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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Students Perceptions of Team-Based Learning by Individual Characteristics in a Medical School Kwi Hwa Park 1, Chang-Hyu Choi 2, Yang-Bin Jeon 2, Kook-Yang Park 2 and Chul-Hyun Park 2 Departments of 1 Medical Education and 2 Cardiothoracic Surgery, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea 일개의과대학학생들의개인적특성에따른팀바탕학습인식도조사 가천대학교의학전문대학원 1 의학교육실, 2 흉부외과학교실 박귀화 1, 최창휴 2, 전양빈 2, 박국양 2, 박철현 2 Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine medical students perceptions of team-based learning (TBL) according to their individual characteristics: gender, team efficacy, interpersonal understanding, proactivity in problem solving, and academic ability. Methods: Thirty-eight second-year medical students who took an integrated cardiology course participated in this study; 28 were male and 10 were female. A questionnaire on individual characteristics and a questionnaire on the perception of TBL were administered, and the scores of individual characteristics were grouped into three: high, middle, and low. The data were analyzed by t-test, analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The TBL efficacy perception scale consisted of 3 factors: team skill, learning ability, and team learning. The group of male students and the group of students with high academic ability recognized the effect of TBL on improvements in learning ability more than females and those with low academic ability. The group of students with high team efficacy reported that TBL was effective with regard to team skill improvement. The group of students with high scores on interpersonal understanding and high proactive problem solving tended to perceive the TBL's effect on team skill improvement. Team efficacy and proactivity in problem solving had a positive effect on the perception of TBL. Conclusion: Medical students perceptions of the effectiveness of TBL differ according to individual characteristics. The results of this