Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2017;38(1): pissn: eissn: X Listening to the

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1 Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2017;38(1): pissn: eissn: X Listening to the Voices of Grandparents Raising Primary-Grade Grandchildren Using a Qualitative Study Seung-Min Song 1, Woon Kyung Lee 2, Yoon Hyung Lee 3, Hyunah Kang 4, Eun Hye Kim 2, Hara Kang 2 Department of Child & Family Welfare, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Korea 1 Department of Child Development & Intervention, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea 2 Early Childhood Education Major, Graduate School of Education, Seoul National University of Education, Seoul, Korea 3 Division of Children's Welfare & Studies, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea 4 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 2 1, 2, 3, 4 Objective: The present study examined the perspectives of grandparents raising their grandchildren in an attempt to better understand grandparents child-rearing experience while providing kinship foster care to their primary-grade grandchildren. Methods: Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with eight grandparents who have raised one or two primary-grade (ages 8 10) grandchildren using a qualitative approach. Results: First, the participants viewed the reason for their kinship foster care as a failure for caring for their own children and accepted the present grandparent-care provision as their responsibility. Second, the participants communicated constant struggles with their own health and grandchild-care as well as positive/negative emotions associated with the care provision. Third, most of the participants did not fully understand the developmental needs of their primarygrade grandchildren. Fourth, the participants articulated concerns for their primary-grade grandchildren's learning, peer interactions, school adjustment, and extra-curricular activities. Lastly, the participants all agreed on hoping to raise grandchildren with good personality traits as members of a society and to have them fill the gap from the loss of their parents. Conclusion: Although most participants accepted the current circumstances as their obligation, they still noted difficulties in child-care provision. Given the developmental needs of grandchildren and the resource needs of grandparents, proper and continuous intervention approaches should be developed/provided. Keywords: grandparents raising grandchildren, primary-grade, child-rearing experience, kinship foster care, qualitative research Corresponding Author: Woon Kyung Lee, Department of Child Development & Intervention, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodaegil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea lwk@ewha.ac.kr The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Song, Lee, Lee, Kang, Kim, and Kang (Song, 2013)., % 45,398, % 58,058, % 118,527, %. 19.7%,, % (Statistics Korea, 2014).,, (W. Kim & Jeon, 2010)., (J.-Y. Lee, Kim, & Chung, 2009),. 2,,,, (S. K. Kim, Kim, & Choi, 2009). (Statistics Korea, 2014).., (W. Kim & Jeon, 2010).,,,, (N.-R. Bae & Park, 2013). (Bachman & Chase- Lansdale, 2005; Neely-Barnes, Graff, & Washington, 2010), (Kwon, 2000; C.-K. Park, 2002). (H.-K. Choi, 2006). (Sands & Goldberg-Glen, 2000) (Kwon, 2000).,. (J.- H. Bae, 2007), (H.-S. Kim, 2009; Seo & Kim, 2010), (O.-N. Kim, 2007),..,, (M.-Y. Lee, 2007; Ok, 2005). (Kwon, 2000).. (Ministry of Gender Equality & Family, 2007), (N.-R. Bae & Park, 2013).,, (Cox, 2009; K.-A. Park, 2007), (Brian, 2000).,.,, (H. Choi, 2006; Jang & Kim, 2008).

3 187 Listening to the Voices of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren 90 (Burnette, 2000; Fuller-Thomson, Minkler, & Driver, 1997; Ross & Aday, 2006), 1999 (S. K. Kim et al., 2009; W. Kim & Jeon, 2010),., (M. Y. Kim & Yoon, 2015),. 8 (Kang, Chung, Chun, Nho, & Woo, 2014)., 8-11 (40%) (Ministry of Health & Welfare [MOHW], 2013), (Kwon, 2000), (Y.-M. Kim, Kim, & Jung, 2008; M.-Y. Lee, 2008)., (Doh, Lee, Kim, Choi, & Lee, 2011),, (Ha & Jang, 2010; S. J. Kim et al., 2015)., (Doh et al., 2016; S. J. Kim et al., 2015; Nomaguchi, 2012),.,,... (Maxwell, 2005),., /,..,.,,.? 1-1.? 1-2.? 1-3.? 연구참여자,

