Development and application of a team building program focused on adaptation to college life and new team of freshmen student-athletes Jaesub Choi, Sa

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1 Development and application of a team building program focused on adaptation to college life and new team of freshmen student-athletes Jaesub Choi, Sanghyun Kwon*, & Jaewook Hwang Yonsei University [Purpose] [Methods] [Results] [Conclusion] Key words:

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4 Table 1. Participants Classification Characteristic of Participants N Program development Program adaptation Program effectiveness verification Expert meeting College Rugby student-athlete / freshman College Ice-Hockey student-athlete / freshman "A" college Ice-Hockey team players / coaches "A" college Ice-Hockey team players 22(students) 8(freshmen) 20(students) 10(freshmen) 30(players) 2(coaches) Sport psychology professor 1 25 Sport psychology Ph D. 3 College sports team coach 2 α α

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6 Table 2. Factors of requirement Higher order themes Communication Altruism Motivation Positive interpersonal relationship Participation of school life 1st order themes Communication between team members Frequency (n=73) Communication between senior and junior 14 Consideration 7 Respect 6 Leading by example 3 Will power 8 Encouragement 5 Formation of positive environment 2 Intimacy 10 Leisure life 2 Compliance of team roles 2 Attendance of lectures 6 Attendance of school events 2 4

7 Table 3. Factors of obstruction Higher order themes Negative interpersonal relationship Hierarchical culture Environment change Dual role 1st order themes Relationship between senior and junior Relationship between freshmen and coaches Frequency (n=75) 12 external relationship 4 Absence of communication 2 Power abuse 8 Tough regulation 7 Disregard 4 Training intensity change 9 Social position change 9 Role overload 8 Role conflict 8 6 Stage 1st stage The first step of college life 2nd stage Perception Transformation 3rd stage Motivation Goal ㆍ Adaptation to new environment as an adult ㆍ Motivation for college life ㆍ Experience of respect ㆍ Communication ㆍ Formation of positive interpersonal relationship ㆍ Goal-setting ㆍ Role clarification between the role of student and athlete Fig. 1. Team Building Program Model

9 Table 4. Contents of Organization of program Stage Session Activity / Participation References The first step of college life Perception Transformation Motivation 1 Orientation / Students and Coaches Dudley et al.(1997) 2 Alcohol, Sex, & Sports Gamble Education / Students Harris et al.(2003) 3 Grades & Time Management / Students Yoo & Kim(2016) 4 This is me(team members' self introductions) / Students and Coaches Harris et al.(2003) 5 Compliment Relay / Students and Coaches Kim(2010) Kwon et al.(2016) 6 The best advice / Students Paradis & Martin(2012) 7 Rules between team members / Students and Coaches Voight & Callaghan(2001) Wikman et al.(2017) 8 Stress Management / Students Lee et al.(2009) 9 Goal Setting / Students and Coaches 10 What is a student athlete's life? / Students Giacobbi et al.(2004) Voight & Callaghan(2001) Table 5. Analysis Results of Questionnaires Questionnaires Factor M / SD Pre(Ⅰ) Post(Ⅱ) Follow-Up(Ⅲ) Post-hoc P Group Cohesion Interaction Between Coaches and Athletes Group-Social Individual-Social Group-Task Individual-Task Conversation Encouragement Coaching about skills Trust Know-How M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD Ⅰ<Ⅱ, Ⅲ <.01 Ⅰ<Ⅱ <.001 Ⅰ<Ⅱ < < < < <

10 Table 6. Results of the Evaluation of the Program Question 1. The program helped freshmen student-athletes adapt to college life and their new team. strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agree 2(8%) 17(68%) 6(24%) 2. The program helped enhance teamwork. 1(4%) 3(12%) 12(48%) 9(36%) 3. The program helped me understand and empathize with team members. 1(4%) 3(12%) 12(48%) 9(36%) 4. The lecturer efficiently managed the program. 7(28%) 18(72%) 5. The program is appropriate for freshmen student-athletes adapting to college life, their new team and enhancing teamwork. 6. Should this opportunity present itself to me, I will participate in the program. 1(4%) 1(4%) 10(40%) 13(52%) 3(12%) 10(40%) 12(48%)

14 ㆍ ㆍ ㆍ Bebetsos, E., Theodorakis, N. D., & Tsigilis, N. (2007). Relations between role ambiguity and athletes' satisfaction among team handball players. The Sport Journal, 10(4). Bloom, G. A., & Loughead, T. M. (2011). Current developments in North American sport and exercise psychology: Team building in sport. Revista Iberoamericana

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17 Tracey, J., & Corlett, J. (1995). The transition experience of first-year university track and field student athletes. Journal of the First-Year Experience & Students in Transition, 7(2), Voight, M., & Callaghan, J. (2001). A team building intervention program: Application and evaluation with two university soccer teams. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(4), Widmeyer, W. N., Brawley, L. R., & Carron, A. V. (1985). The measurement of cohesion in sport teams: The group environment questionnaire. London: Sports Dynamics. Wikman, J. M., Stelter, R., Petersen, N. K., & Elbe, A. M. (2017). Effects of a team building intervention on social cohesion in adolescent elite football players. Swedish Journal of Sport Research, Woodman, R. W., & Sherwood, J. J. (1980). Effects of team development intervention: A field experiment. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 16(2), Yukelson, D. (1997). Principles of effective team building interventions in sport: A direct services approach at Penn State University. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9(1),

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