축산용항생제관리시스템구축 Establishment of Control System of Antibiotics for Livestocks 2004 주관연구기관 : 국립수의과학검역원 식품의약품안전청
연구과제명 중심단어 축산용항생제관리시스템구축 동물, 축산물, 항생제, 내성균분포, 장구균, 대장균, 황색포도상구균, 살모넬라균 주관연구기관국립수의과학검역원주관연구책임자정석찬연구기간 2004. 4. 16-2004. 11. 30 1. 동물용 ( 축산용및수산용 ) 항생제사용실태조사 2001년이후축산용항생 ( 항균 ) 제의용도별 ( 사료첨가용, 수의사진료용, 자가치료및예방용 ), 축종별 ( 소, 돼지, 닭, 수산용 ) 및종류별판매실적을조사한결과, 2003년까지는배합사료첨가용이약 54% 로가장높고, 자가치료및예방용도, 수의사진료용순으로많이사용하고있는것으로나타났으나, 2004년 9월현재까지는자가치료및예방용이약 50% 였다. 축종별항생제사용량은돼지, 닭, 수산용, 소순으로많았으며, 전체항생제사용량은 2001년 1,595톤, 2002년 1,541톤이었으며, 2003년도는 1,439톤, 2004.9월현재까지판매량은 968톤이었다. 약제종류별판매량은 Tetracyclines 계열이약 484톤으로가장많았고, Sulfonamides, Penicillins 등의순이었다. 2. 동물및축산물유래항생제내성균분포조사항생제내성균분포조사는지표세균으로 E. coli와 Ent. faecalis/faecium, 병원성세균으로 Salmonella spp., Staph. aureus, Campylobacter.spp. 을대상으로하였고, Enterobacteriaciae 에는 Ampicillin등 17종항생제, Staph. aureus는 Penicillin등 8종항생제, Enterococcus에는 Ampicillin등 10종항생제를대상으로내성양상을조사하였다. 가. 동물유래항생제내성균분포조사소는 14개농장에서 139 분변시료를채취하여 E. coli 130주, E. faecium 23주및 E. faecalis 40주, Campylo. jejuni 2주를분리하였으며, 돼지는 15개농장에서 236 분변시료를채취하여 E. coli 227주, E. faecium 88주및 E. faecalis 87주, Campylo. jejuni 1주및 campylo.coli 14주를분리하였다. 닭은 15개농장에서 150시료를채취하여 E. coli 168주, Salmonella enteritidis 3주, Staph. aureus 57주 E. faecium 187주및 E. faecalis 53주를분리하였으나, Campylo. jejuni는분리되지않았다. 소, 돼지, 닭유래분리균모두에서 Tetracycline에높은내성율을나타내었으며, 닭유래의 E. coli는 Quinolone계 3종항생제에약 50-70% 이상의내성율을나타내었다. 그러나 VRSA, VRE 등의내성균은검출되지않았다. 나. 축산물유래항생제내성균분포조사소는 14개도축장에서 123 시료를채취하여 E. coli 116주, Staph. aureus 16주, E. faecium 9주및 E. faecalis 86주를분리하였다. 돼지는 18개도축장에서 178 시료를채취하여 Salmonella spp. 9주, E. coli 138주, Staph. aureus 25주, E. faecium 38주및 E. faecalis 104주를분리하였다. 닭은 14개도계장에서 140 시료를채취하여 Salmonella spp. 16주, E. coli 159주, Staph. aureus 26주, E. faecium 12주및 E. faecalis 117주를분리하였다. 축산물에서분리된세균은 Tetracycline에높은내성율을나타내었으며, 닭도체에서분리된 E. coli는 Quinolone계항생제에약 50% 이상의비교적높은내성율을나타내어동물에서분리된세균의내성양상과유사한경향을보였다. - 2 -
Title of Project Key Words Institute Establishment of Control System of Antibiotics for Livestocks livestock, livestock product, antibiotic, antibiotic-resistant microorganism, E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus, Campylobacter jejuni National Veterinary Research and Project Leader Jung, Suk-chan Quarantine Service Project Period 2004. 4. 16-2004. 11. 30 1. Surveillance on the practical use of antibiotics for livestocks and fishes On the basis of the program, the amount of antimicrobials sold in livestock and fish industry has been surveyed using this program in Korea since 2001. The sale rate of antimicrobials in the group of purpose was highest in feed additives, and followed others and hospital field in order. The volume of antimicrobials sold in the species of animals was the largest in pigs, poultry, fishes and cattle in order. And the amount of antibiotics sold was showing decreased slightly since that was 1,595ton in 2001, 1, 541ton in 2002, 1,439ton in 2003, 1,241ton in 2004 (the data is presumed up to Sep., 2004). Tetracyclines used in Korea were 484 ton and hold largest portion among antimicrobials, and sulfonamides, penicillins, nitrofurans, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones, and polypeptides were used in order. 2. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance in animals and livestock products E. coli, E. faecalis/faecium as indicator bacteria and Salmonella spp., Staph. aureus and Campylobacter. spp. as zoonotic bacteria were included in the bacterial species of monitoring antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion method with 17 antibiotics for Enterobacteriaceae, 8 antibiotics for Staph. aureus and 10 antibiotics for E. faecalis/faecium. A. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance in animals One hundred and thirty strains of E. coli, 23 strains of E. faecium and 40 strains of E. faecalis were isolated from 139 feces of cattle in 14 farms. Two hundred and twenty seven strains of E. coli, 88 strains of E. faecium and 87 strains of E. faecalis were isolated from 236 feces of pig in 15 farms. However, no Staph. aureus was isolated from cattle and pig. Three strains of Salmonella, 168 strains of E. coli, 57 strains of Staph. aureus, 187 strains of E. faecium and 53 strains of E. faecalis were isolated from 150 feces of chicken in 15 farms but no Campylo. jejuni was isolated. The antibiotic resistant rate of the isolates from animals was high to tetracycline. The E. coli isolated from chicken was higher resistant(about 60%) to Quinolones(ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin). No strain of MRSA, VRSA and VRE was isolated from animal. B. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance in livestock carcasses One hundred and sixteen strains of E. coli, 16 strains of Staph. aureus, 9 strains of E. faecium and 86 strains of E. faecalis were isolated from 123 carcasses of cattle in 14 slaughters. Nine strains of Salmonella, 138 strains of E. coli, 25 strains of Staph. aures, 38 strains of E. faecium and 104 strains of E. faecalis were isolated from 178 carcasses of pig in 18 slaughters. And, 16 strains of Salmonella, 159 strains of E. coli, 26 strains of Staph. aureus, 12 strains of E. faecium and 117 strains of E. faecalis were isolated from 140 poultry in 14 slaughters. As the result in animals, the resistant rate of all bacteria was high to tetracycline and E. coli from poultry carcasses showed over 50% to 3 Quinolones, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin. - 3 -
제1장서론 5 제2장국 내외기술개발현황 6 제3장연구개발수행내용및결과 10 제1절연구내용 10 제2절연구방법 10 1. 항생제사용실태조사 10 2. 공시시료 10 3. 미생물분리및동정 11 4. 분리미생물에대한항생제감수성시험 13 제3절연구결과 15 1. 동물용 ( 축산용및수산용 ) 항생제사용실태조사 15 2. 동물및축산물유래항생제내성균분포조사 40 가. 균분리및동정 40 나. 항생제내성균분포조사 41 1) 동물에서분리한세균에대한항생제내성조사 41 2) 축산물에서분리한세균에대한항생제내성조사 70 제4절연구결과요약 93 제4장참고문헌 99-4 -
이연구의목적은국내축산용항생제의사용실태조사및동 축산물유래항생제내성균 ( 율 ) 조사등기초자료축적에따른축산분야의항생제관리시스템구축을통하여국가적으로종합적이고체계적인항생제내성관리대책수립및항생제내성균으로부터안전한축산물생산 공급하는데있다. 따라서이연구에서는축산용및수산용항생제에대하여항생제의종류별, 용도별, 축종별로사용실태조사하고, 농장및도축장에서의 Enterococcus spp.(e. faecium, E. faecalis), E. coli, Salmonella spp., Sta. aureus, Campylobacter jejuni/coli 등의미생물을분리동정하고, 이들분리균에대하여항생제내성양상을조사하였다. - 5 -
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구분 연도별항생제판매실적 (Kg) 2004 년 9 월 2003 년도 2002 년도 2001 년도 항생제 771,989 1,116,911 1,164,917 1,134,337 항균제 196,286 321,622 376,356 460,603 계 968,275 1,438,533 1,541,273 1,594,940-15 -
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항생제 항균제 구분배합사료제조용 수의사처방용자가치료및예방용배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료및예방용 2004년 9월 2003년도 2002년도 2001년도소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 23,311 213,509 100,970 0 38,699 369,013 149,281 0 43,662 426,410 131,601 0 26,964 388,950 132,466 0 5,300 24,991 7,508 19,727 6,656 31,373 9,888 31,052 7,937 32,737 10,222 40,868 5,475 30,017 8,549 35,620 29,308 165,371 54,058 127,936 43,088 229,731 85,314 122,816 43,705 209,604 91,524 126,647 35,900 211,102 90,889 168,405 2,870 56,459 10,949 0 3,735 91,675 18,216 0 12,215 108,079 19,914 0 5,067 182,939 30,025 0 1,063 7,728 4,196 1,892 2,244 15,893 10,743 1,872 3,344 16,965 11,019 4,082 3,642 16,852 11,525 4,827 5,419 60,968 36,557 8,185 13,166 80,673 74,096 9,309 18,130 85,252 82,281 15,075 14,873 87,959 85,371 17,523 계 67,271 529,026 214,238 157,740 107,588 818,358 347,538 165,049 128,993 879,047 346,561 186,672 91,921 917,819 358,825 226,375-17 -
2001 년도 38% 56% 6% 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료예방용 2002 년도 39% 6% 55% 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료예방용 - 18 -
2003 년도 41% 53% 6% 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료예방용 2004 년 9 월까지 43% 51% 6% 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료예방용 - 19 -