4 Song, Lee, Lee, Kang, Kim, and Kang 188, (8 10 ) 1. (Patton, 2002),,.,, 1, 8., 60 80, (SD = 6.59).. 2 9, 2, , 3. Table 1. 자료수집및조사절차., , , (semi-structured).,.. 1.,,,,, ( ),,,,,. 2 1 Table 1 General Characteristics of Participants Age and gender of grandchildren Working Years of First ID Age status care child Second child Reasons for care 1 65 N 6 8 (Boy) Mother s disappearance from home 2 69 Y 6 10 (Boy) 8 (Boy) Mother s death 3 68 Y 7 10 (Boy) Parents disappearance from home 4 65 N 2 12 (Boy) 8 (Boy) Parents divorce 5 60 N 7 10 (Boy) Parents divorce 6 60 N 9 10 (Girl) 9 (Boy) Parents divorce 7 80 N 7 9 (Girl) 7 (Girl) Father s imprisonment 8 72 N 9 10 (Girl) Parents deaths Note. N = 8. Y/N = working/not working.

5 189 Listening to the Voices of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren.,,.,, (Glaser & Strauss, 1967).,, 1 2 A 자료분석,..,, (Seidman, 1998)... Miles Huberman (1994) 3. (data reduction),,. (data display). (conclusion drawing & verification),.,,,. MAXQDA 12 (VERBI GmbH, Berlin, Germany). 연구의타당성, 신뢰성및윤리적고려 Creswell Miller (2000) (peer review or debrifing), (member check). 1,., 2 1.,,,, 2 1.,,.,. 대리양육에대한태도 대리양육에대한초기태도,.,,,.

6 Song, Lee, Lee, Kang, Kim, and Kang , (1, ID 01)...,. (1, ID 05).....,.... (1, ID 06) 대리양육경험후의태도변화 2, 9.,.,. (1, ID 02).. ( ) ( ).. (1, ID 05)... (1, ID 06)., (ID 04, ID 07) 1, 2.,. ID 04, 2... ( ). (1, ID 04).. ( )....,.. ( )... (2, ID 04) 대리양육과삶의명암대리양육과연관된고통,.,,,,.

7 191 Listening to the Voices of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren.. ( ),.. (1, ID 07) (1, ID 06).,., 50%. 50%. (1, ID 03) (1, ID 08).,... (1, ID 05) (1, ID 03). ID 04, ID 07,,,,,.,.... ( ). (1, ID 01) 대리양육으로인한보상,.,...

8 Song, Lee, Lee, Kang, Kim, and Kang 192.,....,.... (1, ID 01).... (1, ID 03)... (1, ID 06).. (1, ID 04),. ID 07,. ID 08,,..,,.,. ID 04,,,.,..... (1, ID 07) ( )... (1, ID 08) (1, ID 01) 학령초기손자녀대리양육에대한조부모의인식및요구 학령초기양육자역할에대한조부모의인식. ID 01

9 193 Listening to the Voices of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren.,.,. 학령초기손자녀의발달에대한조부모의인식,,..... (1, ID 01).,,. ( )..?,. (1, ID 01),. (1, ID 07) (1, ID 02),,,.,.,. ID 01,, (1, ID 07) (2, ID 04)...,,,,. ( )..... (1, ID 01), ID 05 ID 06.

10 Song, Lee, Lee, Kang, Kim, and Kang 194,, (ID 04). ID 07,.,.,.,,,. (1, ID 04)... ( ).. (2, ID 07),.,., ID 01,. ID 04,,...,... (1, ID 01). ( )....,. ( )...( ) ( ),.. (1, ID 04). ID 08.,..,.....?..... ( ) (1, ID 08) 학령초기손자녀대리양육의요구들,,.....

11 195 Listening to the Voices of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren... (1, ID 06) OO ( )..... (1, ID 08).,., ,.. (2, ID 04). ( ).,.?. (1, ID 07)..,..... (1, ID 08),.,,,,,......,.. (1, ID 02) (1, ID 03)

12 Song, Lee, Lee, Kang, Kim, and Kang 196.,.. ( )... ( ).. (2, ID 06) OO.. ( ).. (2, ID 08) /.,.. ( ). ( ). (1, ID 01).... ( ).? ( ).. (2, ID 06)...,.,... (1, ID 04).... ( ). OO... (1, ID 05). ID 08,,,. (J.- H. Bae, 2007; Kwon, 2000) (O.-N. Kim, 2007),. ( ).. ( ).. (2, ID 08),,.,,

