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1 Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology Vol.6, No.11, November (2016), pp 대학생문화성향및정신병리의도덕성 단계와의연관성 임지선안병덕 요약 본연구는국내대학생들의문화성향과정신건강이도덕성과어떠한관련성을갖는지분석하여대학생의문화성향정신건강그리고도덕성을증진시키는대안프로그램의개발적용및평가를위한기초자료를제공하고자하였다조사대상자로는도시의대학생명에게설문지를배포하고이에응답한총명의대학생을대상으로문화성향과정신건강이단계도덕성과갖는연관성을분석하였다설문은개인문화성향척도도덕판단력검사간이정신건강검사를포함하였다연구결과문화성향을나타내는척도중에서는수직적개인주의점수만도덕성단계점수와유의한부적관련성을나타냈다 β 정신건강척도중에서는정신증 β 불안 β 신체화 β 순으로유의한정적관련성을강박증점수와경계선의부적관련성을나타냈다 β 후속연구에서는문화성향과도덕성의관계에서정신건강의조절효과를확인하여현사회의취약한정신건강환경이대학생의도덕성에어떤영향을끼치는지에대한연구가필요하다핵심어개인주의집단주의정신건강도덕성대학생 Abstract This study was executed to examine the differences of the attitudes and values related to the competency such as cultural disposition, morality, and the level of mental health according to the college majors in university students. In this study, we analysed the data from 326 participants that had answered the questionnaire among 350 students of a university located in D city requested to answer the questionnaire. We examined the associations of cultural disposition and the level of mental health with the score of stage 1 morality. The questionnaire included the horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism, the defining issues test, and symptom checklist-90-revision (SCL-90-R). Among the dimensions related to cultural disposition, only vertical individualism showed significant negative Received (September 2, 2016), Review Result (September 21, 2016) Accepted (September 28, 2016), Published (November 30, 2016) ISSN: AJMAHS Copyright 2016 HSST 301

2 association with the score of stage 1 morality ( β=-.171, p<.01). In the case of mental health, psychoticism ( β=.301, p<.05), anxiety ( β=.282, p<.05), and somatization ( β=.189, p<.05) showed significant positive association, and obsessive-compulsive disorder ( β=-.187, p=.05) showed negative association with borderline significance with the score of stage 1 morality. Key words: Individualism, Collectivism, Morality, Psychological health, University students 서론 현한국사회에서구성원들의올바른도덕성함양은이제더이상미룰수없는중요한과제로등장했다특히일부구성원들의반도덕적사건이공동체에미치는충격은크다콜버그의도덕성이론에따르면이러한반도덕적행동은도덕성단계를주로사용하는결과이다즉자기중심적으로욕구중심의가치판단에따라행동하므로공동체에피해를주는것이다특히이러한문제로부터보호받아야할발달단계상후기청소년에게도해당문제가나타나고있어그심각성을더하고있다콜버그의도덕성연구에따르면도덕성발달은개인의도덕적행위를증진시키는것이아니라개인이가진도덕적가치판단능력을증진시키는것이다이러한인지발달관점에서는도덕성과도덕적가치판단능력을동일한것으로간주하고도덕가치판단능력의발달에집중하는것이도덕행동을높이는데더욱효과적이라고주장한다특히대학생은발달단계상후기청소년기에속해있어서대인관계에서타인에게우호성이높고서로신뢰감을가지고관여하는단계의도덕적사고와법과질서의도덕적가치를중시하고준수하려는도덕성단계의인습적수준의도덕적사고를해야한다고보았다즉현실세계에서자신이속해있는사회의규칙과질서를중요시하며대인관계성에서신뢰와의리를소중하게여기고관계성을위해노력하는것을청소년도덕성의일반적범위로간주한것이다반면세이전의아동사고가미성숙한청소년그리고성인범죄자가이러한특성에반하는 도덕성을보이는경우이러한수준을도덕성단계인전인습적도덕성이라고지칭한다도덕성단계는벌과복종지향의도덕성으로사회규범이나기대를잘이해하지못하는인지구조를가지므로공동체에반하는가치를가지게된다특히도덕발달이론에서강화와보상은정상수준의도덕성을가진개인에게그행위의결과가미래의동기에영향을미쳐미래의도덕행동에긍정적영향을주지만도덕성단계가높은개인은처벌받지않는행동에집중하여더욱은밀히비도덕적행동을한다즉도덕성단계로판단하고행동하는개인은자기통제에서규범을위반하고자하는유혹에저항하여행동하도록하는인지구조가올바로형성되지않았다는것이다도덕성은많은영역에서사회정의지향적가치를가지기에각개인의문화성향에서나타나는 개인과집단에대해가치부여와연관되어있다특히도덕성은협동생활에서권리와의무가어떻게분배되어야하는지에대한지침을주기에집단문화성향과유사한가치개념을가지고있다 302 Copyright 2016 HSST

