Vol.8, No.1, 69-84, 2002. :,,, * ** ***. 1.,,,,,.,,.,..,,,,,,.,.., (, 199 3). 1 : 1.7 1 :3 (F ooden 198 3),. Beck (1967), Seligman (19 75)...,. * 200 1 2 ** *** - 6 9 -
20 0 2 3.,,, (Horwath 199 1).. (Schleifer, S. J., Keller, S. E. Meyerson, A. T. Raskin, M. J. Davis, L. & St ein. M., 1984 ), (, 1993 ; Silver, 19 71). (Kat on 1988 ; Bridges and Goldber g, 198 5)., (Bridges and Goldver g, 198 5). (McLennan, 1987 ;, 1987) (Bromberger, 1996b ;, 1997), (Gutt ent ag, 1980 ; 19 76 ), (, 19 72 ), (Zh a o, Ba o, a n d Qu, 199 6 ;, 19 76 ).,,..,.,.... 2... 1). 2),,. 3). 3. 1),,,,, (Batt le 1978). (depressive sympt omat ology) (1988) CE S- D (Th e Cent er for E pidemiological St u dies Depr ession Scale) 4 20.. CES- D 24.0. - 70 -
8 1 2 ) (, 1992). Cru mbach an d Mabolick (1964 ) (198 7) Pur pose in Life (PIL) 4 12.. 3) (St u art and Su n deen, 1983). Rosenber g(196 5), (1997) 4 10.. 4 ) (Holm es an d Rah e, 1967)... (1994 ) (1984 ) 7.. 5), (W.H.O. - 199 5 ). North ern Illinois Universit y (199 1) Health and Activity Su rvey Healt h Self Rat in g Scale 3 3.. 6) (, 1975). 1 5.. 7) (, 1975). 1, 4... 1. < 1>. < 1> - 7 1 -
20 0 2 3.,,,,,.. 1). (Gu tt ent ag, 1980 ;, 1996 ; Zh ao, Bao and Qu, 1996 ; Braam, 1997). 2 )., (Zh ao, Bao and Qu, 1996 ; Gut t ent ag, 1980 ;, 198 7 ;, 199 7).,. (, 1997 ;, 1994 ) (, 1996 ;,, 1996).. 3),. (, 1995 ;, 1987). (, 198 7 ;, 1994 ). (Zh ao, Bao and Qu, 1996 ;, 1987 ;, 199 7), (, 1995 ;, 199 5). 4 ).,,.. (St u art and Su ndeen, 1983 ; Mu hlenk amp an d J oyner, 1986 ;, 1985). 5) (, 199 5 ;, 1994 ). (, 1996 ;,, 1996)., (, 1988 ;,, 199 7), (Belle an d Macosky, 1982 ). 2. < 2>.,, (P edh azur, 1982 ). 3, 4., - 72 -
8 1 1 1 1 x 1 1 1 1 1 y y 1 1 1 4 4 1 r r 2 2 x 2 1 2 4 2 2 1 2 4 1 y y 4 4 4 r 3 3 x 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 4 3 y 2 y 2 2 3 4 2 4 3 3 3 3 y 3 3 33 y < 2>..,. < 2 >,,.,,.,,.,,,,.. 3. 13 < 2>. 1) (6 ). 1 : ( 4 1 ). 2 : ( 4 2 ). 3 : ( 4 3 ). 4 : ( 4 1 ). - 7 3 -
20 0 2 3 5 : ( 4 2 ). 6 : ( 4 3 ). 2 ) (2 ). 7 : ( 1 1 ). 8 : ( 1 2 ). 3) (4 ). 9 : ( 2 1 ). 10 : ( 2 1 ). 11 : ( 2 2 ). 12 : ( 2 3 ). 4 ) (1 ). 13 :. ( 3 3 ).. 1.,. 2. P 40-59. 1999 5 25 6 20. 260 2 35( 90.4 %), 19 2 16.. 1) 4 0 59 2) 3) 4) 3.. < 1> () 12(12-48).88 10(10-40).79 69( 0 - ).73 3( 3-9).78 20(0-60).87 4. 1999 4 10 4 25 15 40-59... 1). 2) ( :,, ). 3). 5. 1) SPSS 8.0 WIN Program 2) P C LISRE L 8.12 WIN Progr am - 74 -
8 1. 3) P ear son ' s Corr elat ion coefficient. 4 ) (Maximum likelihood m eth od). 6. 1),. 2 ). 2. ( 2 ) 3 4,., (bias). (Thet a Delt a, Th et a Epsilon ) 1- (Cr onbach ' s alph a ), (Lambda X, Lambda Y) r oot squ are (, 1990). 1) 1.. < 2 > 2 / df (p value) 2.90/ 5 (.71) GFI AGFI RMSR NFI 1.00.98.024.99 < 2 >. 45-49 36.6%, 4 0-44 34.3%, 50-54 19.4 %, 55-59 9.8% 4 7.23, 5.04. 4 8.6%, 2 1.3%, 19.4 %, 8.8 %, 1.9 % 57.4%, 42.6%. 4 0.7%, 27.8%, 2 1.3%, 10.2%. 82.9 %, 17.1%. 88.0%, 8.8%. 55.6%, 44.4%. 50.5%, 29.2%, 20.4 % 50 %. 2) < 3 >, t, S M C ( ) () t- SMC PSI.43(.06)* 6.78*.31.69.35(.07)* 4.85*.50(.09)* 5.66*.38.62.00(.08) -.01.18(.08)* 2.16*.13(.07) 1.93 -.44(.07)* -6.02*.20.80 -.20(.09)* -2.27*.59.4 1 -.48(,09)* -5.60*.22(.07)* 2.93*.05(.06).72 -.23(.07)* -3.16*.02(.07).30 * statistical significance : p<.05-7 5 -
