: ( ) (, ),. (NYPI) (KCYPS) 1 2 (2011) (N = 2,133), 3 (2012) (N = 2,151), 4 (2013) (N = 1,979).,,,,,,,,.,.,.,.,.,.,.. :,, (110-745) 25-2 E-mail : yoonsunhan@skku.edu
. (, 2013).. (2010) 1. 30 2 57.3% (, 2011). 37% 27% (, 2011). 3 29.3% 42.8% 13.5% (,,, 2013).. (, 2010). 5~18 60. 65% 41%(2009 ). 20.. 1 6 10 (, 2013). 2, 3 1., ( ) (, )..,,.
. (Davison & McCabe, 2006), (,, 2008).. (Donaldson & Ronan. 2006).., (, 2010).,, (,,, 2010;, 2009). (, 2012), (, 2010).,,.. (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1989). (Liu, 2004).,, (Liu, 2004)., (Achenbach, 1978). (O Neil, Conner, & Kendall, 2011). (White & Renk, 2012).. (2013),,,. (,, 2004). Kirkcaldy, Shephard Seifen(2002). North, McCullagh Tran(1990). (, 2011;, 2013).
.. (, 1996).., (2004). McHale, Vinden, Bush, Richer, Shaw Smith (2005)., (, 2010).,.., (, 2003; Leadbeater, Kuperminc, Blatt, & Hertzog. 1999: Zahn-Waxler, Shirtcliff, & Marceau, 2008)., (, 2003),. (Card, Stucky, Sawalani, & Little, 2008). Lindeman, Harakka Keltikangas-Järvinen(1997)., (Card et al., 2008)., Crick Grotpeter (1995) ( ).,. Galen Underwood(1997).. (, 2003;,, 2010;, 2011; Avison & McAlpine, 1992; La Greca & Lopez, 1998). (2010),,.
,,. (Crozier, 1995). Ranta (2007)... Loeber Hay(1997) 3 16. (2014) (KYPS) 4 2, 1. (2008) 2 1 3,. (,, 2007; Loeber, 1982; Stanger, Achenbach, & Verhulst, 1997). (,, 2013), (,, 2014) (Huesmann, Eron, Lefkowitz, & Walder, 1984).... (, 2014;,, 2013) (, 2002),. (2010)., 4 1. Wickrama, Conger Abraham(2008) 10., 17. Hankin (1998) 15 18 18.,.
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. (, 2011). (, 2003; Zahn-Waxler, et al., 2008).. ( ) (, ).. ( ) (, ),,,.,?,?,?,?,?,? (NYPI) (KCYPS). 2010 2017 1 4, 1. 2010 1 2,351 2 1 2 (2011) 3 1 3 (2012), 1 1 4 (2013). 1 2 2,133 ( : 1,080,
: 1,053 ), 1 3 2,151 ( : 1,088, : 1,063 ), 1 4 1979 ( : 1,007, : 972 ). (2003)..,.,.,.,.,. 6 4 1 4.. Cronbach's α.81. (,,, 1984) 13 3 10..,. 4 1 4.. Cronbach's α.90. (1998)..,. 5 4 (1, 4 ).. Cronbach's α.85. (KYPAQ), (IPAQ).? 1. 0 =0, 1 =1, 2 =2, 3 =3, 4 =4.
(, 2003, Leadbeater et al., 1999; Zahn-Waxler et al., 2008). ( =1, =0). (,, 2013;, 2014). (1999) (2003). ( )., ( ). 4 4, 1. Cronbach's α.85. (5 ) 20..,., 1 1,.,.,,,.,.., Cronbach's α.87. (Bradley & Corwyn, 2002). (1=, 2=, 3=, 4=, 5= ),. (,,,,, 2014;,. 2005;, 2006;, 2008). (1991) (5 ), (5 ), (5 ), (multi-level growth modeling). (Rabe-Hesketh & Skrondal, 2008; Bongers et al., 2003). 2011 2013
( ) (nested), 2011 ( ) (, ) (baseline) 3 (, ).. (1 ) (2 ).., π 0i, 2011 ( 2). π 1i, a ti ( ), e ti (residual). (level-2) (π 0i) (π 1i).. π 0i = β 00 + r 0i π 1i = β 10 + r 1i β 00 β 10. r 0i, r 1i (residual).,.. (level-1).. (level-2). π 0i = β 00 + β 01 ( ) 1i + β 02 ( ) 2i + r 0i π 1i = β 10 + β 11( ) 1i + β 12( ) 2i + r 1i Y ti = π 0i + π 1iti + e ti Y ti i t ( ) (, ) π 0i, π 1i.