3 Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology Vol.6, No.11, November (2016) 문화는개인의사고와행동을형성하는개인의믿음과가치이며사회구성원개인이공유하는속한사회환경에대한평가와이해에영향을주며더나아가개인이속한사회환경속에서의개인적발달의방향성을규정한다또한올바른도덕성을갖추기위해서정서의중요성도강조되고있다즉올바른도덕성은사회정의에대한올바른인지와안정된정서가상호작용을통해결정된다는것이다그러므로과거보다취약한정신건강환경에노출된청소년들은정서기능의저하와인지및정서간상호작용의저하로인하여과거의청소년들에비해올바른도덕행동을잘하지못할가능성이있다이에본연구에서는대학생들의문화성향도덕성그리고정신건강간의관계에서문화성향과정신건강이도덕성에어떠한영향을미치는지연구하여대학생의문화성향정신건강그리고도덕성을증진시키는대안프로그램의개발적용그리고프로그램의효용성과적정성에대한기초정보를제공하고자하였다 조사대상 조사대상및측정도구 본연구는지역의대학개교에서대학생명을대상으로설문지를배포하였다대상자중참여하지않거나설문항목중하나라도응답하지않은경우제외하여설문에완전하게응답한총명을대상으로분석하였다연구대상자들은이공계대학생명인문계대학생명이었고남학생이여학생로구성되었다학년은학년학년학년학년순으로조사되었고연령은평균약세이었다 측정도구 문화성향본연구의문화성향은 과 의척도를국내대학생을대상으 로표준화한척도를사용하였다 본척도는단계리커트 형척도로총 문항문항씩 수평적개인주의수직적개인주의수평적집단주의수직적집단주의로구성되어있다 간이정신진단검사간이정신진단검사 는 과 에의 해개발된 을한국인을대상으로김광일김재환원호택 이표준화한척도를사용하였 다하위요인으로신체화 강박증 대인예민성 우울 불안 적대감 공포불안 편집증 ISSN: AJMAHS Copyright 2016 HSST 303

4 그리고정신증 이있다 도덕판단력검사도덕판단력검사 는 가개발한것을문용린 이번안한것을사용하 였다총 문항으로하위요인으로는남편의고민탈옥수의사와환자의딜레마이야기로이루어 져있다채점결과는 단계 단계단계의도덕성점수와도덕판단력 값이있다 값은실제도덕상황판단에도덕성 단계가영향을미치는비율로서도덕적가치판단수준을보 여준다 측정도구의신뢰도검정 본연구측정도구의각항목에대한안정성일관성및예측가능성의신뢰도를알아보기위해 크론바하알파 α 계수를이용해내적일관성을알아보았다먼저문화성향척도는전체 개문항이 의안정된신뢰수준을보였고따라서하위개인주의와집단주의영역에서도 범위로만족할만한신뢰도를갖는것을알수있다다음도덕성척도에서는각 개문항 으로구성된세개영역측정부분이 으로사회과학에서의최소신뢰수준인 이상으로나 타났고마지막정신병리진단척도는 개문항이 의매우높은신뢰도를보였다 연구결과 본연구의분석은모두유의수준에서검증하였으며통계처리는프로그램을사용하여분석하였다첫째일반대학생의일반적특성을알아보기위하여빈도분석을실시하였다둘째측정도구에대한내일관성을측정하기위해크론바하알파 α 계수를이용한신뢰도분석을실시하였다셋째문화성향이도덕성단계에미치는영향을알아보기위해다중회귀분석을실시하였다넷째정신병리가도덕성단계에미치는영향을알아보기위해다중회귀분석을실시하였다 문화성향과정신병리진단수준이도덕성단계에미치는영향 먼저문화성향이도덕성단계에미치는영향을살펴보면표와같이수직적개인주의만 β 로부적영향을미치는것으로나타났다즉수직적개인주의성향이높을수록처벌및복종지향의도덕성단계가낮아지는것을알수있다다음정신병리진단수준이도덕성단계에미치는영향을살펴보면표와같이정신증이 β 304 Copyright 2016 HSST

5 Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology Vol.6, No.11, November (2016) 로가장큰정적영향을미치며다음불안 β 신체화 β 강박증β 순으로유의한영향을미치는것으로나타났다즉정신병증상이높고신체의고통을호소하며불안이높을수록처벌및복종지향의도덕성단계가높아지며반면강박증이높을수록처벌및복종지향의도덕성단계가낮아지는것을알수있다 문화성향과정신병리진단수준이도덕성단계에미치는영향분석표 표문화성향이도덕성단계에미치는영향에대한회귀분석 종속독립 B SE β t p F(p) 도덕성 1 단계 ( 상수) 수직적개인 **.005 수평적개인 수직적집단 수평적집단 * (.028) R2 (adjr2).033 (.021) 공차한계기준이상기준미만기준 표정신병리진단수준이도덕성단계에미치는영향 종속독립 B SE β t p F(p) 도덕성 1 단계 ( 상수) SOM *.012 O_C *.050 I_S DEP ANX *.025 HOS PHOB PAR PSY * *** (.000) R2 (adjr2).097 (.072) 공차한계 신체화강박증대인예민성우울불안적대감공보불안편집증 정신증 전체기도지수 ISSN: AJMAHS Copyright 2016 HSST 305

