발간등록번호 년도 국가항생제사용및내성모니터링 - 가축, 축 수산식품 -

발간등록번호 11-1543061-000142-01 2014 년도 국가항생제사용및내성모니터링 - 가축, 축 수산식품 -

CONTENTS Ⅰ. 요약문... Ⅱ. 모니터링개요... Ⅲ. 축 수산용항생제판매량 제1장총괄판매실적... 제2장축종별판매실적... 제3장항생제성분별판매실적... Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 제1장대상세균분리및동정... 제2장지표세균의항생제내성 1. Escherichia coli... 2. Enterococcus faecium... 3. Enterococcus faecalis... 제3장식중독세균의항생제내성 1. Salmonella spp.... 2. Campylobacter jejuni/coli... 3. Staphylococcus aureus... 제4장가축병원성세균의항생제내성 1. Escherichia coli... 2. Salmonella spp.... 3. Pasteurella multocida... 4. Actinobacillius pleuropneumoniae... 5. Streptococcus suis... Ⅴ. 국내유통축 수산식품및수입축산물의항생제내성 제1장대상세균분리및동정... 제2장지표세균의항생제내성 1. Escherichia coli... 2. Enterococcus spp.... 제3장식중독세균의항생제내성 1. Salmonelal spp.... 2. Staphylococcus aureus... Ⅵ. 부록 제1장축 수산용항생제사용량조사... 제2장가축및도체에서대상세균분리방법... 제3장축 수산물에서대상세균분리방법... 제4장항생제감수성검사방법... 1 5 7 8 9 18 22 29 35 42 49 58 62 65 68 68 68 72 75 81 83 84 88 89 92 93 Ⅶ. 참고문헌... 100

국문요약문 Ⅰ. 요약문 국문요약문 농림축산식품부가주관하는 축산항생제내성균감시체계구축 사업과식품의약품안전처에서실시한 식품유래미생물의항생제내성및유전형연구 및 수입축산물항생제내성균분포조사 과제에서수행한축산및수산분야항생제판매및가축, 도축장도체, 소매상축산물및수산물, 수입축산물에대한항생제내성현황조사결과는다음과같다. 1. 동물용 ( 축산용및수산용 ) 항생제판매 03년부터국내축산용항생제및항콕시듐제판매량 ( 추정치 ) 을축종별 ( 소, 돼지, 닭, 수산용 ) 및항생제종류별로조사하였다. 14년항생제전체판매량은 635톤으로조사이래최저치로나타났다. 동물용항생제는 03년부터 07년까지약 1,500톤내 외, 10년부터약 1,000톤내 외, 11년부터는 4년연속 1,000톤이하로판매되었다. 축종별로는돼지, 수산용, 닭, 소순으로판매되었으며, 전체판매된항생제및항콕시듐제중돼지에서 47-57%, 닭에서 18-24%, 수산에서 11-26%, 소에서 5-9% 차지하는것으로조사되었다. 14년항생제종류별판매량은 tetracyclines 계 (167톤) 와 penicillins계 (162톤) 항생제가각각약 160톤으로가장많이판매된것으로조사되었다. 대부분의항생제판매량은감소추세를나타냈지만 phenicols계와 cephalosprins계항생제판매량은점차증가하여 06년에비해각각 1.9배와 2.3배증가되었다. 2. 가축및도축장도체유래세균의항생제내성가축및도축장도체의항생제내성실태를조사하기위해정상가축분변및도축장도체에서지표세균총 2,464 균주 (E. coli 1,174균주, E. faecium 451균주, E. faecalis 839균주 ), 식중독세균총 1,013 균주 (Salmonella spp. 292균주, Campylobacter spp. 308균주, S. aureus 413균주 ), 질병에이환된가축에서가축병원성세균총 391주 (E. coli 95균주, Salmonella spp. 85균주, P. multocida 85균주, A. pleuropneumoniae 23균주, S. suis 103균주 ) 를분리하여항생제감수성검사를실시하였다. 항생제감수성검사결과지표세균인 E. coli에서는 tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin의내성이높았으며대체로소 ( 고기 ) 에비해돼지 ( 고기 ) 와닭 ( 고기 ) 에서높게나타났다. 그러나 ceftiofur와 colistin의내성은모든축종및시료에서낮았으나 ceftiofur의내성은닭 (7.3%) 및닭도체 (15.0%) 유래균주에서증가하는것으로나타났다. E. faecium/e. faecalis의내성률은전반적으로감소하는경향을나타내었으며사람에서중요하게사용되는 vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin 등의내성은검출되지않거나매우낮은것으로조사되었다. 식중독세균인 Salmonella spp. 내성률은축종및시료별로다소차이가있었으며 ceftiofur의내성은닭 (37.8%) 및닭도체 (50.9%) 에서높게관찰되었다. Campylobacter spp. 는모든축종 ( 시료 ) 에서 quinolones계항생제 (nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin) 의내성이가장높게나타났으며 macrolides계항생제내성은 C. jejuni에서는낮았으나 C. coli에서는높게나타났다. S. aureus 검사결과모든시료에서 penicillin 내성이가장높았으며 methicillin 내성 S. aureus는총 25(6.1%) 균주가검출되었다. 가축병원성세균은균종별로항생제내성률의차이가있었으며대체로정상가축및축산물에서분리한세균과유사한내성경향을보였으나내성률은높게나타났다. 1

Ⅰ. 요약문 3. 국내유통축 수산식품및수입축산물의항생제내성축 수산식품의항생제내성실태조사를위해소매상에서구입한국내산축 수산식품에서 E. coli 77주, S. aureus 55주및 Enterococcus spp. 7주, Salmonella spp. 9주를분리하였다. E. coli의경우 tetracycline, ampicillin, nalidixic acid의내성이높았으며, 대체로쇠고기에서분리한균주가돼지고기나닭고기유래균주보다내성률이낮았다. S. aureus의경우 penicillin에대한내성률이높았으며 vancomycin, linezolid, mupirocin 등의항생제에는내성을갖는균주가발견되지않았다. Enterococcus spp. 에대해서는 tetracycline 내성률이높았으며분리균주수가적어통계적으로큰의미가없었다. Salmonella는닭고기에서 7주, 돼지고기에서 2주가분리되었으며 nalidixic acid, streptomycin, cephalothin, tetracycline에높은내성을보였으나 ciprofloxacin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol 등에대해서는내성이없었다. 국내산닭고기유래 E. coli의내성률은수입산에비해 phenicols계, quinolone계, fluoroquinolone계의내성률이상대적으로높았다. 수입축산물의항생제내성률조사를위해수입신고된축산물등에서 E. coli 29주, S. aureus 13주및 Enterococcus spp. 9주를분리하였다. E. coli는 streptomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin의내성이다른항생제에비해높았다. 닭고기를제외하고는분리균주수가작아축종별내성률은큰의미를부여할수없었다. S. aureus의경우 erythromycin, clindamycin에대한내성률이높았으며, penicillin 내성률은국내산이나전년도수입산유래균주보다낮아졌으며지속적인추세관찰이필요할것으로판단된다. Vancomycin, linezolid, mupirocin 등의항생제에는내성을갖는균주가발견되지않았다. Enterococcus spp. 에대해서는자연내성이있다고알려진 quinupristin/dalfopristin을제외하면 tetracycline 등의내성률이높았으며 gentamycin, vancomycin, tigecycline, linezolid, chloramphenicol 등의항생제에는모두감수성을나타냈다. Key words : 가축, 축산물, 수산물, 항생제내성, 항생제판매량 2

Summary Summary Under the project "Establishment of antimicrobial resistance surveillance system for livestock" by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and under the project "Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and genetic analysis of foodborne bacteria", and Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance of foodborne bacteria from imported meats by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, we investigated the amount of antimicrobials sold for use in livestock and fisheries and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from food producing animals, carcasses, retail food and imported meats in Korea during 2014. The main results of the investigations are summarized as follows: 1. Antimicrobial use in livestock The trends in the sales of antimicrobials in animals and fisheries were investigated by animal species and antimicrobial agents in Korea from 2003. In total, around 1,500 tons of antimicrobials were sold each year during 2003-2007, however, the amounts tend to decrease to around 1,000 tons from 2008. Furthermore, less than 1,000 tons of antimicrobials were sold from 2011 to 2014 for the four consecutive years and 635 tons of antimicrobials were sold in 2014 which was the lowest since 2003. The largest volume of antimicrobials was sold for use in pigs (47-57%) followed by poultry (18-24%), fishery (11-26%), and cattle (5-9%). Tetracycline(167 tons) and penicillins (162 tons) were the biggest selling antimicrobial. Overall sale of most of antimicrobials gradually decreased, however, the sales of phenicols and cephalosporins increased by 1.9 and 2.3 times from 2006 to 2014, respectively. 2. Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in animals and carcasses To investigate the antimicrobial resistance in animals and carcasses, 2,464 indicator bacteria and 1,013 foodborne pathogens were isolated from fecal samples and carcasses of animals during 2014: 1,174 E. coli, 451 E. faecium, 839 E. faecalis, 292 Salmonella spp., 308 Campylobacter spp., and 413 S. aureus. In addition, a total of 391 pathogenic bacteria were isolated from diseased animals: 95 E. coli, 85 Salmonella spp., 85 P. multocida, 23 A. pleuropneumoniae, and 103 S. suis. Among the E. coli from healthy animals and carcasses, high rates of resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, and streptomycin was observed but resistance to colistin and ceftiofur was rare except for ceftiofur resistance in poultry (7.3%) and chicken carcasses (15.0%). Resistance of E. faecium and E. faecalis gradually decreased for most antimicrobials and no or low rates of resistance were observed for vancomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid that are used for treatment of important bacterial disease in humans. Generally, higher rates of resistance and MIC levels were observed in indicator bacteria isolated from pigs (pig carcasses) and poultry (chicken carcasses) than those from cattle (cattle carcasses). Among the Salmonella isolates, resistance varied according to animal species and carcass samples. Resistance to ceftiofur, a 3 rd generation cephem, was observed in poultry (37.8%) and chicken carcass (50.9%) isolates. Regardless the origin of the isolates, Campylobacter spp. showed the highest resistance rate to ciprofloxacin. There was a tendency for C. coli to be more resistant than C. jejuni to the macrolides. Penicillin resistance was highest among S. aureus isolates from all kinds of meat 3

Ⅰ. 요약문 samples. Meanwhile, a total of 25 (6.1%) methicillin resistant S. aureus was detected in carcass samples. The level of resistance in pathogenic bacteria from diseased animals was higher than that of indicator bacteria from healthy animals, although the resistance of pathogenic bacteria varied according to bacterial species and antimicrobials. 3. Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in retail food and imported meats A total of 77 E. coli, 55 S. aureus, 7 Enterococcus spp. and 9 Salmonella spp. were isolated to investigate antimicrobial resistance of food-borne bacteria from retail meats and fishery products that were produced in Korea. For E. coli, high resistance rate for tetracycline, ampicillin and nalidixic acid were observed. Generally, strains from beefs had lower resistance rate compared to those from porks and chicken meats. Resistance of S. aureus showed high rate to penicillin, and all strains were susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, mupirocin etc. For Enterococcus spp., tetracycline resistance was high but its statistical meaning was not clear because of small number of isolated strains. Seven strains of Salmonella were isolated from chicken meats and the others from porks. They showed high resistance to nalidixic acid, streptomycin, cephalothin and tetracycline but were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol etc. Compared to strains from imported chicken meat, E. coli strains from domestic chicken meat showed higher resistance in phenicols, quinolones and fluoroquinolones. To investigate antimicrobial resistance of bacteria from imported meats 51 strains of bacteria were isolated (29 E. coli, 13 S. aureus, 9 Enterococcus spp.). For E. coli, streptomycin, tetracycline and ampicillin resistance was higher than those of the other antimicrobials. Small numbers of isolates from beef and pork made it difficult to compare antimicrobial resistances from various livestock. Resistance of S. aureus showed high rate to erythromycin and clindamycin and penicillin resistance was decreased compared to last year and quite lower than that of domestic strains. No strain was found that had resistance to vancomycin, linezolid, mupirocin etc. For Enterococcus spp., resistance of tetracycline was highest except for quinupristin/dalfopristin that was known as intrinsic resistance by Enterococcus faecalis. And all isolated strains were susceptible to gentamicin, vancomycin, tigecycline linezolid, chloramphenicol etc. Key words : Livestock, animal products, food, antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial consumption 4

Ⅱ. 모니터링개요 Ⅱ. 모니터링개요 축산분야에서항생제는질병치료및예방과생산성향상등축산업이발전하는데기여한바가크다. 그러나 항생제오 남용으로인한내성균증가로가축질병치료의어려움으로축산농가에경제적손실을초래할수있으며특히가축접촉, 축산물, 축산환경등을통해사람으로전달될수있어공중보건학적으로도중요하다. 전문가들은이러한항생제내성문제를극복하기위해서는국가차원의항생제내성모니터링시스템을구축하여현황을파악하는것이우선적으로필요하다고강조하고있다. 미국, 유럽등선진국에서는 1990년대중반부터국가차원의항생제내성균모니터링프로그램을구축하여운용하고있다. 대표적인것으로덴마크의 DANMAP(Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme), 미국의 NARMS(National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System), 캐나다의 CIPARS(Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance), 일본의 JVARM(Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System), 스웨덴의 SVARM(Swedish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring) 등이있다. 덴마크, 캐나다등선진국에서는모니터링결과를위해도분석, 항생제관련정책결정, 내성균에대한연구방향설정등에활용하여과학적근거에의한적절한항생제사용전략으로점차항생제내성률이낮아지고있다. 국내축산분야항생제내성모니터링사업은가축과도축장도체에대해서는 2003년부터농림축산검역본부 ( 구국립수의과학검역원 ) 에서 축산용항생제관리시스템구축 사업을수행하였으며, 2008년부터는농림축산식품부가주관하는 축산항생제내성균감시체계구축 사업으로확대실시하게되었다. 본사업은농림축산검역본부와 16개시 도가축위생시험소및보건환경연구원, 한국동물약품협회가참여하고있다. 본사업의목적은 1) 축산 ( 가축및수산 ) 용항생제사용량을조사하고, 2) 가축및식육유래세균에대해항생제내성을조사하는데있다. 이러한항생제사용및내성모니터링결과는가축에서사용하는항생제가공중보건에미치는영향을평가하고, 축산항생제관리정책결정, 항생제내성연구방향설정등의기초자료로활용할수있다. 축산항생제내성감시체계구축 사업은농림축산식품부의행정적, 재정적지원으로농림축산검역본부, 각시 도가축위생시험소및보건환경연구원, 한국동물약품협회가참여하고있다. 축 수산용항생제판매량은한국동물약품에서자체개발한프로그램을이용하여축산 ( 소, 돼지, 닭 ) 및수산용으로판매된항생제를축종별, 용도별, 항생제별로조사하였다. 가축및도축장도체유래항생제내성조사는 14개시 도가축위생시험소에서가축및도체에서시료를채취하여지표세균 ( 대장균, 장구균 ) 과식중독세균 ( 살모넬라균, 캠필로박터균, 황색포도상구균 ), 가축병원성세균 ( 병원성대장균, 살모넬라균, 파스튜렐라균, 엑틴노바실러스균, 연쇄상구균, 헤모필루스균 ) 을분리하여분리균주를농림축산검역본부로송부하고농림축산검역본부에서는송부한균주에대해항생제감수성검사를수행하고분석하였다. 유통중인축 수산물에대해서는식품의약품안전처에서 2003년부터유통식품에대하여지속적으로항생제내성률을모니터링하고있으며, 2013년조직개편이후수입축산물에대한항생제내성실태조사도수행하고있다. 유통축 수산물및수입축산물의항생제내성도가축및도체의항생제내성검사방법과동일하게지표세균및식중독세균에대해서조사하였다 (Fig. 1). 5

Ⅱ. 모니터링개요 본보고서에서는 2014 년축 수산용항생제판매실태조사결과와가축, 도축장도체, 유통단계의축 수산물, 수입축산물등생산부터유통단계까지의항생제내성조사결과를통합하여기술하였다. 항생제판매량 한국동물약품협회 조사결과 가축 도체 시 도시험소, 보건환경연구원 시 도시험소, 보건환경연구원 분리균주농림축산검역본부분리균주 검사결과 국가항생제사용및내성모니터링 - 가축, 축산식품 소매상축 수산물 식품의약품안전처 검사결과 수입축산물 식품의약품안전처 검사결과 Fig. 1. 축 수산항생제내성모니터링개요 6

제 1 장총괄판매실적 Ⅲ. 축산용항생제판매량 제 1 장. 총괄판매실적 ( 추정치 ) 연도별총항생제및항콕시듐제의판매실적을살펴보면, 14년에는 635톤으로 01년판매량을조사한이래가장낮았다. 항생제판매량추이를보면 06년도 1,458톤, 07년도 1,527톤으로, 06년부터 07년까지는약 1,500톤내 외로판매되었다. 그러나 08년부터점차감소하여 08년 1,211톤, 09년 998톤, 10년 1,047톤으로약 1,000톤내외가판매되었다. 11년부터는 1,000톤이하로감소되어 11년 956톤, 12년 936톤, 13년 820톤, 14년 635톤으로 11년부터 4년연속 1,000톤이하로판매되었다 (Table 1). 일반적으로항생제판매량은그해가축사육두수, 질병발생등에따라크게달라질수있다. 4년연속 1, 000톤이하로판매된기간 ( 11-14년) 의가축사육두수는항생제판매량이비교적높았던기간 ( 06-07년) 에비해, 돼지사육두수는약 1% 로감소하였지만소는약 25%, 닭은약 17% 증가하여전반적으로가축의사육두수증가에도불구하고판매량은크게감소하여실제농가에서사용된항생제량이감소한것으로생각된다 (Fig. 2). Table 1. 항생 ( 항균 ) 제판매실적총괄 ( 단위 : kg ) 구분 연도별항생제판매실적 2006 년도 2007 년도 2008 년도 2009 년도 2010 년도 2011 년도 2012 년도 2013 년도 2014 년도 항생제 1,373,076 1,438,486 1,136,894 923,199 978,584 878,224 855,649 765,092 591,090 항콕시듐제 84,732 88,227 73,722 74,968 68,328 78,067 80,720 55,267 43,863 합계 1,457,808 1,526,713 1,210,616 998,167 1,046,912 956,291 936,369 820,359 634,953 < 자료출처 : 한국동물약품협회 > 12000 180 10000 160 140 Tousands of animals 8000 6000 4000 120 100 80 60 Millions of broilers 2000 40 20 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Cattle Pigs Poultry 0 Fig. 2. 가축사육두수동향 (2006~2014 년 ) < 자료출처 : 통계청가축통계 > 7

Ⅲ. 축산용항생제판매량 제 2 장. 축종별판매실적 ( 추정치 ) 06 년도부터 14 년까지축종별항생제및항콕시듐제판매량 ( 추정 ) 을살펴보면, 소, 돼지, 닭및수산용등주요사육가축에서의판매량비율은소는약 5-9%, 돼지는 47-57%, 닭은 18-21%, 수산용은 15-26% 로나타나돼지에서가장많이판매되고수산용, 닭, 소의순으로조사되었다. 연도별로축종에따른판매량은크게차이는없으나 10 년이전까지는돼지에서약 55% 이상판매되었으나 11 년부터 47-48% 로점차감소한추세를나타내었다. 그러나수산용은 10 년이전까지는 20% 이하 (15-19%) 로판매되었으나 11 년부터는약 25% 로점차증가추세를나타내었다 (Table 2, Fig. 3). Table 2. 축종별항생 ( 항균 ) 제판매실적 ( 추정치 ) ( 단위 : kg ) 구분 연도별항생제판매실적 2006년도 2007년도 2008년도 2009년도 2010년도 2011년도 2012년도 2013년도 2014년도 항생제 115,547 114,917 93,533 60,344 53,908 55,061 62,839 61,282 52,868 소 항콕시듐제 3,342 6,337 5,758 2,722 3,535 2,665 2,617 2,256 3,537 소계 118,889 121,254 99,291 63,066 57,443 57,726 65,456 63,538 56,405 항생제 812,882 868,431 653,304 542,726 574,178 452,775 441,020 371,995 307,936 돼항콕시듐제 22,943 5,874 8,226 8,383 7,329 6,545 7,656 12,301 3,619 지소계 835,825 874,305 661,530 551,109 581,507 459,320 448,676 384,296 311,555 항생제 223,353 204,483 196,534 141,759 147,008 131,072 123,862 118,580 85,783 닭 항콕시듐제 58,444 76,016 59,738 63,863 57,464 68,857 70,447 40,710 36,707 소계 281,797 280,499 256,272 205,622 204,472 199,929 194,309 159,290 122,490 수 항생제 221,294 250,655 193,523 178,370 203,490 239,316 227,928 213,235 144,503 산 항콕시듐제 3 - - - - - - - - 용 소계 221,297 250,655 193,523 178,370 203,490 239,316 227,928 213,235 144,503 항생제 1,373,076 1,438,486 1,136,894 923,199 978,584 878,224 855,649 765,092 591,090 계 항콕시듐제 84,732 88,227 73,722 74,968 68,328 78,067 80,720 55,267 43,863 소계 1,457,808 1,526,713 1,210,616 998,167 1,046,912 956,291 936,369 820,359 634,953 < 자료출처 : 한국동물약품협회 > 70% 60% Antimicrobial agents (percentage) 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Cattle Pigs Poultry Aquaculture Fig. 3. 축종별항생 ( 항균 ) 제판매추이비교 8

제 3 장항생제성분별판매실적 제 3 장. 항생제성분별판매실적 ( 추정치 ) 축산용항생제성분별판매량은 tetracycline계열과 penicillin 계열항생제로각각약 160톤이상으로가장많이판매된것으로조사되었다. Tetracyclines계열은 07년까지는연간약 600-700톤판매되었으나점차감소하여 08년에는약 471톤, 09부터 13년까지는약 270-280톤내 외, 14년에약 167톤으로 06년에비해약 70% 이상감소하였다. 그다음으로많이판매되는항생제인 penicillin계열은 07년까지 225-267톤판매되었으나 08년부터 200톤이하, 14년에는약 162톤판매되었다. 배합사료내항생제첨가금지로인한 tetracyclines 계열의감소폭이가장크게나타났으며, sulfonamides계열도 14년에는약 60톤으로 06년에비해 60% 이상감소하였다. 대부분의항생제가 06년에비해크게감소하였으나, phenicols계및 cephems계열의항생제는 06년이후지속적으로증가하였다 (Table 3). 항생제별로는 tetracyclines계열의 oxytetracycline이약 112톤으로가장많이판매되었으며 penicillin계열의 amoxicillin이약 98톤으로판매되었다. 그외 phenicols계열의 florfenicol이약 53톤, cephems 계열의 ceftiofur가약 7톤판매된것으로조사되었다 (Table 4). Table 3. 항생제계열별판매량 ( 단위 : kg ) 항생제 ( 계열 ) 연도별항생제판매량 2006 년도 2007 년도 2008 년도 2009 년도 2010 년도 2011 년도 2012 년도 2013 년도 2014 년도 Tetracyclines 629,984 624,236 470,946 287,712 283,830 308,206 281,974 268,787 166,707 Sulfonamides 184,259 183,209 157,455 92,122 116,797 100,334 102,273 74,587 59,737 Penicillins 225,089 266,968 170,721 150,589 145,466 154,724 189,748 187,320 162,107 Aminoglycosides 82,130 93,727 73,188 51,209 58,975 46,185 46,071 36,945 34,702 Macrolides 74,486 75,342 68,556 88,124 90,638 60,273 55,924 40,934 43,057 Quinolones 47,637 56,585 51,257 37,418 46,102 51,066 49,149 49,727 31,621 Ionophores 84,732 88,227 73,222 74,968 68,328 78,067 80,720 55,267 43,863 Polypeptides 35,198 38,889 43,581 96,532 117,010 56,776 10,236 10,061 7,823 Phenicols 28,268 34,367 35,892 54,543 63,882 59,238 83,423 65,046 54,591 Pleuromutilins 22,648 21,195 20,015 35,025 34,578 22,426 17,740 13,598 13,197 Quinoxalines 9,987 13,070 18,008 4,601 - - - - - Lincosamides 18,084 16,373 12,048 5,674 6,886 7,506 9,172 7,900 7,147 Cephems 3,297 1,962 2,694 3,163 4,980 5,650 7,759 8,065 7,600 Streptogramins 4,522 4,942 5,081 8,164 5,913 3,159 889 626 870 Orthosomycins 4,660 5,429 5,203 5,566 4,214 1,261 143 111 90 Glycolipid 2,407 2,341 1,971 2,469 2,099 897 459 319 210 Others 420-149 778 288-2,786 523 689 1,066 1,631 Total 1,457,808 1,526,713 1,210,616 998,167 1,046,912 956,291 936,369 820,359 634,953 9

Ⅲ. 축산용항생제판매량 Table 4. 항생제성분별판매실적 항생제계열 항생제성분 연도별사용량 (Kg) 2006 년도 2007 년도 2008 년도 2009 년도 2010 년도 2011 년도 2012 년도 2013 년도 2014 년도 Amoxycillin 134,476 143,700 82,418 101,358 91,485 102,734 128,412 112,021 98,164 Ampicillin 28,516 33,757 22,382 23,352 26,646 26,771 34,591 37,359 36272 Penicillins Cloxacillin 112 142 129 118 216 207 88 45 75 Dicloxacillin sodium 475 44 42 35 37 28 36 32 16 Penicillin 61,510 89,325 65,750 25,726 27,082 24,984 26,621 37,863 27,580 소계 225,089 266,968 170,721 150,589 145,466 154,724 189,748 187,320 162,107 Cefadroxil 0 77 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cefoperazone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cefquinome 657 28 18 20 43 43 56 41 29 Cephems Ceftiofur 479 624 1,488 2,230 4,119 4,743 6,784 7,308 6,998 Cephalexin 2,064 1,142 1,042 813 740 846 845 656 527 Cephazolin sodium 97 91 83 100 78 18 74 60 46 소계 3,297 1,962 2,694 3,163 4,980 5,650 7,759 8,065 7,600 Cenfloxacin HCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ciprofloxacin 6,769 9,112 8,062 0 0 0 0 0 0 Danofloxacine 14 14 0 8 7 4 0 4 2 Enrofloxacin 24,138 32,254 26,847 31,257 38,280 41,728 41,340 40,668 24,915 Flumequine 2,736 3,242 1,986 2,099 3,593 3,274 2,586 2,704 1,931 Nalidixic acid 0-1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Quinolones Nitroxoline 431 405 231 260 194 311 29 2 13 Norfloxacin 6,967 6,213 7,365 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ofloxacin 720 1,055 1,526 0 0 0 0 0 0 Orbifloxacin 35 18 16 13 6 0 0 0 0 Oxolinic acid 4,525 3,240 2,932 3,891 4,022 5,749 5,194 6,349 4,760 Pefloxacine 1,302 1,033 2,293-110 0 0 0 0 0 Sarafloxacin HCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 소계 47,637 56,585 51,257 37,418 46,102 51,066 49,149 49,727 31,621 Amikacin sulfate 39 32 40 45 48 40 50 36 25 Apramycin sulfate 5,600 5,186 4,840 15,376 15,709 5,829 1,725 829 952 Destomycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dihydrostreptomycin 11,505 18,461 13,632 10,534 9,917 9,016 9,886 8,283 6,904 Aminoglycosides Gentamicin 3,456 3,984 4,764 4,130 3,736 2,805 3,900 2,367 2,028 Kanamycin 3,637 3,703 3,309 3,085 3,065 2,309 2,786 2,412 2,036 Neomycine 48,204 51,583 37,058 8,633 13,892 13,557 13,972 10,889 11,082 Spectinomycin 4,500 5,188 3,764 4,967 7,622 6,933 8,269 6,685 5,651 Streptomycin sulfate 5,189 5,590 5,781 4,439 4,986 5,696 5,483 5,444 6,024 소계 82,130 93,727 73,188 51,209 58,975 46,185 46,071 36,945 34,702 10