study suggest that these individual characteristics should be considered in planning of team learning, such as TBL, to have a positive impact and stronger effects. Key Words: Team efficacy, Interpersonal understanding, Proactivity in problem solving, Academic ability, Team-based learning Received: December 13, 2012 Revised: February 15, 2013 Accepted: February 25, 2013 Corresponding Author: Chul-Hyun Park Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Gachon University School of Medicine, 38 Dokjeom-ro 3beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon , Korea Tel: Fax: cdgpch@gilhospital.com Korean J Med Educ 2013 Jun; 25(2): pissn: X eissn: C The Korean Society of Medical Education. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 113

2 Kwi Hwa Park, et al : Students' Individual Characteristics and the Perception of TBL 서론 팀바탕학습 (team-based learning, TBL) 은문제바탕학습 (problem-based learning, PBL) 과달리경영학에서시작된교육방법이지만, 국내외의과대학에서점차그활용도가높아지고있는교육방법중하나이다 [1]. TBL 은 PBL 과마찬가지로소그룹학습을근간으로학습자주도의적극적학습참여가가능한교육방법이면서 [2], PBL 과달리대규모강의실에서개별교수가소그룹학습을이끌어갈수있다는점에서 PBL 에비해큰장점이있다. 의학교육에서 TBL 을주제로한기존연구는주로특정과목에서 TBL 을운영한후학생들의 TBL 에대한만족도나인식도를조사하거나 [3,4,5], 학업성취도의변화 [3,5,6,7] 를알아보는것에초점을맞추었다. 이러한연구결과에서 TBL 은팀워크를강화하고 [4], 학습내용의이해와장기기억에도움이되며 [8], 문제해결능력과임상추론능력을향상시키며 [4], 전문직업성개발 [3] 에유용한교육방법으로보고되고있다. 또한 TBL은전통적인교육방법에비해학생들의학업성취도를향상시키며 [5,7], 이는의사국가시험에서도의미있는좋은결과가있는것으로보고되고있다 [7]. 그러나모든교육방법에장단점이있듯이모든학습자들이 TBL 을긍정적으로평가하며, 그과정에서긍정적인학습경험을하는것은아니다 [9]. TBL 을긍정적인학습경험으로인식하고효과적이고우수한수행을보이는팀도있지만 [10], 그렇지않은팀들도존재한다 [11]. TBL 을긍정적인학습경험으로인식하는데에는 TBL을위한교육환경과지원체계가잘갖춰졌는지와같은외적인요인도중요할수있지만 [3], 팀을구성하고있는학생개인의특성도관련이있다 [6]. 개인특성은연령, 성별등과같은인구통계학적특성과성격, 가치, 태도와같은정의적특성, 지능, 학업성적과같은인지적특성이대표적이다. 구성원들각자가지닌이러한특성들의차이에따라 TBL 의효과를인식하는정도는다르게나타날수있으며 [6,12], 이는곧 TBL 의성패에도영향을미칠수있기때문에어떤특성을지닌학습자들끼리같은팀혹은다른팀으로구성할것인가에대해관심을기울일필요가있다. 최근연구에서팀성과나팀활동에영향을미치는중요한 결정요인으로팀효능감이공론화되고있다 [13]. 팀효능감은팀에주어진과제를성공적으로수행할수있을것이라는팀에대한믿음을의미하며 [13], 팀에서자신이무슨일을할지를선택하고팀을위해얼마만큼의노력을기울일것인지와관련이있다. 따라서팀효능감을어떻게지각하느냐에따라 TBL 경험을긍정적또는부정적으로인식할것이다. 또한 TBL 은팀활동을기본으로하기때문에팀활동과정을구성하는요인인대인관계이해도와팀과제해결을위한적극적태도가 TBL 을긍정적인학습경험으로인식하는데영향을줄수있다 [14]. 