6 결론 본연구에서는대학생들에서문화성향과정신건강이도덕성과어떠한관련성을갖는지분석하여대학생의문화성향정신건강그리고도덕성을증진시키는대안프로그램의개발적용및평가를위한기초자료를제공하고자하였다청소년기후기에속한대학생은형식적조작사고능력을가지고있기에추상적으로생각하고사고할수있지만다른측면에서자신과타인의생각을구별하지못하고타인도자신과의견이같을것으로확신하는자아중심성이나타날수있다이러한특성은전인습적도덕성의특징인자아중심성과높은관계가있다전인습적도덕성을가진개인의특징은자신이기준이되어자신의행동결과를가지고가치판단을한다특히벌을피하기위한행동과보상을받는행동은좋은것이며벌받는행동은나쁜것이다또한자신의행위가처벌을받지않는다고생각되면반도덕적인행위로원하는것을얻는행동을보일수있다즉타인이자신의행위에반응하여자신에게해를끼치는것이두려운지가판단의기준이된다이러한자아중심성은도덕성발달에부정적영향을미친다한편한선행연구는집단주의성향을가진성인에서자기초점고통과타인초점고통이친사회적행동의주요예측변인으로작용한결과를보여주었다즉집단주의문화성향을가지고있고낮은자기초점고통과높은타인초점고통을가진경우더욱친사회적행동을하는것으로나타났다이러한결과를토대로청소년의경우에도집단주의문화성향을지니고안정적인정서를갖고있어자기초점고통을낮게지각하고타인초점고통을높게지각할수있는경우에친사회적행동을잘할것으로예측할수있다한선행연구에서는집단주의성향청소년이개인주의성향의청소년에비하여더나은정신건강수준을보였고집단주의문화성향이높을수록높은수준의애착수준을보여문화성향과정서및정신건강수준이서로연관되어있음을알수있다또한집단주의성향청소년의경우개인보다는소속집단에대한통합과조화에관심이있기때문에사회의일원으로서적절한도덕적판단을하리라예상할수있다따라서집단주의문화성향과좋은정서기능정신건강을가진청소년의경우성인기로전환되면서사회에본격적으로진입할때사회공동체의일원으로서보다긍정적인역할을할것으로판단된다문화성향에따라주관적안녕감도다르게나타났는데개인주의문화성향과수직차원은주관적안녕감과상관이없었고집단주의문화성향과수평차원의성향만주관적안녕감과정적상관이있는것으로나타났다다른선행연구에서는수평적집단주의문화성향자들이다른문화성향집단에비해높은수준의스트레스청정일탈행동통제우울통제불안조절을보여주었다또다른선행연구는수직적집단주의문화성향자가수평적문화성향자에비해낮은정신건강수준을나타낸이유를자신의공동체규범에굴복하여공동체를위해서라면개인의정체성까지도희생하는경향성에서찾고있다즉공동체에서권위는자신의정서및인지와모순될지라도모두순 306 Copyright 2016 HSST