제 3 장항생제성분별판매실적 Table 4. 항생제성분별판매실적 (continued) 항생제계열 항생제성분 연도별사용량 ( kg ) 2006 년도 2007 년도 2008 년도 2009 년도 2010 년도 2011 년도 2012 년도 2013 년도 2014 년도 Chlortetracycline 336,391 308,357 239,481 114,208 101,387 95,228 92,327 75,454 53,225 Doxycycline 2,809 2,905 4,765 6,057 2,869 2,582 1,900 1,553 1,071 Tetracyclines Oxytetracycline 289,956 312,423 226,367 167,447 179,574 210,396 187,747 191,780 112,411 Tetracycline 828 551 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 소계 629,984 624,236 470,946 287,712 283,830 308,206 281,974 268,787 166,707 Clindamycin 1,970 1,367 1,075 409 955 1,294 919 600 625 Lincosamides Lincomycin 16,114 15,006 10,973 5,265 5,931 6,212 8,253 7,300 6,522 소계 18,084 16,373 12,048 5,674 6,886 7,506 9,172 7,900 7,147 Chloramphenicol 712 541 463 384 363 394 1,305 1,149 1,073 Phenicols Florfenicol 27,444 33,681 35,365 54,086 63,433 58,741 82,023 63,815 53,482 Thiamphenicol 112 145 64 73 86 103 95 82 36 소계 28,268 34,367 35,892 54,543 63,882 59,238 83,423 65,046 54,591 Erythromycin 16,790 14,521 13,576 8,710 10,019 9,271 11,942 6,671 6,124 Josamycin 32 22 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 Kitasamycin 1,934 2,156 2,673 2,242 1,953 1,363 1,484 572 652 Oleandomycin 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 Macrolides Roxithromycine 34 48 32 37 34 28 30 38 24 Spiramycine 2,646 3,030 2,125 2,229 2,704 1,969 2,119 1,322 1,502 Tilmicosin phosphate 896 1,770 4,083 3,017 6,886 6,757 9,564 5,768 6,367 Tylosin 52,153 53,794 46,062 71,885 69,042 4,0884 30,784 26,563 28,388 소계 74,486 75,342 68,556 88,124 90,638 60,273 55,924 40,934 43,057 Formosulfathiazole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sulfachlorpyridazine 3,453 3,670 3,801 1,441 927 1,165 1,555 873 698 Sulfaclozine 340 7 126 0 138 30 417 234 5 Sulfadiazine 7,705 8,689 10,515 8,791 11,298 12,535 15,645 8,487 8,520 Sulfadimethoxine 2,558 2,216 1,949 2,041 1,867 2,374 2,679 1,606 1,996 Sulfadoxine 356 313 255 464 426 401 804 332 243 Sulfaguanidine 86 81 78 46 113 58 42 38 40 Sulfamerazine 288 190 133 175 423 260 199 219 200 Sulfonamides Sulfamethazine 27,731 24,024 19,390 19,472 17,067 14,065 13,771 10,269 9,710 Sulfamethoxazole 22,081 22,134 20,449 20,494 23,949 25,073 27,407 21,816 15,736 Sulfamethoypyridazine 1,072 785 553 548 556 584 426 219 221 Sulfamonmethoxine 418 787 705 509 1,017 772 1,110 198 350 Sulfanilamide 28 30 36 33 30 32 32 0 5 Sulfaquinoxaline 4,777 3,828 2,673 2,448 1,931 2,076 1,834 780 786 Sulfathiazole 103,868 106,523 86,886 28,314 48,481 32,397 26,543 22,902 16,016 Sulfisomidine 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sulfisoxazole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trimethoprim 9,497 9,932 9,906 7,346 8,574 8,512 9,809 6,614 5,211 소계 184,259 183,209 157,455 92,122 116,797 100,334 102,273 74,587 59,737 11

Ⅲ. 축산용항생제판매량 Table 4. 항생제성분별판매실적 (continued) 항생제계열 항생제성분 연도별사용량 ( kg ) 2006 년도 2007 년도 2008 년도 2009 년도 2010 년도 2011 년도 2012 년도 2013 년도 2014 년도 Polypeptides Bacitracin 15,927 20,370 28,370 82,859 100,775 36,651 1,133 2,218 1,079 Colistin sulfate 14,691 16,307 13,685 5,637 7,699 16,961 8,909 7,648 6,521 Enramycin 4,580 2,212 1,526 8,036 8,536 3,164 194 195 223 소계 13,842 15,800 15,487 19,296 38,792 23,687 1,175 848 7,823 Streptogramins Orthosomycins Glycolipid Virginiamycin 4,522 4,942 5,081 8,164 5,913 3,159 889 626 870 소계 4,522 4,942 5,081 8,164 34,578 22,426 889 626 870 Avilamycin 4,660 5,429 5203 5,566 4,214 1,261 143 111 90 소계 4,660 5,429 5,203 5,566 0 0 143 111 90 Bambermycin 2,407 2,341 1,971 2,469 2,099 897 459 319 210 소계 2,407 2,341 1,971 2,469 34,578 22,426 459 319 210 Carbadox 7,878 11,335 14,956 3,559 0 0 0 0 0 Quinoxalines Olaquindox 2,109 1,735 3,052 1,042 0 0 0 0 0 소계 45,767 37,580 33,565 28,040 37,494 30,486 0 0 0 Tiamulin 22,571 21,151 19,988 35,028 34,578 22,426 17,740 13,598 13,197 Pleuromutilins Valnemulin 77 44 27-3 0 0 0 0 0 소계 17,240 12,845 12,312 10,688 12,305 11,053 17,740 13,598 13,197 Clopidol 28,527 24,735 21,253 17,352 25,189 19,433 25,338 10,631 10,064 Diclazuril 221 196 297 444 550 398 411 386 293 Fenbendazol 4,792 4,552 5,225 5,806 6,731 5,709 7,353 12,177 3,739 Lasalocid 12,448 8,293 7,087 4,882 5,574 5,344 8,702 6,506 2,354 Ionophores Madurmycin 1,585 1,600 2,418 2,297 1,729 2,224 1,135 1,280 443 Monensin 7,266 11,046 6,940 4,091 6,954 4,415 5,782 2,218 5,188 Narasin 66 622 955 1,253 818 3,558 1,288 3,588 88 Salinomycin 28,954 33,992 28,109 38,843 20,783 36,986 30,711 18,481 21,694 Semduramycin 873 3,191 1,438 - - - - - 0 소계 84,732 88,227 73,722 74,968 68,328 78,067 80,720 55,267 43,863 Novobiocin 16 13 16 12 16 12 13 14 10 Others Others 404-162 762 276-2,802 511 676 1,052 1,621 소계 420-149 778 288-2,786 523 689 1,066 1,631 합계 1,457,808 1,526,713 1,210,616 998,167 1,046,912 956,291 936,369 820,359 634,953 * Oxytetracycline quaterary ammonium salt 등 9개약제는 AI(active ingredient) 로추정하지못함. 자료출처 : 한국동물약품협회 12

제 3 장항생제성분별판매실적 Table 5. 용도및축종별항생 ( 항균 ) 제판매실적 (2014 년 ) ( 단위 : kg ) 구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료 예방용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Amikacin sulfate - - - - - 1 - - 8 16 - - Amoxycillin Hydrate - - - - 492 3,329 130 479 13,610 57,338 3,404 12,316 Amoxicillin - - - - - - - - - - - - Amoxycillin Sodium - - - - 10 50-412 878 1,136-1,412 Amoxycillin trihydrate - - - - 134 179 133-732 1,203 583 204 Ampicillin - - - - - - - - 59 44 44 200 Ampicillin hydrate - - - - 223 1,788 480 11 5,437 14,278 6,941 1,584 Ampicillin sodium - - - - 89 138-330 843 2,483-79 Ampicillin trihydrate - - - - 10 21 29-87 877 197 - Apitol-R - - - - - - - - - - - - Apramycin sulfate - - - - 63 117 - - 184 586 2 - Avilamycin - - - - - - - - - 90 - - Avoparcin - - - - - - - - - - - - Bacitracin methylene disalicylate - - - - - - - - - - - - Bacitracin zinc - - - - 153 430 277-29 114 76 - Bambermycin - - - - - - - - 52 90 68 - Bromopropylate - - - - - - - - - - - - Carbadox - - - - - - - - - - - - Cefacetril - - - - - - - - 2 - - - Cefadroxil - - - - - - - - - - - - Cefazolin sodium - - - - - - - - 14 - - - Cefoperazone - - - - - - - - - - - - Cefovecin sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Cefquinome - - - - 4 4 - - 8 13 - - Ceftiofur - - - - 3 30 - - 1 210 - - Ceftiofur HCL - - - - 90 62 - - 199 199 - - Ceftiofur sodium - - - - 111 145 36-1,432 3,778 702 - Cefuroxime - - - - - - - - - - - - Cefuroxime sodium - - - - 2 - - - Cenfloxacin HCl - - - - - - - - Cephalexin 1 - - - 107 291-4 Cephalexin monohydrate - - - - - - - - 62 62 - - Cephalonium - - - - - - - - 36 - - - Cephaloridine - - - - - - - - - - - - Cephapirin - - - - - - - - - - - - Cephazolin sodium - - - - - - - - 23 23 - - Chloramphenicol - - - - 22 - - - 715 336 - - Chloramphenicol monoethanolamine hemisuccinate - - - - - - - - - - - - 13

Ⅲ. 축산용항생제판매량 구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료 예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Chlormycetin - - - - - - - - - - - - Chlortetracycline - - - - - - - - - - - - Chlortetracycline calcium - - - - - 32 - - - 3,596 - - Chlortetracycline HCl - - - - 279 2,101 679-1,826 21,809 7,052 - Chlortetracycline hydrochloride calcium - - - - - - - - - 13,501 2,350 - Ciprofloxacin - - - - - - - - - - - - Ciprofloxacin HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Clindamycin - - - - - - - 42 - - - 55 Clindamycin HCL - - - - - - - 35 - - - 493 Clopidol - - 1,671 - - - 183 - - - 8,21- - Cloxacillin - - - - - - - - - - - - Cloxacillin benzathine - - - - 10 - - - 65 - - - Cloxacillin sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Colistin sulfate - - - - 22 52 85-399 4,631 1,332 - Cymiazole HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Danofloxacine - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - Destomycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Dextromethorphane - - - - - - - - - - - - Diclazuril - - 141 - - - 19 - - - 133 - Dicloxacillin sodium - - - - - - - - 16 - - - Difuran - - - - - - - - - - - - Dihydrostreptomycin - - - - 41 78 - - 52 229 - - Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate - - - - 79 48 - - 1,804 4,523 50 - Dimetridazole - - - - - - - - - - - - Doxycycline - - - - - - - - - - - - Doxycycline Hyclate - - - - - 47 159-12 89 681 83 Efrotomycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Enramycin - - - - - 4 4 - - 138 77 - Enrofloxacin - - - - 15 1,051 2,425-798 3,765 16,681 - Enrofloxacin-Na - - - - - - - - 27 153 - - Erythromycin - - - - - - - 4 25 11-1,174 Erythromycin estolate - - - - - - - - - - - - Erythromycin thiocyanate - - - - - - 39 1,542 5 1 372 2,951 Fenbendazole - 697 - - 6 176 - - 161 2,699 - - Florfenicol - - - - 19 2,086 582 308 1,351 38,955 8,439 1,742 Floxazone - - - - - - - - - - - - Flumequine - - - - - 9 82 122-13 763 825 Formosulfathiazole - - - - - - - - - - - - Fumagillin - - - - - - - - - - - - Furaltadone HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Furazolidone - - - - - - - - - - - - Gentamycin - - - - - - - - 6 3 - - 14

제 3 장항생제성분별판매실적 구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료 예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Gentamicin sulfate - - - - 15 70 22-394 1,036 454 1 Glydent Antimicrobial - - - - - - - - - - - - Iodochlorhydroxyquinoline - - - - - - - - - - - - Isoeugenol - - - - - - - - - - - - Josamycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Kanamycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Kanamycin sulfate - - - - 41 179 1-37 1,772 6 - Kitasamycin - - - - - - - - - 652 - - Kitasamycin tartrate - - - - - - - - - - - - Lasalocid sodium - - 2,209 - - - - - 145 - - - Lincomycin - - - - - - - - - 1,423 - - Lincomycin HCl - - - - - 71 46-19 3,955 1,008 - Maduramycin ammonium - - 136 - - - - - - - 307 - Marbofloxacine - - - - 38 100 - - 595 708 - - Methenamine - - - - - - - - - - - - Monensin sodium 1,405-1,285-43 - 3- - 1,750-675 - Nafcillin - - - - - - - - - - - - Nafcillin sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Nalidixic acid - - - - - - - - - - - - Narasin - - - - - - - - - - 88 - Neomycine - - - - - - - 125-49 16 - Neomycine sulfate - - - - 51 111 82 204 3,529 2,744 584 3,587 Nicarbazine - - - - - - - - - - - - Nidroxyzone - - - - - - - - - - - - Nisin - - - - - - - - - - - - Nitrofurazone - - - - - - - - - - - - Nitrovin - - - - - - - - - - - - Nitroxoline - - - - - - - - - - 13 - Norfloxacin - - - - - - - - - - - - Nosiheptide - - - - - - - - - - - - Novobiocin - - - - - - - - - - - - Novobiocin sodium - - - - - - - - 10 - - - Ofloxacin - - - - - - - - - - - - Olaquindox - - - - - - - - - - - - Oleandomycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Oleandomycine phosphate - - - - - - - - - - - - Orbifloxacin - - - - - - - - - - - - Ormethoprim - - - - - - - - - - - - Oxacillin sodium monohydrate - - - - - - - - - - - - Oxolinic acid - - - - - - - 689 - - - 3,149 Oxolinic acid sodium - - - - - - - 146 - - - 776 15

Ⅲ. 축산용항생제판매량 구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료 예방용 소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Oxytetracycline - - - - - - - - 20 25 22 3,057 Oxytetracycline dihydrate - - - - 244 170 - - 889 613 - - Oxytetracycline HCl - - - - 68 136 126 13,768 1,340 2,155 2,076 86,986 Oxytetracycline quaterary ammonium - - - - - - - - 7 705 4 - salt Pefloxacine - - - - - - - - - - - - Penicillin - - - - - - 1,729 - - 1,286 6,225 - Penicillin G benzathine - - - - 15 17 - - 555 1,197 - - Penicillin G clemizole - - - - - - - - 83 1,179 - - Penicillin G potassium - - - - 1 54 55-215 825 427 - Penicillin G procaine - - - - 88 124 - - 4,325 8,973 - - Penicillin G sodium - - - - - - - - 21 186 - - Phthalylsulfathiazole - - - - - - - - 19 29 10 - Piromidic acid - - - - - - - - - - - - Polymixin-B sulfate - - - - - - - - - - - - Rifampicin - - - - - - - - - - - - Rifaximin - - - - - - - - 2 - - - Robenidine HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Roxarsone - - - - - - - - - - - - Roxithromycine - - - - - - 3 - - - 21 - Salinomycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Salinomysin sodium - - 5,350 - - - - - 27 47 16,270 - Sarafloxacin HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Sedecamycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Semduramycin - - - - - - - - - - - - Silver sulfadiazine - - - - - - - - - - - - Sodium nifurstylenate - - - - - - - - - - - - Sodium Sulfachloropyridazine - - - - - - - - - - - - Spectinomycin - - - - - - - - - 2,045 - - Spectinomycin HCl - - - - - - - - - 15 - - Spectinomycin sulfate - - - - - 57 43-13 2,456 919 - Spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate - - - - - - - - - 72 31 - Spiramycin - - - - - - - - 32 95 - - Spiramycin adipate - - - - - - - - 64 78 - - Spiramycin embonate - - - - - 125 - - - 1,108 - - Streptomycin - - - - - - - - - 43 - - Streptomycin sulfate - - - - 4 126 208-2,117 1,816 1,710 - Sulfacetamide - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfachloropyridazine sodium - - - - 16 25 24-184 230 201 - Sulfachlorpyridazine - - - - - - - - 6 6 6 - Sulfaclozine - - - - - - - - - - 5-16

제 3 장항생제성분별판매실적 구분 배합사료제조용수의사처방용자가치료 예방용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용소돼지닭수산용 Sulfadiazine - - - - 9 36-1,245 103 3,323 920 2,357 Sulfadiazine sodium - - - - - - 32 - - - 25 470 Sulfadimethoxine - - - - - - - - 34 19 5 - Sulfadimethoxine sodium - - - - 5 5 3-343 413 447 722 Sulfadoxine - - - - 3 4 - - 105 131 - - Sulfaguanidine - - - - - - - - 20 20 - - Sulfamerazine - - - - - - - - 123 69 8 - Sulfamerazine sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfamethazine - - - - 7 817 - - 311 8,566 9 - Sulfamethazine sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfamethoxazole - - - - 37 858 297-218 7,963 4,871 - Sulfamethoxazole sodium - - - - 1 17 17-81 718 658 - Sulfamethoypyridazine - - - - - - - - 156 46 19 - Sulfamethoypyridazine sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfamonomethoxine - - - - - - 94 - - 70 115 - Sulfamonomethoxine sodium - - - - - - 27 - - 8 36 - Sulfanilamide - - - - - - - - 2 3 - - Sulfaphenazole - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfaquinoxaline - - - - - - 10 - - - 776 - Sulfathiazole - - - - - 250 2-122 15,609 33 - Sulfathiazole sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfatolamide - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfisomidine - - - - - - - - - - - - Sulfisoxazole - - - - - - - - - - - - Tetracycline - - - - - - - - - - - - Tetracycline HCl - - - - - - - - - - - - Thiamphenicol - - - - 1 1 - - 10 24 - - Thiamphenicol glycinate HCL - - - - - - - - - - - - Thiopeptin - - - - - - - - - - - - Tiaclaton - - - - - - - - - - - - Tiamulin - - - - - - - - - 298 - - Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate - - - - - 700 105 - - 11,402 692 - Tilmicosin phosphate - - - - 4 583 414-186 3,967 1,213 - Trimethoprim - - - - 14 183 106 249 174 2,485 1,435 565 Tulathromycin - - - - - - - - 2 64 - - Tylosin - - - - 1 2 - - 312 55 - - Tylosin phosphate - - - - 79 1,682 - - 2,459 17,583 11 - Tylosin tartrate - - - - 11 343 513-101 3,725 1,511 - Valnemulin - - - - - - - - - - - - Virginiamycin - - - - - - - - - 522 348 - 합계 1,405 697 10,792 0 2,672 18,824 9,331 19,711 52,328 292,034 102,367 124,792 17

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 (2014) 제 1 장. 대상세균의분리 1. 지표세균분리 가축및도체로부터지표세균을분리하기위해 2014년 1월부터 12월까지전국도축장에서정상가축의분변및도체스왑시료를채취하였다. 시료는농가당 5개이내의분변과도체스왑시료를채취하여균을분리하였으며최종적으로농가당 1개의지표세균을선발하여항생제감수성시험에사용하였다. E. coli는총 4,100농가의 8,014 분변및도체시료로부터 1,244균주를분리하였으며이중농가별로한개의균주를선발하여총 1,174균주에대해항생제감수성검사를실시하였다. 시료별로는 4,065개의분변시료 ( 소 1,272, 돼지 1,790, 닭 1,003) 로부터 785균주 ( 소 299균주, 돼지 294균주, 닭 192균주 ) 와 3,949개의도체시료 ( 소도체 1,441, 돼지도체 1,853, 닭도체 655) 로부터 459균주 ( 소도체 159균주, 돼지도체 160균주, 닭도체 140균주 ) 를분리하였다. E. faecium은총 13,334 분변및도체시료로부터 727균주를분리하였으며이중농가별로한개의균주를선발하여총 572균주에대해항생제감수성검사를실시하였다. 시료별로는 6,401개의분변시료 ( 소 2,101, 돼지 2,686, 닭 1,614) 로부터 457균주 ( 소 73균주, 돼지 144균주, 닭 240균주 ) 와 6,933개의도체시료 ( 소도체 2,417, 돼지도체 3,123, 닭도체 1,393) 로부터 270균주 ( 소도체 61균주, 돼지도체 118균주, 닭도체 91균주 ) 를분리하였다. E. faecalis는총 11,276 분변및도체시료로부터 999균주를분리하였다. 시료별로는 6,050개의분변시료 ( 소 2,104, 돼지 2,684, 닭 1,262) 로부터 492균주 ( 소 99균주, 돼지 164균주, 닭 229균주 ) 와 5,266개의도체시료 ( 소도체 1,961, 돼지도체 2,402, 닭도체 863) 로부터 507균주 ( 소도체 137균주, 돼지도체 206균주, 닭도체 164균주 ) 를분리하였다 (Table 6). Table 6. 가축분변및도체로부터분리한지표세균 Bacterial species Animal faeces Carcasses cattle pigs poultry subtotal cattle pig chicken subtotal Total Escherichia coli No. of farms 855 547 300 1,702 1,009 1,116 273 2,398 4,100 No. of samples 1,272 1,790 1,003 4,065 1,441 1,853 655 3,949 8,014 No. of isolates 299(285)* 294(254)* 192(192)* 785(731)* 159(158)* 160(152)* 140(133)* 459(443)* 1,244(1,174)* Enterococcus faecium Enterococcus faecalis No. of farms 1,330 708 422 2,460 1,614 1,587 606 3,807 6,267 No. of samples 2,101 2,686 1,614 6,401 2,417 3,123 1,393 6,933 13,334 No. of isolates 73(53)* 144(116)* 240(184)* 457(353)* 61(46)* 118(103)* 91(70)* 270(219)* 727(572)* No. of farms 1,333 705 351 2,389 1,255 1,231 300 2,786 5,175 No. of samples 2,104 2,684 1,262 6,050 1,961 2,402 863 5,226 11,276 No. of isolates 99(79)* 164(128)* 229(198)* 492(405)* 137(134)* 206(170)* 164(130)* 507(434)* 999(839)* * 농가당 1개균주분리수 18

제 1 장대상세균분리및동정 2. 식중독세균분리 가축및도체로부터식중독세균을분리하기위해 2014년 1월부터 12월까지정상가축의분변도체시료를전국도축장에서채취하였다. 시료는농가당 5개이내의분변과도체시료를채취하여분리하였다. Salmonella spp. 는총 13,532개의분변및도체시료로부터 292균주를분리하였다. 시료별로는 6,527 개의분변시료 ( 소 2,079, 돼지 2,629, 닭 1,819) 로부터 133균주 ( 소 4균주, 돼지 47균주, 닭 82균주 ) 와 7,005개의도체시료 ( 소도체 2,410, 돼지도체 3,104, 닭도체 1,491) 로부터 159균주 ( 소도체 9주, 돼지도체 44균주, 닭도체 106균주 ) 를분리하였다. Campylobacter jejuni는총 12,962 분변및도체시료로부터 109균주를분리하였다. 시료별로는 6,271개의분변시료 ( 소 2,137, 돼지 2,810, 닭 1,622) 로부터 64 균주 ( 소 39균주, 돼지 22균주, 닭 3균주 ) 와 6,691개의도체시료 ( 소도체 2,490, 돼지도체 3,216, 닭도체 1,268) 로부터 45균주 ( 소도체 1균주, 닭도체 44균주 ) 를분리하였다. Campylobacter coli는총 12,962 분변및도체시료로부터 199주를분리하였다. 시료별로는 6,271 분변시료 ( 소 2,137, 돼지 2,810, 닭 1,622) 로부터 101균주 ( 소 12균주, 돼지 62균주, 닭 27균주 ) 와 6,691개의도체시료 ( 소도체 2,490, 돼지도체 3,216, 닭도체 1,268) 로부터 98균주 ( 소도체 4균주, 돼지도체 75균주, 닭도체 19균주 ) 를분리하였다. Staphylococcus aureus는총 6,905 도체시료 ( 소도체 2,380, 돼지도체 3,089, 닭도체 1,436) 로부터 413균주 ( 소 63주, 돼지 182균주, 닭 168균주 ) 를분리하였다 (Table 7). Table 7. 가축분변및도체로부터분리한식중독세균 Bacterial species Animal faeces Carcasses cattle pigs poultry subtotal cattle pig chicken subtotal Total Salmonella spp. Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacter coli Staphylococcus aureus No. of farms 1,308 672 460 2,440 1,602 1,574 649 3,825 6,265 No. of samples 2,079 2,629 1,819 6,527 2,410 3,104 1,491 7,005 13,532 No. of isolates 4 47 82 133 9 44 106 159 292 No. of farms 1,327 693 387 2,300 1,644 1,574 522 3,637 5,937 No. of samples 2,137 2,810 1,622 6,271 2,490 3,216 1,268 6,691 12,962 No. of isolates 39 22 3 64 1 0 44 45 109 No. of farms 1,327 747 475 2,442 1,644 1,614 580 3,735 6,177 No. of samples 2,137 2,810 1,622 6,271 2,490 3,216 1,268 6,691 12,962 No. of isolates 12 62 27 101 4 75 19 98 199 No. of farms ND ND ND ND 1,582 1,570 625 3,777 3,777 No. of samples ND ND ND ND 2,380 3,089 1,436 6,905 6,905 No. of isolates ND ND ND ND 63 182 168 413 413 ND *, not done 19

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 3. 가축병원성세균 2014년 1월부터 12월까지질병에이환된가축으로부터시료를채취하여가축병원성세균총 5종 391 균주를분리하였다. 균종별로는소화기질병원인체인 Salmonella spp. 는총 449시료 ( 소 13, 돼지 112, 닭 324) 로부터 72균주 ( 소 3균주, 돼지 44균주, 닭 48균주 ), E. coli는총 180 시료 ( 소 23, 돼지 55, 닭 102) 로부터 85균주 ( 소 8균주, 돼지 38균주, 닭 39균주 ) 를분리하였다. 호흡기질병원인체인 P. multocida 는총 260 돼지호흡기시료로부터 85균주, A. pleuropneumoniae 는총 327 돼지호흡기시료로부터 23균주, S. suis는총 285 돼지호흡기시료로부터 103균주를분리하였다 (Table 8). Table 8. 질병에이환된가축으로부터분리한가축병원성세균 Bacterial species Diseased animals cattle pigs poultry Total No. of farms 11 25 53 89 Salmonella spp. No. of samples 13 112 324 449 No. of isolates 3 44 48 95 No. of farms 21 27 26 74 Escherichia coli No. of sample 23 55 102 180 No. of isolates 8 38 39 85 Pasteurella multocida Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Streptococcus suis No. of farms 13 114 ND 127 No. of sample 19 358 ND 377 No. of isolates 9 76 ND 85 No. of farms ND 73 ND 73 No. of sample ND 327 ND 327 No. of isolates ND 23 ND 23 No. of farms ND 76 ND 76 No. of samples ND 285 ND 285 No. of isolates ND 103 ND 103 ND *, not done 20

