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1 : ( ) (, ),. (NYPI) (KCYPS) 1 2 (2011) (N = 2,133), 3 (2012) (N = 2,151), 4 (2013) (N = 1,979).,,,,,,,,.,.,.,.,.,.,.. :,, ( ) yoonsunhan@skku.edu

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6 ., (Hymel, Woody, & Bowker, 1993; Rubin, Chen, & Hymel, 1993; Rubin, Chen, McDougall, Bowker, & McKinnon, 1995) (Bowker, Bukowski., Zargarpour, & Hoza. 1998). (,,, 2014;,,,, 2013). (2014) ,,. (2013) ,,. Oh (2008) 5 2,.,.,,,.,.,.,,. (Eccles & Harold, 1991)... 2 (44%) (72%) (, 2011).,.

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10 (, 2003, Leadbeater et al., 1999; Zahn-Waxler et al., 2008). ( =1, =0). (,, 2013;, 2014). (1999) (2003). ( )., ( ). 4 4, 1. Cronbach's α.85. (5 ) 20..,., 1 1,.,.,,,.,.., Cronbach's α.87. (Bradley & Corwyn, 2002). (1=, 2=, 3=, 4=, 5= ),. (,,,,, 2014;,. 2005;, 2006;, 2008). (1991) (5 ), (5 ), (5 ), (multi-level growth modeling). (Rabe-Hesketh & Skrondal, 2008; Bongers et al., 2003)

11 ( ) (nested), 2011 ( ) (, ) (baseline) 3 (, ).. (1 ) (2 ).., π 0i, 2011 ( 2). π 1i, a ti ( ), e ti (residual). (level-2) (π 0i) (π 1i).. π 0i = β 00 + r 0i π 1i = β 10 + r 1i β 00 β 10. r 0i, r 1i (residual).,.. (level-1).. (level-2). π 0i = β 00 + β 01 ( ) 1i + β 02 ( ) 2i + r 0i π 1i = β 10 + β 11( ) 1i + β 12( ) 2i + r 1i Y ti = π 0i + π 1iti + e ti Y ti i t ( ) (, ) π 0i, π 1i.

12 . SPSS 22.0, STATA 13 xtmixed. Aiken, Stephen Reno(1991) (,, ) 3 1. ( 2 =2.24, 3 =2.26, 1 =2.24), ( 2 =2.13, 3 =2.21, 1 =1.97), ( 2 =1.93, 3 =1.98, 1 =1.88). 2 (baseline) (2011) 3(2012) 1(2013) N 2,133 2,151 1,

13 ( =1.24), 4,530 ( =2.48), ( =1.08). 2.84( =0.41), 1.84( =0.71). Model1~Model9. Model1, Model2, Model3, Model4, Model5, Model6, Model7, Model8, Model9. Model1 ( ). Model2 (,,, ) (, ). Model3 ( * ), ( * ), ( * ) Model2. Model4~Model6, Model7~Model9,. Model1~Model3 ( ) (β , ps<.001). (β=-0.102, p<.001). Model2, Model3 ( ), ( ),. 1 Model3. Model4 (β =-0.023, p=.002). (β =-0.220, p<.001) (β=-0.022, p<.001).,. Model6 (β=-0.022, p=.047).. Model6 2, baseline 2. Model7 Model8 Model9 (β=0.041, p=.014).

14 Model1 Model2 Model3 coef. s.e coef. s.e coef. s.e For initial level Intercept *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** * For linear change *** *** ***.014 * * Linear change Deviance (6) (12) (15) χ²(df) (6) *** 3.71(3). * p <.05; ** p <.01; *** p <.001

15 Model4 Model5 Model6 coef. s.e coef. s.e coef. s.e For initial level Intercept *** *** *** * * *** *** *** *** *** *** *** * *.011 For linear change ** * * Linear change Deviance (6) (12) (15) χ²(df) (6) *** 4.75(3). * p <.05; ** p <.01; *** p <.001

16 Model7 Model8 Model9 coef. s.e coef. s.e coef. s.e For initial level Intercept *** *** *** * * *** *** *** *** *** * For linear change *.017 * * **.008 Linear change Deviance (6) (12) (15) χ²(df) (6) *** 7.63(3). * p <.05; ** p <.01; *** p <.001

17 Model8, (β =-0.027, p<.001). Model9 (β=-0.022, p=.006).,. Model ( ) (, ),...,.., 2 1. (, 2008;,, 2007;, 2014; Loeber, 1982; Stanger et al., 1997; Card et al., 2008). (Loeber & Hay, 1997; Moskowitz, Schwartzman, & Ledingham, 1985) (, 2008;,, 2007;, 2014; Loeber, 1982; Stanger et al., 1997).. (Eisenberg, Carlo, Murphy, & Court, 1995).,. (Hoffman, 2001). (, 2004).. (, 2014; Bongers et al., 2003). Bongers (2003).,.

