i n g Membership of the European Union New York: Cambridge University Press

134 FTA? B e rgsten, C F 1997 Open Regionalism IIE Working Paper 97-3, Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics Bhagwati, J and A Panagariya 1996 P re f e rential Trading Areas and Multilateralism: Strangers, Friends or Foes in Bhagwati, J and A P a n a g a r i ya (eds) The Economics of Pre f e rential Trade Agre e m e n t s Washington, D C: American Enterprise Institutute Press Bhagwati, J 1993 Regionalism and multilateralism: an overviewin K Anderson and R Blackhurst (eds), Regional Integration and the Global Trading System Brighton: Harvestor-Wheatheaf Custodio, E 2000 Convergence Between Regionalism and Multilateralism and the Role of the WTOP resented APEC Economic Outlook Symposium Manila June De Long, B J, C De Long and S Robinson 1996 The Case for Mexico s RescueForeign Affairs 73:3 pp 8-14 Folsom, R H 1999 NAFTA in a Nutshell pp 199-200, St Paul, Minn: West Group Francois, J F 1997 External Bindings and the Credibility of Reformin Galal, A and B Hoekman(eds) Regional Partners in Global Markets London: CEPR Kehoe, T 1992 Evaluation of Economic Impact in North America Department of Economics University of Minneosta, unpublished paper Kennes, W 2000 Small Developing Countries and Global Market London: MacMillan Press Ltd p 71 Krueger, A O 1999 Are Preferential Trading Agreements Trade-Liberalizing or Protectionist? Journal of Economic Perspectives: 13: 105-124 Panagariya, A 1999 The Trade Policy in South Asia: Recent Liberalization and Future AgendaThe World Economy 22: 485-516 Rajan, R, R Sen and R Sirega 2001 Singapore and Free Trade Agreements

135 Economic Relations with Japan and the United States ISEAS Singapore Robinson, S and K Thierf e l d e r 1999 Trade Liberalization and Regional Integration: The Search for Large NumbersInternational Food Policy Research Institute Washington, D C January UN 2000 Bilateral Investment Treaties 19591999 US Government 1997 Study on the Operation and Effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement July Whalley J 1996 Do Countires Seek Regional Trade Agreements?NBER Working Paper No 5552 Cambridge: MA Wonnacott, R 1996a F ree Trade Agreements: For Better or Wo r s e? American Economic Review 86: 6266 Wonnacott, R 1996b Trade and Investment in a Huband Spoke System Versus a Free Trade AreaWorld Economy 19: 23752 WTO 2000a Mapping of Regional Trade Agre e m e n t s Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, October 11 WTO 2000b Synopsis of S y s t e m i cissues Related to Regional Tr a d e AgreementsCommittee on Regional Trade Agreements March 2

98-01 I M F : / 97-01 2 98-02 / / 97-02 98-03 / M & A / 97-03 98-04 APEC EU / A P E C 97-04 / / 98-05 APEC 1 997 97-05 OECD APEC ( I A P s ) / / 97-06 98-06 1999 : / / 97-07 98-07 APEC / / 97-08 / 98-08 97-09 / / 98-09 97-10 : / / 97-11 / 98-10 97-12 : / / 97-13 WTO / 98-11 : / 97-14 / 98-12 / 1990 H o m p a ge(h t tp://w w w k i e p g o k r )

137 98-13, 99-07 / < > 98-14 APEC T e c h n o l o g y / Cooperation in the APEC: Case of 99-08 A P II/Byung-Il ChoiE u n - M e e :, K i m / 98-15 IMF 99-09 WTO / / 99-10 98-16 F T A / / 99-11 IMF : 98-17 / / 99-12 98-18 : / / 98-19 C I S 99-13 / : / 98-20 00-01 WTO / / 98-21 / 99-01 19992 000 : 00-02 : / / 99-02 21 / 00-03 99-03 I M D / / 00-04 WTO 99-04 / 00-05 WTO / 99-05 2000 : / 00-06 WTO 99-06 APEC 1998 / (IAPs) /

138 00-07, 00-13 WTO / / 00-08 WTO / 00-14 00-09 / 00-15 3ASEM : 00-10 / 00-16 / 00-11 01-01 / 00-12 /

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