Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2018;39(1):1-17 https://doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2018.39.1.1 pissn: 1226-1688 eissn: 2234-408X Research Trends on Young Children s Happiness: Focusing on Young Children, Parents, and Teachers Youngsook Kim, Sunhee Min Department of Early Childhood Education, Joongbu University, Goyang, Korea :,,, Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the research trends in happiness of young children and to suggest the direction of future happiness program development and happinessrelated research. Methods: The results of analysis of 244 articles and academic papers for young children, parents, and teachers from 2008 to 2016 are summarized as follows. Results: First, in time analysis, related research was first conducted in 2008; it surged in 2013, and peaked in 2015. Second, there were many practical studies in this research area, but relatively few basic researches. Basic research was conducted in the order of recognition and actual research, trend research, and theoretical research. Additionally, practical research was conducted in the order of variable research, program development and effect research, and scale development research. Third, in the trends of research methods, quantitative research was the highest, followed by qualitative research, literature reviews, and multiple researches. Moreover, the number of qualitative studies is increasing. Fourth, in trends of research subjects, most were with young children, followed by teachers, parents, and literature. Most of the happiness researches for young children and parents were conducted with children. In addition, most of the happiness researches for teachers were conducted with in-service teachers. Conclusion: The results of this study will help to understand the flow of happiness research for young children, parents, and teachers, and will provide a basis for establishing the direction of happiness-related research such as the development of happiness programs and measurement. Keywords: young children s happiness, parental happiness, teachers happiness, trends in research..?.. UN. 2014 47, 2017 155 56 3 9 (Helliwer, Layard, & Sachs, 2017). Corresponding Author: Sunhee Min, Department of Early Childhood Education, Joongbu University, Geumsan, Korea E-mail: saysv2@hanmail.net The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Kim and Min 2? OECD (H. Hwang, Nam, Seo, & Kim, 2016).., Yang (2008). E. J. Lee (2010),..,,.,,, (Choe, 2015)., UNICEF. OECD,,,,, 6. UN,, (Do, Bae, & Kim, 2014).,.,. D. R. Kim Kim (2008). (, ).. Kwark (2011) -,.,.,,, (Ryu, 2013), (Y. W. Kang, 2009; S. S. Kim, 2013), (M. J. Kim, & B. M. Kim, 2012; YI, 2015), (Choi & Chung, 2015). (H. K. Kang, 2014; Song, 2014; K. Lee, Yoon, & Byeon, 2016), (S. H. Kim, & Kang, 2008; Y. Kim, 2011; J. Kim & Bang, 2014; J. Park, 2015; J. H. Shin, 2016), (M. W. Nam & Oh, 2016; E. J. Lee, 2010; Lim, Kim, & Jeon, 2014). (S. B. Kim, 2012; Oh, Kim, & Lee, 2015; Na & Hwang, 2014), (H. J. Nam, 2015; Ha, 2016; Y. S. Lee, 2015; H. O. Lee, 2014), (S. H. Park & E. J. Park, 2014; S. B. Lee, 2015; Won, 2015; H. I. Hwang & Kim, 2016)..,,,, (Gwon & Sung, 2010).,....