7 Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology Vol.6, No.11, November (2016) 종해야한다는잘못된이해에서비롯된것이다또한집단개인주의문화성향을배제하고수직적수평적차원만을검증한연구에서수평적문화성향만이공동체의식에영향을미쳤다는연구결과도이러한판단을뒷받침한다대학생들을대상으로하는억압적이고보수적인주입식도덕교육이대학생의도덕성발달에부정적영향을미친다는연구결과는현한국사회의유교적영향이수직적인문화를기초로하여도덕성발달에부정적인영향을미칠수있음을보여준다한국사회에서그간도덕교육의전통을계승한가부장제도안에서의수직적도덕성교육은빠르게변화하는복잡다단한사회구조속에서더이상효과적일수없음을알수있다따라서암기식도덕교육과처벌을통한도덕교 육보다는사회의의인들의헌신등과같은주제를통해스스로도덕에대한가치를깨닫고자율적으로도덕적판단력을높이도록돕는도덕성교육에있어서의패러다임전환이필요하다이를통하여억압적이고수직적인강제성에서벗어나자기스스로도덕가치에대한소중함을깨닫고도덕적판단을할수있도록도와야할것이다청소년시기에도덕성을함양하기위해무엇보다도중요한것은개인이속한미시적환경일것이다청소년기및성인기의발달단계에속한개인에게있어부모와자녀관계의애착은심리적사회적적응을돕는다부모와가족그리고친구의긴밀한정서적관계는청년기에있어대인관계의가치관을형성하고그속한사회에친사회적행동을가능케하는중요한역할을한다특별히남학생의경우수평적집단주의성향과가족건강성이그리고여학생의경우에는수평적집단주의성향이사회관계성향에미치는영향력있는것으로나타났다이러한관점에서부모의정서적인친밀감과일관성있는양육태도는중요하다또한사회공동체의작은시작인친구관계는다양한대인관계의형성능력을키우기에대학생이사회에나가기전자신의자기중심성에서벗어나도덕성에대한긍정적인이해와도덕적사고의발달에중요한역할을할것이다 본연구에서는문화성향및정신건강과도덕성 1 단계의관련성에대하여분석하였다. 향후문화성향과도덕성의관계에서정신건강이어떤조절효과를갖는지확인하여현사회의취약한정신건 강환경이대학생의도덕성에어떤영향을끼치는지연구해볼필요가있다. 또한전인습적, 인습 적, 그리고후인습적도덕성집단으로분류하여조사대상자의문화성향과정신병리의집단간차 이를확인하여, 각문화성향으로분류한연구방법에서각관계의논리적인연결을효과적으로확인할필요가있다. References [1] Y. L. Moon and M. H. Moon, Korea Youth Research. A Review of Studies on the Korean Adolescents` Moral Judgment Development Using the Defining Issues Test (DIT). (1993), Vol.1, No.1, pp [2] S. C. Han, Ami Cho and S. H. Park, Adolescent Psychology, YangSeowon, Seoul (1997) [3] J. R. Rest, Moral development: Advances in Research and Theory, Westport, CT: Greenwood (1986) ISSN: AJMAHS Copyright 2016 HSST 307

8 [4] J. Rawls, A Theory of justice, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (1971) [5] Y. K. Kim, Y. K. Lee, H. J. Lee and Bia Kim, Korean Journal of Psychology. The study on eye gaze orienting by cultural disposition of individualism/collectivism. (2014), Vol.1, pp [6] G. H. Cho, Research of Social Science. Life Quality and Subjective Wellness : Cross-cultural Study. (1996), Vol.5, pp [7] T. M. Singelis, H. C. Triandis, D. P. S. Bhawuk and M. J. Gelfand, Cross-Cultural Research. Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A Theoretical and measurement refinement. (1995), Vol.29, No.3, pp [8] K. B. Kim, Morality, interpersonal relations, and ingroup-outgroup distinction: Cross-cultural analysis. (1996), Master's thesis, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea. [9] L. R. Derogatis, K. Rickels and A. F. Rock, British Journal of Psychiatry. The SCL-90 and the MMPI: A step in the validation of a new self-report scale. (1976), Vol.128, No.3, pp [10] K. I. Kim, J. H. Kim and H. T. Won, Korean manual of Symptom checklist-90-reversion, Seoul: Chungang Aptitude Publishing Co. Ltd. (1984) [11] J. R. Rest, Development in Judging Moral Issues. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press (1979) [12] Y. L. Moon, The Journal of Education Research. A review of cross-cultural studies on moral judgment development using the defining issues test. (1986), Vol.24, No.2, pp [13] D. R. Shaffer, Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence, Pacific Grove:Brooks/Cole Pub. (1999) [14] S. Y. Park, The Korean Journal of development psychology. Relationship between Emotion, Individualism-Collectivism Cultural Disposition and Prosocial Behavior among Adolescents. (2012), Vol.25, No.2, pp [15] T. J. Choi, Studies on Korean Youth. Adjustment to School and Mental Health of High School Students: Relationship between Parental Attachment and Horizontal Vertical Individualism-Collectivism and Its Influence, (2004), Vol.15, No.2, pp [16] H. C. Triandis, Individualism & collectivism, Colorado: Westview Press. (1995) [17] J. H. Heo, Korea Journal of Counseling. Effects of the frequencies of positive emotions on the subjective well-being in cultural orientations. (2011), Vol.12, No.1, pp [18] J. S. Chiou. The Journal of Social Psychology. Horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism among college students in the United States, Taiwan, and Argentina. (2001), Vol.141, No.5, pp [19] D. A. Kim, The Korea Journal of Sports Science. Effects of Sports Education Department College Students Cultural Orientation upon Conforming Behavior and Community Consciousness. (2015), Vol.24, No.1, pp [20] B. S. Kim, Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association. A Study on the Relationship among Family strengths, Cultural disposition and Interpersonal relations dispositions in Adolescent's sex. (2009), Vol.21, No.4, pp Copyright 2016 HSST

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