99-1 Pol i cy Di r ect i ons for Pr omot i ng Techn i ca l Hi gh School Educa t i on / / /
( ) () () (STEPI).
5,.. 196197...,..,.. 21
..,,.,..,. 1999. 6.
i 5 1. / 7 1.1. / 8 1.2. / 1 1.3. / 11 1.4. / 14 1.5. / 15 2. / 17 2.1. / 18 2.2. / 2 2.3. 9/ 22 2.4. / 23 2.5. / 26 2.6. 2 / 27 3. / 31 3.1. / 31 3.2. / 33 3.3. / 38 3.4. / 4
ii 4. / 45 4.1. : / 45 4.2. / 55 4.3. / 59 5. / 61 69 1. : / 71 2. / 74 2.1. / 75 2.2. / 79 2.3. / 8 2.4. / 83 2.5. / 87 2.6. / 88 3. / 89 3.1. / 89 3.2. / 93 3.3. / 99 3.4. ( ) / 11 3.5. / 16 3.6. / 17 4. / 18 4.1. / 18 4.2. / 111 5. / 117
iii 123 : / 125 : / 134 : / 167 < > 17 <Engl i sh Summar y> 175
iv <> < - 1> 125 < - 2> 126 < - 3> 126 < - 4> 127 < - 5> 128 < - 6> 129 < - 7> 13 < - 8> ( ) 131 < - 9> 131 < - 1> 132 < - 11> 132 < - 12> 133 <> < - 1> 134 < - 2> 134 < - 3> 135 < - 4> 135 < - 5> 136 < - 6> 136
< - 7> 137 < - 8> 137 < - 9> 138 < - 1> 138 < - 11> 139 < - 12> 14 < - 13> 141 < - 14> 142 < - 15> 143 < - 16> 144 < - 17> 146 < - 18> 147 < - 19> 148 < - 2> 1998 149 < - 21> 15 < - 22> 5 () 151 < - 23> 5 () 153 < - 24> 5 () 155 < - 25> 157 < - 26> 158 < - 27> 159 < - 28> 2+1 159 < - 29> 16 < - 3> 161 < - 31> 162 < - 32> 164 < - 33> 166 v
vi < > 1. 167 2. 168 3. 168 4. 169
1 1. 13.6% - 98 2316,828 - : 1.4:1( 85) 1.:1 ( 98), : 97%( 95) 88.2%( 98) 9 2.,
2 34% Ÿ 4.3%(63.9% ) Ÿ (1,3 ) - : 255 ( 634.6% ) ŸŸ RNT C ( 93) Ÿ ( 7381) 1%, 8% 6% ( 98 234.8) Ÿ 2( ) + 1( ) 3. 1 Ÿ 7,
3, - 77,, 3-1111 ( ) 42 Ÿ, 2 Ÿ ( ) (,, ) - - (, ) 3 5 Ÿ (3) (2) Ÿ Ÿ, 4
4 -, Ÿ, 4. Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ 5 Ÿ (, ) Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ 5 Ÿ 2 (,,, )
1 1. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 9 2.4. 2.5. 2 6. 2
3. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4 4. 4.1. : 4.2. 4.3. 5.
8,, 9 21 /? [2+1] 1973 197s 198s 199s 1994 1998
1998 2 316,828. 61% 122, 3, 75 1% = 2 1% = 316,828 1% = 14,924 1% = 3,139 : (1998),
1.11:1.,. 98%. 1% / / : /, /.
1998 13.6%, 199 8.4% 199 1% 59,382 1,123,17 1,696,292 2,152,82 2,283,86 2,57,88 2,326,88
1995 97% 199. 199 9.3% 1998 4 36.4%
27.9%, 4 6%, 1998 1%= 434,473 1%= 27,683 1%= 19,772 & 4 : (1998), (1998), 98.
( ) 1% = 3,919 : (1998),.
,,,, (1998) 179,773 1,477,715 2,969 146,563 81,681 7,33 314,438 927,486 1,399,394 356,172 13,543 5,216 1,46 9,37 2,11,468 : 525 3,834,351 533,912 17 23,256. : (1998), 1,956 6,84
(6)
,,,,
( ) / - 2+1 / - upskilling 8. 9 / : 9: 14, 982 : 9: 191,98, 98: 316,828
< 1 >
8%. 22.. : : (1995),
2 6~ 7 (Craftman) (Engineer) (Technologist) (Technician) 8 9 2 : (1994),,.