3 Research Trends on Young Children s Happiness. G. Y. Kim (2017)...,,.,,,.. 1? 2? 2-1? 2-2? 3? 4?. 2008 2016,. RISS (Research Information Sharing Service) KISS (Koreanstudies Information Service System), 3. 1, -, -,,, 109 168 277 1. 2,,,,.,,,, 108 142 250. 3 250,, 5 109 136 ( 245 ). 분석기준및방법., ( ) 245.,,,,. 연구시기에따른연구동향 분석대상 2008 2016 12 2008 2016 1. 연구주제에따른연구동향 (H. K. Kang, 2014; Y. S. Kim
Kim and Min 4 Table 1 Classification Criteria by Research Theme Basic research Contents Happiness theory Awareness and reality Analysis of trends Action-based research Program development and effectiveness Scale development Variables Demographic variables Cognitive variables Emotional variables Social variables Moral variables Detailed category Theoretical studies related to young children s happiness: Discourse of desire, brain research, possibility, relationship orientation, emotion A study on perception and actual condition of happiness of young children A study analyzing the trends in research on the happiness of young children Development of program to promote happiness and verification of its effect Young children: Happiness education, picture book (sharing education, integration activity, read, audit training, ecological picture book, active activity, role play, positive psychological fairy tales), Nuri course, green food life, forest program (cooperative play, free play), personality education, nature friendship (sensory play), traditional play, traditional stories, music activity (outdoor music activity, instrument, dalcroze eurhythmics music program), cooperative art activities Parents: Parent education based on e-learning, forest program Teachers: Forest program, cooperative health program, happy flourish, happiness promotion, happy training, thanks diary Development of a scale to measure happiness Young children: Gender, age, temperament, attachment, birth order Parents: academic background, economic strength, occupation, personality traits, attachment, age Teachers: Teaching profession aptitude, academic background, age, working type, career, personality strength, endowment Young children: Creativity Parents: Ability, coaching Teachers: Immersion (teaching, organization), creativity, self-development, educational belief (enjoyment belief), empowerment, professionalism recognition, self-determination Young children: Vessel, self-esteem, audit propensity, ego resilience, emotional intelligence Parents: Resilience, young children s happiness, job satisfaction, parenting efficacy, parenting stress, parent satisfaction, stroke type Teachers: Teacher efficacy, positive sentiment, self-esteem, ego resilience, job satisfaction, tenacity, emotional intelligence, dedication, emotion expression, psychological exhaustion, emotional labor, audit propensity Young children: Solving the great human problem, kindergarten adaptation, leadership, peer competence, social support Parents: Marital relationship, parenting attitude, participation in play, child relationship, empathy ability, participation in parenting Teachers: Empathy ability, adaptive flexibility, turnover intention, perform a role, interpersonal competence, self-leadership, interaction, social support, stress (job stress, interpersonal stress, stress coping), humor Young children: Problem behavior, moral judgment Teachers: Young children problem behavior