대인관계이해도는팀원들간의관계형성측면으로팀원들이서로신뢰하고이해하는정도를말하며 [14], 팀원들이서로의강점과약점등을잘알고팀원의행동을예측하고상호요구하는부분을보완해주는것은팀활동에서중요한요소중하나이다. 팀과제해결의적극성은팀이학습해야할과제가무엇인지를인지하고해결하기위해보이는개인의태도를의미하는데, 팀과제해결에개인이어느정도의적극성을갖고있느냐에따라 TBL에대한인식은달라질것이다. 정의적특성이외에도학업능력과같은지적수준에따라 TBL 을인식하는정도에차이가있다. 간호대학생의경우학업능력에따라 TBL 인식에차이가없었으며 [10], 의과대학생이나치과대학생의경우학업능력이높은학생들이낮은학생들에비해 TBL 에대해긍정적으로평가하거나 [7], 학업능력상위집단은팀바탕학습에대한만족도가높다고보고한바있다 [6]. 하지만보건의료계열이라는동일학문분야에서도연구결과에차이가있어일반화된결과를도출하기에는연구가부족한실정이다. 이와같이한개인이경험에대해인식하는관점에는다양한개인적특성이관련될수있는데, TBL 경험에서이러한개인적특성을고려한연구는부족한편이다. TBL 과같이팀으로학습해야하는상황에서개인적특성들을고려하여팀원들을구성한다면팀이가진시너지효과가달라질수있고, 팀구성을어떻게하느냐에따라학습활동이나학습효과에있어분명한차이가나타날수있다 [12]. 따라서본연구에서는학생개인이지닌특성에따라 TBL 의경험이나효과를어떻게인식하고있으며, 그차이가있는지를분석하고자하였다. 즉, 개인의인구통계학적특성인성별, 정의적특성인팀 114 Korean J Med Educ 2013 Jun; 25(2):

3 박귀화외 : 개인적특성과팀바탕학습인식 효능감, 대인관계이해도, 문제해결에서의적극성, 인지적특성인학업능력에따라 TBL 경험이나효과를어떻게인식하고있는지를살펴보고, TBL 경험을인식하는데영향을미치는요인을알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 대상본연구는인천광역시에소재한의학전문대학원 2학년심장학통합교육과정중 TBL에참여한학생 38명을연구대상으로하였다. 학생의분포는남학생이 28명, 여학생이 10명이었다. 2. 연구도구 1) TBL에대한인식도조사학생들의 TBL 에대한인식도를조사하기위해관련문헌고찰을토대로설문지를구성하였다. 그리고이측정도구의타당성을검증하기위해실시한요인분석결과에따라 3개요인으로구성된총 12개문항을구성하였다. TBL 인식도는팀스킬향상 (I, 5문항 ), 학습능력향상 (II, 4문항 ), 팀학습향상 (III, 3문항 ) 의 3개요인으로구성되었으며전체변량의 66.01% 를설명하였다. 각요인이측정하는바는다음과같다. 팀스킬향상요인은 TBL을통해협동능력, 타인의의견을존중하는능력등과같은팀스킬향상에도움이되었는지를측정하는문항들로구성되었다 ( 예, TBL 이다른사람의의견을존중하는능력을기르는데도움이되었다 ). 학습능력향상요인은 TBL 이수업내용을이해하고, 시험문제를해결하는데도움이되었는지를측정하는문항들로구성되었다 ( 예, TBL 로배운내용이심장학시험문제를푸는데도움이되었다 ). 마지막으로팀학습향상요인은팀으로학습하는것이개별학습보다도움이되었는지, 팀이함께문제를해결하면서자신이잘못이해하고있는부분을이해하게되었는지등팀으로학습할때의장점과효과에대한인식을측정하는하는문항들로구성되었다 ( 예, 혼자학습하는것보다팀으로학습하면서더많은것을배울수있었다 ). 각요인별문항의신뢰도값 (Cronbach s α 계수 ) 은팀스킬향상요인이 0.834, 학습능력향상요인이 0.773, 팀학습향상요인이 0.724이었다 (Table 1). 각문항에대한반응양식은 Likert 식 5점척도를사용하였으며, 점수가높을수록각요인에대해긍정적으로인식하는것으로해석하였다. 2) 학업능력학업능력이란학과공부를성공적으로수행할수있는어휘적, 수리적능력및논리적사고력과노력의지속성등을총괄하는학문적경쟁력 (academic competitiveness) 을말한다. 가장객관적인학업능력은흔히학교성적 (grade point average, Table 1. Factor Loadings for Team-Based Learning Perception Items Item I II III Cronbach's α Percent of variance accounted for Factor I: Team skill improvement, Factor II: Learning ability improvement, Factor III: Team learning improvement. 115

