Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * An Analysis of Diffe
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1 Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * An Analysis of Differences and Influencing Factors of College Students' Critical Thinking Skills and Dispositions Based on Their Individual Backgrounds Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences and influencing factors of college students' critical thinking skills and dispositions depending on their individual backgrounds. Method: The sample included 227 college students (second year - fourth year) at A university in Seoul. The instruments used in this study were A university critical thinking skill test and KRIVET's comprehensive thinking function test. The data were analyzed using MANOVA and hierarchical multiple regression that adds GPA to individual background variables. Results: The results of this study were as follows: First, there were significant gender differences. Second, there was no significant difference based on students' GPA and admission types. Third, there were some differences in the within-subject effect of majority fields. Conclusion: The results of the analysis indicated that female students perceived lower levels of self-efficacy for critical thinking compared to their real critical thinking skills. In addition, the individual background variable has an effect on critical thinking dispositions., while on the other hand, the credit of the previous semester has an effect on critical thinking skills. The detailed results of the study were elaborated in the main text, and related academic and policy implications were discussed. Key words : critical thinking disposition, critical thinking skills or ability, individual backgrounds * 3 K-CESA. Corresponding Author: Park, Ji-Hoe. Sungkyunkwan University, Dept. of Education, Sungkyunkwan-ro, Joungno-gu, Seoul, Korea, jihoe27@naver.com
2 ..., (,, 2009)., (learning) (Bowen, 1996).,,,. (knowledge), (characteristics), (behavior)., 4,. (World Economic Forum, 2016),,,,,,,,, 4. (Bloom, Englehart, Furst, Hill, & Krathwohl, 1956),,..., OECD AHELO(Assessment of Higher Education Learning Outcomes) CLA(Collegiate Learning Assessment), GSA(Graduate Student Assessment) (, 2015). K-CESA,,. K-CESA, (,, 2017). (ability or skills) (disposition) (, 2006; Facione, 1990),
3 (self-reported)., (,,,,, 2015). (, 2011)... (between-college effects) (within-college effects) (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005).,,,, (, 2016). (,,,,,,, ).., (Kuh, Bridges, & Hayek, 2006).,,,, (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005).,,,,, (Kuh, Bridges, & Hayek, 2006).,,, (,, 2014),,,,,,, (,,, 2014)..,.. 1:? 2:?
4 ..,, (Ennis, 1989), (Facione, 1990). (,, 2017). (, 2009;,, 2015;,,,, 2009; Facione, Facione, & Sanchez, 1994; Profetto-McGrath, 2003), (,, 2006;,,, 2005). (critical thinking), (, 2005; Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005)., Gagne(1988),, Swarts(1987, 1991), Swarts Parks(1999), (, 2005)., (critical performance) (Ennis, 1987; Facione, Sanchez, Facione, & Gainen, 1995; Perkins, Jay, & Tishman, 1993). Ennis(1987), Siegel(1988, 1991),,,.,,.
5 , (Profetto-McGrath, 2003),.,...,..,.,,. Kuh, Bridges, Hayek(2006),. (pre-college experiences), (student engagement), (post-college outcomes).. -,, (,, 2003;,,, 2011;,, 2009)., (Terenzini, Springer, Pascarella, & Nora, 1995). (enrollment choice), (academic preparation), (aptitude & college readiness),,
6 (Kuh, Bridges, & Hayek, 2006).,,,,,, (, 2015)., (,, 2006;, 2005; Pascarela & Terenzini, 2005) (,, 2015; Profetto-McGrath, 2003). (,, 2006) (Rodzalan & Saat, 2015), (, 2005). (Farley & Elmore, 1992; McMillan, 1987; Wilson, 1989), (,, 2015). (Li, Long, & Simpson, 1998; Money, 1997) (Gadzella & Masten, 1998).,. (quality of student effort) (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005). (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005),, (Kuh, Bridges, & Hayek, 2006).,,,,,,,, (,, 2014;,,, 2014). ( ) (2016),..,.
7 . (net-effects)..,.,,,,, (,, 2006;, 2005; Kuh, Bridges, & Hayek, 2006; Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005; Terenzini, Springer, Pascarella, & Nora, 1995). (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005), (Astin, 1999), (Kuh, Bridges, & Hayek, 2006).,, < III-1>. A 2~4, 2.
8 , 2 K-CESA ,,, (54.6%), 103 (45.4%) (18.9%), (51.1%), 4 68 (30.0%). 123 (54.2%), 104 (45.8%)., 105 (46.3%), 30 (13.2%), 92 (40.5%). 1) ,.,. 1) < 1>.