제 1 장대상세균분리및동정 4. 살모넬라균의혈청형분포도 정상가축의분변, 도체, 임상시료에서분리된살모넬라 364균주에대한혈청형동정결과, 총 30종의혈청형이동정되었으며 25균주는동정 (untypable) 되지않았다. 시료별 축종별로혈청형분포를조사한결과, 정상소분변에서는 S. Typhimurium과 S. Westhampton이각각 2균주씩분포하였다. 돼지분변에서는총 9종의혈청형이분포하였으며 Typhimurium이 65.2%(30/46) 가장높은분포율을나타내었다. 닭분변에서는총 11종으로다양한혈청형이분포하였으며 S. Virchow 44.3%(35/79) 이가장높게분포하였으며 S. Typhimurium이 26.6%(21/79) 로나타났다. 질병에이환된가축에서분리된살모넬라균혈청형을조사한결과, 소와돼지에서는 S. Typhimurium이가장높은분포율을나타내었으며닭에서는 S. Gallinarium(28.9%, 11/38) 이비교적높게분포하였다. 도체시료에서는소도체 (85.7%, 6/7) 와돼지도체 (59.5%, 25/42) 에서공히 S. Typhimurium, 그리고닭도체에서는 S. Virchow(49.0%, 49/100) 가가장높게분포하는것으로조사되었다 (Table 9). Table 9. 가축및도체에서분리한 Salmonella 혈청형분포도 No. of isolates Serovar healthy animals diseased animals carcasses Total cattle pigs poultry subtotal cattle pigs poultry subtotal cattle pigs chicken subtotal (n=5) (n=48) (n=87) (n=140) (n=3) (n=19) (n=43) (n=65) (n=9) (n=44) (n=106) (n=159) (n=364) Agona 2-2 - - - - - - - - 2 Albany - - - - - - - - - - 6 6 6 Bardo or Newport - - 1 1 - - - - - 6 6 12 13 Bareilly - - - - - - 1 1 - - 4 4 5 Berta or Wernigerode - 1-1 - - - - - - 1 1 2 Colorado - 1-1 - - - - - - - - 1 Derby - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 Dublin - - - - - - 3 3 - - - - 3 Duesselodorf - - 1 1 - - - - - - 1 1 2 Enteritidis - - 7 7 - - - - - - 5 5 12 Gallinarum - - - - - - 11 11 - - - - 11 Gueletapee - - - - - - - - - 1-1 1 Infantis - - - - - - 1 1 - - 6 6 7 Kentucky - - 2 2 - - - - - - 2 2 4 Lomita - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - 1 Mbandaka - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - 2 Menston - - - - - - - - - 1-1 1 Montevideo - - 1 1 - - 1 1 - - 2 2 4 Montevideo or Caracas - - 4 4 - - - - - - - - 4 Newport - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - 1 Othmarschen - 1-1 - - - - - - - - 1 Panama - 1-1 - - 1 1 - - - - 2 Reading - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 Rissen - 7 2 9-4 - 4-8 4 12 25 Senftenberg - - 4 4 - - 1 1 - - 1 1 6 Strathcong - 1-1 - - - - - - - - 1 Typhimurium 2 30 21 53 3 15 6 24 6 25 9 40 117 Virchow 1 2 35 38 - - 2 2 1 1 49 51 91 Westhampton 2 - - 2 - - 7 7 - - 2 2 11 Wnidenti - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 Unidentified - 2 8 10 - - 5 5 2 2 6 10 25 21

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 제 2 장. 지표세균의항생제내성 1. Escherichia coli 가. 가축유래 Escherichia coli 정상가축분변에서분리한대장균 785균주 ( 소 299균주, 돼지 294균주, 닭 192균주 ) 에대해총 12 계열 (CLSI subclass 기준 ) 15종항생제의항생제감수성검사를실시한결과, 내성양상은유사하게나타났지만내성률은다소차이가있었다. 축종별로 MICs 분포도를조사한결과, MIC 50 이 64( μg / ml ) 이상을나타낸항생제는소에서는관찰되지않았으나, 돼지에서는 streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, tetracycline 그리고닭에서는 streptomycin, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline으로나타났다. 특히닭에서분리한균주는 ciprofloxacin의 MIC 50 이 8( μg / ml ) 로소와돼지의 0.125( μg / ml ) 에비해높게나타났다. 제3세대세팜계항생제인 ceftiofur의 MICs 분포도는대부분균주가 0.5( μg / ml ) 로낮은 MIC를나타내었으나닭분리주의 7.3% 는 MIC가 4( μg / ml ) 로나타났다. 총 15종항생제내성률을조사한결과, 전반적으로모든축종에서 tetracycline과 streptomycin의내성이높게나타났다. 축종별로는소에서분리한대장균은모든검사항생제의내성률이 50% 이하로돼지와닭에비해서도현저히낮게나타났다. 검사항생제중에서는 streptomycin(43.5%) 과 tetracycline(43.5%) 의내성률이가장높았으나, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, colistin, cephalothin, cefoxitin의내성률은 5% 이하로나타났다. 돼지유래균주의내성률은 tetracycline(67.7%) 내성률이가장높았으며 streptomycin(60.5%) 과 chloramphenicol (61.9%) 의내성률이 60% 이상을나타내었다. 그러나 amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, colistin, cephalothin, cefoxitin의내성률은 5% 이하로낮게나타났다. 닭유래균주의내성률은 neomycin과 phenicol계항생제인 chloramphenicol과 florfenicol을제외한대부분의항생제내성률이다른축종에비해높게나타났다. 특히 (fluoro) quinolones계항생제인 ciprofloxacin(79.2%) 과 nalidixic acid(89.6%) 의내성률이소와돼지비해현저하게높게나타났다. Cephems계항생제인 cephalothin(19.8%), cefoxitin(4.2%), ceftiofur(7.3%) 의내성률도다른축종에비해높게나타났다. 분리된대장균균주에대해다제내성률을조사한결과, 소에서분리한균주의 59.4%(136/299), 돼지에서는 15.6%(46/294), 닭에서는 1.6%(3/192) 가검사한 15종의모든항생제에감수성을나타내었다. 총 12개 subclass 중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸다제내성균주의분포율은소분리균주의 24.7%(74/299), 돼지분리균주의 64.6%(190/294), 닭분리균주의 90.1%(173/192) 로서, 닭에서분리된균주의다제내성률이가장높게나타났다 (Table 10-12). 22

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 Table 10. 가축분변에서분리한 Escherichia coli 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Neomycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Amoxicillin /clavulanic acid Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Nalidixic acid Colistin Cephalothin Cefoxitin Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Tetracycline Animal species * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 cattle 1-64 1 1 91.3 2.3 0.7 3.3 2.3 pigs 1-64 1 8 84.7 3.1 0.3 2.4 3.1 3.1 3.4 poultry 1-64 1 32 81.8 2.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 7.8 cattle 2-32 2 4 67.2 23.7 0.7 1.3 7.0 pigs 2-32 2 32 51.4 24.8 1.4 2.7 19.7 poultry 2-32 2 16 59.4 29.2 0.5 1.6 9.4 cattle 2-128 8 128 0.7 23.4 26.8 5.7 10.4 17.4 15.7 pigs 4-128 64 128 12.6 17.0 9.9 7.1 14.3 39.1 poultry 4-128 64 128 7.3 18.2 10.9 8.9 10.4 44.3 cattle 2-64 4 64 42.5 39.8 1.7 0.3 0.7 15.1 pigs 2-64 64 64 21.1 22.1 1.0 0.7 55.1 poultry 2-64 64 64 14.6 14.6 0.5 1.0 69.3 cattle 2-64 4 8 29.1 50.5 17.7 0.7 0.7 1.3 pigs 2-64 8 8 15.0 32.0 45.2 7.1 0.3 0.3 poultry 2-64 8 8 9.9 27.1 55.2 4.2 1.0 2.6 cattle 0.5-8 0.5 0.5 96.0 2.3 1.7 pigs 0.5-8 0.5 0.5 94.2 3.4 0.3 2.0 poultry 0.5-8 0.5 1 86.5 5.2 1.0 0.5 6.8 cattle 0.12-16 0.125 0.25 89.3 4.7 2.7 0.3 0.3 1.3 1.3 pigs 0.12-16 0.125 2 68.7 16.0 2.4 1.4 1.7 0.3 4.4 5.1 poultry 0.12-16 8 16 9.4 9.4 2.1 2.1 1.6 6.2 39.1 30.2 cattle 2-128 2 64 61.9 26.4 1.0 0.7 1.3 8.7 pigs 2-128 4 128 43.2 23.5 8.5 1.0 0.7 3.7 19.4 poultry 2-128 128 128 5.7 2.6 1.6 0.5 0.5 3.1 85.9 cattle 2-4 2 2 99.7 0.3 pigs 2-32 2 2 99.7 0.3 poultry 2-16 2 2 98.4 1.6 cattle 2-64 8 16 5.7 23.1 55.5 11.4 1.3 3.0 pigs 2-128 8 16 1.7 16.0 57.5 21.4 1.4 2.0 poultry 2-64 8 32 1.0 12.0 43.2 24 10.4 9.4 cattle 1-32 4 8 1.7 22.4 55.5 16.4 3.0 1.0 pigs 1-32 4 8 0.3 15.3 63.3 17.3 3.1 0.7 poultry 1-32 4 8 0.5 8.9 48.4 37.0 1.0 4.2 cattle 0.12-4 0.125 0.5 67.6 15.7 7.0 0.3 9.4 pigs 0.12-4 0.25 4 35.4 22.4 6.5 1.4 0.7 33.7 poultry 0.12-4 0.5 4 35.9 9.9 7.8 4.2 1.6 40.6 cattle 2-64 8 64 1.7 30.1 46.5 4.3 0.3 17.1 pigs 2-64 64 64 1.4 13.3 20.7 2.7 4.8 57.1 poultry 2-64 8 64 1.0 21.9 27.6 2.1 3.1 44.3 cattle 2-64 4 64 7.4 58.9 14.7 1.7 0.7 16.7 pigs 2-64 64 64 5.8 24.5 13.6 1.4 0.7 54.1 poultry 2-64 8 64 7.8 39.6 12.0 2.6 38.0 cattle 2-128 2 128 53.8 1.7 1.0 3.7 1.0 10.0 28.8 pigs 2-128 64 128 29.3 1.4 0.7 0.7 2.7 23.5 41.8 poultry 2-128 64 128 27.6 1.0 1.0 8.9 26.6 34.9 * Cattle(n=299), pigs(n=294), poultry(n=192) 23

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 11. 동물분변에서분리한 Escherichia coli 에대한항생제내성률 Antimicrobials cattle (n=299) No. of resistant isolates (%) pigs (n=294) poultry (n=192) Total (n=785) Gentamicin 19(6.4) 28(9.5) 24(12.5) 71(9.0) Neomycin 25(8.4) 66(22.4) 21(10.9) 112(14.3) Streptomycin 130(43.5) 178(60.5) 122(63.5) 430(54.8) Ampicillin 47(15.7) 164(55.8) 135(70.3) 346(44.1) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 6(2.0) 2(0.7) 7(3.6) 15(1.9) Ceftiofur 5(1.7) 6(2.0) 14(7.3) 25(3.2) Ciprofloxacin 10(3.3) 38(12.9) 152(79.2) 200(25.5) Nalidixic acid 30(10.0) 70(23.8) 172(89.6) 272(34.6) Colistin 1(0.3) 1(0.3) 3(1.6) 5(0.6) Cephalothin 13(4.3) 4(1.4) 38(19.8) 55(7.0) Cefoxitin 3(1.0) 2(0.7) 8(4.2) 13(1.7) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 28(9.4) 99(33.7) 78(40.6) 205(26.1) Chloramphenicol 52(17.4) 182(61.9) 91(47.4) 325(41.4) Florfenicol 52(17.4) 161(54.8) 73(38.0) 286(36.4) Tetracycline 130(43.5) 202(67.7) 137(71.4) 469(59.7) Table 12. 동물분변에서분리한 Escherichia coli 의다제내성률 Resistance patterns cattle (n=299) No. of resistant isolates(%) pigs (n=294) poultry (n=192) Total (n=785) No resistance detected 136(59.4) 46(15.6) 3(1.6) 185(25.9) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 25(10.9) 19(6.5) 4(2.1) 48(6.7) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 64(27.9) 39(13.3) 12(6.3) 115(16.1) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 29(12.7) 39(13.3) 27(14.1) 95(13.3) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 23(10.0) 64(21.8) 28(14.6) 115(16.1) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 9(3.9) 49(16.7) 41(21.4) 99(13.8) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 6(2.6) 23(7.8) 31(16.1) 60(8.4) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 4(1.7) 11(3.7) 27(14.1) 42(5.9) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 3(1.3) 2(0.7) 12(6.3) 17(2.4) Resistance 9 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(0.3) 3(1.6) 4(0.6) Resistance 11 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(0.3) 4(2.1) 5(0.7) 24

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 나. 도체유래 Escherichia coli 도축장도체에서분리한대장균 459균주 ( 소도체 159균주, 돼지도체 160균주, 닭도체 140균주 ) 에대해총 12 계열 (CLSI subclass 기준 ) 15종항생제에대해항생제감수성검사를실시한결과, 정상가축에서분리한대장균의항생제내성양상과유사하였다. 항생제내성률은시료종류와항생제별로다소차이가있었으나전반적으로닭도체유래균주에서내성이높게나타났다. 항생제별로 MICs 분포도를조사한결과, MIC50이 64( μg / ml ) 이상을나타낸항생제는소도체에서는관찰되지않았으나, 돼지도체에서분리된균주는 streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, tetracycline, 닭도체에서분리된균주는 streptomycin, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline으로나타났다. 제3세대세팜계항생제인 ceftiofur의 MICs 분포도는대부분균주가 1( μg / ml ) 이하로낮은 MIC를나타내었으나돼지도체유래균주중 1.2%, 닭도체유래균주중 15.0% 는 MIC가 4( μg / ml ) 이상으로비교적높은 MIC를나타내었다. 시료별로항생제내성률을비교한결과, 소도체에서분리한균주의내성률은모든항생제에서 50% 이하를나타내어대체로다른시료에비해낮게나타났다. 그러나닭도체유래균주는소도체및돼지도체에비해대부분의항생제내성률이높았다. 항생제별로는대부분의시료에서 streptomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin의내성이다른항생제에비해높았으나 colistin의내성률 5% 이하를나타내었다. 소도체시료에서는 tetracycline(41.5%) 과 streptomycin(37.7%) 의내성률이가장높았으며그외 chloramphenicol(11.5%) 과 florfenicol(12.6%) 의내성률이 10% 이상을나타내었다. 그러나 amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, colistin, cephalothin, cefoxitin의내성은관찰되지않았다. 돼지도체시료에서는 tetracycline(66.3%) 의내성률이가장높았으며, streptomycin(63.8%), ampicillin(63.1%), chloramphenicol(60.0%) 의내성률은 60% 이상으로나타났다. 닭도체유래균주의내성률은다른시료에비해전반적으로높았으며특히 quinolone 계항생제인 nalidixic acid(91.4%) 와 ciprofloxacin(77.9%), cephalosporins계항생제인 ceftiofur(15.0%), cephalothin(20.0%), cefoxitin(10.7%) 의내성률이높게나타났다. 도체에서분리한대장균에대해다제내성을조사한결과, 소도체유래균주는 50.9%(81/159), 돼지도체유래균주는 16.9%(27/160), 닭도체유래균주는 2.9%(4/140) 가검사한모든항생제에감수성을나타내었다. 총 12개의 subclass 중 3개 subclass 이상에내성을나타낸다제내성균주는소도체유래균주의 22.0%(35/159), 돼지도체유래균주의 69.4%(111/160), 닭도체유래균주의 87.1%(122/140) 로, 닭도체에서분리된균주에서다제내성을나타낸균주가가장높게분포하는것으로나타났다. (Table 13-15) 25

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 13. 도체에서분리한 Escherichia coli 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Neomycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Amoxicillin /clavulanic acid Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Nalidixic acid Colistin Cephalothin Cefoxitin Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Tetracycline Carcasses type * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 cattle 1-64 1 1 94.3 2.5 2.5 0.6 pigs 1-64 1 16 80.6 3.8 1.2 5.0 5.6 3.8 chicken 1-64 1 16 75 9.3 0.7 2.1 3.6 5.0 4.3 cattle 2-32 2 4 62.3 30.2 0.6 1.3 5.7 pigs 2-32 2 32 51.2 26.2 1.9 2.5 18.1 chicken 2-32 2 4 61.4 28.6 0.7 9.3 cattle 4-128 8 128 25.2 34.6 2.5 6.3 14.5 17 pigs 2-128 64 128 1.2 13.8 16.2 5.0 8.1 18.8 36.9 chicken 8-128 128 128 11.4 17.1 8.6 4.3 5.0 53.6 cattle 2-64 4 64 32.7 44.0 1.3 0.6 21.4 pigs 2-64 64 64 20.0 16.2 0.6 1.2 61.9 chicken 2-64 64 64 9.3 15 1.4 0.7 73.6 cattle 2-8 4 8 20.8 55.3 23.9 pigs 2-64 8 8 15.0 21.2 56.2 6.2 0.6 0.6 chicken 2-64 8 32 5.7 20.0 58.6 4.3 3.6 7.9 cattle 0.5-1 0.5 0.5 98.1 1.9 pigs 0.5-8 0.5 0.5 93.8 5.0 1.2 chicken 0.5-8 0.5 8 80.0 4.3 0.7 3.6 11.4 cattle 0.12-16 0.125 0.125 90.6 5.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 2.5 pigs 0.12-16 0.125 4 66.2 18.1 2.5 2.5 1.2 5.0 4.4 chicken 0.12-16 8 16 9.3 10.7 2.1 3.6 0.7 7.1 35.7 30.7 cattle 2-128 2 8 54.1 34.6 3.8 1.3 6.3 pigs 2-128 4 128 46.2 23.8 5.6 2.5 0.6 1.9 19.4 chicken 2-128 128 128 5.0 2.9 0.7 1.4 0.7 89.3 cattle 2-2 2 2 100 pigs 2-2 2 2 100 chicken 2-16 2 2 96.4 3.6 cattle 2-16 8 16 4.4 20.1 62.3 13.2 pigs 2-64 8 16 1.9 12.5 53.1 25.6 3.8 3.1 chicken 2-64 16 64 0.7 7.9 40 31.4 5.0 15.0 cattle 1-16 4 8 3.8 13.2 66.7 15.7 0.6 pigs 1-32 4 8 0.6 15.6 58.8 22.5 0.6 1.9 chicken 2-32 4 32 9.3 52.9 25.7 1.4 10.7 cattle 0.12-4 0.125 0.5 69.8 17.6 5.0 0.6 6.9 pigs 0.12-4 0.25 4 45.0 14.4 5.0 2.5 33.1 chicken 0.12-4 0.25 4 36.4 16.4 7.1 1.4 1.4 37.1 cattle 2-64 8 64 1.9 28.3 51.6 3.8 0.6 13.8 pigs 4-64 64 64 2.5 11.9 20.6 5.0 5.6 54.4 chicken 4-64 16 64 1.4 20 26.4 2.9 1.4 47.9 cattle 2-64 4 64 7.5 56.0 22.0 1.9 12.6 pigs 2-64 64 64 6.2 23.8 14.4 1.9 0.6 53.1 chicken 2-64 8 64 6.4 34.3 17.9 1.4 40.0 cattle 2-128 2 128 56.6 1.9 2.5 1.3 10.7 27 pigs 2-128 64 128 31.9 0.6 1.2 0.6 2.5 22.5 40.6 chicken 2-128 64 128 27.9 0.7 1.4 5.7 22.1 42.1 * Cattle carcasses(n=159), pigs carcasses(n=160), chicken carcasses(n=140) 26

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 Table 14. 도체에서분리한 Escherichia coli 에대한항생제내성률 Resistance patterns cattle carcasses (n=159) No. of resistant isolates (%) pig carcasses (n=160) chicken carcasses (n=140) Total (n=459) Gentamicin 5(3.1) 23(14.4) 18(12.9) 46(10.0) Neomycin 11(6.9) 33(20.6) 14(10.0) 58(12.6) Streptomycin 60(37.7) 102(63.8) 88(62.9) 250(54.5) Ampicillin 34(21.4) 101(63.1) 103(73.6) 238(51.9) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 0(0) 2(1.3) 16(11.4) 18(3.9) Ceftiofur 0(0) 2(1.3) 21(15.0) 23(5.0) Ciprofloxacin 7(4.4) 21(13.1) 109(77.9) 137(29.8) Nalidixic acid 12(7.5) 35(21.9) 128(91.4) 175(38.1) Colistin 0(0) 0(0) 5(3.6) 5(1.1) Cephalothin 0(0) 11(6.9) 28(20.0) 39(8.5) Cefoxitin 0(0) 3(1.9) 15(10.7) 18(3.9) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 11(6.9) 53(33.1) 52(37.1) 116(25.3) Chloramphenicol 23(14.5) 96(60.0) 69(49.3) 188(41.0) Florfenicol 20(12.6) 86(53.8) 56(40.0) 162(35.3) Tetracycline 66(41.5) 106(66.3) 100(71.4) 272(59.3) Table 15. 도체에서분리한 Escherichia coli 의다제내성률 Resistance patterns cattle carcasses (n=159) No. of resistant isolates(%) pig carcasses (n=160) chicken carcasses (n=140) Total (n=459) No resistance detected 81(50.9) 27(16.9) 4(2.9) 112(24.4) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 15(9.4) 6(3.8) 3(2.1) 24(5.2) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 28(17.6) 16(10.0) 11(7.9) 55(12.0) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 13(8.2) 27(16.9) 14(10.0) 54(11.8) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 12(7.5) 33(20.6) 17(12.1) 62(13.5) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 6(3.8) 26(16.3) 16(11.4) 48(10.5) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 1(0.6) 21(13.1) 20(14.3) 42(9.2) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 3(1.9) 3(1.9) 21(15.0) 27(5.9) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 15(10.7) 15(3.3) Resistance 9 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(0.6) 7(5.0) 8(1.7) Resistance 10 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 3(2.1) 3(0.7) Resistance 11 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 6(4.3) 6(1.3) Resistance 12 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 3(2.1) 3(0.7) 27

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 정상가축분변및도축장도체에서분리한 E. coli 의항생제내성경향 (2007-2014) 07년부터 14년까지정상가축분변과도축장도체에서분리한대장균의항생제내성경향을분석한결과, 축종및시료에따라연도별로내성률이다소차이가있지만대체로내성률이높았던 tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin 등의내성률은다소낮아지는경향을보였다. 특히대부분의항생제에높은내성을나타낸돼지유래균주의내성률이 07년에비해 tetracycline(83% 69%) 이약 14%, streptomycin (83% 61%) 은약 22% 감소하였다. 또한돼지도체유래균주에서도내성률이대체로낮아졌으며, 특히 tetracycline(89% 66%) 과 streptomycin(92% 64%) 과 07년에비해약 20% 이상감소하였다. 닭분변유래균주는연도별로다소차이가있지만대체로증가하는경향을보였으며, 특히 ciprofloxacin(37% 80%) 과 chloramphenicol(10% 47%) 의내성률이크게증가하고있는것으로나타났으며닭도체에서도 ciprofloxacin(80% 78%) 의내성률은여전히높게유지되었으며 chloramphenicol (32% 49%) 의내성률도증가하였다. 그러나닭도체에서 trimethoprim /sulfamethoxazole (67% 37%), gentamicin(35% 13%), streptomycin(88% 63%), tetracycline(94% 66%) 의내성률이감소추세를나타내었다. 제3세대 cephems계항생제인 ceftiofur의내성률은소 ( 도체 ) 및돼지 ( 도체 ) 에서는낮게유지되었으나닭및닭도체유래균주에서는다소증가하는추세를나타내었다. < 정상가축분변유래대장균의내성률 > 100 % Cattle Pigs Poultry % resistant isolates 80 % 60 % 40 % 20 % 0 % 121 125 184 231 347 282 209 299 239 116 185 221 231 277 199 294 169 106 97 155 141 200 187 192 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year and number of isolates Ampicillin Gentamicin Streptomycin Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Tetracycline < 도축장도체유래대장균의내성률 > % % resistant isolates 100 % 100 % 80 % 80 % 60 % 60 % 40 % 40 % 20 % 20 % 0 % 0 % Cattle carcasses Cattle Pig carcasses Pigs Chicken Poultry carcasses Cattle Pigs Poultry 121 125 184 231 347 282 209 299 239 116 185 221 231 277 199 294 169 106 97 155 141 200 187 192 121 57 125 51 184 51 231 136 347 190 282 111 209 96 299 159 239 62 116 61 185 48 221 124 231 153 277 134 199 96 294 160 169 96 106 100 76 97 155 107 141 121 200 163 187 107 192 140 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year and and number number of isolates of isolates Year and number of isolates Ampicillin Gentamicin Streptomycin Ampicillin Gentamicin Streptomycin Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Tetracycline Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Tetracycline 28

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 2. Enterococcus faecium 가. 가축유래 Enterococcus faecium 건강한가축의분변에서분리한 Enterococcus faecium 457균주 ( 소 73균주, 돼지 144균주, 닭 240균주 ) 의항생제내성을조사한결과, 모든항생제의내성률이닭유래균주에서높게나타났다. 항생제별로 MICs 분포도를조사한결과, 닭에서분리한 E. faecium은 aminoglycosides계를제외한항생제중 erythromycin, tylosin, tetracycline의 MIC 50 이 64( μg / ml ) 이상을나타내었다. 사람에서중요하게사용하는항생제의 MICs 분포도는 tigecycline 0.125-0.5( μg / ml ), vancomycin 2-4( μg / ml ) 로나타났다. Enterococcus spp. 는 aminoglycosides계항생제에자연내성을나타내기때문에 gentamicin, streptomycin, kanamycin은모든시료의검사균주에서높은 MICs를나타내었다. 축종별로내성률을비교한결과, 닭유래균주에서전반적으로내성률이소와돼지유래균주에비해높게나타났다. 소와돼지유래균주에서는대부분의항생제내성률이 20% 이하를나타내었으나닭유래균주는 ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, tylosin, tetracycline의내성률이약 60% 이상을나타내었다. 그러나사람에서중요하게사용되는항생제인 daptomycin, linezolid, vancomycin, tigecycline의내성은소와돼지유래균주에서는관찰되지않거나매우낮았으나닭유래균주는 daptomycin과 linezolid의내성률은 5-10% 로나타났다. 동물분변에서분리된 E. faecium의다제내성을조사한결과, 소분변에서분리한균주의 61.6%(45/73), 돼지분변유래균주의 64.6%(93/144), 닭분변유래균주의 15.0%(36/240) 가검사한모든항생제에감수성을나타내었다. 검사한 12개의 subclass 중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸균주의비율은소분변유래균주에서 5.5%(4/73), 돼지분변유래균주에서 13.9%(20/144), 분변유래균주에서 63.3%(152/240) 로조사되어다제내성균이닭유래균주에서매우높게분포하는것으로나타났다 (Table 16-18). 29