* WH : WL: BH: BL: : (1998),,.
199 2. 197 9 < > < > 25 12.% 35, 16 2 9.6% 1.4% 2 1.% 3, 13.6 14 175 8.% 25, 11.6 11.8 12.7 12 15 6.6% 7.1% 6.2% 6.% 2, 8.4 1 8 1 5 59 1 14 4.% 2.% 15, 1, 5, 68,367 2,367 191,98 273,683 316,828 6 4 2 197 198 199 1995 1998.% - 197 198 199 1995 1998 : ( ),.
2 3,169 182 94 95 96 97 68 1,47 855 8,154 96 13,745 1,13 94~ 97 98 1,664 679 25 8,833 1,914 9 12,922 1,254 ( ) 7.73% 11.3% 3.57% 2.84% 56.56% - - - - - - - - - : 1 (1997), 2 1, /. 2 (1993),.
: (1997),.. 5.8%..
- ( ) - - ( )
2. 2,
1996, 1 1 (1996) 1 1 : 571 : (1996), :,.
(1998) = 685,895 = 75,156 1.3:1 1.7:1 2.3:1 : (1998),. :,. : (1992), 1.
Tech Prep. Tech Prep,,, : ( Community College) : 2+2 : 2 4 2 Tech Prep : (1998), (1998), 2+2.
Tech Prep 2+2,,,,,. Tech Prep 2+2 Tech Prep (199) Tech Prep (1991) ( ),,,,, 12 + 2 +1, + +, (1996) ( ) 5% ( 84 ) : (1996), -.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 21 22 23 24
9 (1992) - 1992 1998 17 ( 96, 9, 9) - :,, (1998 4 ) - 1,2-3 ( 1993 ) - -,, (91 ) 974 172
( ) : (3 ) ( )) : : 1 1 ( ( 3 3 ) ) 68 68 < > < >
, 5( 56 ) 62 45,749 1,545 56,294 5 3,546 378,31 41,695 788,996 1 2,61 137,482 142,464 279,946 3 : (1998).
: 3-3.5,,. : (2/3), (1/3),,. : (2/3), (1/3) 8-16 (1-2) 8-16 (1-2) 24-32 (3-4) 24-32 (3-4).
1) 2) 1. 3),,,,,,, 1) 2. 2) 1) (4%) (6%) 2) 1 : 1 : 2 : 2 : 3. 3 : 3 : 3) ( ) 4) 8-12 3-4 5) (. ) 6), 1) ( ) 4. 2) (, ) ( ) : (1988: 57)
25 23 ( ) ( ) 25 23 21 21 18 16 (Grammer Schools) 18 2 (Modern School) (All Through) (Two Tier) (Upper School) (Sixth-Form College) 16 (Secondary Comprehensive Schools) 13 11 (Middle School) 13 11 9 (Primary Schools) (Junior First) 9 7 5 (Infant Schools) 7 5 ( )
15~16 15~16 ( ( 1~2 1~2 ) ) ( ( ) ) 1944 1944 4~5 4~5 4~5 4~5 ( ( ) ) (City (City Technology Technology Colleges) Colleges)
11~16 11~16 (Apprenticeship) (Apprenticeship) 5 5 (3 (3 )6 )6 ( ( 1 1 ) ) 1964 1964 11 11 ( ( ) ) : : 11-18 11-18
,,,,,,,, 2~4 2~4 5 5 5~8 5~8 2~3 2~3 1 1 1 1 2 2
( ( Schools Schools Curriculum Curriculum Industry Industry Project: Project: SCIP) SCIP) (School (School Council) Council) (The (The Compact Compact Approach) Approach) ( ( 1/3) 1/3) 1989 1989 (TEC: (TEC: Training Training & Enterprise Enterprise Councils) Councils)
: :
: :
,,,, ( ( 1998: 1998: 222) 222),,,,,,,,,,,,
21 21 7 7 1 1 - - - - ( ( ) ) 21 21
5 5 2+1 2+1 4 4 3 2 1 + 1 + 3+ 1 ( ) 1
- - - - - - 1-2 1-2 2-3 2-3 + + 1 1 + +
92.9% 92.9% 94%1 94%1 ( (1992), (1998)) ( (1992), (1998))
. ( )... ( )..,,,,
/ / : (1998),,.
., : (1997.12 ), (1998:281).