20 0 2 3 3) < 4 > ( ) (T- ).43( 6.78)*.43(6.78)*.35( 4.85)*.35(4.85)*.50( 5.66)*.50(5.66)*.00(-.01).21(4.34)*.21(2.99)*.18( 2.16)*.17(3.76)*.35(4.33)*.13( 1.93).13(1.97)* -.44(-6.02)* -.44(-6.02)* -.20(-2.27)* -.24(-3.98)* -.43(-5.47)* -.48(-5.60)* -.48(-5.60)*.22( 2.93)*.22(2.93)*.05(.72) -.19(-3.63)* -.14(-2.18)* -.23(-3.16)* -.24(-4.45)* -.46(-6.25)*.02(.30) -.16(-3.17)* -.14(-2.24)* * st atistical significance : p<.05 3. 1). ( 4 2 = -.48, t = - 5.64 ), ( 4 2 = -.24, t = - 3.17), ( 4 1 = -.17, t = - 2.19 ), ( 4 3 =.20, t = 3.2 1).. (= -.17, t = -4.4 9) ( = -.4 7, t = - 6.37). (= -.15, (= -.15, t = - 3.44 ) t = - 3.44 ).,,,, 59%. ( =.4 3, t = 6.78), ( =.35, t = 4.88).., 31%. ( =.50, t = 6.53), ( =.18, t = 2.2 3)... (=.2 1, t = 4.77) (=.2 1, t = 4.77)., 38%. ( =-.44, t = - 6.0 1).. 20%. < 5 >, t, S M C ( ) () t- SMC PSI.43(.06) 6.78*.31.69.35(.07) 4.88*.50(.08) 6.53*.38.62.18(.08) 2.23*.13(.07) 1.91 -.44 (.07) -6.01*.20.80 -.17(.08) -2.19*.59.4 1 -.48(.08) -5.64*.20(.06) 3.21* -.23(.07) -3.17* * : statistical significance : p<.05-76 -
8 1 2 ),,.,. ( 4 2 = -.4 8, t = - 5.64 ) ( 4 3 =.20, t = 3.2 1). ( 1 1 =.4 3, t = 6.78) ( 1 2 =.35, t = 4.88). ( 2 1 =.50, t = 6.53). ( 3 3 = -.44, t = - 6.0 1).,. ( 4 1 = -.17, t = - 2.19) (= -.24, t = -4.26) ( = -.4 3, t = - 5.58 ). ( 2 2 = -.24 t = - 3.17) (= -.23, t = -4.49 ) (= -.4 7, t = - 6.37). ( 2 2 =.18, t = 2.23) (=.17, t = 3.98) (=.36, t = 4.36 ).,. (= -.17, t = -4.49 ). (= -.15, t = - 3.44 ). (=.2 1, t = 4.77). < 6 > ( ) (t- ).43( 6.78)*.43 ( 6.78)*.35( 4.88)*.35 ( 4.88)*.50( 6.53)*.50 ( 6.53)*.21 ( 4.77)*.21 ( 4.77)*.18( 2.23)*.17 ( 3.98)*.36 ( 4.36)*.13( 1.91).13 ( 1.91) -.44 (-6.01)* -.44 (-6.01)* -.17(-2.19)* -.24 (-4.26)* -.43 (-5.58)* -.48(-5.64)* -.48 (-5.63)*.20( 3.21)*.20 ( 3.21)* -.17 (-4.49)* -.17 (-4.49)* -.24 (-3.17)* -.23 (-4.49)* -.47 (-6.37)* -.15 (-3.44)* -.15 (-3.44)* * statistical significance : p<.05-7 7 -
20 0 2 3 4. 1 : ( 4 1 ). ( 4 1 = -.17, t = - 2.19 ) (= -.24, t = -4.26) (= -.4 3, t = - 5.58). 2 : ( 4 2 ). ( 4 2 = -.4 8, t = - 5.6 3). 3 : ( 4 3 ). ( 4 3 =.17, t = 4.4 9). 4 : ( 4 1 ). (= -.17, t = -4.4 9) (= -.17, t = -4.4 9). 5 : ( 4 2 ). ( 4 2 = -.24, t = - 3.17) (= -.23, t = -4.49 ) (= -.4 7, t = - 6.37). 6 : ( 4 3 ). (= -.15, t = - 3.44 ) (= -.15, t = - 3.44 ). 7 : ( 1 1 ). ( 1 1 =.4 3, t = 6.78). 8 : ( 1 2 ). ( 1 2 =.35, t = 4.88 ). 9 : ( 2 1 ). ( 2 1 =.50, t = 6.53 ). 10 : ( 2 1 ). (=.2 1, t = 4.77) (=.2 1, t = 4.77). 11 : ( 2 2 ). ( 2 2 =.18, t = 2.2 3) (=.17, t = 3.98 ) (=.36, t = 4.36). 12 : ( 2 3 ). ( 2 2 =.13, t = 1.9 1). 13 : ( 3 3 ). ( 3 3 = -.44, t = - 6.0 1 ).... 6,.. - 78 -