13 197 Listening to the Voices of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren....,.. ( ). (1, ID 04).. (1, ID 01).,.. (1, ID 06).,. ( ) (1, ID 07) 사랑이채워지는삶,.,,., (1, ID 03) 손자녀양육의목표및희망바람직한인성을가진사회의일원으로성장,,., ,.,... (1, ID 01),.,..,,..,.. (1, ID 07)

14 Song, Lee, Lee, Kang, Kim, and Kang ,,.,.. (Yang, 2009).,.,,. (Chung & Kim, 2010; Oh, 2007), 49.3% % (MOHW, 2013). (N.-R. Bae & Park, 2013) (M.-Y. Lee, 2007),.,. McGowen, Ladd Strom (2006),, (J.-H. Bae, 2007).. (Barry, Dunlap, Cotten, Lochman & Wells, 2005; H. M. Kim & Doh, 2004) Y.-H. Lee Kim (2011),.,. (M.-Y. Lee, 2008). (Cox, 2009; K.-A. Park, 2007).,. (Bates & Goodsell, 2013), (Hebbelthwaite & Norris, 2011).,..

15 199 Listening to the Voices of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren,., 1 3.,. 1,.,.,,. N.-R. Bae Park (2013)..,.,,,.,. (McIntyre, Eckert, Fiese, DiGennaro Reed, & Wildenger, 2010; Wildenger & McIntyre, 2010). (S. J. Kim et al., 2015),.,,,... (N.-R. Bae & Park, 2013).,.,.. (M.-Y. Lee, 2007; N.-R. Bae & Park, 2013), (Fuller- Thomson et al., 1997; Kwon, 2000).,.,.,.,,.

16 Song, Lee, Lee, Kang, Kim, and Kang 200,.,,..,...,,., 4 2,, case study. 1,..,, (Musil & Standing, 2005; Waldrop & Weber, 2001).. Acknowledgements This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korean government (NRF- 2013S1A3A ). Notes This article was presented as a paper at the 2016 Annual Fall Conference of the Korean Association of Child Studies. Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. In English References Bachman, H. J., & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (2005). Custodial grandmothers physical, mental, and economic well-being: Comparison of primary caregivers from low-income neighborhoods. Family Relations, 54(4), doi: /j x Barry, T. D., Dunlap, S. T., Cotten, S. J., Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C.(2005). The influence of maternal stress and distress on disruptive behavior problem in boys. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(3), doi: / Bates, J. S. & Goodsell, T. L. (2013). Male kin relationships: Grandfathers, grandsons, and generativity. Marriage & Family Review, 49(1), doi: / Brian, S. T. (2000). A cross-cultural study of the school performance of children bring raised by their grandparents (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from com/arizona/bitstream/10150/289127/1/azu_td_ _ sip1_m.pdf Burnette, D. (2000). Latino grandparents rearing grandchildren with special needs: Effects on depressive symptomatology. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 33(3), doi: /j083v33n03_01 Cox, C. (2009). Custodial grandparents: Policies affecting care. Journal of Intergenerational Relationship, 7, doi: /

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19 203 Listening to the Voices of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren ORCID Eun Hye Kim Hara Kang Seung-Min Song Woon Kyung Lee Yoon Hyung Lee Hyunah Kang Received December 31, 2016 Revision received January 31, 2017 Accepted February 9, 2017

<C7D1B1B9B1B3C0B0B0B3B9DFBFF85FC7D1B1B9B1B3C0B05F3430B1C733C8A35FC5EBC7D5BABB28C3D6C1BE292DC7A5C1F6C6F7C7D42E687770>

<C7D1B1B9B1B3C0B0B0B3B9DFBFF85FC7D1B1B9B1B3C0B05F3430B1C733C8A35FC5EBC7D5BABB28C3D6C1BE292DC7A5C1F6C6F7C7D42E687770> 기혼 여성이 사이버대학에서 상담을 전공하면서 겪는 경험 방기연 (고려사이버대학교 상담심리학과 부교수) * 요 약 본 연구는 기혼 여성의 사이버대학 상담전공 학과 입학에서 졸업까지의 경험을 이해하는 것을 목적으로 한 다. 이를 위해 연구참여자 10명을 대상으로 심층면접을 하고, 합의적 질적 분석 방법으로 분석하였다. 입학 전 에 연구참여자들은 고등교육의 기회를