1 2 3 4 5 (7) (basic core) (technical core) (5%) (5%) (specialty) (6%) (4%) (specialty) (7%) (3%) : 2
( 3 5 ).... ( 3 5 ).... 5 3 2. : (1993), (, 1993).,,
5,,,. ( )..,. ( ).. : KEDI, ( 1993: 246)..
. 1 2 : : 3 : : :, :,. 2. ( 1999 ). 2. ( 1999 ) : :
: : : : 2
15, (Academic Degree) (Professional Degree) 4 2 : (1998),,.
,,,. 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
1 1 2 2 3 3 _ % 3% 5%
5 5 (3) (3) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
-
199 ( : 5 5), 199. : 23 3 : 2.5% : 991,9 234, : 23 1% 5%
5 1998 5 1999 2 21 22 23 11.4 27.2 35.3 52.4 67.3 85.5 267.7 - - 1.6 3.2 156.4 16 321.2 267.8 16.5 25 4 6 9 2,31.5 34 36.3 51.8 57 62.4 68 275.5 19.1 3.9 5 6 7 9 3.9 639.8 246.9 287 34 35 65 1,873.9 25.5 32 35 4 4 45 192 112.3 123.8 155 321 392 464 1,455.8
2 1. : 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 3. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. ( ) 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 4. 4.1. 4.2. 5.
1. :
11 1996
,. 1993 RNTC 2+1
7 4 57.1% 23 6 25.% 14 % 23 13 56.5% 67 23 34(1.) 34% 34% :,,. 45%. :, 1998,.
2,63 1,3 38.1% 1,681 824 49.% 2,228 86 36.2% 6,539 2,633 4.3% - - - 63.9% (63.9%) (63.9%) : :, 1998,. 1997. 12. ( 1998:281)
., 1998 1 51,4 P 135 37.9% 1 ( ) () 37.9% 37.9% :
.,,, 12 12 1 1 Mbps Mbps Ethernet Ethernet PC PC 88 88 256Kbps 256Kbps PC PC
(RNTC), 1993 P C 65.8% 1% 1.3% 1 279, 2,47 53,94 11.1% 1% 16.3% 1 255, :,. :, 1998
< > 1% (1973-1981) 2% 1% 1-19%. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (1982-1984) 2-29% 5% (1985-1991) 3-39% 4-49% 5% - (1991- ) 1998 (71) = 234.8 1998 361 15, 124 (21), (13).
,. 1 17.9, 1 93.3 61. 1 1 : (1998),
,,. 1998 4, 28 1,343. 5 1 2 3 4 21 3 145 3 14 1 486 2 11 2 95 4 196 1 47 1 48 2 96 4 21 4 181 4 184 12 566 1 53 1 468 8 372 28 1,343, ( 4, 2, 4 ) 8 1 : 5 2 46.8, 3 46.5..
1 1 73 75 5 21 26 11 1 1 63 65 7 11 18 83 1 1 1 3 4 14 1 1 73 75 8 14 22 97 :, 1998.
41.4, 32.. () : 41.4 : 32. 7 5 ()
16., 5.7 () : 16. : 5.7 65 1 ()
6 3 86, 114, 22. 2+1 3. 3 1-2 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 6 15 15 14 14 14 14 86 18 18 19 19 2 2 114 3 3 4 4 4 4 22 36 36 37 37 38 38 222 : (1998: 38), 1998.
11.8%. : ) ( ) 1) (28 ) (42 ) 148,46 3,49, 5,287 83,95 71,53 264, 2,555 6,286 167,3 1,162, 5,975 27,666 386,876 4,898, 13,817 117,47 : 1) 25593 23 31.
.. ( ) 5 (3+1+1)
( ), ( ) ( )
KIST( ) ( ) KAIST( ) ( )??? ( ) KJAIST( ) ( )
( : ) 1999 2 21 22 23 353 ( ) (33) 39 (37) 435 (45) 5 (65) 58 (8) : (1998), 21 -.
21 21,,,,,,,,
: ( 1998).
1,842 1,341 1,533 926 554 279 2 ( ) : ( 1998). 6,475
, 21 (1 (1 ) ) 1 55 5 4 15 26
,, ( 42 ),
( ) 1 55 5 4 15 26
,
11 15 5 7 15 35 : 4, 5, 1, 9
,,, ( (,, ) ) 4 4
,,,
( ) (,,, )
, ( )
, 7, 7 7 5-5 2 1 13 :.
-, 5.