8 1 ( 4 2 =-.48, t = - 5.63).. ( 4 2 = -.24, t = - 3.17) (= -.4 7,. t = - 6.37) ( 4 1 = -.17, t = - 2.19) (= -.4 3, t = - 5.58 ). ( 4 3 =.20, t = 3.2 1), (= -.17, t = -4.4 9). (= -.15, t = - 3.44 ).,,,,,. 59 %., (Th omas, 1973). (, 1996), (Gut t ent ag, 1980 ). (, 199 5). (, 199 5). (Akisk al an d McKinn ey, 19 75 ;, 198 7). ( 1 1 =.4 3, t = 6.78 ), ( 1 2 =.35, t = 4.88 ).,. 3 1%. (, 1995). (,, 1996).,. ( 2 1 =.50, t = 6.53), ( 2 1 =.50, t = 6.53) (=.17, t = 3.98 ), (=.2 1, t = 4.77).,,. 38 %. (, 1995). (Rubin an d Langer, 1980)., (, 199 5). ( 3 3 = -.44, t = -6.01).. 20%. (Belle an d Mak osky, 1982 ).,.,,,,, - 79 -
20 0 2 3,,.,,.. 1.,.,,.,.,... P 4 9-59, 2 16. 1999 5 25 6 20, 2 16. LISREL 8.12 WIN Pr ogram,.. ( 2 = 3.51, p- valu e = 0.89, GF I = 1.00, AGF I 0.98, RMSR = 0.024, NF I = 0.99 )..,.,.,. 59 %.,,. 38%.,. 31%., 20 %.,..,,,,,,,. - 8 0 -
8 1.,,, 2.. 1),,.. 2 ) 59% -.4 7, 38 %.. 3). 4 ). 5). (1987)..... (1997). :. :., (1996 ). -. :. (199 1)..... (19 76 ).. : (199 5). 20..... (1994 )..... (1992 )..... (1994 ).. :. (1976)... 15,10 1-117., (1997). II., 16 (2). 4 1-54. (1995).. :. (1988 )..... (1997)..... (1993).. 7... :. (1988 ).,... (199 5).., 10.. :. (198 5).....,,, (1994 )... 13, 225-242. (1995).... (1990 ).. :. (1984 ). - 8 1 -
20 0 2 3.... (1975).. :. (1987)..... (1996)..... (1972).. :., (199 7).., 14 (1). 2 59-274. (1996 ).. :. Akisk al, H. S., & Mckinney, W. T. (1975). Overview of recent research in depression. A rch Gen Psy ch iat ry. 32 (m ar ch ). 28 5-305. Batt le, J. (1978). Relationship between selfest eem an d depression. Psy ch ological Rep ort. 4 2, 74 5-74 6. Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression : causes an d t reatm ent. Ph iladelph ia : Univ ersity of Pen nsy lv ania Press. Belle, D. V. P., & Macosky, B. J. (1982 ). Liv es in st ress : w om en an d depression. New Delh i : Beverly Hills. Braam, A. W., Beekman, A. T., Deeg, D. J., Smit, J. H. & Vantibburg, W. (1997). Religiosity as a pr ot ective or pr ognost ic fact or of depr ession in lat er life : r esult s fr om a commu nity su rvey in th e Net h erlands. A ct a Psy chiat r S cand, 96 (3). 199-20 5. Bridge, K. W., & Goldberg, D. P. (1985). Som atic present at ion of DSM - psychiat ric disorders in prim ary care. J ou rn al of Psy ch ocom at ic R esearch, 29, 563-69. Bromberger, J. T., & Matt h ews, K. A. (1996b ). A feminine model of vulnerability to depressive sympt oms : A lon gitu din al invest igat ion of middle - aged women. J ou rn al Person ality S ocical Psy ch ology, 70 (3). 59 1-598. Cr aig, G. J. (1983). Hu man development, New York. Plenum Press. Crumbau gh, J. C., & Mavolick, L. T. (1964 ). An experim ent al stu dy in exist ent ialism : th e psych istric approach t o Fr ank ' s concept s of n oegenic neu rosis. J ou rn al of Clinical Psy ch ology, 20, 200-20 7. Fooden (1983). Women' s Ment al Health : Genes an d gender. 