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 16. 가축분변에서분리한 Enterococcus faecium 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Kanamycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Ciprofloxacin Vancomycin Tigecycline Daptomycin Erythromycin Tylosin (Tartrate/Base) Linezolid Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Quinupristin/ dalfopristin Tetracycline Salinomycin Animal species * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 cattle 128-128 128 128 100 pigs 128-2,048 128 128 97.2 1.4 1.4 poultry 128-2,048 128 128 97.9 0.4 1.7 cattle 128-2,048 256 256 49.3 43.8 4.1 2.7 pigs 128-2,048 256 512 39.6 42.4 9.7 8.3 poultry 128-2,048 256 2048 42.1 43.8 2.5 0.8 10.8 cattle 128-2,048 128 128 91.8 1.4 6.8 pigs 128-2,048 128 1024 86.8 0.7 1.4 2.8 8.3 poultry 128-2,048 128 2048 64.6 0.4 4.6 5.4 25.0 cattle 1-4 1 2 58.9 35.6 5.5 pigs 1-8 1 4 75.0 14.6 9.7 0.7 poultry 1-16 4 8 36.7 10.4 32.1 12.5 8.3 cattle 0.25-8 1 4 1.4 15.1 34.2 32.9 15.1 1.4 pigs 0.25-8 1 4 0.7 20.8 46.5 20.1 11.1 0.7 poultry 0.5-16 4 16 1.7 13.3 16.7 30.4 17.1 20.8 cattle 2-4 2 4 84.9 15.1 pigs 2-4 2 2 91.0 9.0 poultry 2-4 2 2 95.4 4.6 cattle 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.25 53.4 45.2 1.4 pigs 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.25 63.2 36.1 0.7 poultry 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.25 50.0 45.4 4.6 cattle 0.5-32 4 4 1.4 1.4 16.4 78.1 1.4 1.4 pigs 0.5-32 4 4 5.6 4.9 21.5 65.3 1.4 1.4 poultry 0.5-32 4 4 0.8 5.4 29.6 54.6 8.3 1.2 cattle 1-64 2 4 39.7 15.1 38.4 4.1 2.7 pigs 1-64 4 64 24.3 14.6 45.8 3.5 1.4 10.4 poultry 1-64 64 64 24.6 7.1 8.8 3.8 0.8 55.0 cattle 1-64 4 8 2.7 9.6 54.8 28.8 4.1 pigs 1-64 4 64 4.9 22.9 43.8 16.0 12.5 poultry 1-64 64 64 4.6 17.5 12.9 5.0 1.2 58.8 cattle 1-8 2 2 1.4 90.4 6.8 1.4 pigs 0.5-4 2 2 0.7 2.8 87.5 9.0 poultry 0.5-16 2 4 0.8 7.9 71.2 12.9 4.2 2.9 cattle 2-32 8 8 1.4 2.7 90.4 2.7 2.7 pigs 4-32 8 32 7.6 80.6 0.7 11.1 poultry 2-32 8 32 0.4 3.3 70.4 6.7 19.2 cattle 2-32 4 4 45.2 52.1 2.7 pigs 2-32 4 4 45.1 46.5 0.7 7.6 poultry 2-32 4 32 22.9 56.7 1.7 0.4 18.3 cattle 1-4 2 2 11.0 80.8 8.2 pigs 1-4 2 4 17.4 71.5 11.1 poultry 1-32 2 8 22.9 47.9 18.3 5.0 2.9 2.9 cattle 2-128 2 128 74.0 1.4 8.2 16.4 pigs 2-128 2 128 80.6 1.4 18.1 poultry 2-128 128 128 35.8 0.4 0.8 0.4 2.9 5.0 54.6 cattle 2-4 2 4 89 11.0 pigs 2-8 2 4 89.6 9.7 0.7 poultry 2-16 2 8 65.4 10.0 24.2 0.4 * Cattle(n=73), pigs(n=144), poultry(n=240) 30

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 Table 17. 가축분변에서분리한 Enterococcus faecium의항생제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) A ntimicrobials cattle (n=73) pigs (n=144) poultry (n=240) Total (n=457) Gentamicin 0(0) 2(1.4) 4(1.7) 6(1.3) Kanamycin 2(2.7) 12(8.3) 26(10.8) 40(8.8) Streptomycin 6(8.2) 16(11.1) 73(30.4) 95(20.8) Ampicillin 0(0) 0(0) 20(8.3) 20(4.4) Ciprofloxacin 12(16.4) 17(11.8) 164(68.3) 193(42.2) Vancomycin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Tigecycline 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Daptomycin 2(2.7) 4(2.8) 23(9.6) 29(6.3) Erythromycin 5(6.8) 22(15.3) 142(59.2) 169(37.0) Tylosin\(Tartrate/Base) 3(4.1) 18(12.5) 141(58.8) 162(35.4) Linezolid 1(1.4) 0(0) 17(7.1) 18(3.9) Chloramphenicol 2(2.7) 16(11.1) 46(19.2) 64(14.0) Florfenicol 2(2.7) 11(7.6) 44(18.3) 57(12.5) Quinupristin/dalfopristin 6(8.2) 16(11.1) 70(29.2) 92(20.1) Tetracycline 19(26.0) 28(19.4) 151(62.9) 198(43.3) Salinomycin 0(0) 1(0.7) 59(24.6) 60(13.1) Table 18. 가축분변에서분리한 Enterococcus faecium의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns cattle (n=73) pigs (n=144) poultry (n=240) Total (n=457) No resistance detected 45(61.6) 93(64.6) 36(15.0) 174(38.1) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 13(17.8) 23(16.0) 23(9.6) 59(12.9) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 11(15.1) 8(5.6) 29(12.1) 48(10.5) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 1(1.4) 8(5.6) 36(15.0) 45(9.8) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 2(2.7) 6(4.2) 50(20.8) 58(12.7) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 4(2.8) 42(17.5) 46(10.1) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 1(1.4) 2(1.4) 11(4.6) 14(3.1) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 10(4.2) 10(2.2) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 3(1.3) 3(0.7) 31

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 나. 도체유래 Enterococcus faecium 도체에서분리한 Enterococcus faecium 270주 ( 소도체 61균주, 돼지도체 118균주, 닭도체 91균주 ) 에대한항생제감수성검사결과, 대체로가축분변유래균주의내성양상과유사하였다. 닭도체유래균주의내성률이전반적으로소도체및돼지도체유래균주에비해높게나타났다. 항생제별로 MICs 분포도를조사한결과에서도 erythromycin, tylosin, tetracycline의 MIC 50 이 64( μg / ml ) 이상, ciprofloxacin은 8( μg / ml ) 을나타낸반면, 소도체및돼지도체유래균주에서는 1-4( μg / ml ) 를나타내었다. 사람에서중요하게사용하는항생제의 MICs 분포도는 vancomycin 2-4( μg / ml ), tigecycline 0.125-2( μg / ml ), linezolid 0.5-16( μg / ml ) 으로나타났다. 시료별로내성률을비교한결과, 소도체와돼지도체유래균주에서는모든항생제내성률이대체로낮았으나, 닭도체유래균주에서는비교적높게나타났다. 소도체유래균주는 ciprofloxacin(23.0%, 14/61) 과 tetracycline(21.3%, 13/61) 를제외한모든항생제내성률이 20% 이하를나타내었다. 돼지도체유래균주는모든항생제의내성률이 20% 이하를나타내었으며 tetracycline(15.3%, 18/118), erythromycin(11.0%, 13/118), ciprofloxacin(10.2%, 12/118) 의내성률이다른항생제에비해높게나타났다. 그러나닭도체유래균주의항생제내성률은 tetracycline이 75.8%(69/91) 로내성률이가장높았으며, ciprofloxacin(60.4%, 55/91), macrolides계항생제인 erythromycin(60.4%, 55/91) 과 tylosin(60.4%, 55/91) 의내성률도높게나타났다. 그러나 vancomycin, tigecycline, linezolid의내성은모든시료에서관찰되지않거나낮았다. 도체에서분리된 E. faecium의다제내성양상을조사한결과, 소도체에서분리한균주의 55.7%(34/61), 돼지도체분리균주의 74.6%(88/118), 닭도체분리균주의 13.2%(12/91) 가검사한모든항생제에감수성을나타내었다. 검사한 12개의 subclass중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸다제내성균주의비율은소도체유래균주에서 11.5%(7/61), 돼지도체유래균주에서 7.6%(9/118), 닭도체유래균주에서 63.7%(58/91) 로닭도체유래균주에서다제내성균주의분포율이가장높게나타났다 (Table 19-21). 32

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 Table 19. 도체에서분리한 Enterococcus faecium 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Kanamycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Ciprofloxacin Vancomycin Tigecycline Daptomycin Erythromycin Tylosin (Tartrate/Base) Linezolid Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Quiv nupristin/ dalfopristin Tetracycline Salinomycin Carcasses type * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 cattle 128-2,048 128 128 95.1 4.9 pigs 128-2,048 128 128 95.8 0.8 3.4 chicken 128-128 128 128 100 cattle 128-2,048 256 512 41 47.5 4.9 1.6 4.9 pigs 128-2,048 256 512 35.6 46.6 10.2 0.8 6.8 chicken 128-2,048 256 2,048 44 39.6 3.3 1.1 12.1 cattle 128-2,048 128 128 91.8 1.6 6.6 pigs 128-2,048 128 128 91.5 0.8 7.6 chicken 128-2,048 128 2,048 63.7 2.2 7.7 1.1 25.3 cattle 1-16 1 2 70.5 21.3 1.6 1.6 4.9 pigs 1-8 1 2 78.8 16.1 4.2 0.8 chicken 1-16 2 16 49.5 11.0 18.7 7.7 13.2 cattle 0.5-16 1 4 9.8 41.0 26.2 16.4 4.9 1.6 pigs 0.5-16 1 4 11.9 44.1 33.9 6.8 1.7 1.7 chicken 0.25-16 4 16 1.1 1.1 6.6 30.8 25.3 7.7 27.5 cattle 2-4 2 2 91.8 8.2 pigs 2-4 2 4 89.8 10.2 chicken 2-4 2 2 93.4 6.6 cattle 0.12-2 0.125 0.25 59.0 32.8 3.3 4.9 pigs 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.25 69.5 29.7 0.8 chicken 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.25 41.8 51.6 6.6 cattle 1-32 4 4 3.3 18.0 70.5 6.6 1.6 pigs 0.5-8 2 4 2.5 8.5 39.0 49.2 0.8 chicken 0.5-32 4 8 4.4 2.2 28.6 53.8 8.8 1.1 1.1 cattle 1-64 4 16 21.3 11.5 55.7 3.3 1.6 6.6 pigs 1-64 4 8 16.1 11.9 61.0 1.7 0.8 8.5 chicken 1-64 64 64 24.2 13.2 2.2 4.4 56.0 cattle 1-64 4 16 4.9 32.8 32.8 18.0 1.6 9.8 pigs 1-64 4 16 4.2 26.3 39.8 16.1 5.1 8.5 chicken 1-64 64 64 4.4 14.3 16.5 4.4 60.4 cattle 0.5-8 2 4 3.3 1.6 80.3 13.1 1.6 pigs 1-4 2 2 3.4 89.8 6.8 chicken 0.5-16 2 4 3.3 5.5 65.9 20.9 2.2 2.2 cattle 4-32 8 8 8.2 85.2 3.3 3.3 pigs 4-32 8 8 5.9 88.1 1.7 4.2 chicken 4-32 8 32 2.2 52.7 18.7 26.4 cattle 2-32 4 4 34.4 62.3 3.3 pigs 2-32 4 4 44.9 51.7 0.8 0.8 1.7 chicken 2-32 4 32 16.5 54.9 2.2 2.2 24.2 cattle 1-16 2 4 18.0 70.5 6.6 3.3 1.6 pigs 1-4 2 2 4.2 90.7 5.1 chicken 1-16 2 4 37.4 37.4 19.8 2.2 3.3 cattle 2-128 2 64 75.4 1.6 1.6 11.5 9.8 pigs 2-128 2 128 83.9 0.8 0.8 4.2 10.2 chicken 2-128 128 128 24.2 1.1 2.2 3.3 69.2 cattle 2-2 2 4 85.2 11.5 3.3 pigs 2-4 2 2 97.5 2.5 chicken 2-8 2 8 56.0 22.0 22.0 * Cattle carcasses(n=61), pigs carcasses(n=118), chicken carcasses(n=91) 33

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 20. 도체에서분리한 Enterococcus faecium의항생제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Antimicrobials cattle carcasses (n=61) pig carcasses (n=118) chicken carcasses (n=91) Total (n=270) Gentamicin 3(4.9) 4(3.4) 0(0) 7(2.6) Kanamycin 3(4.9) 8(6.8) 11(12.1) 22(8.1) Streptomycin 4(6.6) 10(8.5) 24(26.4) 38(14.1) Ampicillin 3(4.9) 0(0) 12(13.2) 15(5.6) Ciprofloxacin 14(23.0) 12(10.2) 55(60.4) 81(30.0) Vancomycin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Tigecycline 3(4.9) 0(0) 0(0) 3(1.1) Daptomycin 5(8.2) 1(0.8) 10(11.0) 16(5.9) Erythromycin 7(11.5) 13(11.0) 55(60.4) 75(27.8) Tylosin\(Tartrate/Base) 6(9.8) 10(8.5) 55(60.4) 71(26.3) Linezolid 1(1.6) 0(0) 4(4.4) 5(1.9) Chloramphenicol 2(3.3) 5(4.2) 24(26.4) 31(11.5) Florfenicol 2(3.3) 2(1.7) 22(24.2) 26(9.6) Quinupristin/dalfopristin 7(11.5) 6(5.1) 23(25.3) 36(13.3) Tetracycline 13(21.3) 18(15.3) 69(75.8) 100(37.0) Salinomycin 2(3.3) 0(0) 20(22.0) 22(8.1) Table 21. 도체에서분리한 Enterococcus faecium의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns cattle carcasses (n=61) pig carcasses (n=118) chicken carcasses (n=91) Total (n=270) No resistance detected 34(55.7) 88(74.6) 12(13.2) 134(49.6) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 11(18.0) 16(13.6) 9(9.9) 36(13.3) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 9(14.8) 5(4.2) 12(13.2) 26(9.6) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 3(4.9) 1(0.8) 18(19.8) 22(8.1) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 4(3.4) 8(8.8) 12(4.4) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 1(1.6) 4(3.4) 18(19.8) 23(8.5) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 1(1.6) 0(0) 10(11.0) 11(4.1) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 1(1.6) 0(0) 3(3.3) 4(1.5) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 1(1.6) 0(0) 1(1.1) 2(0.7) 34

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 3. Enterococcus faecalis 가. 가축유래 Enterococcus faecalis 가축분변에서분리한 E. faecalis 492균주 ( 소 99균주, 돼지 164균주, 닭 229균주 ) 에대한항생제감수성검사결과, 대체로소에서낮았으며돼지와닭에서높게나타났다. 항생제별로 MICs 분포도를조사한결과, 돼지와닭유래균주에서는 tetracycline과 macrolides계항생제의 MIC 50 은 64( μg / ml ) 이상을나타났으며 aminoglycosides계항생제를제외한대부분의항생제의 MIC 50 은낮게나타났다. 사람에서중요하게사용하는항생제의 MIC 50 은 vancomycin 2( μg / ml ), tigecycline 0.125-0.25( μg / ml ), linezolid 1-2( μg / ml ), daptomycin 2( μg / ml ) 로대체로낮게나타났다. 축종별로내성률을비교한결과, 대체로소분변에서분리한균주보다돼지와닭분변에서분리한균주의내성률이높게나타났다. 모든축종에서 tetracycline의내성률이가장높았으며그외 macrolides계 (erythromycin, tylosin) 의내성률도돼지와닭에서높게나타났다. 항생제별로는닭에서는 ciprofloxacin의내성률이 47.6%(109/229) 로다른축종에비해높게나타났으며돼지에서는 aminoglycosides계항생제인 gentamicin(14.0%, 23/164), streptomycin(48.8%, 80/164), kanamycin (38.4%, 63/164) 그리고 phenicols계항생제인 chloramphenicol(46.3%, 76/164), florfenicol(29.9%, 49/164) 의내성률이다른축종에비해높게나타났다. 그러나 vancomycin, ampicillin, tigecycline의내성은관찰되지않았으며, 그외 daptomycin, linezolid의내성은모든축종에서낮게나타났다. 가축분변에서분리된 E. faecalis균의다제내성양상을조사한결과, 소에서분리한균주는 49.5%(49/99), 돼지에서는 18.9%(31/164), 닭에서는 8.7%(20/229) 가검사한모든항생제에감수성을나타내었다. 항생제감수성검사항생제중자연내성을나타낸 quinupristin/dalfopristin을제외한 11개의 subclass 중 3계열이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸균주의비율은소유래균주에서는 15.2%(15/99), 돼지에서분리한균주에서는 53.7%(88/164), 닭에서분리한균주에서는 56.8%(130/229) 로돼지와닭유래균주에서높게나타났다 (Table 22-24). 35

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 22. 가축분변에서분리한 Enterococcus faecalis 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Animal species* MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 cattle 128-2,048 128 128 90.9 4.0 5.1 Gentamicin pigs 128-2,048 128 2,048 79.9 3.0 3.0 2.4 11.6 poultry 128-2,048 128 128 90.8 0.9 0.9 7.4 cattle 128-2,048 256 2,048 44.4 44.4 11.1 Kanamycin pigs 128-2,048 256 2,048 33.5 25.6 1.8 0.6 38.4 poultry 128-2,048 256 2,048 46.7 31.4 0.4 1.3 20.1 cattle 128-2,048 128 2,048 73.7 1.0 1.0 4.0 20.2 Streptomycin pigs 128-2,048 256 2,048 47.6 3.0 0.6 1.2 47.6 poultry 128-2,048 128 2,048 63.8 3.1 1.7 3.1 28.4 cattle 1-2 1 2 82.8 17.2 Ampicillin pigs 1-2 1 2 84.1 15.9 poultry 1-8 1 1 93.0 6.6 0.4 cattle 0.25-16 2 2 1.0 2.0 43.4 45.5 3.0 5.1 Ciprofloxacin pigs 0.5-16 1 4 5.5 57.3 24.4 4.9 1.8 6.1 poultry 0.25-16 2 16 0.4 0.9 36.7 14.4 2.2 0.9 44.5 cattle 2-4 2 2 92.9 7.1 Vancomycin pigs 2-8 2 4 82.3 17.1 0.6 poultry 2-4 2 4 86.5 13.5 cattle 0.12-1 0.125 0.25 53.5 46.5 Tigecycline pigs 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.25 49.4 48.8 1.8 poultry 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.25 59.8 37.6 2.6 cattle 0.5-32 2 4 2.0 12.1 58.6 25.3 2.0 Daptomycin pigs 0.5-32 2 4 0.6 22.6 60.4 15.2 1.2 poultry 0.5-32 2 2 1.3 29.7 61.1 5.7 2.2 cattle 1-64 1 64 59.6 26.3 1.0 2.0 11.1 Erythromycin pigs 1-64 8 64 29.9 6.7 3.0 10.4 1.8 1.8 46.3 poultry 1-64 16 64 31.0 8.3 1.3 8.7 10.9 7.0 32.8 cattle 1-64 2 64 35.4 49.5 2.0 13.1 Tylosin (Tartrate/Base) pigs 1-64 64 64 13.4 23.2 0.6 1.8 1.2 1.8 57.9 poultry 1-64 64 64 16.6 22.3 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.4 59.0 cattle 0.5-4 2 2 1.0 30.3 67.7 1.0 Linezolid pigs 0.5-4 2 2 0.6 20.7 68.9 9.8 poultry 0.5-8 1 2 3.9 51.1 40.2 4.4 0.4 cattle 4-32 8 32 12.1 75.8 1.0 11.1 Chloramphenicol pigs 4-32 16 32 4.9 34.8 14 46.3 poultry 4-32 8 32 9.2 63.8 3.1 24.0 cattle 2-32 4 4 46.5 50.5 1.0 2.0 Florfenicol pigs 2-32 16 32 26.8 17.1 2.4 23.8 29.9 poultry 2-32 2 32 54.1 30.1 0.9 4.8 10.0 cattle 2-128 2 128 52.5 1.0 6.1 21.2 19.2 Tetracycline pigs 2-128 128 128 22.0 1.2 0.6 0.6 1.2 23.8 50.6 poultry 2-128 128 128 18.3 0.9 1.7 3.9 10.5 64.6 cattle 2-2 2 2 100 Salinomycin pigs 2-4 2 2 98.8 1.2 poultry 2-8 2 4 89.1 4.8 6.1 * Cattle(n=99), pigs(n=164), poultry(n=229) 36

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 Table 23. 가축분변에서분리한 Enterococcus faecalis 의항생제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Antimicrobials cattle pigs poultry Total (n=99) (n=164) (n=229) (n=492) Gentamicin 9(9.1) 23(14.0) 19(8.3) 51(10.4) Kanamycin 11(11.1) 63(38.4) 46(20.1) 120(24.4) Streptomycin 24(24.2) 80(48.8) 72(31.4) 176(35.8) Ampicillin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Ciprofloxacin 8(8.1) 21(12.8) 109(47.6) 138(28.0) Vancomycin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Tigecycline 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Daptomycin 2(2.0) 2(1.2) 5(2.2) 9(1.8) Erythromycin 13(13.1) 99(60.4) 136(59.4) 248(50.4) Tylosin\(Tartrate/Base) 13(13.1) 98(59.8) 136(59.4) 247(50.2) Linezolid 0(0) 0(0) 1(0.4) 1(0.2) Chloramphenicol 11(11.1) 76(46.3) 55(24.0) 142(28.9) Florfenicol 2(2.0) 49(29.9) 23(10.0) 74(15.0) Tetracycline 46(46.5) 125(76.2) 185(80.8) 356(72.4) Salinomycin 0(0) 0(0) 14(6.1) 14(2.8) Table 24. 가축분변에서분리한 Enterococcus faecalis 의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns cattle pigs poultry Total (n=99) (n=164) (n=229) (n=492) No resistance detected 49(49.5) 31(18.9) 20(8.7) 100(20.3) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 25(25.3) 28(17.1) 48(21.0) 101(20.5) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 10(10.1) 17(10.4) 31(13.5) 58(11.8) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 5(5.1) 27(16.5) 63(27.5) 95(19.3) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 9(9.1) 49(29.9) 45(19.7) 103(20.9) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 1(1.0) 12(7.3) 21(9.2) 34(6.9) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 1(0.4) 1(0.2) 37

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 나. 도체유래 Enterococcus faecalis 도체에서분리한 E. faecalis 507균주 ( 소도체 137균주, 돼지도체 206균주, 닭도체 164균주 ) 에대한항생제감수성검사결과, 대체로가축분변유래 E. faecalis와유사한내성양상을나타냈다. 항생제내성률이전반적으로소도체유래균주에서낮았으며돼지도체와닭도체유래균주에서높게나타났다. 항생제별로 MICs 분포도를조사한결과, 모든시료에서자연내성을나타내는 aminoglycosides계항생제 (gentamicin. kanamycin, streptomycin) 를제외한항생제중 tetracycline의 MIC 50 이돼지도체에서 64( μg / ml ), 닭도체에서 128( μg / ml ) 로가장높게나타났다. 사람에서중요하게사용되는항생제의 MIC 50 은 vancomycin 2( μg / ml ), tigecycline 0.125( μg / ml ), daptomycin 2( μg / ml ) 로대체로낮았다. 항생제내성률을비교한결과, 모든축종에서 tetracycline의내성률이가장높았으며, 소도체유래균주에서는 43.8%(60/137), 돼지도체유래균주는 63.6%(131/206), 닭도체유래균주는 76.2%(125/164) 로나타났다. 그외 macrolides계항생제 (erythromycin, tylosin) 와 aminoglycosides계항생제 (gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin) 내성률도모든시료에서다른항생제에비해높게나타났다. 시료별로는닭도체유래균주에서는 macrolides계항생제인 erythromycin 49.4%(81/164), tylosin 49.4%(81/164) 로높게나타났으며 ciprofloxacin의내성률은 37.8%(62/164) 로다른시료유래균주에비해높게나타났다. Aminoglycosides계항생제내성률은 streptomycin이 11.7-30.1%, kanamycin이 11.7-18.3% 로다른항생제에비해높게나타났다. 그러나 ampicillin, vancomycin, tigecycline 의내성은모든시료에서관찰되지않았으며 daptomycin, linezolid의내성률도낮게나타났다. 도체에서분리된 E. faecalis의다제내성양상을조사한결과, 소도체유래균주 49.6%(68/137), 돼지도체유래균주에서는 33.5%(69/206), 닭도체유래균주에서는 11.0%(18/164) 가검사한모든항생제에감수성을나타내었다. 항생제감수성검사항생제중자연내성을나타낸 quinupristin/dalfopristin을제외한 11개의 subclass 중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸균주는소도체유래균주에서는 16.1%(22/137), 돼지도체유래균주에서는 24.8%(51/206), 닭도체유래균주에서는 38.4%(63/164) 로닭도체에서다제내성균주의분포율이가장높게나타났다 (Table 25-27). 38

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 Table 25. 도체에서분리한 Enterococcus faecalis 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Kanamycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Ciprofloxacin Vancomycin Tigecycline Daptomycin Erythromycin Tylosin (Tartrate/Base) Linezolid Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Tetracycline Salinomycin Carcasses types * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 cattle 128-2,048 128 128 92.7 1.5 2.2 3.6 pigs 128-2,048 128 512 87.4 2.4 0.5 3.4 6.3 chicken 128-2,048 128 128 92.1 1.8 6.1 cattle 128-2,048 256 2,048 48.9 39.4 11.7 pigs 128-2,048 256 2,048 40.8 39.8 19.4 chicken 128-2,048 128 2,048 51.2 30.5 18.3 cattle 128-2,048 128 2,048 86.1 1.5 0.7 0.7 10.9 pigs 128-2,048 128 2,048 64.1 1.5 4.4 1.0 29.1 chicken 128-2,048 128 2,048 76.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 19.5 cattle 1-2 1 2 78.8 21.2 pigs 1-2 1 2 87.9 12.1 chicken 1-2 1 1 94.5 5.5 cattle 0.25-16 1 2 0.7 9.5 53.3 32.1 2.9 0.7 0.7 pigs 0.5-16 1 2 7.8 54.9 32.0 0.5 4.9 chicken 0.25-16 1 16 1.2 1.2 47.6 12.2 2.4 0.6 34.8 cattle 2-8 2 4 82.5 16.8 0.7 pigs 2-8 2 4 77.7 21.8 0.5 chicken 2-8 2 4 83.5 15.9 0.6 cattle 0.12-0.25 0.125 0.25 67.2 32.8 pigs 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.25 62.6 34.5 2.9 chicken 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.25 54.9 43.3 1.8 cattle 0.5-32 2 4 2.9 31.4 48.9 11.7 1.5 3.6 pigs 0.5-32 2 4 5.8 31.6 41.7 17.5 1.5 1.9 chicken 0.5-32 2 2 1.8 34.8 54.9 6.1 0.6 1.8 cattle 1-64 1 64 65.7 17.5 2.2 0.7 13.9 pigs 1-64 1 64 55.8 14.6 0.5 1.9 1.5 1.0 24.8 chicken 1-64 2 64 47.0 3.7 6.7 12.2 2.4 28 cattle 1-64 2 64 44.5 38 0.7 16.8 pigs 1-64 2 64 34.5 34.5 1.9 29.1 chicken 1-64 2 64 18.9 31.1 0.6 1.8 47.6 cattle 0.5-4 2 2 0.7 24.1 74.5 0.7 pigs 0.5-4 2 2 1.0 28.2 69.9 1.0 chicken 0.5-8 2 2 0.6 44.5 50.6 3.7 0.6 cattle 2-32 8 32 0.7 10.2 75.2 1.5 12.4 pigs 4-32 8 32 9.2 73.3 2.4 15.0 chicken 4-32 8 32 9.8 72.0 4.9 13.4 cattle 2-32 2 4 53.3 41.6 1.5 0.7 2.9 pigs 2-32 4 4 49.0 41.3 1.9 3.9 3.9 chicken 2-32 2 16 54.3 32.3 1.8 3.0 8.5 cattle 2-128 2 128 54 2.2 0.7 2.9 19.7 20.4 pigs 2-128 64 128 35.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 6.8 28.6 27.7 chicken 2-128 128 128 23.2 0.6 2.4 3.7 19.5 50.6 cattle 2-4 2 2 99.3 0.7 pigs 2-4 2 2 100 chicken 2-8 2 2 94.5 3.7 1.8 * Cattle carcasses(n=137), pig carcasses(n=206), chicken carcasses(n=164) 39