< > (45) (18) ( 15)=45 : (, ) (35) 26
< ( ) > (1) : (, ) (15) (1). (1:1 ) 26
< > (6) (285) :, (5).(1) (3) (1) 35
< >
,.
.
, S/W, < > S/W : :,, : :,, : 43.5 : 99244, 2 232, 2174 : S/W : S/W : 2 5 : 992, 22 215 :, : : 1 PC 1 : 1.5, 1.5 : 993, 23 213
( ). (53) 5( ) 1. 1. 2. 3., 4. 5. 6.
( )
< > 1995-19984 12,,,, : : 95 95 13 13,, 1 1,, 1 1.. : :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12 12.. : :,,,,.. : : ( ( 48, 48, 4 4 552) 552) : : :
< >
< >
3 : : : < >
17 (1994),,. (1994),,, 3. (1998).,,, 219-246. (1998),,,. (1996), (II),. (1998),. (1998), 98. (1999),. 1999225. (),. 7, 1997-15. (1997),21,. (1995),, 11, 25. (1998), 1998,. (1998),, :. (1996),,, :. (1998),,
171. (1993),,, 15(2), 1-16. (1999),,. (1994),. (1992),. (1997), - -. (199),, :. (1996),, (http:// cc.knue.ac.kr/ ~rcsm e/ 96_5_8.htm ). (1998), 21- -,. (1994), (1996), -.,,, (1997), 2 1, : /. (1998),,,,,, :, 1998.6.19. (1995), - -, 21 - -, 157-171. (1995), (I),
172 17(2): 89-124. (1998),,, :. (1997),,. (1995),, 21 - -, 3-25. (1998), - -, 53. (1994),, 21, ( : ) 121-128. (1994), 2 1 (2) :, :. (1994),, 21, :, 39-63. (1994),, 21, ( : ) 113-12. (1998),, :. (1995),,,, 451-483.
173 (1996), - -, :. (1992),, :.,,,. (1996), :, :. (1998),, :. (1997),,.,,, (1993),, :, RR 93-3.,,, (1994),,, :. (1998),, :. (1998), 2+2. (1998),,,, 87-126. (1988),. (1997), 7,. (1998),. (1992), - - 6, (6),
174 (1995),. (1997),. (1995),.. (1992), 1., http:/ / w w w.m onbu.go.jp. (1998),, 35 (3) 44-66. Silverberg, M.K., and Hershey, A.M. (1995). The em erg ence of tech p rep at the s tate and local levels (MPR- 8-87- 13). Princeton : M athem atica Policy Research. (1994), Bragg, D.D., Puckett, P., Reger IV, W., T homas, H.S., and Ortman, J. (1997). T ech p rep/ school- to- work : M ore trends and challeng es (MDS -239). Berkeley : University of California at Berkeley, National Center for Research in V ocational E ducation. Brow n, Jam es M., Pucel, D., T w ohig, C., S em ler, S., and Kuchinke, K.P. (1998), Minnesota s T ech Prep Outcom e Ev aluation M odel, J ournal of I nd us trial T eacher E ducation Orr, M. T. (1998). Integrating Secondary Schools and Com munity Colleges T hrough School- to- Work T ransition and Educational Reform, J ournal of V ocational E ducation R es earch, 23 (2) 93-113. Div ision of V ocation - T echnical E ducation, T ech - prep edu cation (http:// w w w.ed.gov/ offices/ OVAE/ techprep.html) OE CD. (1994). V ocational E ducation and T raining f or Y outh: T owards Coherent P olicy and P ractice, P aris : OE CD. OE CD. (1997). E ducation at a Glance: OE CD I ndicators. Paris : Organisation for E conom ic Co- operation and Developm ent.