18 ,.,..,, (2003) (K-YSR). (2010), (2011)., (2013)., (2013) 32.6% 27.4%, 38.4%. (2004). (2004),.,. (Crozier, 1995; Ranta et al., 2007),. (Mills & Rubin, 1990; Morison & Masten, 1991). (Chen, Rubin & Li, 1995; Rubin & Burgess, 2001).., ,. (, 2011; Lindeman, Harakka, & Keltikangas- Järvinen, 1997). (Crick, 1995). 6.

19 ( ) (Crick & Grotpeter, 1995; Galen & Underwood, 1997).,. (Babiss & Gangwisch, 2009; Johnson & Taliaferro, 2011; Kirkcaldy et al., 2002) (, 2010).,. (,, 2004;, 2013)., (testosterone) (androgen) (,,, 1992).. (2014). (2013)..., (,, 2014)., (, 2010;, 2000).,... (2010) 4 1.,. 6 6 (, 2015).

20 Bongers (2003). Bongers (2003).., Model9.. Moded7, Moded8 Moded9..., Model6.. (, 2003;,, 2010;, 2011; Avison, & McAlpine, 1992; La Greca & Lopez, 1998).. (,,, 2003).. Eccles Harold(1991)..,, (2003) (1998).

21 . (, 1 ),. 2 2, 3, 1, 3 2, 3...,....., (Wickrama, Congers, & Abraham, 2008; Bongers, Koot, van der Ende, & Verhulst, 2003)..,. (2011).. (3), (2003).. (7), , (2013).,,

22 . (1), , (2010).. (2013). 13.,, (2013).. (2000).. (1), (2004).., (2008)..,, (1984). :., (2007). : :. (2), , (2013).. (3), (2013).., (1998).. (4), (2003).. (2002).., (2013).,., (2013).. (1991).., (2014).. (10), (2009).. (1), , (2010). :. (3), (2008)..,,,, (2014).,,. (3), , (2010).. (4), (2014).,,, :. (12),

23 , (2010).. (2), , (2005) (-), ,, (1992).. (2), (2006).,. (1), ,, (2014). : -. (8), (2014).. (10), (2010).. (2010).. (6), , (2014). (Healing). (3), (2011).,. (3), (2015).. (2012)..,,, (2013). : 2. (1), , (2004).. (5), , (2003).,. (4), (2013).. (2014).. (2), , (2008).. (2), (2011). :., Edwards, C. P (2004).. (2), ,, (2003).

24 . (2), ,, (2004).., (2014).., (1999)..,, (2010).. (6), (1996).. (2), Achenbach T. (1978). The child behavior profile: I. Boys aged Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 46 3, Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1989). Manual for the youth self-report and profile. University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry. Aiken Leona S., & Stephen G. West (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications. Avison W. R., & McAlpine, D. D. (1992). Gender differences in symptoms of depression among adolescents. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33(2), Babiss, L. A., & Gangwisch, J. E. (2009). Sports participation as a protective factor against depression and suicidal ideation in adolescents as mediated by self-esteem and social support. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 30(5), Bongers, I. L., Koot, H. M., Van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2003). The normative development of child and adolescent problem behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(2), Bowker, A., Bukowski, W., Zargarpour, S., & Hoza, B. (1998). A structural and functional analysis of a two-dimensional model of social isolation. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 44(4) Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), Card, N. A., Stucky, B. D., Sawalani, G. M., & Little, T. D. (2008). Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A meta analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment. Child Development, 79(5), Chen, X., Rubin, K. H., & Li, B. (1995). Social and school adjustment of shy and aggressive children in china. Development and Psychopathology, 7(02), Crick, N. R. (1995). Relational aggression: The role of intent attributions, feelings of distress, and provocation type. Development and Psychopathology, 7, Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66(3), Crozier, W. (1995). Shyness and self esteem in middle childhood. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 65(1),

25 Davison, T. E., & McCabe, M. P. (2006). Adolescent body image and psychosocial functioning. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(1), Donaldson, S. J., & Ronan, K. R. (2006). The effects of sports participation on young adolescents' emotional well-being. Adolescence, 41(162), Eccles, J. S., & Harold, R. D. (1991). Gender differences in sport involvement: Applying the Eccles' expectancy-value model. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 3(1), Eisenberg, N., Carlo, G., Murphy, B., & Court, P. (1995). Prosocial development in late adolescence: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 66(4), Galen, B. R., & Underwood, M. K. (1997). A developmental investigation of social aggression among children. Developmental Psychology, 33(4), Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(1), Hoffman, M. L. (2001). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice Cambridge University Press. Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., Lefkowitz, M. M., & Walder, L. O. (1984). Stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology, 20(6), Hymel, S., Woody, E., & Bowker, A. (1993). Social withdrawal in childhood: Considering the child s perspective. Social Withdrawal, Inhibition, and Shyness in Childhood, Johnson, K. E., & Taliaferro, L. A. (2011). Relationships between physical activity and depressive symptoms among middle and older adolescents: A review of the research literature. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 16(4), Kirkcaldy, B. D., Shephard, R. J., & Siefen, R. G. (2002). The relationship between physical activity and self-image and problem behaviour among adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37(11), La Greca, A. M., & Lopez, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(2), Leadbeater, B. J., Kuperminc, G. P., Blatt, S. J., & Hertzog, C. (1999). A multivariate model of gender differences in adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems. Developmental Psychology, 35(5), Lindeman, M., Harakka, T., & Keltikangas- Järvinen, L. (1997). Age and gender differences in adolescents reactions to conflict situations: Aggression, prosociality, and withdrawal. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(3), Liu, J. (2004). Childhood externalizing behavior: Theory and implications. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 17(3), Loeber, R. (1982). The stability of antisocial and delinquent child behavior: A review. Child Development, 53(6)