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 26. 도체에서분리한 Enterococcus faecalis 의항생제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Antimicrobials cattle carcasses pig carcasses chicken carcasses Total (n=137) (n=206) (n=164) (n=507) Gentamicin 8(5.8) 20(9.7) 13(7.9) 41(8.1) Kanamycin 16(11.7) 40(19.4) 30(18.3) 86(17.0) Streptomycin 16(11.7) 62(30.1) 34(20.7) 112(22.1) Ampicillin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Ciprofloxacin 6(4.4) 11(5.3) 62(37.8) 79(15.6) Vancomycin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Tigecycline 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Daptomycin 7(5.1) 7(3.4) 4(2.4) 18(3.6) Erythromycin 23(16.8) 60(29.1) 81(49.4) 164(32.3) Tylosin\(Tartrate/Base) 23(16.8) 60(29.1) 81(49.4) 164(32.3) Linezolid 0(0) 0(0) 1(0.6) 1(0.2) Chloramphenicol 17(12.4) 31(15.0) 22(13.4) 70(13.8) Florfenicol 4(2.9) 8(3.9) 14(8.5) 26(5.1) Tetracycline 60(43.8) 131(63.6) 125(76.2) 316(62.3) Salinomycin 0(0) 0(0) 3(1.8) 3(0.6) Table 27. 도체에서분리한 Enterococcus faecalis 의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns cattle carcasses pig carcasses chicken carcasses Total (n=137) (n=206) (n=164) (n=507) No resistance detected 68(49.6) 69(33.5) 18(11.0) 155(30.6) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 40(29.2) 53(25.7) 42(25.6) 135(26.6) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 7(5.1) 33(16.0) 41(25.0) 81(16.0) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 10(7.3) 26(12.6) 33(20.1) 69(13.6) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 8(5.8) 18(8.7) 25(15.2) 51(10.1) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 4(2.9) 7(3.4) 5(3.0) 16(3.2) 40

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 정상가축분변에서분리한 E. faecium/e. faecalis 의항생제내성경향 (2007-2014) 07 년부터 14 년까지정상가축분변에서분리한장구균 (E. faecium/e. faecalis) 의항생제내성경향을분석한결과, 축종및시료에따라연도별로항생제내성률이다소차이가있지만소와돼지유래균주에서는대체로내성률이낮아지는경향을보였다. E. faecium 내성률은특히돼지유래균주에서크게감소하였으며항생제별로는 07 년에비해 14 년에 tetracycline(98% 20%), erythromycin(76% 15%), streptomycin(78% 11%), ciprofloxacin(31% 12%), chloramphenicol(44% 11%) 의내성률이크게감소하였다. 소유래 E. faecium 균주에서도연도별다소차이가있지만일부항생제를제외한대부분의항생제내성률이감소하였으며, 특히 tetracycline(75% 15%), erythromycin(58% 7%), streptomycin (33% 8%), gentamicin(25% 0%), chloramphenicol (33% 3%) 의내성률이 07 년에비해현저히감소되었다. 닭유래 E. faecium 에서는대체로 10 년까지는다소증가추세를나타내었으나 11 년부터다시감소추세를나타내었다. E. faecalis 내성률은소와돼지유래균주에서는 08 년이후에점차감소추세를나타내었으며, 돼지유래균주에서는 07 년에비해 14 년에 tetracycline(99% 76%), erythromycin (77% 60%) 의내성률이감소하였다. 닭유래 E. faecalis 내성률은전반적으로 08 년과 09 년에비해서는 14 년에다소낮아지는경향을나타내었다. < 정상가축분변유래 E. faecium 의내성률 > % resistant isolates 100 % 100 90 % 90 % 80 80 % 70 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 10 0 % % Cattle Pigs Poultry Cattle Pigs Poultry 24 61 34 25 72 53 46 73 45 59 108 60 163 148 127 144 80 70 55 77 87 168 134 240 24 61 34 25 72 53 46 73 45 59 108 60 163 148 127 144 80 70 55 77 87 168 134 240 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year and number of isolates Tetracycline Ampicillin Erythromycin Streptomycin Gentamicin Ciprofloxacin Chloramphenicol Salinomycin < 정상가축분변유래 E. faecalis 의내성률 > % resistant isolates 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Cattle Pigs Poultry 40 32 32 61 152 80 85 99 104 52 87 88 216 145 166 164 58 17 58 162 170 213 196 229 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year and number of isolates Tetracycline Ampicillin Erythromycin Streptomycin Gentamicin Ciprofloxacin Chloramphenicol Salinomycin 41

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 제 3 장. 식중독세균의항생제내성 1. Salmonella spp. 가. 가축유래 Salmonella spp. 정상가축분변에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 133주 ( 소 3균주, 돼지 48균주, 닭 82균주 ) 에대한 MIC 검사결과, 대체로항생제및축종별로내성률이차이가있었으나대체로닭유래균주에서높게나타났다. 항생제별 MIC 50 은소유래균주에서는 ampicillin 64( μg / ml ), tetracycline 128( μg / ml ), gentamicin 16( μg / ml ), 돼지유래균주에서는 ampicillin 64( μg / ml ), tetracycline 128( μg / ml ), gentamicin 16( μg / ml ), 닭유래균주의 MIC 50 은 streptomycin 128( μg / ml ), nalidixic acid 128( μg / ml ) 로높게나타났다. 항생제내성률을조사한결과, 축종및항생제별로다소차이가있었다. 축종별로항생제내성률을분석한결과소유래균주의균주수가적어신뢰성은낮지만 tetracycline이 100%(3/3) 로가장높았으며 gentamicin 66.7%(2/3) 로높았다. 돼지유래균주의내성률은대체로다른축종에비해낮았으나 tetracycline 70.8%(34/48) 로가장높았으며 ampicillin(58.3%, 28/48) 과 streptomycin(33.3%, 16/48) 이대체로높게나타났다. 닭유래균주에서는 nalidixic acid의내성률이 80.5%(66/82) 로가장높았으며, ampicillin(68.3%, 56/82) 과 streptomycin(57.3%, 47/82) 의내성률이대체로높게나타났다. Cephalosporins계항생제내성률은닭유래균주에서 cephalothin 37.8%(31/82), cefoxitin 19.5%(16/82) 로나타났으며제3세대세팜계항생제인 ceftiofur의내성률도 37.8%(31/82) 로높게나타났다. 또한 fluoroquinolone계항생제인 ciprofloxacin의내성률도소와돼지유래균주에서는관찰되지않았으나닭유래균주의 11.0%(9/82) 에서관찰되었다. 다제내성양상을조사한결과, 모든항생제에감수성을나타낸균주가소에서는관찰되지않았으며, 돼지분변분리균주는 25.0%(12/48), 닭분변분리균주에서는 3.7%(3/82) 로나타났다. 검사한 12종 subclass 항생제중 3개 subclass 이상에내성을나타낸균주는소분리균주는모든균주가다제내성을나타내었으며, 돼지유래균주의 50.0%(24/48), 닭분리균주의 65.9%(54/82) 로닭에서분리된살모넬라균의다제내성률이가장높은것으로나타났다 (Table 28-30). 42

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 28. 가축분변에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Neomycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Amoxicillin /clavulanic acid Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Nalidixic acid Colistin Cephalothin Cefoxitin Animal species * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 cattle 1-16 16 16 33.3 66.7 pigs 1-64 1 64 72.9 2.1 10.4 2.1 12.5 poultry 1-64 1 64 52.4 1.2 18.3 28.0 cattle 4-32 4 32 66.7 33.3 pigs 2-32 4 8 47.9 35.4 8.3 8.3 poultry 2-32 2 32 54.9 14.6 2.4 28.0 cattle 8-128 16 128 33.3 33.3 33.3 pigs 4-128 8 128 16.7 39.6 10.4 4.2 29.2 poultry 4-128 128 128 15.9 22.0 4.9 1.2 56.1 cattle 64-64 64 64 100 pigs 2-64 64 64 37.5 4.2 58.3 poultry 2-64 64 64 31.7 68.3 cattle 4-8 8 8 33.3 66.7 pigs 2-16 4 8 43.8 6.2 47.9 2.1 poultry 2-64 4 64 31.7 18.3 29.3 1.2 19.5 cattle 1-8 1 8 66.7 33.3 pigs 01-8 1 2 79.2 16.7 4.2 poultry 0.5-8 2 8 13.4 31.7 17.1 37.8 cattle 0.12-0.25 0.125 0.25 66.7 33.3 pigs 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.25 87.5 4.2 8.3 poultry 0.12-4 0.25 2 30.5 51.2 7.3 7.3 3.7 cattle 4-128 4 128 66.7 33.3 pigs 2-128 4 128 4.2 77.1 2.1 2.1 14.6 poultry 2-128 128 128 3.7 15.9 80.5 cattle 2-2 2 2 100 pigs 2-16 2 2 97.9 2.1 poultry 2-16 2 2 90.2 1.2 7.3 1.2 cattle 4-64 4 64 66.7 33.3 pigs 2-64 4 8 16.7 47.9 27.1 4.2 4.2 poultry 2-64 8 64 25.6 19.5 14.6 2.4 37.8 cattle 2-4 2 4 66.7 33.3 pigs 1-16 4 8 47.9 33.3 16.7 2.1 poultry 1-32 4 32 2.4 43.9 20.7 11.0 2.4 19.5 cattle 0.12-0.25 0.125 0.25 66.7 33.3 Trimethoprim/ pigs 0.12-4 0.125 0.25 83.3 10.4 2.1 2.1 2.1 sulfamethoxazole poultry 0.12-4 0.25 4 42.7 41.5 2.4 1.2 12.2 cattle 4-8 4 8 66.7 33.3 Chloramphenicol pigs 4-64 8 64 22.9 58.3 6.2 12.5 poultry 4-64 8 64 35.4 37.8 1.2 25.6 cattle 2-4 4 4 33.3 66.7 Florfenicol pigs 2-64 4 64 2.1 60.4 20.8 4.2 12.5 poultry 2-64 4 64 7.3 58.5 8.5 25.6 cattle 64-128 128 128 33.3 66.7 Tetracycline pigs 2-128 128 128 27.1 2.1 6.2 64.6 poultry 2-128 2 128 53.7 14.6 31.7 * Cattle(n=3), pigs(n=48), poultry(n=82) 43

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 29. 가축분변에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 의항생제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Antimicrobials cattle pigs poultry Total (n=3) (n=48) (n=82) (n=133) Gentamicin 2(66.7) 12(25.0) 38(46.3) 52(39.1) Neomycin 1(33.3) 4(8.3) 23(28.0) 28(21.1) Streptomycin 1(33.3) 16(33.3) 47(57.3) 64(48.1) Ampicillin 3(100) 28(58.3) 56(68.3) 87(65.4) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 3(100) 0(0) 16(19.5) 16(12.0) Ceftiofur 1(33.3) 2(4.2) 31(37.8) 34(25.6) Ciprofloxacin 0(0) 0(0) 9(11.0) 9(6.8) Nalidixic acid 1(33.3) 7(14.6) 66(80.5) 74(55.6) Colistin 0(0) 1(2.1) 8(9.8) 9(6.8) Cephalothin 1(33.3) 2(4.2) 31(37.8) 34(25.6) Cefoxitin 0(0) 0(0) 16(19.5) 16(12.0) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 0(0) 1(2.1) 10(12.2) 11(8.3) Chloramphenicol 0(0) 6(12.5) 21(25.6) 27(20.3) Florfenicol 0(0) 6(12.5) 21(25.6) 27(20.3) Tetracycline 3(100) 34(70.8) 38(46.3) 75(56.4) Table 30. 가축분변에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns cattle pigs poultry Total (n=3) (n=48) (n=82) (n=133) No resistance detected 0(0) 12(25.0) 3(3.7) 15(11.3) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 0(0) 5(10.4) 14(17.1) 19(14.3) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 7(14.6) 11(13.4) 18(13.5) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 2(66.7) 15(31.3) 12(14.6) 29(21.8) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 5(10.4) 0(0) 5(3.8) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 2(4.2) 2(2.4) 4(3.0) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 1(33.3) 2(4.2) 13(15.9) 16(12) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 27(32.9) 27(20.3) 44

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 나. 도체유래 Salmonella spp. 도체에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 159균주 ( 소도체 9균주, 돼지도체 44균주, 닭도체 106균주 ) 에대한항생제감수성검사결과, 항생제및시료별로다소차이가있었다. 시료별로 MIC 50 을비교한결과모든시료에서 streptomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline이높았다. 특히닭도체균주의 MIC 50 은 ceftiofur 8( μg / ml ), nalidixic acid 128( μg / ml ), cephalothin 64( μg / ml ) 로다른시료에비해높게나타났다. 시료별로항생제내성률을조사한결과, 소도체와돼지도체유래균주는유사한내성양상을나타내었다. 소도체유래균주에서는 tetracycline(88.9%, 8/9) 과 ampicillin(88.9%, 8/9) 의내성률이가장높았다. 돼지도체유래균주에서도 tetracycline(75.0%, 33/44) 과 ampicillin(59.1%, 26/44) 의내성률이가장높았으며그외 aminoglycosides계 (streptomycin, gentamicin) 와 phenicol계항생제 (chloramphenicol, florfenicol) 내성률도높게나타났다. 닭도체유래균주에서는 nalidixic acid의내성률이 81.1%(86/106) 으로가장높았으며 tetracycline(62.3%, 66/106), streptomycin(62.3%, 66/106), ampicillin(62.3%, 66/106) 의내성률도높게나타났다. 특히닭도체유래균주에서는 cephalosporins의내성률이높게나타났으며제1세대항생제인 cephalothin과제3세대항생제인 ceftiofur의내성률이 50.9%(54/106) 로높게나타났다. 또한 ciprofloxacin의내성균이돼지에서 1균주 (2.3%0, 닭에서 3균주 (2.8%) 검출되었다. 다제내성양상을조사한결과, 모든검사항생제에감수성을나타낸균주가소도체유래균주에서는관찰되지않았으며, 돼지도체유래균주에서 4.5%(2/44), 닭도체유래균주에서 16.0%(17/106) 로나타났다. 검사한총 12개 subclass 항생제중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸균주는소도체유래균주에서는 88.9%(8/9), 돼지도체유래균주에서는 59.1%(26/44), 닭도체유래균주에서는 64.2%(68/106) 로나타났다 (Table 31-33). 45

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 31. 도체에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Neomycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Amoxicillin /clavulanic acid Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Nalidixic acid Colistin Cephalothin Cefoxitin Carcasses type * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 cattle 1-16 1 16 88.9 11.1 pigs 1-64 1 64 68.2 11.4 4.5 15.9 chicken 1-64 1 32 78.3 0.9 11.3 9.4 cattle 2-32 2 32 55.6 11.1 33.3 pigs 2-32 4 8 43.2 36.4 13.6 6.8 chicken 2-32 4 32 42.5 9.4 0.9 47.2 cattle 4-128 128 128 11.1 11.1 77.8 pigs 4-128 16 128 11.4 34.1 13.6 40.9 chicken 4-128 128 128 11.3 18.9 7.5 1.9 60.4 cattle 2-64 64 64 11.1 88.9 pigs 2-64 64 64 40.9 59.1 chicken 2-64 64 64 37.7 62.3 cattle 2-64 8 64 11.1 11.1 55.6 11.1 11.1 pigs 2-64 8 8 40.9 2.3 50.0 2.3 4.5 chicken 2-64 4 16 37.7 48.1 2.8 8.5 2.8 cattle 0.5-8 1 8 11.1 66.7 22.2 pigs 0.5-8 1 2 15.9 65.9 11.4 6.8 chicken 0.5-8 8 8 10.4 32.1 6.6 50.9 cattle 0.12-0.25 0.125 0.25 88.9 11.1 pigs 0.12-1 0.125 0.25 88.6 6.8 2.3 2.3 chicken 0.12-4 0.25 0.5 28.3 60.4 8.5 1.9 0.9 cattle 4-128 4 128 55.6 44.4 pigs 2-128 4 128 11.4 56.8 2.3 29.5 chicken 2-128 128 128 7.5 10.4 0.9 81.1 cattle 2-2 2 2 100 pigs 2-4 2 2 97.7 2.3 chicken 2-16 2 2 95.3 2.8 1.9 cattle 2-64 8 64 11.1 33.3 33.3 22.2 pigs 2-64 4 8 22.7 45.5 22.7 2.3 6.8 chicken 2-64 64 64 31.1 13.2 4.7 50.9 cattle 2-32 2 32 77.8 11.1 11.1 pigs 2-32 2 8 54.5 31.8 6.8 2.3 4.5 chicken 2-32 2 8 50.0 32.1 15.1 2.8 cattle 0.12-0.25 0.125 0.25 66.7 33.3 Trimethoprim/ pigs 0.12-4 0.125 0.25 84.1 6.8 9.1 sulfamethoxazole chicken 0.12-4 0.25 4 35.8 51.9 1.9 10.4 cattle 4-64 8 64 22.2 66.7 11.1 Chloramphenicol pigs 4-64 8 64 29.5 40.9 4.5 25.0 chicken 4-64 8 64 20.8 66.0 0.9 12.3 cattle 4-64 4 64 88.9 11.1 Florfenicol pigs 2-64 4 64 22.7 34.1 18.2 25.0 chicken 2-64 4 64 6.6 76.4 4.7 12.3 cattle 2-128 128 128 11.1 11.1 77.8 Tetracycline pigs 2-128 128 128 25.0 6.8 68.2 chicken 2-128 64 128 36.8 0.9 45.3 17.0 * Cattle carcasses(n=9), pig carcasses(n=44), chicken carcasses(n=106) 46

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 32. 도체에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 의항생제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Antimicrobials cattle carcasses pig carcasses chicken arcasses Total (n=9) (n=44) (n=106) (n=159) Gentamicin 1(11.1) 14(31.8) 22(20.8) 37(23.3) Neomycin 3(33.3) 3(6.8) 51(48.1) 57(35.8) Streptomycin 7(77.8) 18(40.9) 66(62.3) 91(57.2) Ampicillin 8(88.9) 26(59.1) 66(62.3) 100(62.9) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 1(11.1) 2(4.5) 3(2.8) 6(3.8) Ceftiofur 2(22.2) 3(6.8) 54(50.9) 59(37.1) Ciprofloxacin 0(0) 1(2.3) 3(2.8) 4(2.5) Nalidixic acid 4(44.4) 13(29.5) 86(81.1) 103(64.8) Colistin 0(0) 1(2.3) 5(4.7) 6(3.8) Cephalothin 2(22.2) 3(6.8) 54(50.9) 59(37.1) Cefoxitin 1(11.1) 2(4.5) 3(2.8) 6(3.8) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 0(0) 4(9.1) 11(10.4) 15(9.4) Chloramphenicol 1(11.1) 11(25.0) 13(12.3) 25(15.7) Florfenicol 1(11.1) 11(25.0) 13(12.3) 25(15.7) Tetracycline 8(88.9) 33(75.0) 66(62.3) 107(67.3) Table 33. 도체에서분리된 Salmonella spp. 의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns cattle carcasses pig carcasses chicken carcasses Total (n=9) (n=44) (n=106) (n=159) No resistance detected 0(0) 2(4.5) 17(16) 19(11.9) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 1(11.1) 16(36.4) 16(15.1) 33(20.8) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 5(4.7) 5(3.1) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 5(55.6) 14(31.8) 2(1.9) 21(13.2) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 1(11.1) 6(13.6) 2(1.9) 9(5.7) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(2.3) 6(5.7) 7(4.4) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 1(11.1) 3(6.8) 49(46.2) 53(33.3) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 7(6.6) 7(4.4) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 1(0.9) 1(0.6) Resistance 9 CLSI subclasses 1(11.1) 2(4.5) 1(0.9) 4(2.5) 47

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 가축및도축장도체에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 의항생제내성경향 (2010-2014) 10년부터 14년까지가축및도축장도체에서분리한살모넬라균의항생제내성경향을분석한결과, 축종및시료종류에따라연도별로내성률이크게차이가있었다. Ampicillin과 gentamicin의내성률은전반적으로증가추세를나타낸반면정상돼지와돼지도체에서 trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol의내성률은감소하였다. 그러나질병에이환된돼지에서분리된살모넬라균은 13년에비해대부분의항생제내성률이증가하였으며이는혈청형분포차이로생각된다. 닭유래살모넬라균은질병에이환된닭보다는정상닭분변및닭도체에서내성률이더높게나타났다. 닭분변유래균주에서는 ampicillin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, nalidixic acid의내성률이 13년에비해증가하였다. 닭도체유래균주에서도대부분의항생제내성률이 13년에비해증가하였다. 특히 ceftiofur의내성률은닭관련모든시료에서증가하였으며특히닭도체유래균주의절반이상이 ceftiofur에내성을나타내었다. < 돼지및돼지도체유래살모넬라균의항생제내성률 > % resistant isolates 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Healthy pigs Pig carcasses Diseased pigs 111 47 45 67 48 14 16 21 44 44 18 18 15 30 44 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year and number of isolates Ampicillin Ceftiofur Gentamicin Nalidixic acid Streptomycin Tetracycline Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Chloramphenicol < 닭및닭도체유래살모넬라균의항생제내성률 > % resistant isolates 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Healthy chicken Chicken carcasses Diseased chicken 47 58 50 75 82 31 40 123 60 106 89 64 53 31 48 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year and number of isolates Ampicillin Ceftiofur Gentamicin Nalidixic acid Streptomycin Tetracycline Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Chloramphenicol 48

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 2. Campylobacter spp. 가. 가축및도체유래 Campylobacter jejuni 가축분변에서분리한 Campylobacter jejuni 108균주 ( 소 39균주, 닭 22균주, 소도체 3균주, 닭도체 44균주 ) 에대해 8 subclasses에속하는 9종항생제에대한감수성검사결과, 모든축종에서 MIC 50 이 ciprofloxacin 8( μg / ml ), nalidixic acid 64( μg / ml ) 로가장높게나타났으며 tetracycline의 MIC 50 은소및닭도체유래균주에서높게나타났다. 그러나모든축종및시료에서 macrolides계항생제 (erythromycin, azithromycin) 의 MIC는대체로낮게분포하였다. 분변유래 C. jejuni의항생제내성률은 (fluoro)quinolone계항생제내성률이가장높게나타났으며소분변유래균주에서 76.9%(30/39), 닭분변유래균주에서는 100%(22/22) 로나타났다. Tetracycline의내성률은소분변 33.3%(13/39), 닭분변 50.0%(11/22) 로나타났으며그외항생제내성률은대체로낮았다. 도체유래균주의항생제내성률은닭도체유래균주에서 ciprofloxacin 100%(3/3), nalidixic acid의내성률이 93.2%(41/44) 로가장높게나타났다. Macrolides계항생제인 azithromycin과 erythromycin의내성은닭도체유래균주에서 1균주 (2.3%) 관찰되었다. 다제내성양상을분석한결과, 검사한모든항생제에감수성을나타낸균주가소분변유래균주는 17.9%(7/39), 닭도체유래균주에서는 2.3%(1/44) 로나타났으나닭분변및소도체유래균주에서는관찰되지않았다. 검사한항생제총 8개 subclass 중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸다제내성균주가소분변유래균주에서 30.8%(12/39), 닭분변유래균주에서 50.0%(11/22), 소도체유래균주에서 100%(3/3), 닭도체유래균주에서 40.9%(18/44) 로닭분변및닭도체유래균주에서다제내성분포가높았다 (Table 34-36). 49

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 31. 도체에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Carcasses type * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.032 0.064 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 cattle 0.12-32 0.25 0.25 48.7 43.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 poultry 0.12-32 0.25 0.5 36.4 45.5 9.1 4.5 4.5 Gentamicin cattle carcasses 0.12-32 0.25 32 33.3 33.3 33.3 chicken carcasses 0.12-2 0.25 0.5 31.8 56.8 9.1 2.3 cattle 0.06-32 8 16 15.4 5.1 2.6 7.7 28.2 33.3 7.7 poultry 4-64 8 64 22.7 27.3 18.2 9.1 22.7 Ciprofloxacin cattle carcasses 8-16 8 16 66.7 33.3 chicken carcasses 0.12-64 8 32 2.3 2.3 2.3 11.4 56.8 9.1 11.4 4.5 cattle 0.12-4 0.5 2 2.6 15.4 43.6 20.5 12.8 5.1 poultry 0.25-8 1 4 18.2 22.7 27.3 9.1 18.2 4.5 Telithromycin cattle carcasses 0.5-1 0.5 1 66.7 33.3 chicken carcasses 0.06-8 0.5 2 2.3 9.1 13.6 34.1 27.3 4.5 6.8 2.3 cattle 0.016-0.12 0.032 0.125 10.3 41 38.5 10.3 poultry 0.016-64 0.064 0.25 22.7 18.2 27.3 18.2 9.1 4.5 Azithromycin cattle 0.03-0.06 0.064 carcasses 0.064 33.3 66.7 chicken carcasses 0.015-8 0.064 0.125 18.2 20.5 27.3 27.3 4.5 2.3 cattle 0.06-1 0.5 1 2.6 10.3 28.2 41.0 17.9 poultry 0.06-64 0.5 1 4.5 18.2 13.6 31.8 22.7 4.5 4.5 Erythromycin cattle carcasses 0.25-0.5 0.25 0.5 66.7 33.3 chicken carcasses 0.12-64 0.5 1 20.5 22.7 45.5 9.1 2.3 cattle 4-64 64 64 20.5 2.6 76.9 poultry 64-64 64 64 100 Nalidixic acid cattle carcasses 64-64 64 64 100 chicken carcasses 4-64 64 64 2.3 2.3 6.8 9.1 79.5 cattle 0.06-1 0.25 0.5 15.4 33.3 35.9 12.8 2.6 poultry 0.03-16 0.25 1 4.5 27.3 27.3 27.3 9.1 4.5 Clindamycin cattle 0.06-0.12 carcasses 0.125 0.125 33.3 66.7 chicken carcasses 0.03-16 0.125 0.5 20.5 4.5 27.3 31.8 6.8 6.8 2.3 cattle 0.25-4 1 1 2.6 25.6 64.1 2.6 5.1 poultry 0.25-64 1 8 4.5 18.2 27.3 22.7 13.6 9.1 4.5 Florfenicol cattle carcasses 0.06-32 1 4 2.3 4.5 25 45.5 9.1 11.4 2.3 chicken carcasses 0.5-0.5 0.5 0.5 100 cattle 0.12-64 0.25 64 12.8 48.7 5.1 33.3 poultry 0.12-64 2 64 4.5 18.2 9.1 9.1 9.1 50.0 Tetracycline cattle carcasses 16-64 64 64 33.3 66.7 chicken carcasses 0.12-64 32 64 2.3 36.4 6.8 2.3 18.2 34.1 * Cattle(n=39), poultry(n=22), cattle carcasses(n=3), chicken carcasses(n=44) 50