2001 년도 0% 18% 82% 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료예방용 2002 년도 0% 24% 76% 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료예방용 - 20 -
2003 년도 0% 20% 80% 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료예방용 2004 년 9 월까지 0% 14% 86% 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료예방용 - 21 -
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 소돼지닭수산용 2001 년도 6% 58% 22% 14% 2002 년도 9% 57% 22% 12% 2003 년도 7% 57% 24% 11% 2004 년 9월까지 7% 55% 22% 16% 2001 년도 2002 년도 2003 년도 2004 년 9 월까지 - 22 -
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항생제계열 항생제성분 연도별사용량 (Kg) 2004 년 9 월 2003 년 2002 년 2001 년 Aminoglycoside Amikacin sulfate 37 59 71 102 Apramycin sulfate 2,327 4,394 6,322 7,217 Destomycin 0 0 0 0 Dihydrostreptomycin 226 328 101 63 Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate 6,319 8,145 9,119 7,719 Gentamycin 315 430 519 792 Gentamycin sulfate 1,528 2,029 2,799 2,393 Kanamycin 0 10 50 20 Kanamycin sulfate 2,540 3,783 3,992 4,910 Neomycine 66 215 412 169 Neomycine sulfate 36,102 52,274 40,738 32,706 Novobiocin 10 17 18 16 Spectinomycin 839 971 2,153 2,302 Spectinomycin HCl 13 64 37 90 Spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate 1,203 1,422 1,770 1,834 Streptomycin sulfate 3,810 4,651 6,252 6,681 소계 55,335 78,792 74,353 67,014 Tetracycline Chlortetracycline 3,061 3,688 272 113 Chlortetracycline calcium 142,568 239,711 272,653 244,589 Chlortetracycline HCl 115,081 191,515 236,688 257,870 Doxycycline 1,260 1,666 1,527 2,150 Doxycycline Hyclate 855 629 503 0 Oxytetracycline 16,533 12,641 9,233 9,551 Oxytetracycline dihydrate 246 1,358 816 710 Oxytetracycline HCl 140,190 165,705 187,501 204,630 Oxytetracycline quaterary ammonium salt 63,371 105,306 63,545 30,820 Tetracycline 0 0 0 0 Tetracycline HCl 1,100 1,479 1,593 1,993 소계 484,265 723,698 774,331 752,426 Lincosamide Clindamycin 235 388 585 461 Clindamycin HCL 0 0 0 0 Lincomycin 837 912 1153 2,049 Lincomycin HCl 7,130 8,508 9,455 7,224 소계 8,202 9,808 11,193 9,734 Chloramphenicols Chloramphenicol 789 932 1,284 657 Florfenicol 11,669 8,868 740 387 Thiamphenicol 90 155 429 597 소계 12,548 9,955 2,453 1,641-25 -
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구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료및예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Gentamycin sulfate 0 0 0 0 111 361 0 0 425 876 616 4 Iodochlorhydroxyquinoline 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Josamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 16 Kanamycin 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 9 9 0 0 Kanamycin sulfate 0 0 0 0 0 213 1,206 334 0 523 2,464 170 0 Kitasamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,739 0 0 Kitasamycin tartrate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 103 0 Lasalocid sodium 1,635 0 15,863 0 0 0 0 0 41 0 0 0 Lincomycin 0 403 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,646 0 0 Lincomycin HCl 0 4,365 0 0 37 1 0 0 411 2,233 177 0 Maduramycin ammonium 0 0 1,377 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 336 0 Methenamine 0 0 0 0 77 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 Monensin sodium 0 0 17,281 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,580 0 Nalidixic acid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Narasin 1,333 1,777 968 0 5 6 3 0 22 29 14 0 Neomycine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 169 0 0 Neomycine sulfate 5,993 17,326 3,285 0 249 153 82 36 1,548 2,913 969 152 Nicarbazine 0 0 4,658 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 280 0 Nitrovin 0 0 0 0 6 25 25 0 27 153 265 0 Norfloxacin 0 0 0 0 40 167 230 14 395 597 1,473 329 Novobiocin 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 Ofloxacin 0 0 0 0 1 7 35 0 3 46 276 417 Olaquindox 4,421 50,573 12,468 0 66 476 225 0 143 2,715 0 0 Orbifloxacin 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 26 21 473 0 Oxolinic acid 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 651 0 49 4 3,563 Oxytetracycline 0 0 0 0 43 122 57 1,128 322 440 122 7,317 Oxytetracycline dihydrate 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 350 333 0 0 Oxytetracycline HCl 2,159 16,637 1,180 0 366 662 301 29,085 2,649 6,452 5,283 139,856 Oxytetracycline quaterary ammonium salt 9,284 14,801 6,181 0 0 109 0 0 41 377 27 0 Pefloxacine 0 0 0 0 0 7 8 171 0 381 339 645 Penicillin G benzathine 0 0 0 0 51 226 0 0 639 1,400 0 0 Penicillin G clemizole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 77 692 0 0 Penicillin G potassium 0 594 0 0 49 668 221 0 106 3,116 1,949 0 Penicillin G procaine 0 4,601 0 0 667 2,773 541 0 5,268 8,385 917 0 Penicillin G sodium 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 16 136 0 0 Phthalylsulfathiazole 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 35 4 0 0 Robenidine HCl 0 0 2,036 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Roxarsone 0 0 1,520 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 621 0 Roxithromycine 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 0 0 40 40 0 Salinomycin 155 155 155 0 0 0 0 0 91 91 91 0 Salinomycin sodium 0 1,723 19,633 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,223 7,313 0 Sarafloxacin HCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 Sedecamycin 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Semduramycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sodium nifurstylenate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 99 0 0 0 204 Spectinomycin 0 640 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,651 11 0 Spectinomycin HCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 59 25 0-29 -
구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료및예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 762 996 76 Spiramycin 0 0 0 0 11 14 1 0 133 274 4 0 Spiramycin adipate 0 0 0 0 16 24 0 0 113 163 0 9 Spiramycin embonate 0 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 591 0 0 Streptomycin sulfate 0 0 0 0 52 265 294 0 111 1,057 4,902 0 Sulfachlorpyridazine sodium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 261 0 0 Sulfachlorpyridazine 0 0 0 0 0 34 5 0 89 1,585 498 0 Sulfaclozine 0 0 0 0 3 0 73 0 17 0 142 0 Sulfadiazine 0 0 0 0 7 349 472 1,504 205 635 632 4,352 Sulfadimethoxine 42 42 254 0 38 9 0 0 3 2 0 0 Sulfadimethoxine sodium 0 0 0 0 141 702 356 103 198 174 1,495 997 Sulfadoxine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 18 0 0 Sulfaguanidine 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 11 1 0 0 Sulfamerazine 66 66 394 0 3 8 0 0 63 71 0 0 Sulfamethazine 372 572 432 0 1,028 3,430 80 0 3,330 20,964 1,041 0 Sulfamethazine sodium 0 0 800 0 153 6 148 0 537 386 464 0 Sulfamethoxazole 0 0 0 0 161 478 324 0 349 2,556 3,377 0 Sulfamethoxazole sodium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,067 1,378 0 Sulfamethoypyridazine 0 0 0 0 162 0 0 0 117 0 205 0 Sulfamonomethoxine 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 0 0 32 476 1 Sulfamonomethoxine sodium 0 0 0 0 0 15 4 0 0 270 594 0 Sulfanilamide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 2 0 Sulfaquinoxaline 0 0 0 0 63 153 728 0 848 197 4,612 0 Sulfathiazole 166 122,783 111 0 259 4,324 888 0 588 28,767 1,201 0 Sulfisomidine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 Sulfisoxazole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 Tetracycline 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tetracycline HCl 0 0 0 0 15 1,873 46 0 0 0 59 0 Thiamphenicol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 82 469 Tiamulin 0 6,642 736 0 2 2 3 0 23 2,391 467 0 Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate 573 1,635 382 0 19 277 12 0 456 3,088 271 42 Tilmicosin phosphate 736 417 0 0 32 20 0 0 116 632 166 0 Trimethoprim 0 0 0 0 268 590 220 301 725 3,368 2,422 879 Tylosin 0 0 0 0 111 259 0 0 446 1,021 10 0 Tylosin phosphate 0 12,807 0 0 45 1,673 152 0 12 9,522 318 0 Tylosin tartrate 0 0 0 0 28 724 649 0 112 2,430 3,919 0 Virginiamycin 130 4,021 2,666 0 0 0 0 0 2 14 9 0 TOTAL 32,031 571,889 162,491 0 9,117 46,869 20,074 40,447 50,773 299,061 176,260 185,928 0 0-30 -