. SPSS 22.0, STATA 13 xtmixed. Aiken, Stephen Reno(1991). 1 2. 1 (,, ) 3 1. ( 2 =2.24, 3 =2.26, 1 =2.24), ( 2 =2.13, 3 =2.21, 1 =1.97), ( 2 =1.93, 3 =1.98, 1 =1.88). 2 (baseline) 2. 2.04 2(2011) 3(2012) 1(2013) 2.13 0.57 2.21 0.60 1.97 0.52 2.24 0.70 2.26 0.74 2.24 0.69 1.93 0.61 1.98 0.62 1.88 0.56 N 2,133 2,151 1,979 0.51 0.50 0.00 1.00 2.04 1.24 0.00 4.00 4.53 2.48 0.00 30.00 3.03 1.08 1.00 5.00 1.84 0.71 1.00 4.00 2.84 0.41 1.30 4.00
( =1.24), 4,530 ( =2.48), ( =1.08). 2.84( =0.41), 1.84( =0.71). Model1~Model9. Model1, Model2, Model3, Model4, Model5, Model6, Model7, Model8, Model9. Model1 ( ). Model2 (,,, ) (, ). Model3 ( * ), ( * ), ( * ) Model2. Model4~Model6, Model7~Model9,. Model1~Model3 ( ) (β -0.080, ps<.001). (β=-0.102, p<.001). Model2, Model3 ( ), ( ),. 1 Model3. Model4 (β =-0.023, p=.002). (β =-0.220, p<.001) (β=-0.022, p<.001).,. Model6 (β=-0.022, p=.047).. Model6 2, baseline 2. Model7 Model8 Model9 (β=0.041, p=.014).
Model1 Model2 Model3 coef. s.e coef. s.e coef. s.e For initial level Intercept 2.183 ***.012 2.707 ***.062 2.735 ***.063-0.006.009-0.006.009 0.001.003 0.001.003 0.192 ***.010 0.192 ***.010-0.290 ***.018-0.289 ***.018-0.102 ***.018-0.134 ***.033 0.002.006-0.013.021 * 0.014.011 For linear change -0.080 ***.007-0.052 ***.007-0.069 ***.014 * 0.005.015 * 0.008.007 Linear change.001.001.001.152.113.112 -.009 -.008 -.008.193.185.185 Deviance -4940.350(6) -4617.935(12) -4616.082(15) χ²(df) 644.83(6) *** 3.71(3). * p <.05; ** p <.01; *** p <.001
Model4 Model5 Model6 coef. s.e coef. s.e coef. s.e For initial level Intercept 1.956 ***.013 2.555 ***.064 2.543 ***.066 0.002.009 0.003.009-0.009 *.004-0.009 *.004 0.202 ***.010 0.202 ***.010-0.277 ***.019-0.278 ***.019-0.220 ***.019-0.164 ***.034-0.022 ***.006-0.016.010 * -0.022 *.011 For linear change -0.023 **.007 0.002.007-0.002.014 * -0.014.015 * 0.006.007 Linear change.009.004.004.202.149.149 -.022 -.016 -.016.189.183.182 Deviance -5137.064(6) -4761.488(12) -4759.111(15) χ²(df) 751.15(6) *** 4.75(3). * p <.05; ** p <.01; *** p <.001
Model7 Model8 Model9 coef. s.e coef. s.e coef. s.e For initial level Intercept 2.250 ***.015 2.942 ***.079 2.913 ***.080-0.028 *.012-0.028 *.012-0.008.004-0.008.004 0.080 ***.013 0.080 ***.013-0.232 ***.023-0.233 ***.023-0.011.024-0.028.041-0.027 ***.007-0.005.012 * -0.002.014 For linear change -0.0004.008 0.011.008 0.041 *.017 * 0.020.018 * -0.022 **.008 Linear change.0000001.00005.0001.240.220.222 -.0002 -.003 -.004.266.264.264 Deviance -6137.973(6) -6037.706(12) -6033.89(15) χ²(df) 200.53(6) *** 7.63(3). * p <.05; ** p <.01; *** p <.001
Model8, (β =-0.027, p<.001). Model9 (β=-0.022, p=.006).,. Model9 3. 3. ( ) (, ),...,.., 2 1. (, 2008;,, 2007;, 2014; Loeber, 1982; Stanger et al., 1997; Card et al., 2008). (Loeber & Hay, 1997; Moskowitz, Schwartzman, & Ledingham, 1985) (, 2008;,, 2007;, 2014; Loeber, 1982; Stanger et al., 1997).. (Eisenberg, Carlo, Murphy, & Court, 1995).,. (Hoffman, 2001). (, 2004).. (, 2014; Bongers et al., 2003). Bongers (2003).,.