Summary 175 Summar y [Ti t l e ] Policy Directions for Promoting T echnical High School Education [Maj or Par t i c i pant s ] Project Co- Leader s : Lee, Kong Rae Ko, Sangw on Project P articipant s : Cho, H w anghee Shim, Sang W an [Abs t r ac t ] T he r ole of t echnical high school ha s un der g on e significant changes to reflect changing needs of governm ent and industry. In the 197s, as the focu s of indu strial policy shifted from light industry to heavy and chem ical indu stries, the governm ent expanded the volum e of technical high school sub stantially. In the 198s, how ever, the num ber of univer sity lev el degrees aw arded annually m ore than tripled. T his sudden increase in univ er sity enrollm ent encouraged m iddle school graduates to choose academ ic high schools ov er v ocational high s chools. Furtherm ore, the obsolete curriculum of technical high school failed to m eet rapidly changing indu strial needs. V ocational
176 education al in stitution s, in clu ding technical high schools h ad been degraded into second rate schools chosen only by students w ho had failed to qualify for univ er sities. T he quantitative and qualitative degradation of technical edu cation r esult ed in sh orta g e of skilled technical m anpow er in the 198s and 199s. Confronted w ith this problem, the governm ent focu sed m ore attention on technical education in the 199s. Con s equently, th e pr oportion of t echnical high school enrollm ent rose to 13.6% in 1998 from 8.4% in 199. Betw een 199 and 1998, 1 new technical high schools w ere established, w hile only 4 technical high schools had been established in the 198s. T he t echnical high s chool now fa ces new challeng es w hich could pose a significant threat to fulfill its m is sion of producing technical m anpow er w ho m eet industrial dem ands. T he technical high school lacks of vertical linkages w ith higher edu cation al sector s and horizontal linka g es w ith indu stries. Although som e policies ha s been implem ented to r einfor ce th ese linka g es, i.e. 2+1 sy stem, 2+2 sy stem, the effectiv en es s of those policies is doubtful. T he ex cessive quantitative expan sion of technical high schools in the 199s com bined w ith upskilling of dem and for labor poses the problem of over supply of technical m anpow er at the high school graduate level. It s tim e to focus m ore on qualitative im provem ent rather than quantitativ e expan sion. Due to the expected decline in the absolute labor force size of the age- cohorts corresponding to the high school age category in the future, technical high s chool gr aduates w ill
Summary 177 h av e m u ch higher pr ospect s for enterin g colleg es an d univ er sities. T his increasing in probability of entering higher educational in stitution s neces sitate technical high school to becom e a m ore continuing education oriented institution rather than a term inal education oriented in stitution. W e looked at the Kum - Oh T echnical High S chool as a ca se study t o find w ay s to im prov e technical high school edu cation. T he fundam ental issues faced by Kum - Oh T echnical High S chool is lack of incentives to attract good student s. Due to lack of inv estm ent, equipm ents and facilities at Kum - Oh T echnical High S ch ool is super annuated. Lack of s cholar ship and relatively expen sive tuition borne by the student com pared w ith that of national technical high school m ake it difficult to attr act g ood stu dent s. La ck of horizontal an d v ertical linkage is another issue faced by Kum - Oh T echnical High School. W e suggest the follow ing four policy alternatives for Kum - Oh T echnical High S ch ool t o m ake the b est of it s potential un der current constraints in funding and resources. T he m erits and dem erits as w ell as financial requirem ent s for these alternativ es are presented in the study. T o convert the currently public Kum - Oh T echnical High S chool to a national high school specialized in m echatronics T o m aintain a current statu s of public school and establish special fun ding m ech anism fr om the central gov ernm ent, i.e. M OE, M OST, M OCIE. T o establish and adopt a new sy stem com bining three- year
178 technical high school education and tw o- year junior college education to Kum - Oh T echnical High S chool T o develop Kum - Oh T echnical High School into a combined high school w hich runs academic program and v ocational program sim ultaneously.