구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료및예방용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Amikacin sulfate 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 41 23 2 0 Amoxycillin 0 0 0 0 374 1,397 0 67 1,556 7,916 1,243 1,902 Amoxycillin trihydrate 1 4 1 0 796 3,845 970 537 6,402 37,553 10,180 2,705 Ampicillin 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 11 24 6 0 3,347 Ampicillin sodium 20 12 0 0 16 65 20 0 103 487 3 208 Ampicillin trihydrate 0 2 1 0 52 155 150 338 701 3,662 4,102 1,663 Apramycin sulfate 0 5,188 0 0 151 13 0 0 397 83 490 0 Avilamycin 0 5,405 347 0 0 30 7 0 0 4 1 0 Bacitracin zinc 346 1,483 12,570 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bambermycin 306 2,805 2,052 0 0 1 1 0 0 58 20 0 Carbadox 2,354 11,813 1,883 0 83 1,270 66 0 527 6,673 422 0 Cefoperazone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 0 0 Cefquinome 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 Ceftiofur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 121 90 2 0 Ceftiofur sodium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 10 5 0 Cenfloxacin HCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 94 0 0 14 92 0 Cephalexin 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 222 121 17 0 Cephazolin sodium 0 0 0 0 10 6 0 0 61 29 0 0 Chloramphenicol 0 0 0 0 115 3 0 0 1,047 117 2 0 Chlortetracycline 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 272 0 Chlortetracycline calcium 6,082 195,847 35,095 0 0 0 0 0 1,249 23,619 10,761 0 Chlortetracycline HCl 3,332 91,321 13,150 0 3,544 13,050 4,737 0 11,681 67,521 28,352 0 Ciprofloxacin 0 16 148 0 2 90 261 0 42 592 1,770 0 Ciprofloxacin HCl 0 0 0 0 3 1 164 182 24 969 814 934 Clindamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 97 0 0 0 488 Clindamycin HCL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cloxacillin benzathine 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 0 43 0 0 0 Cloxacillin sodium 0 0 0 0 9 32 16 0 15 0 0 0 Colistin sulfate 613 4,337 1,632 0 38 53 6 0 151 479 434 31 Danofloxacine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 19 0 0 Destomycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dextromethorphane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 Dicloxacillin sodium 0 0 0 0 27 29 15 0 968 0 0 0 Difuran 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 13 0 0 Dihydrostreptomycin 0 0 0 0 14 17 2 0 29 32 7 0 Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate 0 0 0 0 383 1,259 273 0 2,362 4,836 6 0 Doxycycline 0 0 0 0 1 1 33 316 0 73 366 737 Doxycycline Hyclate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 493 Efrotomycin 0 366 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Enramycin 0 236 279 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Enrofloxacin 0 1,774 0 0 38 176 742 0 979 1,665 14,813 0 Enrofloxacin-Na 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 46 895 0 Erythromycin 0 0 0 0 17 31 0 87 19 29 5 1,185 Erythromycin estolate 20 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Erythromycin thiocyanate 0 0 0 0 14 103 326 3,065 26 195 2,163 5,613 Florfenicol 0 0 0 0 0 47 0 147 0 362 0 184 Flumequine 0 0 0 0 21 123 279 735 7 73 1,030 1,350 Furaltadone HCl 0 0 3,956 0 173 1,616 4,678 1,128 4,044 8,889 35,391 5,438 Furazolidone 0 3,443 2,335 0 659 2,295 1,285 0 1,914 5,177 7,502 0 Gentamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 192 173 154 0 Gentamycin sulfate 0 0 0 0 96 308 170 0 698 945 581 1 Iodochlorhydroxyquinoline 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 Josamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 2-31 -
구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료및예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Kanamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 25 0 0 Kanamycin sulfate 0 0 0 0 167 989 275 0 408 1,989 164 0 Kitasamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,385 0 0 Kitasamycin tartrate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 0 Lasalocid sodium 1,137 0 11,931 0 3 0 0 0 97 0 0 0 Lincomycin 0 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,098 0 0 Lincomycin HCl 0 6,336 0 0 22 2 0 0 399 2,604 92 0 Maduramycin ammonium 0 469 1,551 0 0 0 0 0 0 318 4,000 0 Methenamine 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 Monensin sodium 0 0 11,634 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nalidixic acid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Narasin 1,297 1,729 1,776 0 6 8 2 0 4 5 1 0 Neomycine 0 0 0 0 8 15 11 0 50 262 66 0 Neomycine sulfate 6,510 23,678 4,336 0 230 135 63 145 1,570 2,519 1,207 345 Nicarbazine 0 0 5,048 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nitrovin 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 0 68 34 151 0 Norfloxacin 0 0 0 0 22 521 418 13 270 653 1,979 205 Novobiocin 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 Ofloxacin 0 0 0 0 0 6 165 0 353 45 255 36 Olaquindox 0 307 243 0 31 246 111 0 17 736 111 0 Orbifloxacin 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 25 20 0 0 Oxolinic acid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 831 44 96 7 2,094 Oxytetracycline 0 0 0 0 61 144 63 1,060 516 487 177 6,725 Oxytetracycline dihydrate 0 0 0 0 11 37 0 0 376 376 16 0 Oxytetracycline HCl 2,000 24,074 3,766 0 385 823 367 35,145 3,301 9,558 6,900 101,182 Oxytetracycline quaterary ammonium salt 18,833 28,726 15,715 0 12 14 5 0 85 101 54 0 Pefloxacine 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 91 0 276 243 738 Penicillin G benzathine 0 0 0 0 65 331 21 0 819 1,805 0 0 Penicillin G clemizole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 668 0 0 Penicillin G potassium 0 1,572 0 0 67 1,077 352 0 191 2,305 1,519 0 Penicillin G procaine 0 4,467 0 0 715 3,499 929 0 4,648 8,220 347 0 Penicillin G sodium 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 16 142 0 0 Phthalylsulfathiazole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 2 0 0 Robenidine HCl 0 0 1,119 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Roxarsone 0 0 1,780 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 248 0 Roxithromycine 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 21 21 0 Salinomycin 222 222 222 0 0 0 0 0 418 418 418 0 Salinomycin sodium 0 1,859 12,244 0 0 0 0 0 0 874 7,387 0 Sarafloxacin HCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sedecamycin 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Semduramycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sodium nifurstylenate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 0 0 0 149 Spectinomycin 0 1,026 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,098 29 0 Spectinomycin HCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 0 0 Spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 757 952 61 0 Spiramycin 0 0 0 0 10 14 1 0 124 258 5 0 Spiramycin adipate 0 0 0 0 6 9 0 0 147 213 0 0-32 -