4t h ed. Th e second x and women ' s h ealth. New York : Gordian Press. Gu tt ent ag, M. (1980 ). Th e ment al Health of women. New York : A cadem ic Press. Holmes, T. H. and Rah e (196 7). Th e social readju stment rating scale. J ournal of Psy ch osom at ic R esearch, 9, 2 13-2 18. Horwat h, E. (199 1). Th e ency clopedia of depression. New York : F act of File. McLennan, J. P. (1987). Irrational beliefs in Ralat ion t o self- est eem an d depression. J ou rn al of Clinical Psy ch ology, 4 3 (1). 89-9 1. Muh lenk am p, A. F., & J oyner, J. A. (1986). Art hritis pat ient s self-repored affect ive st at e an d th eir car egivers per cept ion. N u rsing Research, 35 (1). 24-27. P edh azur, E. J. (1982 ). Multiv ariat e regression in beh avioral research : explanat ion an d precidtion (2nd ed.). New York. : Holt. Reinh art and Win st on. Rosenberg, M. A. (19 71). Black an d wh it e self- est eem. : Th e urban sch llo child. Wash in gt on : Ros. Mon ograph Series. Rubin, J. & Langer, I. O. (1980 ). Th e declin e of control and fall of self- esteem. J ournal of S ocial Issu e, 36 (2 ). 12-25. Schleifer, S. J., Keller, S. E. Meyerson, A. T. Raskin, M. J., Davis, L., & St ein., M. (1984 ). Lymph ocyt e fanction in m aj or depressive disorder. A rch Gen Psy chiat ry, 42, 129-133. Seligman, M. E. (1975). Helplessness on depression, dev elopm ent an d death. San Francisco : Freeman. - 8 2 -
8 1 Silver, M., Boh n ert, M., & Beck (197 1). Relation of depr ession of att empt ed suicide and seriou sness of int ent. A rch Gen Psy chiat ry, 2 5, 573-576. Stu art, G. W., & Su ndeen, S. J. (1983). Principle and pract ices of p sy ch iatric nursing. St Louis : Mosby. Th omas, W. L. (19 73). Th e en docrine t reat ment of men opau sal ph en omen a. J ournal of A m erican A ssociat ion, 65, 18-75 Zh ao, G., Bao, Y., & Qu, C. (1996). Occurren ce of depression sym pt oms an d th eir influ en ce fact ors in perimen opau sal women. Chu ng Hu a Fu ch an Kot sa Ch ih, 31 (10 ). 6 14-6 16. - Ab s t r a ct - A St ru ct u r a l Mod e l for Dep r es s ion in Mid d le- a g e d Wom en Park, Geu m J a * Lee, Ky u ng Hy e ** Th e pu rpose of th is stu dy was t o develope and t est th e stru ctu ral model for depr ession in middle- aged women. A hypoth etical model was con stru ct ed on th e basis of pr eviou s st u dies and a review of lit er at ur es. Th e concept u al fr amework was built arou nd eight const ru ct s. Exogen ou s variables in clu ded in th is model wer e volu nt eer activit y, h ealth st atu s & econ omic st at u s. Endogenou s variables were meanin g of life, self- est eem, perceived life stress & depression. Empirical dat a for t esting th e hypot h et ical model was collect ed u sin g a self-r eport qu estionn aire from 2 16 middle- aged women in Pu san Cit y. Th e Dat a was collect ed fr om May t o J u ne, * Associat e professor, department of Nursing Science, Kosin Univer sit y ** Professor, depart m ent of Nur sing Science, Ewh a Woman ' s Univer sit y 1999. Reliability of