< > 2 ) 1945 1952 196 1965 197 1975 198 1985 199 1995 1996 1997 1998 97 166 357 389(53.7) 48 (56.9) 673(53.) 78 1(52.6) 967(5 1.6) 1,96(52.6) 1,68 (54.5) 1,85(54.) 1,12 1(52.6) 1,149(52.) < - 1> 1) 58 16 279 3 12(34.3) 48 1(38.7) 479(43.8) 62 1(49.) 635(49.3) 587(46.5) 762(43.) 77 1(42.5) 77 1(42.2) 772(42.1) 4 28 48 42(45.2) 59(4.7) 72(4 1.7) 1 (46.) 12 (45.1) 14 (46.2) 175 (4.6) 184 (39.1) 19 1(37.7) 2 (37.5) 22 23 87 1(58.) 154 (59.1) 182(67.) 232(7.7) 237(69.6) 28 (66.8) 248 (6.5) 248 (58.9) 248 (25.9) 247(57.5) 34 19 144 17(17.6) 165(26.5) 225(25.8) 289(32.5) 36(35.6) 275(3 1.3) 339(3 1.6) 339(3 1.56) 332(32.2) 325(33.2) :,, % 3 ) 1945 1952 196 1965 197 1975 198 1985 199 1995 1996 1997 1998 5,343(66.9) 59,42 1(48.1) 164,492 (62.6) 254,95 (59.6) 3 15,367 (53.4) 648,149 (57.7) 932,65 (55.) 1,266,84(58.9) 1,473,155(64.5) 1,246,427(57.8) 1,33,874 (58.9) 1,376,688 (58.9) 1,399,394 (6.1) 24,942(33.1) 64,26 (5 1.9) 98,452 (37.4) 172,436(4.4) 275, 15(46.6) 474,868 (42.3) 764,187(45.) 885,962(4 1.2) 8 1,65 1(35.5) 9 11,453(42.2) 939,433(4 1.9) 96,37(4 1.1) 927,486(39.9) 2,663(3.5) 13,526(1.9) 32,546(12.4) 36,98(8.7) 68,367(11.6) 123,57 1(11.) 2,367(11.8) 198,354 (9.2) 19 1,98 (8.4) 273,683(12.7) 297,732(13.3) 3 18,144 (13.6) 3 16,828 (13.6) 12,63(16.8) 11,3 (8.9) 36,67(13.9) 67,6 14 (15.9) 1,636 (17.1) 19,28 (16.9) 323,3 16 (19.1) 38,267 (17.7) 37,889 (16.2) 255,54 (11.8) 36,173 (16.1) 365,85 (15.6) 342,644 (14.7) 9,649(12.8) 39,65 (32.1) 29,999 (11.4) 67,842 (15.9) 16, 12(18.) 16 1,89(14.3) 24,4 (14.1) 37,34 1(14.3) 247,782(1.9) 282,266(13.1) 28 1,528 (12.5) 276,88 (11.8) 268, 14 (11.5) :1),,, 2)()3)(). :,,.
< - 2> :%, 1 197 5.3 6,962 3.4 1975 4.6 118,6 19 3.5 198 6.5 138,832 3 1.9 1985 5.6 167,5 28.2 199 12.7 18 1,897 22.5 1995 15.4 256,85 1 18.1 1996 16.4 272,876 16.7 1997 15.7 372,142 19. 1998 18.9 3 17,19 19.9 : 1995 :,, < - 3> 1996 45.4 52.1 1.2 8.7. 1997 46.1 51.5 11.2 8.4 1998 46.7 5.7 1.9 8.6 :,,.
1965 197 1975 198 198 1 1985 199 1995 1996 1997 1998 1965 197 1975 198 198 1 1985 199 1995 1996 1997 1998 1965 197 1975 198 198 1 1985 199 1995 1996 1997 1998 < - 4 > 1) 47,289(1.) 62,854 (1.) 126,14 1(1.) 2 1,57(1.) 2 17,98(1.) 276,535(1.) 274,15(1.) 259,133(1.) 274,696(1.) 273,9 12(1.) 32,4 16(1.) 39,67(1.) 47,383(1.) 83,555(1.) 12 1,222(1.) 129,5 17(1.) 147,7 1(1.) 13 1,628 (1.) 12,989(1.) 127,642(1.) 128,36 1(1.) 142,8 1(1.) 8,222 (1.) 15,47 1(1.) 42,586(1.) 79,835(1.) 88,463(1.) 128,825(1.) 142,522(1.) 138,144 (1.) 147,54 (1.) 145,55 1(1.) 159,6 15(1.) 7,9 19 (16.7) 6,33(9.6) 11,48 (8.8) 2,242(1.1) 33,33 1(15.3) 36,9 1(13.3) 22,7 1(8.3) 46,699(18.) 6,373(22.) 79,96 1(29.2) 17,824 (35.6) 6,779 (17.4) 4,93 (1.3) 7,937(9.5) 16,85(13.9) 26,757(2.7) 24,134 (16.3) 13,676(1.4) 22,934 (19.) 3,332(23.8) 42,242(32.9) 56,7 11(39.7) 1,14 (13.9) 1,13(7.3) 3,111(7.3) 3,392(4.2) 6,574 (7.4) 12,776(9.9) 9,25(6.3) 23,765(17.2) 3,4 1(2.4) 37,7 19(25.9) 5 1,113(32.) 