구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료및예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Spiramycin embonate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 664 0 0 Streptomycin sulfate 0 0 0 0 54 259 511 0 161 1,136 4,131 0 Sulf achl orpy rida zine sodium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 397 0 0 Sulfachlorpyridazine 0 0 0 0 0 3 28 0 85 1,315 389 0 Sulfaclozine 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 3 4 3 0 Sulfadiazine 0 0 0 0 10 184 560 663 659 730 621 2,501 Sulfadimethoxine 0 0 526 0 116 74 0 0 19 58 20 0 Sulfadimethoxine sodium 0 0 0 0 138 714 362 100 197 175 1,496 593 Sulfadoxine 0 0 0 0 40 7 0 0 20 32 0 0 Sulfaguanidine 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 19 2 0 0 Sulfamerazine 0 0 818 0 3 3 0 0 669 572 0 0 Sulfamethazine 1,300 780 896 0 957 3,241 78 0 3,952 20,614 778 0 Sulfamethazine sodium 0 0 800 0 11 11 3 0 104 261 26 0 Sulfamethoxazole 0 0 0 0 73 879 486 0 283 3,146 3,201 0 Sulfamethoxazole sodium 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 1,897 1,265 0 Sulfamethoypyridazine 0 0 0 0 172 0 6 0 107 0 240 0 Sulfamonomethoxine 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 30 284 0 Sulfamonomethoxine sodium 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 234 64 0 Sulfanilamide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 Sulfaquinoxaline 0 0 0 0 58 122 604 0 622 142 4,401 0 Sulfathiazole 8,561 89,946 362 0 392 4,747 352 0 2,286 26,181 1,690 0 Sulfisomidine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 Sulfisoxazole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 Tetracycline 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tetracycline HCl 0 0 0 0 12 1,538 37 0 0 0 6 0 Thiamphenicol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 67 352 Tiamulin 0 5,498 611 0 1 1 1 0 17 1,890 328 0 Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate 915 2,316 1,067 0 24 375 22 0 332 3,261 307 20 Tilmicosin phosphate 3 0 0 0 51 21 11 0 273 617 299 0 Trimethoprim 0 0 0 0 246 569 240 133 721 3,081 2,013 501 Tylosin 0 0 0 0 170 220 4 0 521 996 15 0 Tylosin phosphate 1,912 14,945 0 0 32 1,855 122 0 59 12,023 249 0 Tylosin tartrate 0 0 0 0 22 964 695 0 128 3,202 4,402 0 Virginiamycin 113 2,395 1,621 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 TOTAL 55,877 534,489 151,515 0 11,281 49,702 21,241 44,950 61,835 294,856 173,805 141,722-33 -
구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료및예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Amikacin sulfate 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 32 20 4 0 Amoxycillin 435 435 430 0 114 254 0 0 1,130 8,076 1,485 2,687 Amoxycillin trihydrate 0 0 0 0 911 3,800 873 1,065 4,350 31,469 6,738 2,549 Ampicillin 15 15 15 0 2 1 0 5 278 320 75 2,607 Ampicillin sodium 0 0 0 0 14 52 13 0 156 658 24 302 Ampicillin trihydrate 0 1 5 0 41 133 94 1,482 550 3,581 2,894 1,214 Apramycin sulfate 0 3,962 0 0 31 16 0 0 244 141 0 0 Avilamycin 0 5,132 270 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 Bacitracin zinc 207 2,236 12,326 0 0 0 0 0 55 110 1,086 0 Bambermycin 230 2,777 1,863 0 0 0 0 0 11 29 30 0 Carbadox 2,105 13,611 3,683 0 67 1,255 118 0 282 7,186 493 0 Cefoperazone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 Cefquinome 0 0 0 0 71 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 Ceftiofur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,004 2,609 2 0 Ceftiofur sodium 0 0 0 0 47 36 4 0 81 45 3 0 Cenfloxacin HCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 0 0 0 268 0 Cephalexin 0 0 0 0 63 103 15 0 177 31 3 150 Cephazolin sodium 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 48 24 0 0 Chloramphenicol 0 0 0 0 38 23 0 0 699 172 0 0 Chlortetracycline 453 1,081 792 0 21 42 37 0 186 533 543 0 Chlortetracycline calcium 3,968 153,996 23,991 0 0 727 38 0 4,662 37,589 14,740 0 Chlortetracycline HCl 2,232 50,573 10,695 0 2,539 15,047 4,722 0 6,376 76,960 22,371 0 Ciprofloxacin 0 0 0 0 28 151 254 0 148 667 1,741 0 Ciprofloxacin HCl 0 0 0 0 1 13 131 119 7 696 473 1,012 Clindamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 138 0 0 0 250 Clindamycin HCL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 35 Cloxacillin benzathine 0 0 0 0 72 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 Cloxacillin sodium 0 0 0 0 11 17 8 0 12 0 0 0 Colistin sulfate 509 4,753 1,532 0 69 258 132 0 143 687 328 26 Danofloxacine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 Destomycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dextromethorphane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dicloxacillin sodium 0 0 0 0 9 1 0 0 845 0 0 0 Difuran 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 16 0 0 Dihydrostreptomycin 0 0 0 0 63 77 0 0 89 99 0 0 Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate 0 0 0 0 380 1,220 361 0 2,006 3,976 202 0 Doxycycline 0 0 0 0 24 48 51 143 154 365 562 319 Doxycycline Hyclate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 332 247 50 Efrotomycin 0 295 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Enramycin 0 127 129 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 Enrofloxacin 0 326 0 0 46 332 678 0 1,452 3,319 11,890 0 Enrofloxacin-Na 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 84 448 0 Erythromycin 0 0 0 0 33 15 0 45 44 78 17 863 Erythromycin estolate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Erythromycin thiocyanate 0 0 0 0 11 80 534 1,410 4 23 1,738 6,187 Florfenicol 0 92 0 0 0 421 0 202 174 7,120 130 729 Flumequine 0 0 0 0 4 7 84 439 37 89 512 753 Furaltadone HCl 200 200 600 0 349 2,313 4,765 0 4,132 7,595 30,714 558 Furazolidone 2 1,632 1,094 0 202 1,214 1,280 0 91 1,065 4,850 0 Gentamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 162 142 126 0-34 -
구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료및예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Gentamycin sulfate 0 0 0 0 68 281 135 0 385 673 448 39 Iodochlorhydroxyquinoline 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Josamycin 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 28 0 Kanamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 Kanamycin sulfate 0 0 0 0 146 712 206 0 238 2,299 182 0 Kitasamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,487 0 0 Kitasamycin tartrate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 Lasalocid sodium 351 0 7,374 0 3 0 0 0 115 0 0 0 Lincomycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 912 0 0 Lincomycin HCl 0 6,410 0 0 25 0 1 0 23 1,759 290 0 Maduramycin ammonium 7 219 1,469 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 262 0 Methenamine 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Monensin sodium 0 0 14,884 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,206 0 Nalidixic acid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 46 Narasin 761 1,855 2,243 0 0 0 0 0 22 44 158 0 Neomycine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 199 0 0 Neomycine sulfate 8,237 32,572 5,933 0 213 182 32 143 1,184 2,324 960 494 Nicarbazine 0 334 3,167 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 0 Nitrovin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 40 118 0 Norfloxacin 0 0 0 0 21 46 293 0 232 413 1,281 136 Novobiocin 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 Ofloxacin 0 0 0 0 0 1 87 0 3 33 178 310 Olaquindox 0 0 0 0 64 236 112 0 41 307 48 0 Orbifloxacin 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 14 11 0 0 Oxolinic acid 0 9 0 0 0 1 4 145 55 106 18 2,099 Oxytetracycline 0 0 0 0 18 60 22 858 212 669 220 10,582 Oxytetracycline dihydrate 0 737 82 0 11 11 0 0 95 410 12 0 Oxytetracycline HCl 1,451 22,637 2,952 0 310 656 262 25,763 2,741 8,382 6,100 94,451 Oxytetracycline quaterary ammonium salt 18,477 42,873 32,413 0 24 48 42 0 2,358 4,925 4,146 0 Pefloxacine 0 0 0 0 0 15 52 110 0 62 124 508 Penicillin G benzathine 0 0 0 0 104 325 74 0 720 1,506 53 0 Penicillin G