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 35. 가축분변에서분리한 Campylobacter jejuni 의항생제내성률 Antimicrobials cattle (n=39) No. of resistant isolates (%) Animals Carcasses poultry subtotal cattle poultry (n=22) (n=61) (n=39) (n=22) subtotal (n=61) Gentamicin 1(2.6) 1(4.5) 2(3.3) 1(33.3) 0(0) 1(2.1) Ciprofloxacin 30(76.9) 22(100) 52(85.2) 3(100) 41(93.2) 44(93.6) Telithromycin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Azithromycin 0(0) 1(4.5) 1(1.6) 0(0) 1(2.3) 1(2.1) Erythromycin 0(0) 1(4.5) 1(1.6) 0(0) 1(2.3) 1(2.1) Nalidixic acid 30(76.9) 22(100) 52(85.2) 3(100) 35(79.5) 38(80.9) Clindamycin 0(0) 1(4.5) 1(1.6) 0(0) 1(2.3) 1(2.1) Florfenicol 0(0) 3(13.6) 3(4.9) 0(0) 1(2.3) 1(2.1) Tetracycline 13(33.3) 11(50.0) 24(39.3) 3(100) 24(54.5) 27(57.4) Table 36. 가축분변에서분리한 Campylobacter jejuni 의다제내성률 Resistance patterns cattle (n=39) No. of resistant isolates (%) Animals Carcasses poultry subtotal cattle poultry (n=22) (n=61) (n=39) (n=22) subtotal (n=61) No resistance detected 7(17.9) 0(0) 7(11.5) 0(0) 1(2.3) 1(2.1) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 2(5.1) 0(0) 2(3.3) 0(0) 1(2.3) 1(2.1) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 18(46.2) 11(50) 29(47.5) 0(0) 24(54.5) 24(51.1) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 12(30.8) 8(36.4) 20(32.8) 2(66.7) 18(40.9) 20(42.6) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 2(9.1) 2(3.3) 1(33.3) 0(0) 1(2.1) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(4.5) 1(1.6) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 51

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 나. 가축및도체유래 Campylobacter coli 정상가축분변및도체에서분리한 C. coli 101균주 ( 소분변 12균주, 돼지분변 62균주, 닭분변 27균주 ) 와도체에서분리한 98균주 ( 소도체 4균주, 돼지도체 75균주, 닭도체 19균주 ) 에대한항생제감수성검사결과, C. jejuni에비해내성률이전반적으로높게나타났다. MIC 분포도를조사한결과모든시료에서 ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline의 MIC가대체로높았으며 MIC 50 도 nalidixic acid와 tetracycline은 16-64( μg / ml ), ciprofloxacin은 16( μg / ml ) 을나타내었다. 항생제내성률을비교한결과, 모든시료에서 ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline의내성이비교적높게나타났다. 가축분변유래균주에서는모든축종에서 (fluoro)quinoline 계항생제 (ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid) 내성률이가장높았다 (ciprofloxacin: 소분변 100%, 돼지분변 90.3%, 닭분변 92.6%, nalidixic acid: 소분변 83.3%, 돼지분변 87.1%, 닭분변 81.5%). Macrolides계항생제 (azithromycin, erythromycin) 내성률은소분변 66.7%, 돼지분변 41.9%, 닭분변 7.4% 로소와돼지에서높게나타났다. 도체유래균주에서도가축과유사한내성경향을나타내었다. 도체유래균주의 (fluoro)quinoline계항생제내성률은소도체 50.0% 돼지도체 74.7-78.7%, 닭도체 89.5-100% 로나타났으며 macrolides계항생제내성률은소도체 100%, 돼지도체 48.0%, 닭도체 26.3% 로나타났다. 가축분변에서분리한 C. coli의다제내성양상을살펴보면, 검사한총 8개의 subclass중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸균주가소분변유래균주에서 75.0%(9/12), 돼지분변유래균주에서 87.1%(54/62), 닭분변유래균주에서 74.1%(20/27) 로모든축종에서높게나타났다. 도체유래균주에서는모든균주가검사한 1개이상의항생제에내성을나타내었으며, 총 8개의 subclass중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸다제내성균이소도체에서 75.0%(3/4), 돼지도체에서 69.4%(25/36), 닭도체에서 85.7%(6/7) 로모든시료에서다제내성균이비교적높게분포하였다 (Table 37-42). 52

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 37. 가축분변에서분리한 Campylobacter coli 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Animals * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.016 0.032 0.064 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 cattle 0.12-32 0.5 32 8.3 8.3 66.7 16.7 Gentamicin pigs 0.12-32 0.25 8 11.3 46.8 25.8 3.2 1.6 3.2 1.6 6.5 poultry 0.12-32 0.25 16 3.7 51.9 29.6 7.4 7.4 cattle 4-32 16 16 8.3 25.0 58.3 8.3 Ciprofloxacin pigs 0.06-32 16 32 1.6 8.1 19.4 56.5 14.5 poultry 0.06-64 16 32 3.7 3.7 7.4 29.6 22.2 25.9 7.4 cattle 0.12-16 8 16 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 25.0 41.7 Telithromycin pigs 0.25-16 4 16 1.6 4.8 11.3 27.4 11.3 4.8 38.7 poultry 0.12-16 1 4 11.1 14.8 11.1 14.8 29.6 11.1 7.4 cattle 0.03-64 64 64 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 66.7 Azithromycin pigs 0.015-64 0.25 64 1.6 3.2 8.1 24.2 17.7 3.2 41.9 poultry 0.03-64 0.064 0.25 33.3 25.9 29.6 3.7 7.4 cattle 0.12-64 64 64 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 66.7 Erythromycin pigs 0.25-64 2 64 4.8 4.8 21.0 24.2 3.2 41.9 poultry 0.12-64 1 4 3.7 14.8 29.6 18.5 22.2 3.7 7.4 Nalidixic acid cattle 16-64 64 64 8.3 8.3 83.3 pigs 4-64 64 64 4.8 4.8 3.2 87.1 poultry 4-64 64 64 3.7 7.4 7.4 81.5 cattle 0.25-16 4 8 16.7 8.3 8.3 16.7 41.7 8.3 Clindamycin pigs 0.12-16 1 16 4.8 8.1 22.6 17.7 1.6 8.1 14.5 22.6 poultry 0.06-4 0.25 1 3.7 37 40.7 7.4 3.7 7.4 cattle 0.5-4 1 2 16.7 41.7 33.3 8.3 Florfenicol pigs 0.25-64 2 8 1.6 9.7 33.9 33.9 9.7 3.2 6.5 1.6 poultry 0.5-2 1 2 25.9 40.7 33.3 cattle 0.06-64 16 64 8.3 8.3 25 8.3 50.0 Tetracycline pigs 0.25-64 64 64 3.2 1.6 6.5 3.2 3.2 11.3 4.8 11.3 54.8 poultry 0.25-64 64 64 11.1 7.4 3.7 77.8 * Cattle(n=12), pigs(n=62), poultry(n=27) 53

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 38. 가축분변에서분리한 Campylobacter coli 의항생제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Antimicrobials cattle pigs poultry total (n=12) (n=62) (n=27) (n=101) Gentamicin 2(16.7) 7(11.3) 4(14.8) 13(12.9) Ciprofloxacin 12(100) 56(90.3) 25(92.6) 93(92.1) Telithromycin 5(41.7) 24(38.7) 2(7.4) 31(30.7) Azithromycin 8(66.7) 26(41.9) 2(7.4) 36(35.6) Erythromycin 8(66.7) 26(41.9) 2(7.4) 36(35.6) Nalidixic acid 10(83.3) 54(87.1) 22(81.5) 86(85.1) Clindamycin 6(50.0) 23(37.1) 0(0) 29(28.7) Florfenicol 0(0) 7(11.3) 0(0) 7(6.9) Tetracycline 7(58.3) 44(71.0) 21(77.8) 72(71.3) Table 39. 가축분변에서분리한 Campylobacter coli 의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns cattle pigs poultry total (n=12) (n=62) (n=27) (n=101) No resistance detected 0(0) 2(3.2) 1(3.7) 3(3.0) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 1(8.3) 1(1.6) 1(3.7) 3(3.0) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 2(16.7) 5(8.1) 5(18.5) 12(11.9) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 3(25) 20(32.3) 17(63) 40(39.6) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 12(19.4) 1(3.7) 13(12.9) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 2(16.7) 11(17.7) 2(7.4) 15(14.9) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 2(16.7) 10(16.1) 0(0) 12(11.9) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 2(16.7) 1(1.6) 0(0) 3(3.0) 54

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 40. 도체에서분리한 Campylobacter coli 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Carcass * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.016 0.032 0.064 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 cattle 0.5-32 0.5 32 75.0 Gentamicin pig 0.12-32 0.5 32 4.0 29.3 44.0 6.7 1.3 14.7 chicken 0.25-32 0.5 32 31.6 26.3 5.3 36.8 cattle 0.06-16 2 16 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 Ciprofloxacin pig 0.06-32 8 16 13.3 8.0 6.7 30.7 36.0 5.3 chicken 8-64 16 64 26.3 42.1 21.1 10.5 cattle 8-16 16 16 25.0 75.0 Telithromycin pig 0.12-16 4 16 5.3 4.0 12.0 18.7 20.0 12.0 28.0 chicken 0.12-16 2 16 5.3 15.8 15.8 26.3 5.3 10.5 21.1 cattle 64-64 64 64 100 Azithromycin pig 0.03-64 0.25 64 8.0 16.0 16.0 12.0 48.0 chicken 0.03-64 0.125 64 10.5 31.6 15.8 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 21.1 cattle 64-64 64 64 100 Erythromycin pig 0.12-64 2 64 5.3 8.0 18.7 20.0 48.0 chicken 0.25-64 1 64 10.5 21.1 21.1 15.8 5.3 26.3 Nalidixic acid cattle 4-64 32 64 25.0 25.0 50.0 pig 4-64 64 64 13.3 8.0 4.0 74.7 chicken 32-64 64 64 10.5 89.5 cattle 2-8 4 8 25.0 25.0 50.0 Clindamycin pig 0.12-16 2 8 8.0 80. 20.0 13.3 6.7 20.0 20.0 4.0 chicken 0.06-16 0.25 16 10.5 21.1 31.6 10.5 10.5 5.3 10.5 cattle 0.5-16 0.5 16 50.0 25.0 25.0 Florfenicol pig 0.25-16 1 4 1.3 34.7 32.0 18.7 4.0 8.0 1.3 chicken 0.5-64 1 8 26.3 42.1 10.5 10.5 5.3 5.3 cattle 0.12-64 0.25 64 25.0 25.0 50.0 Tetracycline pig 0.12-64 64 64 1.3 4.0 6.7 1.3 2.7 2.7 5.3 5.3 20.0 50.7 chicken 0.25-64 64 64 5.3 5.3 5.3 84.2 * Cattle carcasses(n=4), pig carcasses(n=75), chicken carcasses(n=19) 55

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 41. 도체에서분리한 Campylobacter coli 의항생제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Antimicrobials cattle carcasses pig carcasses chicken carcasses total (n=4) (n=75) (n=19) (n=98) Gentamicin 1(25.0) 11(14.7) 8(42.1) 20(20.4) Ciprofloxacin 2(50.0) 59(78.7) 19(100) 80(81.6) Telithromycin 3(75.0) 21(28.0) 4(21.1) 28(28.6) Azithromycin 4(100) 36(48.0) 5(26.3) 45(45.9) Erythromycin 4(100) 36(48.0) 5(26.3) 45(45.9) Nalidixic acid 2(50.0) 56(74.7) 17(89.5) 75(76.5) Clindamycin 2(50.0) 18(24.0) 3(15.8) 23(23.5) Florfenicol 1(25.0) 7(9.3) 2(10.5) 10(10.2) Tetracycline 2(50.0) 57(76.0) 17(89.5) 76(77.6) Table 42. 도체에서분리한 Campylobacter coli 의다제내성률 No. of resistant isolates (%) Resistance patterns cattle carcasses pig carcasses chicken carcasses total (n=4) (n=75) (n=19) (n=98) No resistance detected 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 0(0) 5(6.7) 1(5.3) 6(6.1) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 1(25) 13(17.3) 1(5.3) 15(15.3) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 1(25) 27(36) 7(36.8) 35(35.7) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 1(25) 10(13.3) 5(26.3) 16(16.3) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 10(13.3) 1(5.3) 11(11.2) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 8(10.7) 3(15.8) 11(11.2) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(1.3) 0(0) 1(1.0) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 1(25) 1(1.3) 1(5.3) 3(3.1) 56

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 가축및도축장도체에서분리한 C. jejuni/c. coli 의항생제내성경향 (2010-2014) 10년부터 14년까지가축및도축장도체에서분리한캠필로박터균의항생제내성경향을분석한결과, 연도별로항생제종류에따라다소차이가있었다. 닭분변및닭도체유래 C. jejuni는연도별로내성률이다소차이가있었으나 ciprofloxacin, tetracycline의내성률은모든시료에서지속적으로높게나타났다. 그러나 14년 tetracycline의내성률은 07년에비해닭분변 (79% 50%) 및닭도체 (87% 55%) 에서감소하였다. 그외 gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin의내성률은지속적으로낮게나타났다. C. coli 의내성률은모든시료에서 C. jejuni의내성률보다대체로높게나타났다. 모든시료에서 ciprofloxacin과 tetracycline의내성률은지속적으로높게나타났다. 년도별로항생제내성률이변동이있지만전반적으로 13년에비해대부분의항생제내성률이증가하였다. < 닭분변및닭도체유래 Campylobacter jejuni 의항생제내성률 > % resistant isolates 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Poultry Chicken carcasses 43 46 30 58 9 22 30 43 103 19 44 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year and number of isolates Gentamicin Erythromycin Ciprofloxacin Tetracycline Florfenicol Clindamycin < 돼지분변 & 돼지도체, 닭분변 & 닭도체유래 Campylobacter coli 의항생제내성률 > % resistant isolates 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Pigs Pigs Pigs carcasses 46 46 47 47 45 45 9 62 62 12 12 54 54 64 64 36 36 % resistant isolates 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Poultry Chicken carcasses Chicken 38 6 43 27 25 29 55 7 19 38 6 43 27 25 29 55 7 19 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 Year and number of isolates 2010 2011 2012 2014 2010 2010 2011 2012 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year and number of isolates 2011 2012 2013 2014 Gentamicin Erythromycin Ciprofloxacin Tetracycline Florfenicol Clindamycin Gentamicin Erythromycin Ciprofloxacin Tetracycline Florfenicol Clindamycin 57

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 3. Staphylococcus aureus 도체에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 412균주 ( 소도체 62균주, 돼지도체 182균주, 닭도체 168 균주 ) 에대해 19종항생제에대한항생제감수성검사결과, 대체로모든시료의 MICs 분포양상이유사하였으나돼지도체와닭도체분리균주의 MICs가일부항생제에서다소높게나타났다. 주요항생제의 MICs 분포범위는 penicillin 0.125-2( μg / ml ) 로나타났으며시료별 MIC 50 은소 1( μg / ml ), 돼지 2( μg / ml ), 닭 2( μg / ml ) 로시료별로유사하였다. 그러나 ciprofloxacin의 MIC 50 은소와돼지는 0.5( μg / ml ), 닭에서는 8( μg / ml ), tetracycline는소와돼지는 0.5( μg / ml ), 닭은 16( μg / ml ) 으로닭에서높게나타났다. 그외항생제의 MIC 50 은모든시료에서큰차이는없었으며 vancomycin 1( μg / ml ), erythromycin 0.5( μg / ml ), clindamycin 0.125( μg / ml ) 로비교적낮은 MIC를나타내었다. 항생제내성률을조사한결과, 시료별로다소차이가있었으며소도체유래균주의내성률이돼지와닭도체유래균주에비해낮았다. 항생제별로는 penicillin의내성률이소도체 74.6%(47/62), 돼지도체 86.3%(182/157), 닭도체 58.9% 로모든도체에서가장높았다. 소도체에서는 penicillin을제외한모든항생제내성률이 10% 이하로나타났다. 돼지도체유래균주의내성률은 tetracycline이 37.9%(69/182), chloramphenicol 33.5%(61/182) 순으로나타났다. 닭도체유래균주의내성률은 tetracycline 57.7%(97/168), ciprofloxacin 51.8%(87/168), erythromycin 36.3%(61/168) 순으로나타났다. 그러나모든시료에서 rifampin, vancomycin sulfamethoxazole, mupirocin의내성은관찰되지않았다. Cefoxitin에내성을나타낸 25균주 ( 소도체 2균주, 돼지도체 14균주, 닭도체 9균주 ) 에서 meca 유전자가모두검출되어최종적으로 methicillin 내성 S. aureus로확인되었다. 도체시료에서분리한 S. aureus의다제내성양상을살펴보면, 검사한 19종의모든항생제에감수성을나타낸균주가소도체유래균주에서는 22.2%(14/62), 돼지도체유래균주에서는 2.7%(5/182), 닭도체유래균주에서는 4.2%(7/168) 로나타났다. 검사한항생제 19종 15개 subclass 중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸균주가소도체유래균주에서 3.2%(2/62), 돼지도체유래균주에서 46.2%(84/182), 닭도체유래균주에서는 50.0%(84/168) 로돼지도체및닭도체유래균주에서다소높게나타났다 (Table 43-45). 58

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 43. 도체에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Carcasses MIC Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) MIC type * range 50 MIC 90 0.016 0.032 0.064 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 cattle 1-2 1 1 98.4 1.6 Gentamicin pigs 1-16 1 16 76.2 3.3 20.4 chicken 1-16 1 16 84.4 2.4 13.2 cattle 4-4 4 4 100 Kanamycin pigs 4-64 4 64 71.3 1.7 2.2 1.1 23.8 chicken 4-64 4 64 82.6 1.2 0.6 15.6 cattle 4-32 4 8 71.0 25.8 1.6 1.6 Streptomycin pigs 4-32 4 32 54.7 18.8 0.6 26.0 chicken 4-32 4 32 68.3 15.0 16.8 cattle 0.016-0.03 0.016 0.032 83.7 16.3 Rifampin pigs 0.016-0.03 0.016 0.016 97.2 2.8 chicken 0.016-0.06 0.016 0.016 95.8 3.6 0.6 cattle 0.12-2 1 2 24.2 3.2 4.8 25.8 41.9 Penicillin pigs 0.12-2 2 2 13.8 1.1 10.5 17.1 57.5 chicken 0.12-2 2 2 41.3 0.6 3.6 3.6 50.9 cattle 1-16 4 4 1.6 95.2 1.6 1.6 Cefoxitin pigs 2-16 4 4 3.3 89.0 6.6 1.1 chicken 2-16 4 4 8.4 86.2 1.2 4.2 cattle 0.25-8 0.5 0.5 17.7 75.8 4.8 1.6 Ciprofloxacin pigs 0.25-8 0.5 8 46.4 22.1 2.2 8.8 0.6 19.9 chicken 0.25-8 8 8 19.2 7.8 6.6 15.0 51.5 cattle 1-2 1 2 75.8 24.2 Vancomycin pigs 1-2 1 1 99.4 0.6 chicken 1-2 1 2 86.2 13.8 cattle 0.25-8 0.5 0.5 33.9 62.9 3.2 Erythromycin pigs 0.25-8 0.5 8 11.0 67.4 0.6 21.0 chicken 0.25-8 0.5 8 13.2 50.9 35.9 cattle 1-4 2 2 1.6 96.8 1.6 Linezolid pigs 1-8 2 2 11.6 83.4 4.4 0.6 chicken 1-4 2 2 9.0 90.4 0.6 cattle 64-128 64 64 98.4 1.6 Sulfamethoxazole pigs 64-256 64 128 88.4 9.4 2.2 chicken 64-128 64 64 98.8 1.2 cattle 2-32 2 2 98.4 1.6 Trimethoprim pigs 2-32 2 32 81.2 1.1 17.7 chicken 2-4 2 2 97.6 2.4 cattle 0.12-4 0.125 0.125 90.3 1.6 4.8 3.2 Clindamycin pigs 0.12-4 0.125 4 52.5 5.0 9.9 5.0 1.7 26.0 chicken 0.12-4 0.125 4 70.7 0.6 1.8 26.9 cattle 4-16 8 8 1.6 93.5 4.8 Chloramphenicol pigs 4-64 8 64 1.1 60.2 5.0 7.2 26.5 chicken 4-64 8 16 4.2 83.2 8.4 1.2 3.0 cattle 0.5-256 0.5 0.5 98.4 1.6 Mupirocin pigs 0.5-256 0.5 0.5 97.8 0.6 1.1 0.6 chicken 0.5-256 0.5 0.5 99.4 0.6 cattle 0.5-1 1 1 43.5 56.5 Quinupristin/ pigs 0.5-4 1 4 45.3 23.2 19.3 12.2 Dalfopristin chicken 0.5-4 0.5 1 53.3 38.9 5.4 2.4 cattle 0.5-16 0.5 1 75.8 21.0 3.2 Tetracycline pigs 0.5-16 0.5 16 53.6 7.7 0.6 38.1 chicken 0.5-16 16 16 35.3 6.6 0.6 57.5 cattle 0.5-4 0.5 0.5 98.4 1.6 Fusidate pigs 0.5-4 0.5 0.5 90.1 9.9 chicken 0.5-4 0.5 0.5 97.0 3.0 cattle 0.5-4 0.5 1 61.3 32.3 6.5 Tiamulin pigs 0.5-4 1 4 38.1 18.2 43.6 chicken 0.5-4 0.5 1 85.6 8.4 1.5 * Cattle carcasses(n=62), pig carcasses(n=181), chicken carcasses(n=167) 59

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 44. 도체에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 의항생제내성률 Antimicrobials cattle carcasses (n=62) No. resistant isolates(%) * pig carcasses (n=182) chicken carcasses (n=168) Total (n=412) Gentamicin 0(0) 37(20.3) 22(13.1) 59(14.3) Kanamycin 0(0) 43(23.6) 26(15.5) 69(16.7) Streptomycin ND ND ND ND Rifampin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Penicillin 47(74.6) 157(86.3) 99(58.9) 303(73.5) Cefoxitin 2(3.2) 14(7.7) 9(5.4) 25(6.1) Ciprofloxacin 1(1.6) 37(20.3) 87(51.8) 125(30.3) Vancomycin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Erythromycin 2(3.2) 38(20.9) 61(36.3) 101(24.5) Linezolid 0(0) 1(0.5) 0(0) 1(0.2) Sulfamethoxazole 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Trimethoprim 1(1.6) 32(17.6) 0(0) 33(8) Clindamycin 2(3.2) 47(25.8) 46(27.4) 95(23.1) Chloramphenicol 0(0) 61(33.5) 7(4.2) 68(16.5) Mupirocin 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Quinupristin/Dalfopristin 0(0) 22(12.1) 4(2.4) 26(6.3) Tetracycline 2(3.2) 69(37.9) 97(57.7) 168(40.8) Fusidate 1(1.6) 19(10.4) 5(3.0) 25(6.1) Tiamulin ND ND ND ND * ND, Not determined Table 45. 도체에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 의다제내성률 Resistance patterns cattle carcasses (n=62) No. resistant isolates(%) pig carcasses (n=182) chicken carcasses (n=168) Total (n=412) No resistance detected 14(22.2) 5(2.7) 7(4.2) 26(6.3) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 44(69.8) 47(25.8) 33(19.6) 124(30) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 2(3.2) 46(25.3) 44(26.2) 92(22.3) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 23(12.6) 34(20.2) 57(13.8) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 15(8.2) 15(8.9) 30(7.3) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 1(1.6) 11(6) 20(11.9) 32(7.7) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 1(1.6) 12(6.6) 14(8.3) 27(6.5) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 3(1.6) 0(0) 3(0.7) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 5(2.7) 0(0) 5(1.2) Resistance 9 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 10(5.5) 1(0.6) 11(2.7) Resistance 10 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 5(2.7) 0(0) 5(1.2) 60

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 도축장도체에서분리한 S. aureus 의항생제내성경향 (2010-2014) 10년부터 14년까지도축장도체에서분리한황색포도상구균의항생제내성경향을분석한결과, 시료종류에따라내성률의차이가있었으며소도체와돼지도체는유사한내성경향을보였으나닭도체는다소다른내성양상을나타내었다. 소도체유래균주에서는 penicillin를제외한대부분의항생제내성률은감소추세를나타내었다. 소도체에서 pencillin 내성률은 10년 36% 에서 14년 76% 로 2배이상증가하였다. 그러나 pencillin을제외한대부분의항생제의내성률은지속적으로비교적낮게유지되었으며 13년에비해서도감소한것으로나타났다. 돼지도체유래균주에서도 pencillin의내성률이 07년 76% 에서 14년 86%, erythromycin의내성률도 13년에비해서는다소낮았으나 10년 27% 에서 4년 38% 로두항생제모두약 10% 이상증가하였다. 그러나 erythromycin과 clindamycin의내성률은 10년에비해감소추세를나타내었으며 sulfamethoxazole, linezolid의내성률도지속적으로낮게나타났다. 닭도체유래균주에서는항생제별로다소차이가있었으나대체로증가추세를나타내었다. 항생제별로는 penicillin 내성률이 10년 19% 에서지속적으로증가하여 14년 59% 로증가하였으며 erythromycin의내성률도 10년 16% 에서 14년 36% 로증가하여두항생제모두 2배이상내성률이증가하였다. 그러나 trimethoprim, linezolid의내성률은낮게지속적으로낮게유지되었다. Methicillin 내성을검출하는 cefoxitin의내성률을 13년과비교한결과소도체 (6% 3%), 돼지도체 (8.4% 7.7%), 닭도체 (21% 5%) 로모든시료에서감소하였다. < 도체유래황색포도상구균의항생제내성률 > % resistant isolates 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Cattle carcasses Pig carcasses Chicken carcasses 39 69 76 49 62 70 101 122 178 182 81 137 201 133 168 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year and number of isolates Rifampin Erythromycin Linezolid Penicillin Tetracycline Cefoxitin Sulfamethoxazole Trimethoprim Clindamycin 61

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 제 4 장. 가축병원성세균의항생제내성 1. Escherichia coli 시 도시험도및농림축산검역본부에의뢰된질병에이환된가축에서분리한대장균 85균주 ( 소 8균주, 돼지 38균주, 닭 39균주 ) 의항생제내성을조사한결과, 정상가축에서분리한대장균과내성양상은유사하였으나내성은질병에이환된가축에서분리한균주에서대체로높게나타났다. 항생제별로 MICs 분포도를조사한결과, streptomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline의 MIC 50 이모든축종에서높게나타났다. 축종별 MIC 50 은항생제별로다소차이가있었으며소유래균주에서는대부분의항생제에서낮게나타났다. 그러나돼지와닭유래균주의항생제별 MIC 50 은 streptomycin, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, florfenicol에서 64( μg / ml ) 이상으로높게나타났다. 항생제내성률을조사한결과, 모든축종에서 streptomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline의내성이높게나타났다. 축종별로는돼지유래균주에서는 ampicillin(92.1%, 35/38), tetracycline(86.8%, 33/38), chloramphenicol(84.2%, 32/38), streptomycin(76.3%, 29/38), florfenicol(71.1%, 27/38) 순으로내성률이높게나타났다. 닭유래균주에서는 (fluoro)quinolone계항생제인 ciprofloxacin (79.5%, 31/39), nalidixic acid(87.2%, 34/39) 의내성률이높게나타났으며그외 streptomycin (74.4%, 29/39), chloramphenicol(66.7%, 26/39) 순으로나타났다. 제3세대 cephalosporin계항생제인 ceftiofur에내성을나타낸균주가소유래균주에는검출되지않았으나돼지분리균주에서 7균주 (18.4%), 닭에서분리한균주는 3균주 (7.7%) 로나타났다. 다제내성을조사한결과, 검사한모든항생제에감수성을나타낸균주가소유래균주에서 62.5%(5/8) 로나타났지만, 돼지유래균주 5.3%(2/38), 닭유래균주에서 2.6%(1/39) 로낮게나타났다. 총 12 subclasses의검사항생제중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸다제내성균주가소유래균주에서는 12.5%(1/8), 돼지유래균주에서 92.1%(35/38), 닭에서분리한균주는 97.4%(38/39) 로닭과돼지유래균주의대부분이다제내성양상을보였다 (Table 46-48). 62