945(2.) 8 14 (1.3) 2,6(1.6) 1,494 (.7) 1,223(.6) 2,528 (.9) 1,42(.5) 333(.1) 3 13(.1) 375(.1) 847(.3) 945(2.4) 8 14 (1.7) 2,6(2.5) 1,494 (1.2) 1,223(.9) 2,528 (1.7) 1,42(1.1) 333(.3) 3 13,(.2) 366(.3) 835(.6) :1), 2)=/ - - *1 3)() :,, - - - - - - - - - 9 12 16,674 (35.3) 3 1,569(5.2) 63,437(5.3) 12,8 12(5 1.1) 1 1,579(46.6) 143,2 14 (5 1.8) 2 1,113(76.6) 19,148 (73.4) 196,43(7 1.5) 177,532(64.8) 164,75(54.3) 14,3 1(36.6) 23,65(49.9) 42,32(5.6) 55,192(45.5) 5,272(38.8) 67,58 (45.4) 94,383(7 1.7) 86,(7 1.1) 89,484 (7.1) 79,327(6 1.8) 72,62(5.9) 2,364 (28.8) 7,9 19 (5 1.2) 2 1,135(49.6) 47,62(59.6) 5 1,37(58.) 76,156(59.1) 115,73(8 1.2) 14,148 (75.4) 16,9 19(72.7) 98,25(67.5) 9 1,455(57.3) 2 1,75 1(46.) 24,438 (38.9) 49,596(39.3) 76,59(38.1) 8 1,847(37.6) 93,883(33.9) 39,934 (14.6) 2 1,953 (8.5) 17,67 (6.4) 16,44 (5.9) 29,67 (9.8) 17,33(43.6) 18, 16(38.) 3 1,256(37.4) 47,686(39.3) 5 1,265(39.6) 53,99(36.6) 22,167(16.8) 11,722 (9.7) 7,5 13(5.9) 6,426(5.) 12,635 (8.8) 4,7 18 (57.4) 6,422(4 1.5) 18,34(43.1) 28,823(36.1) 3,582(34.6) 39,893(3 1.) 17,767(12.5) 1,23 1(7.4) 1,94 (6.9) 9,6 18 ((6.6) 17,35(1.7) :,%
197 1975 198 198 1 1985 199 1995 1996 1997 1998 197 1975 198 198 1 1985 199 1995 1996 1997 1998 197 1975 198 198 1 1985 199 1995 1996 1997 1998 62,854 (1.) 126,14 1(1.) 2 1,57(1.) 2 17,98(1.) 276,535(1.) 274,15(1.) 259,133(1.) 274,696(1.) 273,9 12(1.) 32,4 16(1.) 47,383(1.) 83,555(1.) 12 1,222(1.) 129,5 17(1.) 147,7 1(1.) 13 1,628 (1.) 12,989(1.) 127,642(1.) 128,36 1(1.) 142,8 1(1.) 15,47 1(1.) 42,586(1.) 79,835(1.) 88,463(1.) 128,825(1.) 142,522(1.) 138,144 (1.) 147,54 (1.) 145,55 1(1.) 159,6 15(1.) < - 5> 13,139 (2.9) 27,762 (22.) 62,678 (3 1.2) 7 1,28 (32.6) 83,33 (3.) 6,57 (22.1) 92,288 (35.6) 17,962(39.3) 129,934 (47.4) 162,88 (53.5) 1,84 1(22.9) 2,883 (25.) 5 1,135 (42.2) 57,589 (44.5) 56,598 (38.3) 39,7 (29.6) 52,37 (43.2) 59,46 (46.6) 73,99 (56.9) 86,973 (6.9) 2,298 (14.9) 6,879(16.2) 11,543 (14.5) 13,439 (15.2) 26,435 (2.5) 2 1,563 (15.1) 39,98 1(28.9) 48,52 (33.) 56,835 (39.) 75,115 (47.) 1) 6,33 (9.6) 11,48 (8.8) 2,242 (1.1) 33,33 1(15.3) 36,9 1 (13.3) 22,7 1(8.3) 46,699 (18.) 6,373 (22.) 79,96 1(29.1) 17,824 (35.6) 4,93(1.3) 7,937 (9.5) 16,85 (13.9) 26,757 (2.7) 24,134 (16.3) 13,676 (1.4) 22,934 (19.) 3,332 (23.8) 42,242 (32.9) 56,7 11(39.7) 1,13 (7.3) 3,111(7.3) 3,392 (4.2) 6,574 (7.4) 12,776(9.9) 9,25 (6.3) 23,765 (17.2) 3,4 1(2.4) 37,7 19 (25.9) 5 1,113 (32.) 3,6 15(5.8) 4,7 15(3.7) 8,14 (4.) 14, 11(6.4) 11,842(4.3) 7,26 1(2.6) 15,957(6.2) 19,225(7.) 24,75 1(9.) 27,3 13(9.) 3,125(6.6) 3,658 (4.4) 7,287(6.) 11,3 13(8.7) 7,287(4.9) 3,4(2.6) 7,888 (6.5) 9,184 (7.2) 11,934 (9.29) 13,258 (9.28) 49 (3.2) 1,57(2.5) 8 17 (1.) 2,698 (3.) 4,555(3.5) 3,86 1(2.7) 8,69(5.8) 1,4 1(6.8) 12,8 17(8.8) 14,55((8.8) :,% :1) 2) (). :,,.