clemizole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 576 0 0 Penicillin G potassium 0 423 0 0 41 927 143 0 162 2,366 1,352 0 Penicillin G procaine 226 15,413 3,576 0 677 2,884 896 0 4,066 9,047 1,878 0 Penicillin G sodium 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 16 139 0 0 Phthalylsulfathiazole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 Robenidine HCl 0 0 749 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,000 0 Roxarsone 0 0 748 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Roxithromycine 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 8 8 0 Salinomycin 113 113 900 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 67 0 Salinomycin sodium 0 25 20,915 0 0 0 0 0 278 707 3,436 0 Sarafloxacin HCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sedecamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Semduramycin 0 0 1,188 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sodium nifurstylenate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 109 0 0 172 Spectinomycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 969 0 0 Spectinomycin HCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 23 38 0-35 -
구분 Spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료및예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 936 486 0 Spiramycin 0 0 0 0 9 12 0 0 134 245 2 0 Spiramycin adipate 0 0 0 0 4 6 0 0 128 187 6 5 Spiramycin embonate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 516 0 0 Streptomycin sulfate 0 0 0 0 32 163 114 0 107 851 3,384 0 Sulf achl orpy rida zine sodium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 134 0 0 Sulfachlorpyridazine 0 0 0 0 0 71 10 0 30 1,053 448 0 Sulfaclozine 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 0 37 73 55 0 Sulfadiazine 0 0 0 0 39 69 740 653 565 550 791 2,273 Sulfadimethoxine 150 113 113 0 210 15 0 0 83 250 83 0 Sulfadimethoxine sodium 0 0 0 0 122 899 339 60 177 443 892 140 Sulfadoxine 0 0 0 0 75 156 0 0 11 37 0 0 Sulfaguanidine 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 12 1 0 0 Sulfamerazine 234 175 175 0 3 5 0 0 178 139 0 0 Sulfamethazine 329 274 192 0 215 1,125 66 0 2,064 13,524 1,411 0 Sulfamethazine sodium 40 120 200 0 45 10 38 0 208 106 131 0 Sulfamethoxazole 0 0 0 0 62 717 349 0 623 3,795 4,027 0 Sulfamethoxazole sodium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,793 1,195 0 Sulfamethoypyridazine 0 0 0 0 157 0 0 0 79 3 0 0 Sulfamonomethoxine 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 200 329 0 Sulfamonomethoxine sodium 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 144 442 0 Sulfanilamide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 Sulfaquinoxaline 183 183 275 0 36 131 363 0 335 30 3,665 0 Sulfathiazole 492 74,606 7,220 0 310 6,424 674 0 1,725 27,732 4,413 0 Sulfisomidine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 Sulfisoxazole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 Tetracycline 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tetracycline HCl 0 0 0 0 148 887 444 0 0 0 0 0 Thiamphenicol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 118 Tiamulin 0 5,737 636 0 1 1 1 0 36 1,126 189 0 Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate 386 2,014 809 0 23 234 91 0 168 3,118 503 6 Tilmicosin phosphate 0 0 0 0 32 103 7 0 108 704 163 0 Trimethoprim 0 0 0 0 102 256 237 131 172 1,807 1,691 455 Tylosin 0 0 0 0 139 1 3 0 260 57 10 0 Tylosin phosphate 633 10,023 193 0 40 1,437 109 0 731 10,593 570 0 Tylosin tartrate 0 0 0 0 19 458 417 0 133 3,875 2,879 0 Virginiamycin 8 2,579 1,666 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 42,434 460,688 167,497 0 8,900 47,266 20,631 32,924 56,254 310,404 159,410 132,125-36 -
구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료및예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Amikacin sulfate 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 15 19 1 0 Amoxycillin 60 60 60 0 77 131 0 0 1,651 5,064 1,478 2,824 Amoxycillin trihydrate 0 257 0 0 510 4,358 718 1,092 4,452 29,215 6,116 2,742 Ampicillin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 93 82 75 2,021 Ampicillin sodium 0 0 0 0 18 88 41 0 125 494 25 99 Ampicillin trihydrate 0 0 0 0 104 218 179 764 1,928 2,767 2,796 1,784 Apramycin sulfate 0 1,853 0 0 52 31 0 0 222 169 0 0 Avilamycin 0 548 2,192 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bacitracin zinc 159 2,745 9,094 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Bambermycin 86 1,508 638 0 0 0 0 0 4 33 16 0 Carbadox 2,101 12,130 3,676 0 45 797 79 0 111 6,067 194 0 Cefoperazone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cefquinome 0 0 0 0 184 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 Ceftiofur 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 24 36 14 0 Ceftiofur sodium 0 0 0 0 5 3 0 0 26 20 1 0 Cenfloxacin HCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 Cephalexin 0 0 0 0 94 264 38 2 136 54 4 216 Cephazolin sodium 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 41 23 0 0 Chloramphenicol 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 677 64 0 0 Chlortetracycline 328 861 573 0 50 100 88 0 157 629 275 0 Chlortetracycline calcium 1,055 94,245 14,881 0 0 0 0 0 1,951 23,659 6,777 0 Chlortetracycline HCl 558 23,087 4,923 0 1,930 10,528 3,582 0 4,306 51,126 15,041 0 Ciprofloxacin 0 0 0 0 25 82 185 0 149 693 1,723 0 Ciprofloxacin HCl 0 0 0 0 3 187 36 196 10 884 548 777 Clindamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 0 0 0 188 Clindamycin HCL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cloxacillin benzathine 0 0 0 0 53 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 Cloxacillin sodium 0 0 0 0 7 13 7 0 5 0 0 0 Colistin sulfate 295 3,404 741 0 41 128 72 0 257 387 319 8 Danofloxacine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 0 0 Destomycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dicloxacillin sodium 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 446 0 0 0 Difuran 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dihydrostreptomycin 0 0 0 0 34 42 0 0 72 78 0 0 Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate 0 0 0 0 281 1,021 331 0 1,513 3,165 8 0 Doxycycline 0 0 0 0 34 68 60 32 140 262 534 130 Doxycycline Hyclate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 355 409 74 Efrotomycin 0 195 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Enramycin 0 304 304 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Enrofloxacin 0 0 101 0 7 166 728 0 459 2,685 15,250 0 Enrofloxacin-Na 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 75 658 0 Erythromycin 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 36 4 39 0 803 Erythromycin estolate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Erythromycin thiocyanate 0 0 0 0 15 109 168 1,773 60 168 1,000 5,516 Florfenicol 0 389 0 0 23 587 68 163 581 9,585 809 694 Flumequine 0 0 0 0 6 12 114 219 27 107 331 495 Furaltadone HCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Furazolidone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gentamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 114 103 98 0 Gentamycin sulfate 0 0 0 0 57 228 116 0 271 493 346 17 Iodochlorhydroxyquinoline 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Josamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0-37 -