4 Kwi Hwa Park, et al : Students' Individual Characteristics and the Perception of TBL GPA) 으로나타난다. 따라서본연구에서는연구대상학생들의직전학기까지의 GPA 를학업능력으로정의하였다. 3) 팀효능감학생들의팀효능감은 Marshall [15] 의연구에서사용된 8문항을 Kwon [14] 이번안한것을사용하여측정하였다. 팀효능감을측정하는설문문항으로는 나는우리팀이팀과제와팀시험을훌륭하게해낼수있다고자신한다, 나는우리팀이팀안에서활동하는방법에관한지식을갖고있다고확신한다 등으로구성되어있다. 팀효능감의신뢰도는 Cronbach s α =0.900 이었다. 각문항에대한반응양식은 Likert 식 5점척도를사용하였으며, 점수가높을수록팀효능감이높은것으로해석하였다. 4) 대인관계의이해대인관계이해는 Marshall [15] 의연구에서사용된대인관계의이해 11문항을 Kwon [14] 이번안한것을사용하여측정하였다. 대인관계의이해를측정하는설문문항으로는 나는다양한배경을가진팀원들모두와팀활동을잘한다 와 나는우리팀원들의생각과의견을존중한다 등으로구성되어있다. 대인관계이해의신뢰도계수는 Cronbach s α= 0.869이다. 각문항에대한반응양식은 Likert 식 5점척도를사용하였으며, 점수가높을수록대인관계이해도가높은것으로해석하였다. 5) 문제해결에서의적극성문제해결에서의적극성은 Marshall [15] 의연구에서사용된문제해결에서의적극성 8문항을 Kwon [14] 이번안한것을사용하여측정하였다. 문제해결에서의적극성을측정하는설문문항으로는 나는과제를해결하기위한해결책을적극적으로제시한다 와 나는팀과제수행중에문제가발생하면적극적으로대안을찾으려고한다 등으로구성되어있다. 문제해결에서의적극성신뢰도계수는 Cronbach s α=0.789이다. 각문항에대한반응양식은 Likert 식 5점척도를사용하였으며, 점수가높을수록문제해결에서의적극성이높은것으로해석하였다. 3. 자료수집본연구는 2012년 5월 14일부터 6월 22일까지 6주가진행된심장학통합교육과정에서강의시간 130 시간중 24시간을 TBL 방식으로운영한후학생들에게조사를실시하였다. TBL 은 3단계로진행하였다. 1단계는학생들이수업에참여하기전에익혀야할학습목표와사전읽기자료를온라인수업지원시스템을이용하여일주일전에제시하여학습해오게하였다. 2단계는사전과제를잘수행했는지를확인하기위해개인학습준비도점검을위한시험 (individual readiness assurance test, IRAT) 을실시하였고, 동일한문항을해결하기위해다시소집단을구성하여토론하고학습한후그룹시험 (group readiness assurance test, GRAT) 을실시한후전체그룹이토론을하도록하였다. 마지막 3단계는 1, 2단계를통해학습한지식을바탕으로적용하는단계로, 그룹별로토의를통하여문항을해결하도록하였다. 이와같이 TBL 을진행하고연구자가학생들에게연구목적에대해설명하고지시사항을숙지시킨후학생들의팀효능감, 대인관계이해도, 문제해결의적극성과 TBL 의인식도를평가하는설문지를작성하도록하였다. 설문작성에시간제한을두지는않았으며, 설문지를완성하는데소요되는시간은약 15분정도였다. 설문지작성이완료된후에는연구자가직접설문지를회수하였다. 4. 자료분석방법본연구에서사용된자료분석방법은다음과같다. 첫째, 성별에따른 TBL 인식도의차이를살펴보기위해 t-test 를실시하였다. 둘째, 학생들의학업능력, 팀효능감, 대인관계의이해, 문제해결에서의적극성에대한집단별 TBL 인식도차이를살펴보기위해 analysis of variance를실시하였다. 각변인을상위집단, 중위집단, 하위집단의 3집단으로구분하기위해점수분포에따라상위집단은상위 33%, 하위집단은하위 33% 로하였고, 나머지집단은중위집단으로구분하였다. 셋째, 학생들의학업능력, 팀효능감, 대인관계의이해, 문제해결에서의적극성이 TBL 인식도에미치는영향을분석하기위해상관분석 (Pearson s r) 과중다회귀분석 (stepwise multiple regression analysis) 을수행하였다. 결과 1. 성별에따른 TBL 인식도차이학생들의성별에따른 TBL 인식도에차이가있는지를살 116 Korean J Med Educ 2013 Jun; 25(2):