26 Loeber, R., & Hay, D. (1997). Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annual Review of Psychology, 48(1), McHale, J. P., Vinden, P. G., Bush, L., Richer, D., Shaw, D., & Smith, B. (2005). Patterns of personal and social adjustment among sport-involved and noninvolved urban middle-school children. Sociology of Sport Journal, 22(2), Mills, R. S., & Rubin, K. H. (1990). Parental beliefs about problematic social behaviors in early childhood. Child Development, 61(1), Morison, P., & Masten, A. S. (1991). Peer reputation in middle childhood as a predictor of adaptation in adolescence: A seven year follow up. Child Development, 62(5), Moskowitz, D. S., Schwartzman, A. E., & Ledingham, J. E. (1985). Stability and change in aggression and withdrawal in middle childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94(1), North, T. C., McCullagh, P., & Tran, Z. V. (1990). Effect of exercise on depression. Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, 18(1), Oh, W., Rubin, K. H., Bowker, J. C., Booth-LaForce, C., Rose-Krasnor, L., & Laursen, B. (2008). Trajectories of social withdrawal from middle childhood to early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(4), O'Neil, K. A., Conner, B. T., & Kendall, P. C. (2011). Internalizing disorders and substance use disorders in youth: Comorbidity, risk, temporal order, and implications for intervention. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(1), Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. (2008). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata. STATA press. Ranta, K., Kaltiala-Heino, R., Koivisto, A., Tuomisto, M. T., Pelkonen, M., & Marttunen, M. (2007). Age and gender differences in social anxiety symptoms during adolescence: The social phobia inventory (SPIN) as a measure. Psychiatry Research, 153(3), Rubin, K. H. & Burgess, K. (2001). Social withdrawal. In M.W. Vasey & M.R. Dadds (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of anxiety. (pp ). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Rubin, K. H., Chen, X., & Hymel, S. (1993). Socioemotional characteristics of withdrawn and aggressive children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 39(4) Rubin, K. H., Chen, X., McDougall, P., Bowker, A., & McKinnon, J. (1995). The waterloo longitudinal project: Predicting internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 7(04), Stanger, C., Achenbach, T. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (1997). Accelerated longitudinal comparisons of aggressive versus delinquent syndromes. Development and Psychopathology, 9(01), White, R., & Renk, K. (2012). Externalizing behavior problems during adolescence: An ecological perspective. Journal of Child and

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28 The Moderating Effect of Gender in the Relationship between Physical Education and Adolescents Internalizing and Externalizing Problem Behaviors: Using Multi-level Growth Modeling Taekho Lee Seokyoung Lee Yoonsun Han Department of Child Psychology & Education, Sunkyunkwan University This study examined the relationship between physical education and externalizing(aggression) and internalizing(depression, social withdrawal) problem behaviors among adolescents. The moderating role of gender and time in the association between physical education and problem behavior was also identified. This study used data from the second, third, and fourth waves of the middle school student cohort (N=2,133, N=2,151, N=1,979) of the Korean Children-Youth Panel Survey(KCYPS). Main analyses involved multilevel growth model with interaction terms. The dependent variables were aggression, depression, and social withdrawal. The independent variables were gender and physical education (exercise hours) at school. The control variables were abuse, school-adjustment, annual household income and parents highest level of education. The major longitudinal findings of this study are as follows: First, there was significant change according to the passage of time only in aggression among externalizing and internalizing problems. Second, gender differences exist in aggression and depression. Third, exercise hours of physical education had a negative relationship with internalizing problems. Fourth, there were no gender differences over time in both externalizing and internalizing problems. Fifth, the interaction between exercise hours of physical education and time was statistically significant for social withdrawal. Sixth, the interaction between exercise hours of physical education and gender was statistically significant for depression. The results of this study may become an academic basis for suggesting policy directions that promote increased exercise hours in physical education classes at school. Key words : physical education, gender, aggression, depression, social withdrawal

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