구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료및예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Kanamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kanamycin sulfate 0 0 0 0 98 614 177 0 122 1,456 73 0 Kitasamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,305 0 0 Kitasamycin tartrate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 Lasalocid sodium 672 0 1,920 0 3 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 Lincomycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 837 0 0 Lincomycin HCl 0 5,789 0 0 3 1 0 0 12 1,095 230 0 Maduramycin ammonium 10 133 855 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 141 0 Methenamine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Monensin sodium 0 0 7,204 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,269 0 Nalidixic acid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 Narasin 43 85 555 0 0 0 0 0 6 12 56 0 Neomycine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 0 0 Neomycine sulfate 5,781 22,192 4,443 0 214 92 64 114 879 1,460 573 290 Nicarbazine 0 0 2,554 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nitrovin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Norfloxacin 0 0 0 0 36 109 292 8 202 645 1,618 170 Novobiocin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 Ofloxacin 0 0 0 0 0 1 62 0 4 36 89 307 Olaquindox 0 0 0 0 38 147 69 0 126 193 113 0 Oleanomycin phosphate 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 Orbifloxacin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 6 0 0 Oxolinic acid 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 428 0 21 14 2,228 Oxytetracycline 0 0 0 0 42 113 40 116 2,582 1,806 153 11,681 Oxytetracycline dihydrate 0 0 0 0 10 11 0 0 103 122 0 0 Oxytetracycline HCl 1,091 10,670 2,269 0 183 446 229 15,743 1,906 4,507 3,620 99,526 Oxytetracycline quaterary ammonium salt 12,411 28,415 21,908 0 16 33 29 0 111 253 195 0 Pefloxacine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 312 0 94 65 1,099 Penicillin G benzathine 0 0 0 0 55 206 39 0 538 1,193 2 0 Penicillin G clemizole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 126 1,131 0 0 Penicillin G potassium 0 534 0 0 35 430 127 0 121 1,078 1,166 0 Penicillin G procaine 164 4,543 287 0 785 1,920 725 0 2,877 7,136 730 0 Penicillin G sodium 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 22 199 0 0 Phthalylsulfathiazole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Robenidine HCl 0 0 3,584 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,417 0 Roxarsone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Roxithromycine 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 30 0 Salinomycin 55 55 438 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Salinomycin sodium 0 0 23,178 0 0 0 0 0 41 41 186 0 Sarafloxacin HCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sedecamycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Semduramycin 0 0 2,018 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sodium nifurstylenate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sodium sulfachloropyridazine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 66 64 0 Spectinomycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 837 2 0 Spectinomycin HCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 Spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 775 428 0-38 -
구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료및예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Spiramycin 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 73 150 1 0 Spiramycin adipate 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 101 135 13 16 Spiramycin embonate 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,232 0 0 Streptomycin sulfate 0 0 0 0 15 61 86 0 58 666 2,924 0 Sulfachloropyridazine sodium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 113 0 0 Sulfachlorpyridazine 0 0 0 0 25 25 12 0 60 1,124 371 0 Sulfaclozine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 14 11 0 Sulfadiazine 0 0 0 0 2 98 226 295 75 250 1,005 1,525 Sulfadimethoxine 71 71 71 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 0 0 Sulfadimethoxine sodium 0 0 0 0 79 536 223 22 120 712 376 436 Sulfadimidine 0 0 0 0 0 1,125 0 0 0 4,449 0 0 Sulfadoxine 0 0 0 0 27 239 0 0 7 59 0 0 Sulfaguanidine 0 0 0 0 19 5 0 0 4 1 0 0 Sulfamerazine 110 110 110 0 3 3 0 0 77 17 0 0 Sulfamethazine 160 199 180 0 108 1,023 65 0 414 9,801 925 0 Sulfamethazine sodium 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 0 78 106 20 0 Sulfamethoxazole 0 0 0 0 34 564 253 0 665 3,764 2,841 0 Sulfamethoxazole sodium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,465 977 0 Sulfamethoypyridazine 0 0 0 0 64 81 0 0 40 0 0 0 Sulfamonomethoxine 0 0 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 60 215 0 Sulfamonomethoxine sodium 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 122 24 0 Sulfanilamide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Sulfaquinoxaline 100 100 100 0 21 14 764 190 478 299 3,477 0 Sulfathiazole 328 43,456 573 0 443 2,569 805 0 1,441 18,877 1,853 0 Sulfisomidine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 Sulfisoxazole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tetracycline 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tetracycline HCl 0 0 0 0 110 660 330 0 0 0 0 0 Thiamphenicol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 79 Tiamulin 0 2,766 307 0 0 0 0 0 21 800 97 0 Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate 177 1,553 690 0 26 305 42 0 181 2,456 416 1 Tilmicosin phosphate 0 0 0 0 11 47 0 0 48 351 92 0 Trimethoprim 0 0 0 0 52 477 146 59 184 2,882 1,558 305 Tylosin 0 0 0 0 36 151 2 0 123 630 10 0 Tylosin phosphate 298 5,624 99 0 48 1,240 161 0 344 9,074 343 0 Tylosin tartrate 0 0 0 0 5 196 48 8 95 1,475 937 0 Valnemulin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87 0 0 Virginiamycin 68 2,082 1,393 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 TOTAL 26,181 269,968 111,919 0 6,363 32,719 11,70 21,619 54,657 345,919 150,405 136,121-39 -
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항생제 항생제별내성균주수 (%) 소 (n=0) 돼지 (n=0) 닭 (n=3) 내성중간내성내성중간내성내성중간내성 내성 계 (n=3) 중간내성 Ampicillin (AM) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 3(100) 0(0.0) 3(100) 0(0.0) Amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (AmC) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 3(100) 0(0.0) 3(100) 0(0.0) Cephalothin (CF) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 2(66.7) 0(0.0) 2(66.7) Cefazolin (CZ) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Cefoxitin (FOX) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Cefotaxime (CTX) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Cefepime (FEP) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Imipenem (IPM) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Streptomycin (S) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 2(66.7) 1(33.3) 2(66.7) 1(33.3) Gentamicin (GM) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Amikacin (AN) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Ciprofloxacin (CIP) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Enrofloxacin (ENO) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Norfloxacin (NOR) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole (SXT) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Erythromycin (E) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 3(100.0) 0(0.0) 3(100.0) 0(0.0) Chloramphenicol (C) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 2(66.7) 0(0.0) 2(66.7) 0(0.0) Tetracycline (TE) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) - 41 -
축종내성항생제수항생제 (17 종 ) 내성양상균주수 (%) 닭 (n=3) 4 5 축종 내성항생제계열수 항생제계열 (9 개 ) 별내성양상균주수 (%) 닭 (n=3) 4 5-42 -
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축종내성항생제계열수항생제계열별내성양상균주수 (%) 0 5(8.8) Pe 12(21.1) 1 Te 10(17.5) 소계 22(38.6) Pe, Ma 1(1.8) Pe, Te 5(8.8) 2 Ma, Te 6(10.5) 닭 (n=57) 3 4 5 Su, Te 1(1.8) 소계 13(22.8) Pe, Ma, Li 1(1.8) Pe, Ma, Te 6(10.5) Ma, Li, Te 3(5.3) Su, Ma, Te 4(7.0) 소계 14(24.6) Pe, Ma, Li, Te 2(3.5) 소계 2(3.5) Pe, Su, Ma, Li, Te 1(1.8) 소계 1(1.8) - 55 -