5 Research Trends on Young Children s Happiness & Shin, 2016; J. H. Shin & Choi, 2014; K. M. Lee, 2009; K. Lee, Yoon, & Byeon, 2016). 2. (,, ) (,, ),. Table 1. 연구방법에따른연구동향 (M. S. Song, 2014; K. Lee, Yoon, & Byeon, 2016). 2.,,, 4,. Table 2. Table 3 Classification Criteria by Research Subject Contents Young children Age Parents Mother Father Teachers Preliminary teacher Incumbent teacher Literature. 2. ( ), (, ), (, ) 4,. Table 3. One to five year olds The details Adult women who have or have raised young children An adult man raising young children A teacher in a teacher training institution A teacher at an early childhood education institution Papers, books and picture books related to young children and their happiness Table 2 Classification Criteria by Research Method Contents Quantitative research Experimental research Survey research Correlation research Qualitative research Ethnographic research Narrative research In-depth interview and observation Literature research Multiple researches 연구대상에따른연구동향 The details Theory-based hypothesis testing How to collect data through questionnaires How to analyze or predict relationships between variables Research methods that describe culture Research methods that describe key scenes and storylines Research methods through interview and observation How to get knowledge or information Quantitative and qualitative researches (M. S. Song, 2014; K. Lee, Yoon, & Byeon, 2016) 연구절차,, 2017 1 9 1 31. 2. 20, ( / ) 100 85%., 10, 94%. 2017 2 1 3 10 6. 자료분석
Kim and Min 6 Table 4 Research Trends According to Year of Publication Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sum Master 1 2 2 3 2 11 14 25 26 86 ( 35.2) Doctor 1 2 1 1 1 2 8 7 23 ( 9.3) Journal 1 2 2 2 11 18 29 46 25 136 ( 55.7) Total 2 (0.8) 5 (2.0) 6 (2.4) 6 (2.4) 14 (5.7) 30 (12.3) 45 (18.4) 79 (32.4) 58 (23.6) 245 (100.0) Note. N = 245. Numbers in brackets represent percentages. SPSS 21.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY). 발행연도에따른연구동향 Table 4. Table 4, 2008 2 (0.8%), 2009 5 (2.0%), 2010 2011 6 (2.4%), 2012 14 (5.7%), 2013 30 (12.3%), 2014 45 (18.4%), 2015 79 (32.4%), 2016 58 (23.6%). 2008 2016 86 (35.2%), 23 (9.3%), 136 (55.7%). 2008, 2012 2015, 2016.,,. 연구주제에따른연구동향 Table 5. Table 5, 36 (13.6%) 22 (8.3%), 9 (3.4%), 5 (1.9%). 228 (86.4%) 165 (62.5%), 57 (21.5%), 6 (2.3%).,. Table 5 Research Trends by Subject Basic research Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sum Theory 1 2 1 1 5 ( 1.9) Trend analysis 1 2 3 1 2 9 ( 3.4) Cognition 1 1 3 2 5 7 3 22 ( 8.3) Sum 2 1 4 6 8 9 6 36 ( 13.6) Practical research Program development and effectiveness 1 1 2 2 8 8 23 12 57 ( 21.5) Scale development 1 1 2 2 6 ( 2.3) Variable 1 2 5 4 10 19 31 51 42 165 ( 62.5) Sum 2 3 6 6 12 27 40 76 56 228 ( 86.4) Total 2 (0.7) 5 (1.9) 7 (2.7) 6 (2.3) 16 (6.0) 33 (12.5) 48 (18.2) 85 (32.2) 62 (23.5) 264 (100.0) Note. Duplicate response was allowed.
7 Research Trends on Young Children s Happiness Table 6 Research Trends in Basic Research Among Research Subjects Theory Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sum Discourse of desire a 1 1 ( 2.6) Brain research a 1 1 ( 2.6) Possibility a 1 1 ( 2.6) Relationship orientation a 1 1 ( 2.6) Emotion a 1 1 ( 2.6) Sum 1 2 1 1 5 ( 13.1) Trend analysis Paper a 2 2 4 ( 10.5) Literature a 1 2 3 ( 7.9) Program a 1 1 ( 2.6) Paper b 1 1 ( 2.6) Paper c 2 2 ( 5.3) Sum 1 2 5 1 2 11 ( 28.9) Cognition a 1 1 1 2 3 5 2 15 ( 39.5) Cognition b 2 2 2 1 7 ( 18.4) Sum 1 1 3 2 5 7 3 22 ( 57.9) Total 1 (2.6) 1 (2.6) 1 (2.6) 4 (10.5) 6 (15.8) 10 (26.3) 9 (23.7) 6 (15.8) 38 (100.0) Note. N = 38. a = young children; b = parents; c = teachers. Numbers in brackets represent percentages. (,, ) (,, ) (,, ). 기초연구 (,, ) Table 6. Table 6, 22 (57.9%), 11 (28.9%), 5 (13.1%)., 22 (57.9%), 15 (39.5%), 7 (18.4%).. 11 (28.9%), 4 (36.4%), 3 (27.3%), 1 (9.1%). 1 (9.1%), 2 (18.2%).. 5 (13.1%),,,,, 1 (20.0%).. 실천연구, Table 7. Table 7, 12 (19.0%), 9 (14.2%), 6 (9.5%), 4 (6.3%), 3 (4.7%), 2 (3.1%),,,, 1 (1.5%). e-learning 1 (1.5%).