5 박귀화외 : 개인적특성과팀바탕학습인식 펴보았다. 그결과 TBL 인식도하위요인중학습능력향상요인에서성별에따른통계적으로의미있는차이가나타났으나 (p<0.05), 팀스킬향상 (p>0.05), 팀학습효과 (p>0.05), TBL 인식도전체 ((p>0.05) 에서는차이가나타나지않았다. 즉, 남학생이여학생보다 TBL 이학습능력향상에효과가있었다고인식하는것으로나타났다 (Table 2). 2. 학업능력에따른 TBL 인식도차이학생들의학업능력에따라 TBL 인식도에차이가있는지를알아보기위해학업능력상위집단, 중위집단, 하위집단의세집단으로구분하여살펴보았다. 그결과, TBL 인식도하위요인중학습능력향상요인이학업능력수준에따라통계적으로의미있는차이가나타났으나 (p<0.05), 팀스킬향상 (p>0.05) 과팀학습요인 (p>0.05) 에서는차이가나타나지 않았다. 또한 TBL 인식도전체에서도의미있는차이가나타나지않았다 (p>0.05). 즉, 학업능력상위집단의학생들이하위집단학생들보다 TBL이학습능력향상에도움이되었다고인식하는것으로나타났다 (Table 3). 3. 팀효능감수준에따른 TBL 인식도차이학생들의팀효능감수준에따라 TBL 인식도에차이가있는지를알아보기위해팀효능감수준을상위집단, 중위집단, 하위집단의세집단으로구분하여살펴보았다. 그결과 TBL 인식도하위요인중팀스킬향상요인과팀학습효과요인이팀효능감수준에따라유의미한차이가나타났으며, TBL 인식도전체에서도의미있는차이가나타났다 (p<0.05). 그러나학습능력향상요인에서는차이가나타나지않았다 (p> 0.05). 즉, 팀효능감상위집단의학생들이하위집단학생들 Table 2. Gender Differences in Perception of Team-Based Learning Variable Gender No. Mean SD t p-value Team skill Male Female Learning ability Male Female Team learning Male Female Total of TBL perception Male Female TBL: Team-based learning, SD: Standard deviation. Table 3. Differences in Perception of Team-Based Learning by Academic Ability Variable Group No. Mean SD F p-value Scheffé Team skill High Middle Low Learning ability High a) a)>c)* Middle b) Low c) Team learning High Middle Low Total of TBL perception High Middle Low TBL: Team-based learning, SD: Standard deviation. *p<

6 Kwi Hwa Park, et al : Students' Individual Characteristics and the Perception of TBL 보다 TBL 이팀스킬향상에도움이되었고, 팀으로학습하는것이효과가있다고인식하는것으로나타났다 (Table 4). 4. 대인관계이해도수준에따른 TBL 인식도차이학생들의대인관계이해도수준에따라 TBL 인식도에차이가있는지를알아보기위해대인관계지각수준에따라상위집단, 중위집단, 하위집단의세집단으로구분하여살펴보았다. 그결과 TBL 인식도하위요인중팀스킬향상요인이대인관계이해도수준에따라유의미한차이가나타났으며, TBL 인식도전체에서도의미있는차이가나타났다 (p< 0.05). 그러나학습능력향상요인과팀학습효과요인은유의미한차이 가나타나지않았다 (p>0.05). 즉, 대인관계이해도상위집단의학생들이하위집단학생들보다 TBL이팀스킬향상에도움이된다고인식하는것으로나타났다 (Table 5). 5. 문제해결의적극성수준에따른 TBL 인식도차이학생들의문제해결의적극성수준에따라 TBL 인식도에차이가있는지를알아보기위해문제해결의적극성수준에따라상위집단, 중위집단, 하위집단의세집단으로구분하여살펴보았다. 