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축종항생제내성수항생제계열별내성양상균주수 (%) 0-1(1.1) 1 Te 1(1.1) 소계 1(1.1) Te, Am 5(5.7) 2 Te, Ma 3(3.4) Te, Ri 1(1.1) 돼지 (n=87) 3 4 5 소계 9(10.3) Te, Ma, Am 31(35.6) Te, Ma, Ch 11(12.6) Te, Ri, Am 2(2.3) Te, Am, Ch 2(2.3) 소계 46(52.9) Te, Ma, Am, Ch 14(16.1) Te, Ma, Qu, Am 10(11.5) 소계 24(27.6) Te, Ri, Ma, Am, Ch 2(2.3) te, Ma, Qu, Am, Ch 2(2.3) Te, Ri, Ma, Qu, Am 1(1.1) Te, Ma, Qu, Am, Ch 1(1.1) 소계 6(6.9) - 66 -
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축종내성항생제수항생제 (17 종 ) 내성양상균주수 (%) 돼지 (n=138) 닭 (n=159) 4 5 6 7 8 CF, GM, SXT, TE 1(0.7) S, SXT, C, TE 1(0.7) 소계 24(17.4) AM, CF, S, C, TE 1(0.7) AM, CF, SXT, C, TE 3(2.2) AM, GM, S, SXT, TE 2(1.4) AM, S, SXT, C, TE 8(5.8) 소계 14(10.1) AM, CZ, CF, S, AmC, TE 2(1.4) AM, CF, S, SXT, C, TE 2(1.4) AM, CF, AmC, SXT, C, TE 1(0.7) AM, GM, S, SXT, C, TE 2(1.7) AM, S, CIP, ENO, SXT, TE 1(0.7) CIP, NOR, ENO, SXT, C, TE 2(1.4) 소계 10(7.2) AM, CF, GM, S, SXT, C, TE 1(0.7) AM, CF, CIP, NOR, ENO, C, TE 2(1.4) 소계 3(2.2) AM, CF, S, CIP, NOR, ENO, SXT, TE 1(0.7) AM, GM, S, CIP, ENO, SXT, C, TE 1(0.7) 소계 2(1.4) 9 AM, CF, S, CIP, NOR, ENO, SXT, C, TE 3(2.2) 0-4(2.5) 1 TE 15(9.4) 2 3 4 S, TE 7(4.4) SXT, TE 6(3.8) 소계 13(8.2) AM, S, TE 12(7.5) AM, SXT, TE 4(2.5) S, SXT, TE 1(0.6) S, ENO, TE 1(0.6) CIP, NOR, ENO 1(0.6) 소계 19(11.9) AM, CF, S, TE 2(1.3) AM, GM, S, TE 11(6.9) AM, S, SXT, TE 6(3.8) AM, S, C, TE 2(1.3) S, CIP, ENO, TE 1(0.6) S, NOR, ENO, TE 2(1.3) CIP, NOR, ENO, TE 4(2.5) 소계 28(17.6) - 75 -
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항생제 항생제별내성균주수 (%) 소 (n=9) 돼지 (n=38) 닭 (n=12) 내성중간내성내성중간내성내성중간내성 내성 계 (n=59) 중간내성 Ampicillin (AM) 0(0.0) - 0(0.0) - 0(0.0) - 0(0.0) - Amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (AmC) 0(0.0) - 0(0.0) - 0(0.0) - 0(0.0) - Cefotaxime (CTX) 9(100.0) 0(0.0) 38(100.0) 0(0.0) 10(83.3) 1(8.3) 57(96.6) 1(1.7) Gentamicin (GM) 2(22.2) 4(44.4) 6(15.8) 2(5.3) 1(8.3) 1(8.3) 9(15.3) 7(11.9) Ciprofloxacin (CIP) 0(0.0) 3(33.3) 1(2.6) 10(26.3) 2(16.7) 4(33.3) 3(5.1) 17(28.8) Erythromycin (E) 3(33.3) 2(44.4) 11(28.9) 26(68.4) 5(41.7) 3(25.0) 19(32.2) 31(52.5) Vancomycin (VA) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Chloramphenicol (C) 1(11.1) 0(0.0) 3(7.9) 0(0.0) 1(8.3) 0(0.0) 5(8.5) 0(0.0) Tetracycline (TE) 7(77.7) 0(0.0) 36(94.7) 1(2.6) 9(75.0) 0(0.0) 52(88.1) 1(1.7) Rifampin (RA) 4(44.4) 1(11.1) 31(81.6) 3(7.9) 8(66.6) 0(0.0) 43(72.9) 4(6.8) - 83 -
축종 내성항생제수 항생제 (9종) 내성양상 균주수 (%) 0-1(11.1) TE 3(33.3) 소 (n=9) 돼지 (n=38) 닭 (n=12) 1 RA 1(11.1) 소계 4(44.4) 2 TE, RA 1(11.1) 3 GM, E, TE 1(11.1) GM, E, TE, RA 1(11.1) 4 E, C, TE, RA 1(11.1) 소계 2(22.2) 0-2(5.3) 1 TE 3(7.9) E, TE 2(5.3) 2 TE, RA 21(55.3) 소계 23(60.5) GM, TE, RA 1(2.6) 3 E, TE, RA 4(10.5) 소계 5(13.2) 4 GM, E, TE, RA 1(2.6) GM, CIP, E, TE, RA 1(2.6) 5 GM, E, C, TE, RA 3(7.9) 소계 4(10.5) 0-0(0.0) 1 RA 1(8.3) GM, TE 1(8.3) CIP, RA 1(8.3) E, TE 1(8.3) 2 E, RA 1(8.3) C, TE 1(8.3) TE, RA 3(25.0) 소계 8(66.7) CIP, E, TE 1(8.3) 3 E, TE, RA 2(16.7) 소계 3(8.3) - 84 -
0-1(11.1) Te 3(33.3) 소 (n=9) 돼지 (n=38) 닭 (n=12) 1 Ri 1(11.1) 소계 4(44.4) 2 Te, Ri 1(11.1) 3 Am, Ma, Te 1(11.1) Am, Ma, Te, Ri 1(11.1) 4 Ma, Ch, Te, Ri 1(11.1) 소계 2(22.2) 0-2(5.3) 1 Te 3(7.9) Ma, Te 2(5.3) 2 Te, Ri 21(55.3) 소계 23(60.5) Am, Te, Ri 1(2.6) 3 Ma, Te, Ri 4(10.5) 소계 5(13.2) 4 Am, Ma, Te, Ri 1(2.6) Am, Qu, Ma, Te, Ri 1(2.6) 5 Am, Ma, Ch, Te, Ri 3(7.9) 소계 4(10.5) 0-0(0.0) 1 Ri 1(8.3) Am, Te 1(8.3) Qu, Ri 1(8.3) Ma, Te 1(8.3) 2 Ma, Ri 1(8.3) Ch, Te 1(8.3) Te, Ri 3(25.0) 소계 8(66.7) Qu, Ma, Te 1(8.3) 3 Ma, Te, Ri 2(16.7) 소계 3(8.3) - 85 -
항생제 항생제별내성균주수 (%) 소 (n=86) 돼지 (n=104) 닭 (n=117) 내성중간내성내성중간내성내성중간내성 내성 계 (n=307) 중간내성 Ampicillin (AM) 0(0.0) - 0(0.0) - 0(0.0) - 0(0.0) - Amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (AmC) 0(0.0) - 0(0.0) - 0(0.0) - 0(0.0) - Cefotaxime (CTX) 85(98.8) 1(1.2) 104(100.1) 0(0.0) 117(100.0) 0(0.0) 306(99.7) 1(0.3) Gentamicin (GM) 46(53.5) 24(27.9) 63(60.6) 28(26.9) 70(59.8) 42(35.9) 179(58.3) 94(30.6) Ciprofloxacin (CIP) 17(19.8) 29(33.7) 14(13.5) 62(59.6) 10(8.5) 52(44.4) 41(13.4) 143(46.6) Erythromycin (E) 39(45.3) 16(18.6) 51(49.0) 33(31.7) 72(61.5) 15(12.8) 162(52.8) 64(20.8) Vancomycin (VA) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Chloramphenicol (C) 20(23.3) 2(2.3) 22(21.2) 4(3.8) 8(6.8) 4(3.4) 50(16.3) 10(3.3) Tetracycline (TE) 65(75.6) 0(0.0) 96(92.3) 0(0.0) 112(95.7) 0(0.0) 273(88.9) 0(0.0) Rifampin (RA) 15(17.4) 22(25.6) 26(25.0) 17(16.3) 1(0.9) 32(27.4) 42(13.7) 71(23.1) - 86 -
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소 (n=86) 돼지 (n=104) 0-14(16.3) 1 2 3 4 5 Am 4(4.7) Te 13(15.1) Ri 1(1.2) 소계 18(20.9) Am, Te 7(8.1) Am, Ri 2(2.3) Ma, Te 7(8.1) Te, Ri 4(4.7) 소계 20(23.3) Am, Ma, Te 6(7.0) Am, Te, Ri 1(1.2) Qu, Ch, Te 1(1.2) 소계 8(9.3) Am, Qu, Ma, Te 3(3.5) Am, Ma, Ch, Te 4(4.7) Am, Ma, Te, Ri 3(3.5) 소계 10(11.6) Am, Qu, Ma, Ch, Te 12(14.0) Am, Qu, Ma, Te, Ri 1(1.2) Am, Ma, Ch, Te, Ri 3(3.5) 소계 16(18.6) 0-3(2.9) 1 2 3 4 Am 1(1.0) Te 21(20.2) Ri 3(2.9) 소계 25(24.0) Am, Te 13(12.5) Am, Ri 1(1.0) Ma, Te 7(6.7) Ch, Te 1(1.0) Te, Ri 5(4.8) 소계 27(26.0) Am, Ma, Te 15(14.4) Am, Te, Ri 5(4.8) Qu, Ma, Te 1(1.0) 소계 21(20.2) Am, Qu, Ma, Te 1(1.0) Am, Ma, Ch, Te 7(6.7) Am, Ma, Te, Ri 4(3.8) 소계 12(11.5) - 89 -
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1. 동물용 ( 축산용및수산용 ) 항생제사용실태조사 가. 2001년부터 2003년까지용도별판매실적은사료첨가용 ( 판매량의 54%) 로가장많았으며, 자가치료및예방용도, 수의사처방용도순이었고, 2004년 9월현재까지는자가치료및예방용도로사용된것이약 50% 이었다. 나. 축종별항생제판매량은돼지, 닭, 수산용, 소의순서로많았고, 이는사육두수와비례하는것으로나타났다. 다. 항생제판매량이 `01년도 1,595톤, `02년도 1,541톤, `03년도 1,439톤이었고, 2004년 9월현재까지는 968톤이었다. 라. 항생제종류별로는 Tetracycline 계열이년간약 645톤 ( 약 50%) 으로가장많았고, 다음이 Sulfonamide 계, Penicillin 계순이었다. 2. 동물및축산물유래항생제내성균분포조사항생제내성균분포조사는지표세균으로 E. coli와 Ent. faecalis/faecium, 병원성세균으로 Salmonella spp., Staph. aureus, Campylo. jejuni( 농장분변에한함 ) 을대상으로하였고, Enterobacteriaciae에는 Ampicillin등 17종항생제, Staph. aureus는 Penicillin등 8종항생제, Enterococcus에는 Ampicillin등 10종항생제를대상으로내성양상을조사하였다. 가. 동물유래항생제내성균분포조사소는 14개농장에서 139 분변시료를채취하여 E. coli 130주, E. faecium 23주및 E. faecalis 40주, Campylo. jejuni 2주를분리하였으며, 돼지는 15개농장에서 236 분변시료를채취하여 E. coli 227주, E. faecium 88주및 E. faecalis 87주, Campylo. spp. 15주를분리하였다. 닭은 15개농장에서 150시료를채취하여 E. coli 168주, Salmonella enteritidis 3주, Staph. aureus 57주 E. faecium 187주및 E. faecalis 53주를분리하였으나, Campylo. jejuni는분리되지않았다. - 93 -
1) Salmonella spp. 닭에서분리된 Salmonella enteritidis 3주에대한내성시험결과 Ampicillin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, Erythromycin에 3주모두 (100%) 내성을, Streptomycin과 Chloramphenicol에각각 2균주 (66.7%) 가내성을나타내었다. 또한분리된 3균주중 2주가각각 4제 (AM, AmC, S, E / AM, AmC, E, C) 에 1주는 5제 (AM, AmC, S, E, C) 에대하여다제내성을나타내었다. 2) E. coli 소분변유래 E. coli는 Tetracycline에대한내성율이 39.2% 로가장높았으며, Streptomycin, Ampicillin에대한내성율이각각 20% 와 11.5% 로나타났으며, 130주중 32주 (24.6%) 가 2개이상의항생제에다제내성을나타내었다. 돼지분변유래 E. coli는 Tetracycline 내성율이 95.2% 로가장높은것으로조사되었으며, Streptomycin, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol의내성율이높았고, Quinolone계내성율은 7.9% 였으며, 192주 (84.5%) 가 2개이상의항생제에대한다제내성을나타내었다. 닭분변유래 E. coli 168주중 136주 (81.0%) 가 Tetracycline에내성을내성을나타냈고, 99주 (58.9%) 가 Ampicillin에, 103주 (61.3%) 가 Streptomycin에, 76주 (45.2%) 가 Ciprofloxacin에, 79주 (47.0%) 가 Enrofloxacin에, 74주 (44.0%) 가 Norfloxacin에, 54주 (32.1%) 가 Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprime에내성을나타내었다. 축종별로항생제내성율을조사해본결과돼지및닭에서항생제에대해내성율이상대적으로높게나타났다. 3) Staph. aureus 닭분변에서분리된 Staph. aureus 57주중 38주 (66.7%) 가 Tetracycline에, 28주 (49.1%) 가 Penicillin에, 24주 (42.1) 가 Erythromycin에, 7주 (12.3%) 가 Clindamycin에, 6주 (10.5%) 가 Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim에내성을나타내었다. 분리균 57주중 5주 (8.8%) 가검사한모든종류의항생제에감수성을나타내었고, 30주 (52.6%) 가 2계열이상의다제내성을나타내었다. 그러나, 사회적으로문제시되고있는 VRSA 같은수퍼박테리아는검출되지않았다. 4) Enterococcus spp. 소분변유래 Enterococcus faecium 23주중 19주 (82.6%) 가 Rifampin에대해내성을나타내었으며 Tetracycline와 Erythromycin에대해내성을나타낸균주가각각 9주 (39.1%) 와 6주 (26.1%) 였고, 23주중 12주 (52.2%) 가 2종류이상의항생제에다제내성을나타내었다. 돼지분변유래 Enterococcus faecium 88주중 Tetracycline과 Erythromycin에대해내성을나타낸균주가각각 75주 (85.2%) 와 55주 (62.5%) 였고, 66주 (75%) 가 2종류이상의항생제에다제내성을나타내었다. 닭분변유래의분리균 187주중 154주 (82.4%) 가 tetracycline에내성을나타내었고, 70주 (37.4%) 가 Gentamicin에, 112주 (59.9%) 가 Ciprofloxacin에, 118주 (63.1%) 가 Erythromycin에, 50주 - 94 -