Kim and Min 8 Table 7 Research Trends in Practical Research by Subject Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sum Program development and effectiveness Young children Happiness education 1 3 4 ( 6.3) Picture book 1 5 5 1 12 ( 19.0) Nuri course 2 2 ( 3.1) Green food life 1 1 ( 1.5) Forest program 1 3 1 1 6 ( 9.5) Personality education 1 1 ( 1.5) Nature friendship 2 1 3 3 9 ( 14.2) Traditional play 4 4 ( 6.3) Outdoor play 2 2 ( 3.1) Traditional stories 1 1 ( 1.5) Music activity 1 2 3 ( 4.7) Cooperative art activities Parents Parent education based on e-learning 1 1 ( 1.5) 1 1 ( 1.5) Forest program 1 1 ( 1.5) Teachers Forest program 1 1 ( 1.5) Cooperative health program 1 1 ( 1.5) Happy flourish 1 1 ( 1.5) Happiness promotion 1 1 1 1 4 ( 6.3) Happy training 1 1 ( 1.5) Thanks diary 1 1 ( 1.5) Sum 1 1 2 2 8 8 23 12 57 ( 90.4) Young children Scale development Basic research 1 1 2 ( 3.1) Scale development 1 1 ( 1.5) Teachers Scale development 3 3 ( 4.7) Sum 1 1 2 2 6 ( 9.5) Total 1 (1.5) 1 (1.5) 1 (1.5) 2 (3.1) 2 (3.1) 8 (12.6) 9 (14.2) 25 (39.6) 14 (22.2) 63 (100.0) Note. N = 63. a = young children; b = parents; c = teachers. Numbers in brackets represent percentages. 4 (6.3%),,,,, 1 (1.5%).,,.
9 Research Trends on Young Children s Happiness Table 8 Research Trends in Practical Research (Young Children) Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sum Demographic Temperament 4 4 (1.6) Attachment 1 1 (0.4) Age 2 2 (0.8) Gender 1 2 3 (1.2) Birth order 1 1 (0.4) Cognitive Creativity 1 1 (0.4) Emotional Vessel 1 1 (0.4) Self-esteem 1 2 3 (1.2) Audit propensity 1 1 (0.4) Ego resilience 1 2 3 (1.2) Emotional intelligence 1 3 4 (1.6) Social Solving the great human problem 1 1 (0.4) Kindergarten adaptation 1 1 1 3 (1.2) Leadership 2 2 (0.8) Peer competence 1 1 2 (0.8) Social support 1 1 (0.4) Moral Problem behavior 1 1 2 (0.8) Moral judgment 1 1 (0.4) Total 1 (0.4) 3 (1.2) 2 (0.8) 2 (0.8) 9 (3.6) 19 (7.7) 36 (14.7) Note. N = 36. Numbers in brackets represent percentages., 2 (3.1%), 1 (1.5%), 3 (4.7%).. Table 8, 9, 10. Table 8, 9, 10, 159 (64.9%), 50 (20.4%), 36 (14.7%). 6 (2.4%), 4 (1.6%), 3 (1.2%), 2 (0.8%), 1 (0.4%). 13 (5.3%), 7 (2.8%), 5 (2.0%), 4 (1.6%), 3 (1.2%),, 1 (0.4%). 27 (11.0%), 15 (6.1%), 9 (3.6%), 7 (2.8%), 4 (1.6%), 3 (1.2%), 2 (0.8%), 1 (0.4%). 8 (3.2%), 7 (2.8%), 3 (1.2%), 2 (0.8%),,, 1 (0.4%). 1 (0.4%).,