제 4 장가축병원성세균의항생제내성 Table 46. 질병이환가축에서분리된 Escherichia coli 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Neomycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Amoxicillin /clavulanic acid Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Nalidixic acid Colistin Cephalothin Cefoxitin Animal species * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 cattle 1-64 1 64 62.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 pigs 1-64 1 64 52.6 2.6 2.6 23.7 2.6 15.8 poultry 1-64 1 4 79.5 5.1 12.8 2.6 cattle 1-2 2 2 37.5 62.5 pigs 2-32 8 32 47.4 5.3 47.4 poultry 1-64 2 4 7.7 79.5 5.1 5.1 2.6 cattle 0.12-64 4 64 25.0 12.5 37.5 12.5 12.5 pigs 4-128 64 128 7.9 7.9 7.9 18.4 18.4 39.5 poultry 0.12-128 128 128 7.7 5.1 7.7 5.1 7.7 2.6 64.1 cattle 2-128 4 128 37.5 50.0 12.5 pigs 2-64 64 64 2.6 5.3 92.1 poultry 2-64 64 64 5.1 5.1 2.6 87.2 cattle 4-8 4 8 87.5 12.5 pigs 2-32 8 16 2.6 10.5 57.9 23.7 5.3 poultry 2-8 8 8 2.6 17.9 79.5 cattle 0.5-2 0.5 2 62.5 37.5 pigs 0.5-8 0.5 8 81.6 18.4 poultry 0.5-8 0.5 2 76.9 2.6 12.8 7.7 cattle 0.12-0.12 0.125 0.125 100 pigs 0.12-16 0.25 16 34.2 15.8 13.2 5.3 18.4 13.2 poultry 0.12-16 8 16 17.9 2.6 17.9 48.7 12.8 cattle 2-128 2 128 50.0 25.0 12.5 12.5 pigs 2-128 128 128 28.9 2.6 5.3 2.6 2.6 57.9 poultry 2-128 128 128 5.1 7.7 5.1 82.1 cattle 2-4 2 4 87.5 12.5 pigs 2-32 2 16 84.2 2.6 7.9 5.3 poultry 2-4 2 4 89.7 10.3 cattle 4-8 8 8 37.5 62.5 pigs 4-64 16 64 7.9 21.1 44.7 7.9 18.4 poultry 2-64 16 64 2.6 5.1 35.9 41.0 15.4 cattle 4-8 4 8 75.0 25.0 pigs 2-32 8 16 10.5 28.9 47.4 7.9 5.3 poultry 2-8 4 4 10.3 84.6 5.1 cattle 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.5 50.0 12.5 37.5 Trimethoprim/ pigs 0.12-4 4 4 31.6 7.9 2.6 57.9 sulfamethoxazole poultry 0.12-4 0.5 4 5.1 12.8 56.4 2.6 23.1 cattle 4-8 8 8 12.5 87.5 Chloramphenicol pigs 2-64 64 64 2.6 10.5 2.6 7.9 76.3 poultry 2-64 64 64 5.1 12.8 10.3 5.1 66.7 cattle 2-64 4 64 12.5 50.0 25.0 12.5 Florfenicol pigs 2-64 64 64 2.6 13.2 13.2 71.1 poultry 2-64 64 64 7.7 17.9 12.8 61.5 cattle 2-128 2 128 75.0 25.0 Tetracycline pigs 2-128 128 128 13.2 23.7 63.2 poultry 2-128 2 128 51.3 5.1 20.5 23.1 * Cattle(n=8), pigs(n=38), poultry(n=39) 63

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 47. 질병이환가축에서분리된 Escherichia coli 의항생제내성률 Antimicrobials cattle (n=8) No. resistant isolates(%) pigs (n=38) poultry (n=39) Total (n=85) Gentamicin 1(12.5) 16(42.1) 1(2.6) 18(21.2) Neomycin 0(0) 18(47.4) 3(7.7) 21(24.7) Streptomycin 1(12.5) 29(76.3) 29(74.4) 59(69.4) Ampicillin 1(12.5) 35(92.1) 35(89.7) 71(83.5) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 0(0) 2(5.3) 0(0) 2(2.4) Ceftiofur 0(0) 7(18.4) 3(7.7) 10(11.8) Ciprofloxacin 0(0) 19(50.0) 31(79.5) 50(58.8) Nalidixic acid 1(12.5) 24(63.2) 34(87.2) 59(69.4) Colistin 1(12.5) 6(15.8) 4(10.3) 11(12.9) Cephalothin 0(0) 10(26.3) 6(15.4) 16(18.8) Cefoxitin 0(0) 2(5.3) 0(0) 2(2.4) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 0(0) 22(57.9) 9(23.1) 31(36.5) Chloramphenicol 0(0) 32(84.2) 26(66.7) 58(68.2) Florfenicol 1(12.5) 27(71.1) 24(61.5) 52(61.2) Tetracycline 2(25.0) 33(86.8) 17(43.6) 52(61.2) Table 48. 질병이환가축에서분리된 Escherichia coli 의다제내성률 Resistance patterns cattle (n=8) No. resistant isolates(%) pigs (n=38) poultry (n=39) Total (n=85) No resistance detected 5(62.5) 2(5.3) 1(2.6) 8(9.4) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 1(12.5) 0(0) 0(0) 1(1.2) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 1(12.5) 1(2.6) 0(0) 2(2.4) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(2.6) 6(15.4) 7(8.2) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 8(21.1) 2(5.1) 10(11.8) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 1(12.5) 4(10.5) 19(48.7) 24(28.2) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 6(15.8) 4(10.3) 10(11.8) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 4(10.5) 4(10.3) 8(9.4) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 6(15.8) 3(7.7) 9(10.6) Resistance 9 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 4(10.5) 0(0) 4(4.7) Resistance 10 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(2.6) 0(0) 1(1.2) Resistance 11 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(2.6) 0(0) 1(1.2) 64

제 4 장가축병원성세균의항생제내성 2. Salmonella spp. 시 도시험도및농림축산검역본부에의뢰된질병에이환된가축에서분리된살모넬라균 95균주 ( 소 3균주, 돼지 44균주, 닭 48균주 ) 에대한 MIC 검사결과, 축종별로차이가있었다. 축종별 MIC 50 은돼지유래균주에서는 streptomycin 32, ampicillin이 64( μg / ml ), 닭유래균주에서는 nalidixic acid가 128( μg / ml ) 로높게나타났다. 항생제내성률을조사한결과, 축종별 항생제별로다소차이가있었으나소와돼지에서분리한균주의내성양상은대체로유사하였다. 돼지에서분리한균주는 streptomycin(59.1%, 26/44), ampicillin(54.5%, 24/44), tetracycline(52.3%, 23/44) 의내성률이 50% 이상으로높았으며그외 phenicol계항생제인 chloramphenicol 47.7%(21/44), florfenicol 45.5%(20/44) 의내성률도높게나타났다. 닭유래균주에서는 nalidixic acid 내성률이 64.6%(31/48) 로가장높았으며 colistin 25.0%(12/48), streptomycin 22.9%(11/48) 순으로나타났다. 제3세대 cephalosporin인 ceftiofur의내성은소에서는관찰되지않았으나돼지에서 4.5%(2/44), 닭에서 4.2%(2/48) 에서검출되었다. 다제내성을조사한결과, 검사한 12개 subclass 15종항생제에모두감수성을나타낸균주가소에서는관찰되지않았으나돼지에서 27.3%(12/44), 닭에서 35.4%(17/48) 로나타났다. 검사항생제중 3개이상의 subclass에내성을나타낸다제내성균주는소유래균주는 100%(3/3), 돼지유래균주는 65.9%(29/44), 닭유래균주는 25.0%(12/48) 로나타났다 (Table 49-51). 65

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 49. 질병이환가축에서분리된 Salmonella spp. 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials Animal species * MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 cattle 32-32 32 32 100 Gentamicin pigs 1-64 1 64 56.8 4.5 4.5 6.8 27.3 poultry 1-16 1 8 81.2 14.6 4.2 cattle 32-32 32 32 100 Neomycin pigs 2-32 2 32 59.1 13.6 2.3 2.3 22.7 poultry 2-32 2 4 81.2 14.6 4.2 cattle 64-64 64 64 100 Streptomycin pigs 4-128 32 128 4.5 9.1 27.3 9.1 2.3 poultry 4-128 8 64 18.8 45.8 12.5 2.1 14.6 cattle 64-64 64 64 100 Ampicillin pigs 2-64 64 64 43.2 2.3 54.5 poultry 2-64 2 2 95.8 4.2 cattle 16-16 16 16 100 Amoxicillin pigs 2-16 4 8 45.5 4.5 47.7 2.3 /clavulanic acid poultry 2-4 2 2 95.8 4.2 cattle 2-2 2 2 100 Ceftiofur pigs 0.5-4 1 2 2.3 63.6 29.5 4.5 poultry 0.5-8 1 1 12.5 83.3 4.2 cattle 0.5-1 0.5 1 66.7 33.3 Ciprofloxacin pigs 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.5 52.3 11.4 36.4 poultry 0.12-1 0.125 0.5 54.2 25.0 18.8 2.1 cattle 128-128 128 128 Nalidixic acid pigs 2-128 8 128 4.5 40.9 6.8 4.5 poultry 2-128 128 128 20.8 14.6 2.1 cattle 2-2 2 2 100 Colistin pigs 2-2 2 2 100 poultry 2-32 2 16 75.0 16.7 8.3 cattle 8-8 8 8 100 Cephalothin pigs 2-32 8 16 13.6 27.3 40.9 11.4 6.8 poultry 2-64 2 4 58.3 35.4 2.1 4.2 cattle 2-4 4 4 33.3 66.7 Cefoxitin pigs 2-32 4 8 22.7 52.3 18.2 6.8 poultry 2-16 4 8 33.3 39.6 25 2.1 cattle 4-4 4 4 100 Trimethoprim/ pigs 0.12-4 0.125 4 56.8 6.8 4.5 31.8 sulfamethoxazole poultry 0.12-0.5 0.125 0.25 72.9 25 2.1 cattle 64-64 64 64 100 Chloramphenicol pigs 4-64 8 64 13.6 36.4 2.3 47.7 poultry 4-8 8 8 39.6 60.4 cattle 64-64 64 64 100 Florfenicol pigs 2-64 8 64 2.3 40.9 9.1 2.3 2.3 43.2 poultry 2-8 4 8 25.0 60.4 14.6 cattle 128-128 128 128 Tetracycline pigs 2-128 16 128 34.1 9.1 4.5 15.9 poultry 2-128 2 2 3.2 4.2 * Cattle(n=3), pigs(n=44), poultry(n=48) 66

제 4 장가축병원성세균의항생제내성 Table 50. 질병이환가축에서분리된 Salmonella spp. 의항생제내성률 Antimicrobials cattle (n=3) No. resistant isolates(%) pigs (n=44) poultry (n=48) Total (n=95) Gentamicin 3(100) 17(38.6) 2(4.2) 22(23.2) Neomycin 3(100) 11(25.0) 2(4.2) 16(16.8) Streptomycin 3(100) 26(59.1) 11(22.9) 40(42.1) Ampicillin 3(100) 24(54.5) 2(4.2) 29(30.5) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Ceftiofur 0(0) 2(4.5) 2(4.2) 4(4.2) Ciprofloxacin 1(33.3) 0(0) 1(2.1) 2(2.1) Nalidixic acid 3(100) 19(43.2) 31(64.6) 53(55.8) Colistin 0(0) 0(0) 12(25.0) 12(12.6) Cephalothin 0(0) 3(6.8) 2(4.2) 5(5.3) Cefoxitin 0(0) 3(6.8) 0(0) 3(3.2) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 3(100) 14(31.8) 0(0) 17(17.9) Chloramphenicol 3(100) 21(47.7) 0(0) 24(25.3) Florfenicol 3(100) 20(45.5) 0(0) 23(24.2) Tetracycline 3(100) 23(52.3) 3(6.3) 29(30.5) Table 51. 질병이환가축에서분리된 Salmonella spp. 의다제내성률 Resistance patterns cattle (n=3) No. resistant isolates(%) pigs (n=44) poultry (n=48) Total (n=95) No resistance detected 0(0) 12(27.3) 17(35.4) 29(30.5) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 0(0) 2(4.5) 16(33.3) 18(18.9) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(2.3) 3(6.3) 4(4.2) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 10(22.7) 10(20.8) 20(21.1) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 4(9.1) 0(0) 4(4.2) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 4(9.1) 0(0) 4(4.2) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 2(66.7) 9(20.5) 2(4.2) 13(13.7) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 1(33.3) 1(2.3) 0(0) 2(2.1) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 0(0) 1(2.3) 0(0) 1(1.1) 67

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 3. P. multocida, A. pleuropneumoniae, S. suis 시 도시험도및농림축산검역본부에의뢰된질병에이환된돼지의호흡기병변에서분리된 P. multocida 76균주, A. pleuropneumoniae 23균, S. suis 103균주를분리하여항생제감수성을실시한결과, 균종별, 항생제별로내성이차이가있었다. P. multocida는 tylosin(100%, 76/76), sulphadimethoxine(80.3%, 61/76), oxytetracycline(72.4%, 55/76), tiamulin(51.3%, 39/76) 의내성률이높았다. 그러나그외다른항생제의내성률은 10% 이하를나타내었다. A. pleuropneumoniae 23균주에대한항생제감수성검사결과, P. multocida의내성률에비해높았다. 항생제별로는 spectinomycin의내성률이 95.7%(22/23) 으로가장높았으며 tylosin 87.0%(20/23), gentamicin과 oxytetracycline 65.2%(15/23), chlortetracycline 56.5%(13/23) 순으로나타났다. 그러나 ampicillin, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 의내성률은 10% 이하로낮게나타났다. S. suis 103균주에대한항생제감수성검사결과, 전반적으로 P. multocida 와 A. pleuropneumoniae 에비해내성률이높게나타났다. 항생제별로는 tilmicosin, clindamycin, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline의내성률이 90% 이상을나타내었으며 neomycin, danofloxacin, sulphadimethoxine의내성률은 50% 이상을나타내었다 (Table 52-55). 68

제 4 장가축병원성세균의항생제내성 Table 52. 질병이환돼지에서분리된 P. multocida(n=76) 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 >256 Gentamicin 1-16 2 4 10.5 51.3 34.2 2.6 1.3 Neomycin 4-64 8 16 46.1 43.4 9.2 1.3 Ampicillin 0.25-32 0.25 0.25 97.4 1.3 1.3 Ceftiofur 0.25-0.25 0.25 0.25 100 Danofloxacin 0.12-2 0.125 0.25 82.9 7.9 2.6 6.6 Enrofloxacin 0.12-2 0.125 0.25 86.8 5.3 1.3 2.6 3.9 Tilmicosin 4-64 4 16 88.2 1.3 7.9 2.6 Tulathromycin 1-64 1 4 86.8 2.6 6.6 1.3 2.6 Tylosin 8-32 16 32 5.3 63.2 31.6 Penicillin 0.12-8 0.125 0.125 96.1 1.3 2.6 Sulphadimethoxine 256-512 >256 >256 19.7 80.3 Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole 2-2 2 2 100 Clindamycin 8-16 16 16 1.3 98.7 Florfenicol 0.25-16 0.5 16 26.3 34.2 6.6 1.3 1.3 14.5 15.8 Chlortetracycline 0.5-8 1 2 18.4 43.4 31.6 5.3 1.3 Oxytetracycline 0.5-16 2 16 10.5 17.1 56.6 3.9 11.8 Spectinomycin 8-128 16 32 11.8 69.7 15.8 1.3 1.3 Tiamulin 0.5-32 32 32 2.6 7.9 38.2 51.3 Table 53. 질병이환돼지에서분리된 A. pleuropneumoniae(n=23) 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 >256 Gentamicin 8-16 16 16 34.8 65.2 Neomycin 32-32 32 32 100 Ampicillin 0.25-32 0.25 16 52.2 4.3 34.8 8.7 Ceftiofur 0.25-8 0.25 8 60.9 17.4 21.7 Danofloxacin 0.12-1 0.125 1 87.0 13.0 Enrofloxacin 0.12-1 0.125 0.5 87.0 8.7 4.3 Tilmicosin 8-64 16 32 8.7 65.2 17.4 8.7 Tulathromycin 32-64 32 64 78.3 21.7 Tylosin 16-32 32 32 13.0 87.0 Penicillin 0.12-8 0.125 8 52.2 4.3 43.5 Sulphadimethoxine 256->256 256 >256 69.6 30.4 Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole 2-4 2 2 91.3 8.7 Clindamycin 1-16 2 16 8.7 60.9 13 4.3 13.0 Florfenicol 0.25-8 4 8 39.1 4.3 4.3 4.3 47.8 Chlortetracycline 0.5-8 2 8 26.1 17.4 17.4 39.1 Oxytetracycline 1-16 8 16 34.8 4.3 13.0 47.8 Spectinomycin 8-64 64 64 4.3 95.7 Tiamulin 8-32 16 32 4.3 73.9 21.7 69

Ⅳ. 가축및도축장도체의항생제내성 Table 54. 질병이환돼지에서분리된 Streptococcus suis(n=103) 의최소억제농도 (MICs) 분포도 Antimicrobials MIC range MIC 50 MIC 90 Distribution (%) of MICs( μg / ml ) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 >256 Gentamicin 1-16 8 16 1.9 4.9 34.0 20.4 38.8 Neomycin 4-32 32 32 3.9 10.7 32.0 53.4 Ampicillin 0.25-16 0.25 4 74.8 1.0 2.9 6.8 5.8 2.9 5.8 Ceftiofur 0.25-8 0.5 8 44.7 17.5 7.8 5.8 2.9 21.4 Danofloxacin 0.12-2 1 2 1.9 1.0 5.8 41.7 49.5 Enrofloxacin 0.12-2 1 2 1.9 4.9 17.5 53.4 22.3 Tilmicosin 4-64 64 64 1.9 5.8 1.0 91.3 Tulathromycin 1-64 64 64 1.0 2.9 2.9 93.2 Tylosin 0.5-32 32 32 1.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 1.0 88.3 Penicillin 0.12-8 0.125 8 55.3 7.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 10.7 17.5 Sulphadimethoxine 256->256 >256 >256 46.6 53.4 Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole 2-4 2 4 81.6 18.4 Clindamycin 0.25-16 16 16 3.9 1.0 2.9 92.2 Florfenicol 0.25-16 4 16 1.0 2.9 21.4 44.7 6.8 23.3 Chlortetracycline 0.5-16 8 16 2.9 2.0 2.0 3.9 40.2 49.0 Oxytetracycline 0.5-16 16 16 1.9 2.9 1.0 1.9 22.3 69.9 Spectinomycin 8-128 64 128 1.9 3.9 41.7 22.3 30.1 Tiamulin 0.5-32 4 32 1.0 10.7 36.9 6.8 3.9 2.9 37.9 70

제 4 장가축병원성세균의항생제내성 Table 55. 질병이환돼지에서분리된 P. multocida, A. pleuropneumoniae, S. suis 의항생제내성률 Antimicrobials P. multocida (n=76) No. of resistant isolates(%) * A. pleuropneumoniae (n=23) S. suis (n=103) Gentamicin 1(1.3) 15(65.2) 40(38.8) Neomycin 1(1.3) ND 55(53.4) Ampicillin 1(1.3) 2(8.7) 9(8.7) Ceftiofur 0(0) 5(21.7) 22(21.4) Danofloxacin 5(6.6) 3(13.0) 51(49.5) Enrofloxacin 5(6.6) 1(4.1) 23(22.3) Tilmicosin 2(2.6) 6(26.1) 95(92.2) Tulathromycin 2(2.6) ND ND Tylosin 76(100) 20(87.0) 92(89.3) Penicillin 2(2.6) 10(43.5) 29(28.2) Sulphadimethoxine 61(80.3) 7(30.4) 55(53.4) Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole 0(0) 2(8.7) 19(18.4) Clindamycin ND ND 95(92.2) Florfenicol 23(30.3) 11(47.8) 31(30.1) Clindamycin 29(38.2) 13(56.5) 97(94.2) Florfenicol 55(72.4) 15(65.2) 98(95.1) Clindamycin 1(1.3) 22(95.7) 31(30.1) Tiamulin 39(51.3) 5(21.7) 39(37.9) * ND, Not determined 71

Ⅴ. 국내산축 수산식품및수입축산물의항생제내성 Ⅴ. 국내산축 수산식품및수입축산물의항생제내성 제 1 장. 대상세균의분리및동정 1. 대상시료 국내산축 수산식품은 2014년 3월부터 8월까지전국 5권역 ( 서울 / 경기권, 충청권, 경상권, 전라권및강원권 ) 의대형마트, 시장, 횟집등에서소고기 52건, 돼지고기 50건, 닭고기 48건및수산물 50건 ( 광어, 우럭등 ) 등총 200건을구입하여 Salmonella spp., S. aureus, E. coli, Enterococcus spp., C. jejuni, C. coli 및 V. parahaemolyticus 오염도분석및항생제감수성검사를실시하였다. 수입축산물은 2014년 1월부터 10월까지경인지방식품의약품안전청및부산지방식품의약품안전청 ) 에수입신고된쇠고기, 돼지고기, 닭고기및소매상에서직접구입한총 285건에대해 Salmonella spp., S. aureus, E. coli, Enterococcus spp., C. jejuni, C. coli 오염도분석및항생제감수성검사를실시하였다. 경인지방식품의약품안전청과부산지방식품의약품안전청에수입신고된검체에대해서는각지방청에서분리한균주를제공받아실험에사용하였다.(Table 56). Table 56. 국내산및수입산모니터링검사건수 구분 지역 모니터링식품및건수 소고기돼지고기닭고기수산물 서울 / 경기권 14 11 12 8 충청권 12 13 12 22 국내산 경상권 10 10 10 6 전라권 10 10 8 7 강원권 6 6 6 7 소계 52 50 48 50 경인청 34 56 12 - 수입산 부산청 14 40 97 - 평가원 15 1-16 소계 63 97 109 16 72

제 1 장대상세균의분리및동정 수입축산물의수입국의분포는다음의그림과같으며이는우리나라의수입량분포와거의유사했다. 수입수산물은새우를대상으로구매하였으며인도산이 6 건으로가장많았다. 쇠고기돼지고기닭고기 캐나다 3% 네덜란드 3% 덴마크 1% 네덜란드 1% 호주 56% 뉴질랜드 14% 미국 30% 미국 43% 칠레 4% 독일 18% 벨기에 6% 스페인 8% 미국 35% 덴마크 9% 브라질 55% 오스트리아 2% 멕시코 2% 헝가리 1% 핀란드 2% 프랑스 4% 폴란드 3% Fig. 4. 수입축산물검체수입국분포 2. 대상세균의분리 국내산축 수산식품의경우소고기, 돼지고기, 닭고기를포함하는축산식품 150건과수산식품 50개, 총 200건의축 수산식품에서총 148주 (E. coli 77주, S. aureus 55주, Salmonella 9주, Enterococcus 7주 ) 를분리하였다. Campylobacter, Vibrio 는분리되지않았다. 수입축 수산식품의경우총 285건에서총 51주 (E. coli 29주, S. aureus 13주, Enterococcus 9주 ) 를분리하였다. Salmonella, Campylobacter, Vibrio 는분리되지않았다 (Table 57-58). 73

Ⅴ. 국내산축 수산식품및수입축산물의항생제내성 Table 57. 국내산축 수산식품및수입축산물로부터분리한미생물 category No. of isolates Enterococcus spp No. of isolates E. coli S. aureus Salmonella spp Beef 41 3 29 9 0 Domestic meats and fishery products Pork 31 1 14 14 2 Chicken meat 65 3 34 21 7 Fishery products 11 0 0 11 0 subtotal 148 7 77 55 9 Beef 5 1 1 3 0 Pork 9 0 7 2 0 Imported meats Chicken meat 32 7 20 5 0 Fishery products 5 1 1 3 0 subtotal 51 9 29 13 0 Table 58. 국내산및수입축 수산식품으로부터분리한 Enterococcus spp. 분포 Bacterial species Domestic meats and fishery products Beef Pork Chicken meats Fishery products Imported meats and fishery products Beef Pork Chicken meats Fishery products E. faecalis 1 1 1 5 E. faecium 2 E. hirae 1 1 E. avium 1 1 E. durans 1 E. raffinosus 1 74

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 제 2 장. 지표세균의항생제내성 1. Escherichia coli 가. 국내산축 수산식품유래 Escherichia coli 주요항생제별내성률은 tetracycline 에대해 51.9%, streptomycin 에대해 45.5%, nalidixic acid 에 대해 50.6%, ampicillin 에대해 51.9%, 로나타났다. 전반적으로쇠고기에서유래한 E. coli 의항생제 내성률이돼지고기나닭고기유래 E. coli 보다내성률이낮았다. 모든항생제에감수성이있는균주는 21주 (27.3%) 인반면 3개이상의항생제계열에내성을나타내는균주는 45주 (58.4%) 로나타났다. 2013년결과에비해감수성균주는약간늘어났으며 (21.1% 27.3%), 3개이상항생제계열에내성을갖는균주는비슷한수준이었다 (60.5% 58.4%). 식품별로는 7개이상의항생제계열에내성을가진 20 균주중 14 균주는닭고기에서유래하였다. (Table 59-61). 75

Ⅴ. 국내산축 수산식품및수입축산물의항생제내성 Table 59. 국내산축 수산식품에서분리한 Escherichia coli 의최소억제농도분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Neomycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Amoxicillin /clavulanic acid Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Nalidixic acid Colistin Cephalothin Cefoxitin Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole Chloramphenicol fishes Florfenicol Tetracycline Food MIC Distribution % of MICs( μg / ml ) MIC type * range 50 MIC 90 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 beef 1-32 1 16 69.0 10.3 10.3 3.4 6.9 pork 1-32 1 16 50.0 14.3 7.1 21.4 7.1 chicken 1-128 1 64 50.0 14.7 5.9 5.9 11.8 5.9 5.9 fishes beef 2-4 2 2 93.1 6.9 pork 2-64 2 4 64.3 28.6 7.1 chicken 2-32 2 8 73.5 11.8 5.9 8.8 fishes beef 4-256 8 256 3.4 51.7 13.8 3.4 3.4 24.1 pork 4-256 8 256 7.1 50.0 7.1 35.7 chicken 4-256 128 256 2.9 26.5 8.8 5.9 55.9 fishes beef 2-128 4 128 24.1 48.3 3.4 24.1 pork 2-128 128 128 14.3 14.3 14.3 57.1 chicken 2-128 128 128 8.8 14.7 2.9 8.8 64.7 fishes beef 2-16 4 8 17.2 44.8 31.0 6.9 pork 2-64 8 8 7.1 21.4 64.3 7.1 chicken 2-64 8 64 8.8 14.7 50.0 11.8 2.9 11.8 fishes beef 0.5 0.5 0.5 100.0 pork 0.5-1 0.5 0.5 92.9 7.1 chicken 0.5-16 0.5 8 76.5 2.9 14.7 5.9 fishes beef 0.125-16 0.125 8 79.3 3.4 3.4 6.9 6.9 pork 0.125-8 0.125 8 64.3 7.1 14.3 14.3 chicken 0.125-32 8 16 17.6 11.8 5.9 2.9 2.9 26.5 26.5 5.9 fishes beef 2-256 4 256 48.3 31.0 3.4 17.2 pork 2-256 4 256 28.6 28.6 7.1 35.7 chicken 4-256 256 256 11.8 2.9 5.9 79.4 fishes beef 2-16 2 2 96.6 3.4 pork 2-64 2 32 85.7 7.1 7.1 chicken 2-16 2 2 97.1 2.9 fishes beef 2-128 8 32 3.4 3.4 58.6 24.1 6.9 3.4 pork 4-128 16 128 7.1 35.7 35.7 7.1 14.3 chicken 4-128 16 128 2.9 20.6 41.2 11.8 23.5 fishes beef 1-16 4 8 3.4 24.1 58.6 10.3 3.4 pork 2-8 4 8 14.3 42.9 42.9 chicken 2-64 4 32 11.8 52.9 20.6 5.9 8.8 fishes beef 0.125-8 0.125 8 69.0 6.9 3.4 20.7 pork 0.125-8 0.25 8 42.9 7.1 7.1 42.9 chicken 0.125-8 0.5 8 38.2 8.8 2.9 2.9 47.1 fishes beef 4-128 8 128 17.2 55.2 3.4 3.4 10.3 10.3 pork 4-128 16 128 7.1 35.7 7.1 7.1 7.1 35.7 chicken 4-128 16 128 14.7 29.4 5.9 20.6 29.4 beef 4-128 4 64 62.1 13.8 3.4 13.8 6.9 pork 4-128 8 128 28.6 21.4 7.1 7.1 35.7 chicken 2-128 8 128 2.9 38.2 8.8 14.7 35.3 fishes beef 2-128 2 128 62.1 3.4 10.3 6.9 17.2 pork 2-128 16 128 21.4 21.4 7.1 14.3 35.7 chicken 2-128 64 128 35.3 2.9 2.9 5.9 29.4 23.5 fishes 50 * Beef(n=29), Pork(n=14), Chicken(n=34), Fishery products(n=0) 76