(26.7%) 가 Rifampin에내성을나타내었으며, 149주 (79.7%) 는 2계열이상의항생제에다제내성을나타내었다. 한편, 소분변유래 Enterococcus faecalis 40주중 25주 (62.5%) 가 Tetracycline에내성을나타내었으며 20주 (50%) 가 Rifampin에내성을나타내었으며, 34주 (85%) 가 2종이상의항생제에다제내성을나타내었다. 돼지분변유래 Enterococcus faecalis 87주중 86주 (98.8%) 가 Tetracycline에내성을나타내었으며, 76주 (62.5%) 가 Erythromycin에내성을나타내었고, 85주 (97.7%) 가 2종이상의항생제에다제내성을나타내었다. 닭분변유래분리균 53주모두가 Tetracycline에내성을나타내었고, 35주 (66.0%) 가 ciprofloxacin에, 51주 (96.2%) 가 erythromycin에내성이었고, 또한모든균주가 2계열이상의항생제에다제내성을나타내었다. 대장균과마찬가지로대체적으로소보다돼지와닭에서분리된균이항생제내성율이높게나타났으며, Vancomycin에내성을나타내는 VRE는소, 돼지, 닭에서검출되지않았다. 4) Campylobacter coli/jejuni 분리된 C. jeuni 3주중 1주 (33.3%) 가 Quinolone계에내성을나타내었으며, Tetracycline에는 2주 (66.6%) 가내성을나타내었으며, 분리된 C. coli 14주중 12주 (85.7%) 가 Quinolone계에내성을나타내었으며, Tetracycline에는 11주 (78.6%) 가내성을나타내었다. 나. 축산물유래항생제내성균분포조사소는 14개도축장에서 123 시료를채취하여 E. coli 116주, Staph. aureus 16주, E. faecium 9주및 E. faecalis 86주를분리하였다. 돼지는 18개도축장에서 178 시료를채취하여 Salmonella spp. 9주, E. coli 138주, Staph. aureus 25주, E. faecium 38주및 E. faecalis 104주를분리하였다. 닭은 14개도계장에서 140 시료를채취하여 Salmonella spp. 16주, E. coli 159주, Staph. aureus 26주, E. faecium 12주및 E. faecalis 117주를분리하였다. 1) Salmonella spp. Salmonella는다른균종에비하여모든항생제에대하여내성율이낮게나타났으며, 돼지, 닭 2 축종모두에서 Tetracycline에높은내성율을나타내었고, Ampicillin, Streptomycin내성을나타내었다. Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin, Sulfonamides, Tetracycline등 5제항생제에내성을갖는 ACSSuT 내성균주는검출되지않았다. 2) E. coli 소도체에서분리된 E. coli는시험항생제 17종모두에감수성인균주는분리균 116주중 54균주 (46.6%) 이었고, 54균주 (46.6%) 가 Tetracycline에가장높은내성율을나타내었으며, Streptomycin(26.7%), Ampicillin(23.3%) 의순으로내성율을나타내었다. 4개이상의항생제에내성을 - 95 -
나타내는다제내성균주가 18균주 (15.5%) 이었으며, 8개항생제에내성을나타내는균주 (1균주, 0.9%) 도분리되었다. 돼지도체에서유래된 E. coli는소도체유래균과같이 Tetracycline(96.4%), Streptomycin(58.0%), Ampicillin(53.6%) 순으로높은내성율을나타내었다. 4개이상의항생제에내성을나타내는다제내성균은 56균주 (40.6%) 이었으며, 8개이상의항생제에내성을나타내는균주도 5균주 (3.6%) 분리되었다. 닭도체에서유래된 E. coli도소, 돼지도체유래균과같이 Tetracycline(96.2%), Streptomycin(73.0%), Ampicillin(64.2%) 순으로내성율을나타내었다. 그러나소와돼지유래의균과는달리 Fluoroquinolone계항생제에도약 50% 이상의내성율을나타내었다. 108균주 (67.9%) 가 4제이상의항생제에내성을나타내었으며, 31균주 (19.5%) 는 8제이상의항생제에내성을나타내었다. 소, 돼지, 닭등모든축종에서공히 Tetracycline에대하여내성율이가장높았으며, 돼지와닭도체유래분리균이소도체유래분리균보다내성율이상대적으로높게나타났다. 3) Staph. aureus 소도체유래분리균 16균주중 8균주 (50.0%) 는 Penicillin에, 3균주 (18.83%) 는 Tetracycline에내성을나타내었으며, 분리균중 8균주 (50%) 는모든시험항생제에감수성을나타내었으며, 2균주 (12.5%) 가 4제의항생제에내성을나타내었다. 돼지도체유래 Staph. aureus는소도체분리균과같이 Penicillin(88.0%), Tetracycline(80.0%) 순으로내성을나타내었으며, Oxacillin, Amikacin, Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, Vancomycin에도모두감수성을나타내었으며, 4제이상의항생제에내성을나타내는균은 4균주 (16.0%) 였다. 닭도체에서분리된균은 Tetracycline에 24균주 (92.3%) 가내성을나타내었으며, Penicillin 에 34.6% 로소와돼지도체유래분리균에비해상대적으로낮은내성율을나타내었으며, 4제이상의항생제에내성을나타내는균은 3균주 (11.5%) 이었다. 모든축종에서 Vancomycin이나 Oxacillin에내성인 Staph. aureus균은검출되지않았다. 4) Enterococcus faecium. 소도체유래분리균주 7주 (77.7%) 는 Tetracycline에내성을보였고, 4주 (44.4%) 는 Rifampin에내성을나타내었고, 2균주 (22.2%) 가 4제이상의항생제에다제내성을나타내었다. 돼지도체유래분리균은 Tetracycline(94.7%), Rifampin(81.6%), Erythromycin(28.9%) 에내성을나타내었고, 4제이상의항생제에내성을나타내는다제내성균은 5균주 (13.2%) 였다. 닭도체에서분리된 E. faecium은 Tetracyclin(75.0%), Rifampin(66.6%), Erythromycin(41.7%) 순으로내성율을나타내었고, 4제이상의항생제에다제내성을나타내는균은분리되지않았다. 소, 돼지, 닭 3축종모두에서 Tetracycline에대한내성율이가장높게나타났으며, Vancomycin 내성인 VRE균은검출되지않았다. - 96 -
5) E. faecalis - 97 -
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< 참고 1> 동물용의약품안전사용기준 - 단일제 - 동물용의약품대상동물용법 용량휴약기간 아목시실린 (Amoxicillin) 소 (5 개월이하 ) 돼지 (4 개월이하 ) 1 일용량으로체중 kg 당 10mg 이하의양을경구투여소 20 일 돼지 15 일 암피실린 (Ampicillin) 소 (6 개월이하 ) 돼지 닭 1 일용량으로체중 kg 당 15mg 이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여 1 일용량으로체중 kg 당 2mg 이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여 1 일용량으로체중 kg 당 10mg 이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여 소 5 일 돼지 5 일 닭 2 일 암피실린 (Ampicillin) 소 돼지 1 일용량으로체중 kg 당 10mg 이하의양을근육, 또는피하주사 1 일용량으로체중 kg 당 8mg 이하의양을근육, 또는피하주사 소 28 일 ( 착유전 3 일 ) 돼지 7 일 암피실린 (Ampicillin) 소 1 일용량으로 1 두당 500mg 이하의양을자궁내주입소 5 일 ( 착유전 12 시간 ) 카바독스 (Carbadox) 돼지 1 일용량으로체중 kg 당 8mg 이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여돼지 70 일 염산클로르테트라싸소 ( 착유시제외 ) 1일용량으로체중kg 당 20mg이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여이클린 (Chlortetracy 돼지 1일용량으로체중kg 당 30mg이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여 cline HCL) 닭, 오리 ( 산란시제외 ) 220mg이하의양을음수1L에녹여경구투여 소 10 일 돼지 15 일 닭, 오리 7 일 다노푸록사신 (Danofloxacin) 소 ( 착유시제외 ) 1일용량으로체중kg 당 1.25mg 이하의양을근육또는피하주사돼지 1일용량으로체중kg 당 1.25mg 이하의양을근육또는피하주사닭, 오리 ( 산란시제외 ) 1일용량으로체중kg 당 5mg이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여 소 5 일 돼지 25 일 닭, 오리 5 일 디클록사실린나트륨 (Dicloxacillin sodium) 소 ( 착유시제외 ) 건유초기에분방당 500mg 이하의양을주입소 30 일 엔로푸록사신 (Enrofloxacin) 소 (3 개월이하 ) 닭 ( 산란시제외 ) 1 일용량으로체중 kg 당 5mg 이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여 음수 1L 당 50mg 이하의양을녹여경구투여 소 30 일 닭 12 일 엔로푸록사신 (Enrofloxacin) 소 ( 착유시제외 ) 돼지 1 일용량으로체중 kg 당 5mg 이하의양을피하또는근육주사 1 일용량으로체중 kg 당 5mg 이하의양을피하또는근육주사 소 20 일 돼지 20 일 에리스로마이신치오시아네이트 (Erythromycin thiocyanate) 닭 ( 산란시제외 ) 122mg 이하의양을 1L 의음수에녹여경구투여닭 5 일 에리스로마이신 (Erythromycin) 소 (6 개월이하 ) 돼지 1 일용량으로체중 kg 당 8mg 이하의양을근육주사 1 일용량으로체중 Kg 당 20mg 이하의양을근육주사 소 14 일 돼지 7 일 - 101 -
동물용의약품대상동물용법 용량휴약기간 후로르페니콜 (Florfenicol) 돼지사료톤당 40g이하의양을사료에혼합하여경구투여방어, 송어, 은어, 뱀장어 1일용량으로체중 kg당 10mg이하의양을사료에혼합하여경구투여 돼지 3 일 방어 5 일 송어, 은어 14 일, 뱀장어 7 일 후루메퀸 (Flumequine) 방어, 광어, 송어, 잉어, 붕어, 뱀장어 1 일용량으로체중 kg 당 20mg 이하의양을사료에혼합하여 경구투여 방어, 광어, 송어, 잉어, 붕어, 뱀장어 8 일 겐타마이신 (Gentamicin) 황산겐타마이신 (Gentamicin sulfate) 황산카나마이신 (Kanamycin sulfate) 황산카나마이신 (Kanamycin sulfate) 돼지 1일용량으로체중 kg당 2.2.mg 이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여 돼지 14일 돼지 1일용량으로 5mg이하의양을근육주사 돼지 40일 돼지 사료톤당 180g이하의양을사료에혼합하여경구투여 돼지 14일 닭 ( 산란시제외 ) 사료톤당 90g이하의양을사료에혼합하여경구투여 닭 7일 소 ( 착유시제외 ) 1일용량으로체중 kg당 15mg이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여 소 5일 돼지 1일용량으로체중 kg당 15mg이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여 돼지 10일 닭 1일용량으로체중 kg당 100mg 이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여 닭 7일 황산카나마이신 (Kanamycin sulfate) 소 돼지 닭 1 일용량으로체중 kg 당 10mg 이하의양을근육주사 1 일용량으로체중 kg 당 20mg 이하의양을근육주사 1 일용량으로체중 kg 당 50mg 이하의양을근육주사 소 30일 ( 착유전36 시간 ) 돼지 30일닭14일 ( 산란전10 일 ) 황산카나마이신 돼지 (Kanamycin sulfate) 1일용량으로 1두당 160mg 이하의양을비강내분무 돼지 3일 소 ( 착유시제외 ) 황산네오마이신돼지 (Neomycin sulfate) 닭 1 일용량으로체중 kg 당 20mg 이하의양을사료에혼합경구투여 사료톤당 200g 이하의양을사료에혼합하여경구투여 사료톤당 200g 이하의양을사료에혼합하여경구투여 소 30 일 돼지 20 일 닭 14 일 노푸록사신 (Norfloxacin) 닭 ( 산란시제외 ) 1일용량으로닭 1000수당 1주령에 2g이하,2-6주령에 5g이하, 7-18 닭 5일주령에 10g이하, 성계에 12g이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여 올라퀸독스 (Olaquindox) 돼지사료톤당 50g 이하의양을사료에혼합하여경구투여돼지 28 일 옥소린닉산 (Oxolinic acid) 돼지닭 ( 산란시제외 ) 방어송어잉어뱀장어 1일용량으로체중 kg당 20mg이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여 1일용량으로체중 kg당 10mg이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여 1일용량으로체중 kg당 30mg이하의양을사료에혼합경구투여 1일용량으로체중 kg당 20mg이하의양을사료에혼합경구투여 1일용량으로체중 kg당 10mg이하의양을사료에혼합경구투여 1일용량으로체중 kg당 20mg이하의양을사료에혼합경구투여 돼지 5일닭 5일방어 16일송어 21일잉어 28일뱀장어 25일 옥소린닉산 (Oxolinic acid) 뱀장어 은어 5g 을물 1 톤에녹여약욕 10g 을물 1 톤에녹여약욕 뱀장어 25 일 은어 14 일 염산옥시테트라사이클린 (Oxytetcycline HCL) 소 ( 착유시제외 ) 돼지닭, 오리 ( 산란시제외 ) 1 일용량으로체중 Kg 당 20mg 이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여 1 일용량으로체중 Kg 당 11mg 이하의양을음수에녹여경구투여 500mg 이하의양을 1L 의음수에녹여경구투여 소 7 일돼지 7 일닭, 오리 7 일 - 102 -