Kim and Min 10 Table 9 Research Trends in Practical Research (Parents) Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sum Demographic Academic background 1 2 3 ( 1.2) Economic strength 1 2 3 ( 1.2) Occupation 1 2 1 4 ( 1.6) Personality traits 2 1 3 ( 1.2) Attachment 1 1 ( 0.4) Age 1 1 ( 0.4) Cognitive Ability 1 1 ( 0.4) Coaching 1 1 ( 0.4) Emotional Resilience 1 1 ( 0.4) Young children happiness 1 2 3 ( 1.2) Job satisfaction 1 1 ( 0.4) Parenting efficacy 1 1 2 4 ( 1.6) Parenting stress 3 3 ( 1.2) Parent satisfaction 1 1 2 ( 0.8) Stroke type 1 1 ( 0.4) Social Marital relationship 2 2 4 ( 1.6) Parenting attitude 1 1 3 2 7 ( 2.8) Participation in play 1 2 1 4 ( 1.6) Child relationship 1 1 ( 0.4) Empathy ability 1 1 ( 0.4) Participation in parenting 1 1 ( 0.4) Total 1 (0.4) 3 (1.2) 1 (0.4) 2 (0.8) 12 (4.8) 17 (6.9) 14 (6.1) 50 (20.4) Note. N = 50. Numbers in brackets represent percentages.. 4 (1.6%),, 3 (1.2%), 1 (0.4%). 1 (0.4%), 4 (1.6%), 3 (1.2%), 2 (0.8%),, 1 (0.4%). 7 (2.8%), 4 (1.6%),, 1 (0.4%).,,,. 4 (1.6%), 3 (1.2%), 2 (0.8%), 1 (0.4%). 1 (0.4%), 4 (1.6%), 3 (1.2%), 1 (0.4%). 3 (1.2%), 2 (0.8%),
11 Research Trends on Young Children s Happiness Table 10 Research Trends in Practical Research (Teachers) Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sum Demographic Teaching profession aptitude 1 1 1 3 ( 1.2) Academic background 1 1 2 ( 0.8) Age 1 1 ( 0.4) Working type 2 1 1 4 ( 1.6) Career 1 1 ( 0.4) Personality strength 2 2 2 6 ( 2.4) Endowment 1 1 2 ( 0.8) Cognitive Immersion 2 1 6 4 13 ( 5.3) Creativity 3 4 7 ( 2.8) Organizational commitment 1 2 2 5 ( 2.0) Self -development 1 1 ( 0.4) Educational belief 1 1 1 3 ( 1.2) Empowerment 1 3 4 ( 1.6) Professionalism recognition 1 1 ( 0.4) Self -determination 1 1 ( 0.4) Emotional Teacher efficacy 1 1 2 6 6 5 6 27 (11.0) Positive sentiment 1 1 ( 0.4) Self-esteem 1 1 2 2 1 7 ( 2.8) Ego resilience 1 1 1 4 2 9 ( 3.6) Job satisfaction 1 3 2 1 5 3 15 ( 6.1) Tenacity 2 2 4 ( 1.6) Emotional intelligence 1 1 ( 0.4) Dedication 1 1 ( 0.4) Emotion expression 1 1 ( 0.4) Psychological exhaustion 2 1 3 ( 1.2) Emotional labor 1 1 2 ( 0.8) Audit propensity 3 1 4 ( 1.6) Social Empathy ability 1 1 ( 0.4) Adaptive flexibility 1 1 ( 0.4) Turnover intention 1 1 1 3 ( 1.2) Perform a role 1 1 ( 0.4) Interpersonal competence 1 1 2 ( 0.8) Self-Leadership 1 2 3 ( 1.2) Interaction 1 1 4 1 7 ( 2.8) Social support 1 1 ( 0.4) Stress 1 2 3 1 1 8 ( 3.2) Humor 1 1 2 ( 0.8) Moral Infant problem behavior 1 1 ( 0.4) Total 7 (2.8) 2 (0.8) 11 (4.4) 24 (9.7) 32 (13.0) 47 (19.1) 36 (14.6) 159 (64.9) Note. N = 159. Numbers in brackets represent percentages.