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 Table 60. 국내산축 수산식품에서분리한 Escherichia coli 에대한항생제내성률 Antimicrobials Beef (n=29) Pork (n=14) No. of resistant isolates (%) Chicken meat (n=34) Fishery product (n=0) Total (n=77) Gentamicin 3(10.3) 4(28.6) 10(32.4) 0(0.0) 17(22.1) Neomycin 0(0.0) 1(7.1) 3(8.8) 0(0.0) 4(5.2) Streptomycin 9(31.0) 5(35.7) 21(61.8) 0(0.0) 35(45.5) Ampicillin 7(24.1) 8(57.1) 25(73.5) 0(0.0) 40(51.9) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 0(0.0) 1(7.1) 5(14.7) 0(0.0) 6(7.8) Ceftiofur 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 7(20.6) 0(0.0) 7(9.1) Ciprofloxacin 5(17.2) 4(28.6) 22(64.7) 0(0.0) 31(40.3) Nalidixic acid 5(17.2) 5(35.7) 29(85.3) 0(0.0) 39(50.6) Colistin 1(3.4) 2(14.3) 1(2.9) 0(0.0) 4(5.2) Cephalothin 3(10.3) 3(21.4) 12(35.3) 0(0.0) 18(23.4) Cefoxitin 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 5(14.7) 0(0.0) 5(6.5) Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole 6(20.7) 6(42.9) 16(47.1) 0(0.0) 28(36.4) Chloramphenicol 7(24.1) 7(50.0) 17(50.0) 0(0.0) 31(40.3) Florfenicol 6(20.7) 6(42.9) 17(50.0) 0(0.0) 29(37.7) Tetracycline 11(37.9) 8(57.1) 21(61.8) 0(0.0) 40(51.9) Table 61. 국내산축 수산식품에서분리한 Escherichia coli 의다제내성률 Resistance patterns Beef (n=29) No. of resistant isolates (%) Pork (n=14) Chicken meat (n=34) Fishery product (n=0) Total (n=77) No resistance detected 15(51.7) 3(21.4) 3(8.8) 0(0.0) 21(27.3) Resistance 1 CLSI subclasses 3(10.3) 1(7.1) 1(2.9) 0(0.0) 5(6.5) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 3(10.3) 1(7.1) 2(5.9) 0(0.0) 6(7.8) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 2(6.9) 3(21.4) 1(2.9) 0(0.0) 6(7.8) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 1(3.4) 1(7.1) 3(8.8) 0(0.0) 5(6.5) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 1(7.1) 4(11.8) 0(0.0) 5(6.5) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 1(3.4) 2(14.3) 6(17.6) 0(0.0) 9(11.7) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 4(13.8) 2(14.3) 10(29.4) 0(0.0) 16(20.8) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 1(2.9) 0(0.0) 1(1.3) Resistance 9 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 1(2.9) 0(0.0) 1(1.3) Resistance 10 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 2(5.9) 0(0.0) 2(2.6) 77

Ⅴ. 국내산축 수산식품및수입축산물의항생제내성 나. 수입축 수산식품유래 Escherichia coli 주요항생제별내성률은 tetracycline에대해 34.5%, ampicillin에대해 34.5%, streptomycin은 48.3% 로나타났다. 축종별로는닭고기유래균주를제외하고는분리된균주수가적어서내성률산출및비교에큰의미가없었다. 모든항생제에감수성이있는균주는 11주 (37.9%) 인반면 3개이상의항생제계열에내성을나타내는균주는 10주 (34.5%) 로나타났다. 닭고기유래균주의경우 3개계열이상내성균주 8주중 7주는브라질산닭고기유래였다. 모든항생제에감수성을보인균주 5주중 4주는덴마크산닭고기유래였다.(Table 62-64). 78

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 Table 62. 수입산축산식품에서분리한 Escherichia coli 의최소억제농도분포도 Antimicrobials Gentamicin Neomycin Streptomycin Ampicillin Amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid Ceftiofur Ciprofloxacin Nalidixic acid Colistin Cephalothin Cefoxitin Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole Food MIC Distribution % of MICs( μg / ml ) MIC type * range 50 MIC 90 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 beef 1 1 1 100..0 pork 1-64 1 64 71.4 14.3 14.3 chicken 1-32 1 32 80.0 5.0 15.0 Fishes 1 1 1 100.0 beef 2 2 2 100.0 pork 2-64 2 64 85.7 14.3 chicken 70.0 15.0 5.0 10.0 Fishes 2 2 100.0 beef 8 8 8 100.0 pork 4-256 8 256 14.3 57.1 14.3 14.3 chicken 8-256 32 128 35.0 5.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 Fishes 8 8 8 100.0 beef 4 4 4 100.0 pork 2-128 4 128 28.6 28.6 42.9 chicken 2-128 4 128 30.0 25.0 10.0 35.0 Fishes 4 4 4 100.0 beef 4 4 4 100.0 pork 2-8 4 8 14.3 42.9 42.9 chicken 2-64 4 8 25.0 30.0 40.0 5.0 Fishes 8 8 8 100.0 beef 0.5 0.5 0.5 100.0 pork 0.5 0.5 0.5 100.0 chicken 0.5-16 0.5 1 85.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Fishes 0.5 0.5 0.5 100.0 beef 0.125 0.125 0.125 100.0 pork 0.125 0.125 0.125 100.0 chicken 0.125-1 0.25 1 45.0 20.0 20.0 15.0 Fishes 0.125 0.125 0.125 100.0 beef 4 4 4 100.0 pork 2-8 4 8 28.6 57.1 14.3 chicken 2-256 8 256 20.0 25.0 5.0 15.0 35.0 Fishes 2 2 2 100.0 beef 2 2 2 100.0 pork 2 2 2 100.0 chicken 2 2 2 100.0 Fishes 2 2 2 100.0 beef 8 8 8 100.0 pork 8-16 8 16 71.4 28.6 chicken 2-128 8 16 5.0 15.0 35.0 40.0 5.0 Fishes 16 16 16 100.0 beef 4 4 4 100.0 pork 4-16 4 16 57.1 28.6 14.3 chicken 2-64 4 8 15.0 60.0 20.0 5.0 Fishes 4 4 4 100.0 beef 0.125 0.125 0.125 100.0 pork 0.125-8 0.125 8 71.4 28.6 chicken 0.125-8 0.125 8 65.0 15.0 5.0 15.0 Fishes 0.125 0.125 0.125 100.0 beef 8 8 8 100.0 pork 4-128 8 128 42.9 28.6 14.3 14.3 chicken 4-128 8 8 40.0 50.0 5.0 5.0 Chloramphenicol Fishes 4 4 4 100.0 beef 4 4 4 100.0 Florfenicol pork 2-8 4 8 14.3 71.4 14.3 chicken 2-8 4 8 5.0 80.0 15.0 Fishes 4 4 4 100.0 Tetracycline beef 2 2 2 100.0 pork 2-128 2 128 71.4 14.3 14.3 chicken 2-128 2 128 60.0 15.0 25.0 Fishes 2 2 2 100.0 * Beef(n=1), Pork(n=7), Chicken(n=20), Fishery products(n=1) 79

Ⅴ. 국내산축 수산식품및수입축산물의항생제내성 Table 63. 수입산축 수산식품에서분리한 Escherichia coli 에대한항생제내성률 Antimicrobials Beef (n=1) No. of resistant isolates (%) Pork (n=7) Chicken meat (n=20) Fishery product (n=1) Total (n=29) Gentamicin 0(0) 2(28.6) 4(20.0) 0(0) 6(20.7) Neomycin 0(0) 1(14.3) 3(15.0) 0(0) 4(13.8) Streptomycin 0(0) 2(28.6) 12(60.0) 0(0) 14(48.3) Ampicillin 0(0) 3(42.9) 7(35.0) 0(0) 10(34.5) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 0(0) 0(0.0) 1(5.0) 0(0) 1(3.4) Ceftiofur 0(0) 0(0.0) 2(10.0) 0(0) 2(6.9) Ciprofloxacin 0(0) 0(0.0) 3(15.0) 0(0) 3(10.3) Nalidixic acid 0(0) 0(0.0) 7(35.0) 0(0) 7(24.1) Colistin 0(0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0) 0(0.0) Cephalothin 0(0) 0(0.0) 1(5.0) 0(0) 1(3.4) Cefoxitin 0(0) 0(0.0) 1(5.0) 0(0) 1(3.4) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 0(0) 2(28.6) 3(15.0) 0(0) 5(17.2) Chloramphenicol 0(0) 2(28.6) 2(10.0) 0(0) 4(13.8) Florfenicol 0(0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0) 0(0.0) Tetracycline 0(0) 2(28.6) 8(40.0) 0(0) 10(34.5) Table 64. 수입산축 수산식품에서분리한 Escherichia coli 의항생제내성분포 Resistance patterns Beef (n=1) No. of resistant isolates (%) Pork (n=7) Chicken meat (n=20) Fishery product (n=1) Total (n=29) No resistance detected 1(100.0) 4(57.1) 5(25.0) 1(100.0) 11(37.9) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 0(0.0) 1(14.3) 4(20.0) 0(0.0) 5(17.2) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 3(15.0) 0(0.0) 3(10.3) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 3(15.0) 0(0.0) 3(10.3) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 2(10.0) 0(0.0) 2(6.9) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 2(28.6) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 2(6.9) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 2(10.0) 0(0.0) 2(6.9) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 1(5.0) 0(0.0) 1(3.4) 80

제 2 장지표세균의항생제내성 2. Enterococcus spp. 가. 국내산축 수산식품유래 Enterococcus spp. 주요항생제별내성률은 tetracycline 28.6% 의내성률을나타냈다. Tetracycline 내성률이작년 (40.0%) 보다낮아 2003년조사이후제일낮은수치를보였으나분리균주수가 7주에불과해내성률에큰의미를부여할수없었다. 추후지속적인실태조사를통한경향분석이필요했다. 그외의항생제에대해서는내성률이높지않았다. 모든항생제에감수성이있는균주는 5주였으며, 1개계열내성을보인균주 1주, 4개계열내성균주 1주였다. (Table 65). Table 65. 국내산축 수산식품에서분리한 Enterococcus spp. 에대한항생제내성률 Antimicrobials No. of resistant isolates (%) (n=7) Gentamicin 0(0.0) Kanamycin 0(0.0) Streptomycin 0(0.0) Ampicillin 0(0.0) Ciprofloxacin 0(0.0) Vancomycin 0(0.0) Tigecycline 0(0.0) Daptomycin 0(0.0) Erythromycin 1(14.3) Tylosin\(Tartrate/Base) 1(14.3) Linezolid 0(0.0) Chloramphenicol 1(14.3) Florfenicol 1(14.3) Quinupristin/dalfopristin 1(14.3) Tetracycline 2(28.6) Salinomycin 0(0.0) 81

Ⅴ. 국내산축 수산식품및수입축산물의항생제내성 나. 수입산축 수산식품유래 Enterococcus spp. 주요항생제별내성률은 quinupristin/dalfopristin 66.7%, tetracycline에 44.4%, erythromycin 33.3%, tyrosin 33.3% 내성률을나타냈다. Quinupristin/dalfopristin에내성을보인 6주중 5주는 quinupristin/dalfopristin에자연내성을보이는것으로알려진 E. faecalis였다. 모든항생제에감수성인균주가 2주, 1개계열에내성을보인균주가 2주, 2개계열내성균주 3주, 3개계열내성균주 1주, 4개계열내성균주가 1주였다. (Table 66). Table 66. 국내산축 수산식품에서분리한 Enterococcus spp. 에대한항생제내성률 Antimicrobials No. of resistant isolates (%) (n=9) Gentamicin 0(0.0) Kanamycin 1(11.1) Streptomycin 1(11.1) Ampicillin 0(0.0) Ciprofloxacin 1(11.1) Vancomycin 0(0.0) Tigecycline 0(0.0) Daptomycin 0(0.0) Erythromycin 3(33.3) Tylosin\(Tartrate/Base) 3(33.3) Linezolid 0(0.0) Chloramphenicol 0(0.0) Florfenicol 0(0.0) Quinupristin/dalfopristin 6(66.7) Tetracycline 4(44.4) Salinomycin 0(0.0) 82

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 제 3 장. 식중독세균의항생제내성 1. Salmonella spp. 가. 국내산축 수산식품유래 Salmonella spp. 분리된 9개균주중 7주는닭고기유래였으며 2주는돼지고기에서분리되었다. Nalidixic acid에 77.8%, streptomycin 66.7%, cephalothin 66.7%, tetracycline 66.7% 의내성을보였으나 ciprofloaxcin 등 6개항생제에는전혀내성을보이지않았다. 모든항생제에감수성인균주가 1주, 1개계열에내성을보인균주가 1주, 2개계열내성균주 1주, 3개계열내성균주 1주, 6개계열내성균주가 5주였다. 6개계열에내성을보인 5 균주는내성패턴이유사하며 (aminoglycoside 계, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, cephalothin, ceftiofur, ampicillin) 동일식품유형 ( 닭고기 ) 에서유래한특징을갖고있었다. 수입축 수산식품에서는균이분리되지않았다. Table 67. 국내산축 수산식품에서분리한 Salmonella spp. 에대한항생제내성률 Antimicrobials No. of resistant isolates (%) (n=9) Gentamicin 3(33.3) Neomycin 4(44.4) Streptomycin 6(66.7) Ampicillin 5(55.6) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 0(0.0) Ceftiofur 5(55.6) Ciprofloxacin 0(0.0) Nalidixic acid 7(77.8) Colistin 1(11.1) Cephalothin 6(66.7) Cefoxitin 0(0.0) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 0(0.0) Chloramphenicol 0(0.0) Florfenicol 0(0.0) Tetracycline 6(66.7) 83

Ⅴ. 국내산축 수산식품및수입축산물의항생제내성 2. Staphylococcus aureus 가. 국내산축 수산식품유래 Staphylococcus aureus 분리된 55개균주의주요항생제별내성률은 penicillin의경우 61.8% 의내성률을나타냈고그외 tetracycline에대해 21.8%, erythromycin에대해 32.7% 의내성률을보였다. 반면 vancomycin, linezolid, rifampin, mupirosin 은모든분리균주에대해 100% 감수성을나타내었다. 축종별로는, 페니실린의경우닭고기유래균주가다른유형유래균주보다낮은내성률을보였으며, 이는작년의결과와동일한경향이었다. 전체적으로는쇠고기와수산물유래균주가다른유형유래균주와비교할때약간내성률이낮았다. Cefoxitin에내성을나타낸균주 2개균주 ( 소고기 1균주, 닭고기 1균주 ) 에대해 meca 유전자를검출하여, 최종적으로 methicillin 내성 S. aureus로확인되었다. Table 68. 국내산축 수산식품에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 에대한항생제내성률 Antimicrobials Beef (n=9) Pork (n=14) No. of resistant isolates (%) Chicken meat (n=21) Fishery products (n=11) Total (n=55) Gentamycin 0(0.0) 3(21.4) 1(4.8) 0(0.0) 4(7.3) Kanamycin 2(22.2) 5(35.7) 2(9.5) 0(0.0) 9(16.4) Streptomycin ND ND ND ND ND Rifampin 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Penicillin 7(77.8) 12(85.7) 6(28.6) 9(81.8) 34(61.8) Cefoxitin 1(11.1) 0(0.0) 1(4.8) 0(0.0) 2(3.6) Ciprofloxacin 0(0.0) 3(21.4) 6(28.6) 0(0.0) 9(16.4) Vancomycin 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Erythromycin 4(44.4) 3(21.4) 7(33.3) 4(36.4) 18(32.7) Linezolid 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Sulfamethoxazole 1(11.1) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 1(1.8) Trimethoprim 0(0.0) 3(21.4) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 3(5.5) Clindamycin 0(0.0) 4(28.6) 3(14.3) 0(0.0) 7(12.7) Chloramphenicol 0(0.0) 4(28.6) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 4(7.3) Mupirocin 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Quinupristin/dalfopristin 0(0.0) 3(21.4) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 3(5.5) Tetracycline 0(0.0) 6(42.9) 6(28.6) 0(0.0) 12(21.8) Fusidate 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 2(9.5) 4(36.4) 6(10.9) Tiamulin ND ND ND ND ND * ND, Not determined 84

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 69. 국내산축 수산식품에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 의최소억제농도분포도 Antimicrobials Food MIC type * range MIC Distribution % of MICs( μg / ml ) 50 MIC 90 0.016 0.032 0.064 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 beef 1-8 1 8 88.9 11.1 pork 1-32 1 32 64.3 14.3 7.1 14.3 Gentamicin chicken 1-16 1 1 90.5 4.8 4.8 Fishes 1 1 1 100.0 beef 4-128 4 128 77.8 11.1 11.1 pork 4-128 4 128 50.0 14.3 14.3 21.4 Kanamycin chicken 4-64 4 8 85.7 4.8 9.5 Fishes 1 1 1 100.0 beef 4-8 8 8 44.4 55.6 pork 4-64 4 64 64.3 7.1 28.6 Streptomycin chicken 4-64 8 8 47.6 47.6 4.8 Fishes 4-8 8 8 45.5 54.5 beef 0.016-0.032 0.016 0.032 88.9 11.1 pork 0.016-0.032 0.016 0.016 92.9 7.1 Rifampin chicken 0.016 0.016 0.016 100.0 Fishes 0.016 0.016 0.016 100.0 beef 0.125-4 4 4 22.2 11.1 66.7 pork 0.125-4 4 4 14.3 14.3 14.3 57.1 Penicillin chicken 0.125-4 0.125 1 71.4 9.5 4.8 4.8 9.5 Fishes 0.125-4 0.5 4 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 27.3 beef 2-16 4 16 22.2 66.7 11.1 pork 2-4 4 4 14.3 85.7 Cefoxitin chicken 2-16 4 4 14.3 81.0 4.8 Fishes 2-4 4 4 9.1 90.9 beef 0.25-0.5 0.25 0.5 66.7 33.3 pork 0.25-8 0.5 8 42.9 28.6 7.1 21.4 Ciprofloxacin chicken 0.25-16 0.5 8 19.0 33.3 9.5 9.5 4.8 14.3 9.5 Fishes 0.25-2 0.5 0.5 9.1 81.8 9.1 beef 1 1 1 100.0 pork 1 1 1 100.0 Vancomycin chicken 1-2 1 2 66.7 33.3 Fishes 1 1 1 100.0 beef 0.5-16 2 16 44.4 11.1 44.4 pork 0.25-16 0.5 16 7.1 64.3 7.1 21.4 Erythromycin chicken 0.25-16 0.5 16 14.3 52.4 9.5 23.8 Fishes 0.25-16 0.5 16 9.1 54.5 9.1 27.3 beef 2 2 2 100.0 pork 1-2 2 2 35.7 64.3 Linezolid chicken 2 2 2 100.0 Fishes 1-2 2 2 9.1 90.9 beef 64-512 64 512 66.7 22.2 11.1 pork 64 64 64 100.0 Sulfamethoxazole chicken 64-256 64 128 85.7 9.5 4.8 Fishes 64-128 64 128 81.8 18.2 beef 2-4 2 4 88.9 11.1 pork 2-64 2 64 78.6 21.4 Trimethoprim chicken 2-4 2 2 95.2 4.8 Fishes 2 2 2 100.0 beef 0.125 0.125 0.125 100.0 pork 0.125-8 0.125 8 71.4 7.1 21.4 Clindamycin chicken 0.125-8 0.125 8 85.7 14.3 Fishes 0.125 0.125 0.125 100.0 beef 8 8 8 100.0 pork 4-64 8 64 7.1 64.3 14.3 14.3 Chloramphenicol chicken 8 8 8 100.0 Fishes 8 8 8 100.0 beef 0.5 0.5 0.5 100.0 pork 0.5 0.5 0.5 100.0 Mupirocin chicken 0.5 0.5 0.5 100.0 Fishes 0.5 0.5 0.5 100.0 Quinupristin/ beef 0.5-1 0.5 1. 88.9 11.1 pork 0.5-8 0.5 8 57.1 14.3 7.1 21.4 dalfopristin chicken 0.5-2 0.5 1 76.2 19.0 4.8 Fishes 0.5-1 0.5 1 63.6 36.4 beef 0.5-1 0.5 1 77.8 22.2 pork 0.5-32 0.5 32 57.1 42.9 Tetracycline chicken 0.5-32 1 32 47.6 23.8 28.6 Fishes 0.5-1 0.5 0.5 90.9 9.1 beef 0.5 0.5 0.5 100.0 pork 0.5 0.5 0.5 100.0 Fusidate chicken 0.5-8 0.5 0.5 90.5 4.8 4.8 Fishes 0.5-8 0.5 8 63.6 36.4 beef 0.5-1 1 1 44.4 55.6 pork 0.5-8 0.5 8 50.0 21.4 28.6 Tiamulin chicken 0.5-1 0.5 1 61.9 38.1 Fishes 0.5-1 1 1 45.5 54.5 * Beef(n=9), Pork(n=14), Chicken(n=21), Fishery products(n=11) 85

Ⅴ. 국내산축 수산식품및수입축산물의항생제내성 모든항생제에감수성이있는균주는 9주 (16.4%) 인반면 3개이상의항생제에내성을나타내균주는 10주 (18.2%) 로나타났다. 9개항생제계열에내성을보인 3균주는돼지고기유래이며, 동일한내성패턴을보여 vancomycin, linezolid, mupirosin, cefoxitin, fusidate 등항생제에는감수성이었고, ripampin, tetracycline, penicillin, chloramphenicol, aminoglycoside계, quinuprostin /dalfopristin, folate pathway inhibitor, macrolide계등에는내성을보였다. Table 70. 국내산축 수산식품에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 의항생제내성분포 Resistance patterns Beef (n=9) No. of resistant isolates (%) Porks (n=14) Chickens (n=21) Fishery products (n=11) Total (n=55) No resistance detected 1(11.1) 2(14.3) 4(19.0) 2(18.2) 9(16.4) Resistance 1 CLSI subclass 4(44.4) 5(35.7) 8(38.1) 3(27.3) 20(36.4) Resistance 2 CLSI subclasses 2(22.2) 3(21.4) 7(33.3) 4(36.4) 16(29.1) Resistance 3 CLSI subclasses 1(11.1) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 2(18.2) 3(5.5) Resistance 4 CLSI subclasses 1(11.1) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 1(1.8) Resistance 5 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 1(7.1) 1(4.8) 0(0.0) 2(3.6) Resistance 6 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 1(4.8) 0(0.0) 1(1.8) Resistance 7 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Resistance 8 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Resistance 9 CLSI subclasses 0(0.0) 3(21.4) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 3(5.5) 나. 수입산축 수산식품유래 Staphylococcus aureus 분리된 13개균주의주요항생제별내성률은, erythromycin에 30.8% 를나타냈고, clindamycin에 23.1% 의내성률을보였다. 그외항생제에대해서도낮은내성률을보였으며 penicillin의경우에도 15.4% 의내성률을보여국내산이나 13년의수입축산물의항생제내성결과 (56.0%) 에비해낮았다. Vancomycin, linezolid, mupirosin 등항생제에는모든분리균주에대해내성을보이지않았다. Cefoxitin 내성균주가 1주 ( 돼지고기유래 ) 는 meca 유전자를갖고있지않아 MRSA가아니었다. 축종별로는분리균주수가너무적어내성률을산출하지않았다. 모든항생제에감수성인균주가 6주로 46.2% 였으며, 1개계열에내성을보인균주가 3주 (23.1%), 2개계열 4주 (30.8%) 였으며, 3개계열이상에내성을보인균주는없었다. 균주수가많지않아확정적으로말하기는어려우나국내산식품유래균주에비해전반적으로낮은내성을나타냈다. 86

제 3 장식중독세균의항생제내성 Table 71. 수입산축 수산식품에서분리한 Staphylococcus aureus 에대한항생제내성률 Antimicrobials No. of resistant isolates (%) (n=13) Gentamycin 0(0.0) Kanamycin 1(7.7) Streptomycin ND Rifampin 0(0.0) Penicillin 2(15.4) Cefoxitin 1(7.7) Ciprofloxacin 1(7.7) Vancomycin 0(0.0) Erythromycin 4(30.8) Linezolid 0(0.0) Sulfamethoxazole 1(7.7) Trimethoprim 0(0.0) Clindamycin 3(23.1) Chloramphenicol 1(7.7) Mupirocin 0(0.0) Quinupristin/dalfopristin 0(0.0) Tetracycline 1(7.7) Fusidate 0(0.0) Tiamulin ND * ND, Not determined 87

Ⅵ. 부록 Ⅵ. 부록 제1장. 축 수산용 항생제 사용량 조사 (추정치) 2001년 한국동물약품협회에서 개발한 종합관리시스템인 성분통계 프로그램(http://www.kahpa.or.kr/main.asp)을 이용하여 2006년부터 2014년까지 국내 축산용 및 수산용으로 판매된 항생제를 조사하였다. 1. 자료입력 동물용 항생제 판매실적이 있는 국내 총 218업체(74개 제조업체, 144개의 수입업체)에서 종합관리 시스템-성분통계 프로그램에 각 품목별로 판매량을 입력하고 각 품목별 항생제 함유량은 active ingredient(ai) 값으로 산출하였다. 2. 축종별 항생제 판매량 조사 축종은 소, 돼지, 닭, 수산용으로 구분하여 입력하였으며 각 제품의 품목 허가에 명시된 축종에 대해 제조 또는 판매업체에서 정한 사용 점유율에 따라 판매량을 입력하였다. 3. 항생제별 항생제 판매량 조사 국내 축산용 및 수산용으로 판매된 모든 항생제는 Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (2012년) 가이드라인 항생제 분류(class) 기준[4]에 따라 16개 항생제 그룹으로 조사하였다. Fig. A.1. 축 수산용 항생제 판매량 검색창 88