th e seven inst ru ment s t est ed wit h Cronbach ' s alph a was ranged from.86-.94. F or th e dat a analysis, SPSS 7.5 WIN Program an d LISREL 8.12 WIN Program wer e u sed for descript ive st atist ics and covarian ce st ru ctu ral analysis. Th e r esult s of covariance st ru ctu re analysis wer e as follows : 1. Th e h ypoth etical model sh owed a good fit wit h t h e empirical dat a. [ 2 / df = 2.87 (p =.72), GF I = 1.00, AGF I =.98, RMSR =.025, NF I =.99, st an dar dized residu als (- 1.44 1.44 ) ]. 2. To h eight en for th e par simony an d fit n ess of th e model, a modified model was const ru ct ed by deletin g accordin g t o t h e crit eria of st at istical significance an d meaning. 3. Th e modified model also sh owed a good fit wit h t h e dat a. [ 2 = 5.26 (01 = 7,p =.63), GFI =.99, AGFl =.97, RMSR =.025, NF I =.99, st an dar dized resldu als (- 1.50 1.4 5) ] Resu lt s of th e t est in g of th e h ypot h esis were as follows : 1. Self- est eem ( 4 2 = -.4 8, t = - 5.64 ) h ad a n egat ive and per ceived life str ess ( 4 3 =.20, t = 3.2 1)h ad a positive direct effect on depression. Meanin g of life h ad a n egat ive direct ( 4 1 = -.17, t = - 2.19) and a n egat ive in dir ect effect t hr ou gh selfest eem on depression. Volu nt eer act ivity h ad a n egat ive indir ect effect th rou gh m eanin g of life, meaning of life an d self- est eem on depr ession. Health st at u s h ad a negative direct an d a negative indirect effect th rou gh m eanin g of life, m eanin g of life and self- est eem on depr ession. Economic st at u s h ad a - 8 3 -
20 0 2 3 negative indir ect effect t hr ou gh perceived life stress on depression. Self- esteem was th e most significant variable. 2. Volu nt eer activit y ( 1 1 =.4 3, t = 6.78 ) and h ealth st atu s ( 1 2 =.35, t =4.88) had positive dir ect effect on meaning of life. 3. Meaning of life ( 2 1 =.50, t = 6.53) h ad a positive direct effect on self- esteem. Volu nt eer act ivity h ad a positive in direct effect t hr ou gh meaning of life on self- est eem. Healt h st atu s h ad a posit ive dir ect ( 2 2 =.18, t = 2.23) an d a in direct effect t hr ou gh meaning of life on self- est eem. Meanin g of life was t h e most significant variable. 4. E conomic st atu s ( 3 3 = -.44, t = - 6.0 1) h ad a positive dir ect effect on perceived life st ress. Th e result s of t his st u dy sh owed th at self- est eem h ad t h e m ost significant dir ect effect on depr ession. Meaning of life and h ealth st at u s h ad significant direct effect on t his self- est eem. Volu nt eer activit y an d h ealt h st at u s h ad direct effect on meaning of life. Th e r esu lt s of th is st u dy su ggest ed th at t h er e is a need t o develope int ervention t o pr omot e degr ee of self- est eem an d alleviat e degree of depression in middle- aged women. Key w o rds : Middle- aged women, Depr ession, Meaning of life, Self- esteem, Per ceived life str ess. - 84 -