그결과 TBL 인식도하위요인중팀스킬향상요인이문제해결의적극성수준에따른유의미한차이가나타났으며, TBL 인식도전체에서도의미있는차이가나타났다 (p<0.05). Table 4. Differences in Perception of Team-Based Learning by Level of Team Efficacy Variable Group No. Mean SD F p-value Scheffé Team skill High a) a)>c)* Middle b) Low c) Learning ability High Middle Low Team learning High a) a)>c)* Middle b) Low c) Total of TBL perception High a) a)>c)* Middle b) Low c) TBL: Team-based learning, SD: Standard deviation. *p<0.05. Table 5. Differences in Perception of Team-Based Learning by Level of Interpersonal Understanding Variable Group No. Mean SD F p-value Scheffé Team skill High a) a)>c)* Middle b) Low c) Learning ability High Middle Low Team learning High Middle Low Total of TBL perception High a) a)>c)* Middle b) Low c) TBL: Team-based learning, SD: Standard deviation. *p< Korean J Med Educ 2013 Jun; 25(2):

7 박귀화외 : 개인적특성과팀바탕학습인식 그러나학습능력향상요인과팀학습효과요인에서는차이가나타나지않았다 (p>0.05). 즉, 문제해결의적극성상위집단의학생들이중위집단이나하위집단학생들보다 TBL이팀스킬향상에도움이된다고인식하는것으로나타났다 (Table 6). 6. TBL 인식도에영향을미치는변인학생들의학업능력, 팀효능감, 대인관계의이해도, 문제해결의적극성, TBL 인식도의평균및표준편차, 그리고각변인들간의상호상관을살펴보았다. 학생들의 TBL 인식도는팀효능감 (r=0.456, p<0.01), 대인관계 (r=0.417, p<0.01), 문제해결의적극성 (r=0.471, p<0.01) 과유의한정적상관이있는것으로나타났으며, 학업능력 (r=0.255, p>0.05) 과는유의한상관관계를보이지않았다. 학업능력은문제해결의적극성 (r=0.362, p<0.01) 과는유의한정적상관이있는것으로나타났으며, 팀효능감 (r=0.151, p>0.05), 대인관계이해 (r= 0.199, p>0.05) 와는유의한상관관계를보이지않았다. 팀효능감은대인관계이해 (r=0.538, p<0.01) 와는유의한정적상관이있는것으로나타났으며, 문제해결의적극성 (r=0.319, p>0.05) 과는유의한상관관계를보이지않았다. 대인관계는문제해결의적극성 (r=0.539, p<0.01) 과는유의한정적상관이있는것으로나타났다 (Table 7). TBL 인식도와유의한상관을보이는변인들이 TBL 인식도를얼마나설명해주는지를알아보기위해 TBL 인식도를종속변인으로학업능력, 팀효능감, 대인관계, 문제해결의적극성을독립변인으로한단계적다중회귀분석을수행하였다. 문제해결의적극성 (β=0.362), 팀효능감 (β=0.340) 이 TBL 인식도를설명해주는변인으로나타났으며, TBL 인식도의전체변량중 32.5% 를설명하는것으로나타났다 (Table 8). 즉, 문제해결에적극성을보이며, 팀효능감이높을수록 TBL 을긍정적으로지각함을알수있다. Table 6. Differences in Perception of Team-Based Learning by Level of Proactivity in Problem-Solving Variable Group No. Mean SD F p-value Scheffé Team skill High a) a)>c)* Middle b) a)>b)* Low c) Learning ability High Middle Low Team learning High Middle Low Total of TBL perception High a) a)>c)* Middle