,.,..,, (2003) (K-YSR). (2010), (2011)., (2013)., (2013) 32.6% 27.4%, 38.4%. (2004). (2004),.,. (Crozier, 1995; Ranta et al., 2007),. (Mills & Rubin, 1990; Morison & Masten, 1991). (Chen, Rubin & Li, 1995; Rubin & Burgess, 2001)..,.. 2 1.,. (, 2011; Lindeman, Harakka, & Keltikangas- Järvinen, 1997). (Crick, 1995). 6.
( ) (Crick & Grotpeter, 1995; Galen & Underwood, 1997).,. (Babiss & Gangwisch, 2009; Johnson & Taliaferro, 2011; Kirkcaldy et al., 2002) (, 2010).,. (,, 2004;, 2013)., (testosterone) (androgen) (,,, 1992).. (2014). (2013)..., (,, 2014)., (, 2010;, 2000).,... (2010) 4 1.,. 6 6 (, 2015).
Bongers (2003). Bongers (2003).., Model9.. Moded7, Moded8 Moded9..., Model6.. (, 2003;,, 2010;, 2011; Avison, & McAlpine, 1992; La Greca & Lopez, 1998).. (,,, 2003).. Eccles Harold(1991)..,, (2003) (1998).
. (, 1 ),. 2 2, 3, 1, 3 2, 3...,....., (Wickrama, Congers, & Abraham, 2008; Bongers, Koot, van der Ende, & Verhulst, 2003)..,. (2011).. (3), 645-652. (2003).. (7), 121-143., (2013).,,
. (1), 77-95., (2010).. (2013). 13.,, (2013).. (2000).. (1), 25-36. (2004).., 55-68. (2008)..,, (1984). :., (2007). : :. (2), 21-42., (2013).. (3), 113-128. (2013).., (1998).. (4), 155-166. (2003).. (2002).., (2013).,., 1-28. (2013).. (1991).., (2014).. (10), 475-501. (2009).. (1), 241-250., (2010). :. (3), 83-97. (2008)..,,,, (2014).,,. (3), 140-147., (2010).. (4), 51-66. (2014).,,, :. (12), 417-446.
, (2010).. (2), 69-92., (2005). - -. (-), 133-164.,, (1992).. (2), 2417-2423. (2006).,. (1), 31-44.,, (2014). : -. (8), 317-346. (2014).. (10), 501-513. (2010).. (2010).. (6), 103-113., (2014). (Healing). (3), 165-179. (2011).,. (3), 225-241. (2015).. (2012)..,,, (2013). : 2. (1), 177-197., (2004).. (5), 331-356., (2003).,. (4), 729-746. (2013).. (2014).. (2), 334-366., (2008).. (2), 221-243. (2011). :., Edwards, C. P (2004).. (2), 121-132.,, (2003).
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The Moderating Effect of Gender in the Relationship between Physical Education and Adolescents Internalizing and Externalizing Problem Behaviors: Using Multi-level Growth Modeling Taekho Lee Seokyoung Lee Yoonsun Han Department of Child Psychology & Education, Sunkyunkwan University This study examined the relationship between physical education and externalizing(aggression) and internalizing(depression, social withdrawal) problem behaviors among adolescents. The moderating role of gender and time in the association between physical education and problem behavior was also identified. This study used data from the second, third, and fourth waves of the middle school student cohort (N=2,133, N=2,151, N=1,979) of the Korean Children-Youth Panel Survey(KCYPS). Main analyses involved multilevel growth model with interaction terms. The dependent variables were aggression, depression, and social withdrawal. The independent variables were gender and physical education (exercise hours) at school. The control variables were abuse, school-adjustment, annual household income and parents highest level of education. The major longitudinal findings of this study are as follows: First, there was significant change according to the passage of time only in aggression among externalizing and internalizing problems. Second, gender differences exist in aggression and depression. Third, exercise hours of physical education had a negative relationship with internalizing problems. Fourth, there were no gender differences over time in both externalizing and internalizing problems. Fifth, the interaction between exercise hours of physical education and time was statistically significant for social withdrawal. Sixth, the interaction between exercise hours of physical education and gender was statistically significant for depression. The results of this study may become an academic basis for suggesting policy directions that promote increased exercise hours in physical education classes at school. Key words : physical education, gender, aggression, depression, social withdrawal