9 ,,, (,, 2017)..,. 1) 비판적사고성향 A (self-reported) (,,,,, 2015;,,,, 2015;,,, 2015a, 2015b). 30 9, 9, 7, 5, 5 ( 1 5 )..778( :.781),.781( :.788),.775( :.775),.732( :.733). (30 ).922 ( :.924). 2) 비판적사고기능 K-CESA. K-CESA,,., (, 2016). K-CESA 4 (4 45 ). (ability or skills),,,, 4. K-CESA 2, 8. 2, (,,, 2011). K-CESA.954 2). 2),..
10 IBM SPSS Statistics ,,,, (MANOVA). 2 (GPA) (multiple regression analysis). Box s M, Levene. (multicollinearity) Durbin-Watson, VIF.. 1) 성별에따른차이분석 1..,,,.,.. (Shaizatul & Maisarah, 2015), (2005).
11 * (K-CESA ) p<.10, ** p<.05 (n=124) (n=103) M(SD) M(SD) (df) 3.94(0.45) 3.81(.049) 3.913(1) ** (0.45) 3.75(0.49) 9.434(1) ** (0.47) 3.76(0.52) 3.811(1) * (0.50) 3.82(0.54) 1.581(1).007 =.955 =2.585 * 1.16(0.44) 1.26(0.41) 3.034(1) * (0.39) 1.46(0.32).524(1) (0.44) 1.21(0.40).071(1) (0.37) 1.29(0.30) 1.996(1).009 =.977 = ) 전공계열에따른차이분석 1..,.. Shaizatul & Maisarah(2015).. Pascarella & Terenzini(2005). (n=123) (n=104) M(SD) M(SD) (df) 3.85(0.56) 3.90(.042).606(1) (0.56) 3.90(0.44).840(1) (0.56) 3.87(0.50).880(1) (0.59) 3.85(0.52).094(1).000 =.985 =.848
12 ( ) (K-CESA ) ** p<.05 (n=123) (n=104) M(SD) M(SD) (df) 1.23(0.46) 1.18(0.40).076(1) (0.36) 1.40(0.35) 1.955(1) (0.44) 1.15(0.40) 5.383(1) ** (0.37) 1.25(0.30).004(1).000 =.967 = ) 비판적사고성향과사고기능에대한학년에따른차이분석 1.,. 4,. (,, 2015; Profetto-McGrath, 2003). 2 (n=43) 3 (n=116) 4 (n=68) M(SD) M(SD) M(SD) (df) 3.88(0.51) 3.87(0.49) 3.88(0.53).005(2) (0.51) 3.89(0.51) 3.78(0.50) 1.073(2) (0.54) 3.82(0.53) 3.80(0.53).535(2) (0.57) 3.89(0.55) 3.85(0.56).401(2).004 =.958 = (0.35) 1.25(0.44) 1.17(0.46).266(2) (0.35) 1.43(0.36) 1.47(0.36).127(2).009 (K-CESA 1.20(0.39) 1.26(0.41) 1.16(0.47).138(2).007 ) 1.20(0.30) 1.25(0.35) 1.28(0.35).091(2).007 =.952 = ) 비판적사고성향과사고기능에대한입학유형에따른차이 1..,,
13 . (2016). (Kuh, Bridges, & Hayek, 2006). (K-CESA ) (n=105) (n=30) (n=92) (df) M(SD) M(SD) M(SD) 3.80(0.50) 3.91(0.43) 3.95(0.52) 2.129(2) (0.53) 3.90(0.42) 3.92(0.50) 1.866(2) (0.54) 3.92(0.50) 3.85(0.53).649(2) (0.56) 3.86(0.51) 3.94(0.54) 2.008(2).018 =.965 = (0.42) 1.30(0.47) 1.18(0.44).908(2) (0.35) 1.52(0.38) 1.43(0.36).963(2) (0.42) 1.31(0.45) 1.19(0.42).918(2) (0.34) 1.30(0.40) 1.23(0.35).503(2).004 =.983 = =0, =1 =0, =1 : =0, =1 =0, =1 : 2 =2, 3 =3, 4 =4 GPA 4.5 8
14 . * ** ** * p<.10, ** p<.05,..,, GPA. 1, GPA GPA 95%. (, 2005; Farley & Elmore, 1992; McMillan, 1987; Wilson, 1989). * β β β β ( ) ** ** ** ** * * * * GPA ** ** p<.10, ** p<.05
15 . (,, 2017). A 2~4, (MANOVA),.,,. (), ( ), ( ).. Shaizatul Maisarah(2015) (2005), (2006). (2005), (2006) Cornell Critical Thinking Test Level X, (2005), (2006). (2006),,,..,,.,. Shaizatul Maisarah(2015).,. (2005)...,
16 (2005).,,.. (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005),. (2015). (Doyle, Edison, & Pascarella, 1998; Pascarella, Bohr, Nora, & Terenzini, 1996) (Grayson, 1996; Whitmire & Lawrence, 1996).,.,..,,.,. (Kuh, Bridges, & Hayek, 2006), (2016).,. 2 (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005), (Astin, 1999), (Kuh, Bridges, & Hayek, 2006)..,.. (, 2005; Farley
17 & Elmore, 1992; McMillan, 1987; Wilson, 1989),.,,, Bloom, Englehart, Furst, Hill, Krathwohl(1956),,.,,, ,..,,., (2006).. (3), 1-25., (2014). :
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19 (4), , (2009). :. (1), (2016). ( ) 2016 K-CESA. :. (2005).. (2), Astin, A. W. (1999). Student Involvement: A Development Theory for Higher Education. Journal of College Student Development, 40(5), Bloom, B., Englehart, M., Furst, E., Hill, W., & Krathwohl, D. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York, Toronto: Longmans, Green. Bowen, H. R. (1996). Investment in learning: The individual and social value of American higher education. NJ: Transaction Publishers. Doyle, S., Edison, M., & Pascarella, E. (1998, November). The seven principles of good practice in undergraduate education as process indicators of cognitive development in college: A longitudinal study. Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Miami. Ennis, R. H. (1987). A taxonomy of critical thinking dispositions and abilities. In J. B.Baron & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), Teaching thinking skills: Theory and practice (pp. 9 26). New York: Freeman & Co.. Ennis, R. H. (1989). Critical thinking and subject specificity: Clarification and needed research. Educational Researcher, 18(3), Facione, N. C., Facione, P. A., & Sanchez, C. A. (1994). Critical thinking disposition as a measure of competent clinical judgment: The development of the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory. Journal of Nursing Education, 33(8), Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical Thinking: A Statement of Expert Consensus for Purposes of Educational Assessment and Instruction. Millbrae, CA: California Academic. Facione, P. A., Sanchez, C. A., Facione, N., & Gainen, J. (1995). The disposition toward critical thinking. The Journal of General Education, 44, Farley, M. J., & Elmore, P. B. (1992). The relationship of reading comprehension to critical thinking skills, cognitive ability, and vocabulary for a sample of underachieving college freshmen. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52(4), Gadzella, B. M., & Masten, W. G. (1998). Critical thinking and learning processes for students in two
20 major fields. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 25(4), Gagne, R. M. (1988). Mastery learning and instructional design. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 1(1), Grayson, J. (1996). Value added in generic skills between first and final year: A pilot project(research report). Toronto: York University, Institute for Social Research. Kuh, G. D., Bridges, B. K., & Hayek, J. C. (2006). What Matters to Student Success? A Review of the Literature, NPEC. Li, G., Long, S., & Simpson, M. (1998). Self-perceives gains in communication and critical thinking skills: Are there disciplinary differences? Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Institutional Research, Minneapolis, MN. McMillan, J. H. (1987). Enhancing college students' critical thinking: A review of studies. Research in higher education, 26(1), Money, S. (1997). The relationship between critical thinking scores, achievement scores, and grade point average in three different disciplines. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 3401A. Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. (2005). How college affects students(vol. 2): A third dacade of research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Perkins, D. N., Jay, E., & Tishman, S. (1993). Beyond abilities: A dispositional theory of thinking. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 39, Profetto-McGrath, J. (2003). The relationship of critical thinking skills and critical thinking dispositions of baccalaureate nursing students. Journal of advanced nursing, 43(6), Rodzalan, S. A., & Saat, M. M. (2015). The Perception of Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Skill among Malaysian Undergraduate Students. Procedia: social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, doi: /j.sbspro Shaizatul, A. R., & Maisarah, M. S. (2015). The Perception of Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Skill among Malaysian Undergraduate Students [Electronic version]. Procedia-Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, Siegel, H. (1988). Educating reason. NY : Routledge. Siegel, H. (1991). The generalizability of critical thinking. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 23(1), Swartz, R. J. (1987). Teaching for thinking: A development model for the infusion of thinking skill into mainstream instruction. In J. B. Baron & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), Teaching thinking skill: Theory and practice (pp ). NY: W. H. Freeman and Co.. Swartz, R. J. (1991). Infusing the teaching of critical thinking into content instruction. In A. L. Costa (Ed.), Developing minds: A resource book for teaching thinking (pp ). Association for
21 Supervision and Curriculum Development. Swartz, R. J. & Parks, S. (1999). Teaching of critical and creative thinking in language arts: Infusion lessons. Critical Thinking Books & Software. Terenzini, P. T., Springer, L., Pascarella, E. T., & Nora, A. (1995). Influences affecting the development of students' critical thinking skills. Research in higher education, 36(1), Wilson, K. D. (1989). Predictors of proficiency in critical thinking for college freshmen. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT. World Economic Forum (2016). New vision for education: Fostering social and emotional learning through technology. Colony/Geneva: World Economic Forum. : / : / :
22 :. : A 2~4 227 A, K-CESA. (multivariate analysis of variance) (multiple regression). :,.,. :...
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