b) Low c) TBL: Team-based learning, SD: Standard deviation. *p<0.05. Table 7. Means, Standard Deviations, and Correlation among Variables Mean SD Perception of TBL Academic ability Team efficacy ** Interpersonal understanding ** ** - 5. Proactivity in problem-solving ** 0.36* ** - SD: Standard deviation, TBL: Team-based learning. *p<0.05, **p<

8 Kwi Hwa Park, et al : Students' Individual Characteristics and the Perception of TBL Table 8. Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis of Predicting Perception of Team-Based Learning Dependent Predictors B SE B β ΔR 2 R 2 Perception of TBL effect (Constant) Proactivity in problem-solving * Team efficacy * TBL: Team-based learning. *p<0.05. 고찰 본연구에서는학생의개인적특성에따라 TBL 효과를어떻게인식하고있으며, 그차이가있는지를분석하여 TBL 에서팀을구성하고 TBL 의효과를증진시키는데필요한기초자료를제공하고자하였다. TBL 은학생들에게흥미와동기유발을주는긍정적인학습활동이며, 의학교육에서도활용가능한교육방법이며, 시간과노력을들인만큼가치있는경험으로평가되고있다 [3]. 그러나 TBL 은팀을통한학습이기때문에팀구성원개인이지닌특성의다양성으로인해 TBL 경험을인식하는데에도차이가있으며, 궁극적으로는이것이팀구성원의능동적상호작용과팀성과를결정하는데에도영향을미친다. 즉, 구성원들각자가가진특성들의차이에따라팀다양성의영향력은다르게나타날수있으며이는곧성과에영향을미치기때문이다. 인구학적특성중성별에서는남학생이여학생보다 TBL 이학습능력을향상시키는데도움이되었다고인식하였다. 남학생이많은학급에서협동학습을실시하였을때가여성이많은학급에서실시하였을때보다학습태도에서효과적이라는보고가있는데, 이는남학생이여학생에비해수업에있어서다소산만하지만능동적이고적극적으로참여하는특성이있기때문이다 [16]. 본연구에서도남학생수가많은학습환경으로인해능동적인참여가이뤄졌고이는학생들의 TBL 효과인식과긍정적인관련성이있었다고할수있다. 그러나 Wiener et al. [5] 의연구에의하면, 여학생이남학생보다 TBL 식접근방식에대해만족한다는응답이높았다는연구결과와는상반된다. 학업능력상위집단의학생들이하위집단학생들보다 TBL 이학습능력향상에도움이되었다고인식하였다. 이는학업 능력이높은학생들이낮은학생들에비해 TBL에대해긍정적으로평가하는경향이있다고보고한연구결과와일치한다 [7]. 또한한연구에의하면학업능력에따른수업만족도에서 TBL은성취도상위집단에서, 강의방법은하위집단에서만족도가높았다고보고하였는데 [8], 이는본연구결과를지지해주는결과이다. 반면, 간호대학생을대상으로한 Roh et al. [10] 의연구에서는학업능력수준에따라 TBL 인식도에차이가없었다고하여본연구결과와는상반된다. 학업능력이높은학생들은자기주도적이고적극적으로학습에참여하는경향이있는데 [17], TBL 은자기주도적으로사전과제를학습하고능동적으로학습에참여하여팀원들을설득하는것이요구되는수업방식이기때문에학업능력이높은학생들의특성과부합되는부분이있어긍정적으로평가를했을것이다. 또한학업능력이뛰어난학생들은변화된교육방법의장점을이해하고빠르게대처하는능력이있어 TBL 으로의변화도쉽게받아들였다고볼수있다 [7]. 이처럼팀을구성할때학업능력은중요한특성중하나인데, 학업능력에따라팀을이질적으로구성하면, 능력이낮은학습자들은학업성취면에서자신보다능력이높은학습자들로부터도움을얻을수있는장점이있지만, 반면에능력이뛰어난학습자들은오히려학업성취에방해를받을수있기때문에 [18], 동질집단으로구성하는것이더바람직할수도있다. 이처럼합의된결론은없지만, 본연구결과를토대로볼때 TBL 도입초기에는학업능력에따라이질적으로팀을구성하여 TBL 에서의상호작용효과를높여보는것을고려해볼수있을것이며, TBL에익숙해지고난후팀구성을달리하여그차이를분석해볼필요도있을것이다. TBL 에서어떠한학습자특성을고려한팀구성이학습효과의극대화에영향을미칠수있느냐가관심이되는데, 그요인중에하나가팀효능감이다. 본연구에서는팀효능감상위 120 Korean J Med Educ 2013 Jun; 25(2):