Kim and Min 12 Table 11 Research Trends According to Research Methods Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sum Quantitative research Experimental 1 1 1 5 7 18 11 44 ( 18.0) Survey 2 2 3 5 13 26 17 68 ( 27.9) Correlation 1 3 2 3 7 11 20 22 23 92 ( 37.7) Sum 2 3 4 6 11 21 40 66 51 204 ( 83.6) Qualitative research Ethnographic 1 2 3 ( 1.2) Narrative 1 1 2 4 ( 1.6) In-depth interview 1 1 2 1 4 3 12 ( 4.9) Sum 1 1 2 3 1 8 3 19 ( 7.8) Literature 3 1 3 2 2 2 13 ( 5.3) Multiple 1 1 1 2 2 2 9 ( 3.7) Total 2 (0.8) 8 (3.3) 6 (2.5) 7 (2.9) 14 (5.7) 29 (11.9) 45 (18.4) 76 (31.1) 58 (23.6) 245 (100.0) Note. N = 245. Numbers in brackets represent percentages. Table 12 Research Trends According to Subjects Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sum Young children 1-year-old 1 1 ( 0.3) 2-year-old 1 1 2 ( 0.6) 3-year-old 2 1 1 2 2 5 13 ( 3.7) 4-year-old 1 3 2 3 2 5 7 15 11 49 ( 14.0) 5-year-old 2 3 2 2 5 11 14 30 20 89 ( 25.3) Sum 3 8 4 5 10 17 23 47 37 154 ( 43.9) Parents Mother 1 2 2 5 4 8 8 15 45 ( 12.8) Father 1 1 5 5 5 17 ( 4.9) Sum 2 2 2 5 5 13 13 20 62 ( 17.7) Teachers Preliminary 2 3 2 2 7 3 19 ( 5.4) Incumbent 1 2 2 5 11 25 32 26 104 ( 29.6) Sum 1 4 2 8 13 27 39 29 123 ( 35.0) Literature 3 1 3 2 2 1 12 ( 3.4) Total 5 (1.4) 14 (4.0) 8 (2.3) 10 (2.8) 23 (6.5) 38 (10.8) 65 (18.5) 101 (28.8) 87 (24.8) 351 (100.0) Note. Duplicate response was allowed. Numbers in brackets represent percentages. 1 (0.4%). 2 (0.8%), 1 (0.4%).. 연구방법에따른연구동향 Table 11. Table 11, 204 (83.6%),
13 Research Trends on Young Children s Happiness 19 (7.8%), 13 (5.3%), 9 (3.7%)., 92 (37.7%), 68 (27.9%), 44 (18.0%). 12 (4.9%), 4 (1.6%), 3 (1.2%).,. 연구대상에따른연구동향 Table 12. Table 12, 154 (43.9%), 123 (35.0%), 62 (17.7%), 12 (3.4%)., 5 89 (25.3%), 4 49 (14.0%), 3 13 (3.7%), 2 2 (0.6%), 1 1 (0.3%). 40 (11.4%), 16 (4.6%), 5 (1.4%), 1 (0.3%). 104 (29.6%), 19 (5.4%).,.,.,,. 2008 2016, 245.,, 2008 2, 2013 30 2014 45, 2015 79, 2016 58.. 2009 2012 Kang (2014). 2013 2, (M. Kim et al, 2013).,. (,,,,, )....,, 36, 228
Kim and Min 14...,,,.., 22, 11, 5,. 159, 57, 6,.,,.,. Song (2014),, G. Y. Kim (2017).,,,,,. Shin Choi (2014) 2. 2000 2013. 2008 2016, 2015..,.,.,,,,,. H. K. Kang (2014),,,,. 2015 2016,.,. K. Lee, Yoon Byeon (2016). (Y. Kim, 2011),.. 3,. 3.,.,. M. S. Song (2014).
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17 Research Trends on Young Children s Happiness Youngsook Kim Sunhee Min ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1915-0127 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6810-2471 Received August 31, 2017 Revision received October 22, 2017 Accepted January 31, 2018