9 박귀화외 : 개인적특성과팀바탕학습인식 집단의학생들이하위집단학생들보다 TBL이팀스킬향상에도움이되었고, 팀으로학습하는것이효과가있다고인식하는것으로나타났다. 팀효능감이높을수록팀학습에적극참여하게되고 [19], 이는 TBL을긍정적인학습경험으로인식하는데영향을주었다고할수있다. 따라서 TBL에대한긍정적인인식도를높이기위해서는팀효능감의정도에따라팀을구성하여야하며, 나아가학생들이팀효능감을높일수있는방안을마련하는것이필요하다. 효능감을증진시키는원동력에는구체적인성공경험이나긍정적인피드백제공이있다. 따라서 TBL 진행과정에서팀활동이나팀성과에대해적절한피드백이나보상시스템을마련하여팀효능감을높임으로써학생들이 TBL 에보다긍정적으로참여할수있도록유도하여야한다. 대인관계이해도와문제해결의적극성상위집단의학생들이하위집단학생들보다 TBL 이팀스킬향상에도움이되며, TBL 을긍정적인학습경험으로인식하는것으로나타났다. 그중에서도팀과제해결을위한적극성은상위, 중위, 하위집단을명확히구분해주는특성으로나타났다. 경영대학원에서팀학습에영향을미치는프로세스요인에대한연구에서관계지향적측면에서는대인관계의이해도가과제지향적측면에서는문제해결에서의적극성이유의미한요인이라고보고가있어본연구를뒷받침해주고있다 [20]. 이는 TBL 을긍정적인학습경험으로인식하기위해서는팀원들과의관계와공동으로주어진과제를해결하기위한팀원개인의적극적인태도가관련이있음을시사하는것이다. 회귀분석결과에서는문제해결에적극성을보이며, 팀효능감이높을수록 TBL 을긍정적으로지각하는것으로나타났다. 즉, 여러요인중에서도이두요인이 TBL 인식도를유의미하게설명해주는변인으로나타났다. 팀효능감이높은학생들은팀을위해무엇을해야할지알고어려운과제도도전하려는경향이높기때문에 [19] 팀학습에대한기여도가높을것이다. 또한팀에주어진과제해결을위해적극성을보이는학생들이많을수록팀구성원의상호작용은높아질것이며, 이는팀에긍정적인영향을미치고, TBL 을긍정적으로인식하는데에도영향을미쳤다고할수있다. 따라서팀구성에있어적극성을보이는학생들을팀별로적절히배치하는것이필요할것으로보인다. 이처럼팀다양성 (team diversity) 은함께과업을수행하는팀구성원들사이의인구학적, 정의적, 인지적특성들이이질적인정도로구성원들각자가가진특성들의차이에따라팀다양성의영향력은다르게나타나며, 이는곧성과에영향을미치게된다. 이러한관점에서본연구는팀학습에대해긍정적으로인식하고, 이것이팀학습에긍정적인효과로작용하기위해서는팀학습을계획할때다양한요소가고려된팀구성을해야한다는점에서시사하는바가크다. 이러한구성을위해서는성별, 학업능력, 팀효능감, 대인관계능력, 문제해결의적극성과같은개인적특성을충분히고려하여팀활동이긍정적인시너지효과가일어날수있도록해야할것이다. 그리고교수자가개인별특성들을잘파악하고있다면팀활동에서개인의역할과참여에적절한조언을해줄수도있기때문에팀학습의질을향상하는데에도기여할것이다. 그러나본연구는일개의학전문대학원만을대상으로하였기때문에추후의과대학생및보다많은의학전문대학원생을대상으로추가연구를진행하여그결과를일반화할필요가있으며, 의과대학생과의학전문대학원생간비교연구를통해차별화된프로그램을제공할수있는기초자료를마련하여야할것이다. 본연구진행과정에서 TBL 을시행한후개인적특성과 TBL 인식도를조사하였다. 이로인해개인적특성보다 TBL 경험자체가 TBL 인식도에영향을미쳤을가능성도있기때문에추후연구과정에서는이점을고려한연구진행이필요할것이다. 좀더적극적인토론활동유발을위해서는성격, 학생들간의친밀도등도고려한다면좀더탄력있는팀활동을기대할수있기때문에 [12] 향후에는이러한개인적특성을고려한추가연구가진행되어야할것이며, 개인적특성을고려한팀구성과그렇지않은팀구성에서 TBL 성취도를비교분석하는연구도진행될필요가있다. Acknowledgements: None. Funding: None. Conflicts of interest: None. 121

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