< - 6> :,% 197 1975 198 198 1 1985 199 1995 1996 1997 1998 197 1975 198 198 1 1985 199 1995 1996 1997 1998 197 1975 198 198 1 1985 199 1995 1996 1997 1998 15,995(1.) 33,5 19(1.) 59,5 18 (1.) 64,877(1.) 7 1,647(1.) 65,494 (1.) 78,699(1.) 89,259(1.) 95,59(1.) 19,698 (1.) 15,734 (1.) 33,133(1.) 57,138 (1.) 6 1,965(1.) 66,148 (1.) 64,663(1.) 75,289(1.) 8 1,992(1.) 86,2 1(1.) 96,14(1.) 26 1(1.) 386 (1.) 2,38 (1.) 2,9 12 (1.) 5,499 (1.) 83 1(1.) 3,4 1 (1.) 7,267 (1.) 9,38 (1.) 13,558 (1.) :,,. 965 (6.) 2,2 1(6.6) 11,637(19.6) 14,757(22.8) 9,27 (12.9) 6,99(9.3) 14,596(18.5) 17,975(2.1) 27,34(28.6) 39,9 13(36.4) 959 (6.1) 2,2 1(6.6) 11,532(2.2) 14,594 (23.6) 8,96 (13.5) 6,52(9.4) 14,118 (18.8) 16,4 18 (2.) 24,898 (28.9) 34,988 (36.4) 6(2.3) 9(2.3) 15 (4.4) 163 (5.6) 247 (4.5) 47(5.7) 478 (14.) 1,557 (2 1.4) 2,442 (26.2) 4,925 (36.3) 194 (1.2) 95 1(2.8) 82 1(1.4) 567(.9) 673(.9) 5 13(.8) 116(.1) 145(.2) 15 1(.2) 536(.5) 194 (1.2) 95 1(2.9) 82 1(1.4) 567(.9) 673(1.) 5 13(.8) 116(.2) 145(.2) 15 1(.2) 536(.6) - - - - - - - - - - 11,355(7 1.) 23,257(69.4) 32,8(55.1) 3,787(47.5) 47,9(65.7) 54,45 1(83.1) 62,46(78.8) 69,482(77.8) 65,6(68.7) 6 1,94 (55.7) 11,178 (7 1.) 23,32(69.5) 3,879(54.) 28,236(45.6) 42,9 15(64.9) 53,7 15(83.1) 59,255(78.7) 63,94(78.) 59,4 1(68.5) 53,87 1(56.) 177(67.8) 225(58.3) 1,92 1(8.7) 2,55 1(87.6) 4,175 (75.9) 736(88.6) 2,79 1(8 1.8) 5,542 (76.3) 6,559 (7.5) 7,223 (53.3) 3,48 1(2 1.8) 7,1 1(2 1.2) 14,26(24.) 18,766(28.9) 14,677(2.5) 4,43 1(6.8) 1,94 1(2.5) 1,657(1.9) 2,4 18 (2.5) 8,155(7.4) 3,43(2 1.6) 6,949(2 1.) 13,96(24.3) 18,568 (3.) 13,6(2.6) 4,383(6.8) 1,8(2.4) 1,489(1.8) 2,111(2.4) 6,745(7.) 78 (29.9) 152(39.4) 354 (14.9) 198 (6.8) 1,77(19.6) 48 (5.8) 14 1(4.1) 168 (2.3) 37(3.3) 1,4 1(1.4)
197 1975 198 198 1 1985 199 1995 1996 1997 1998 197 1975 198 198 1 1985 199 1995 1996 1997 1998 197 1975 198 198 1 1985 199 1995 1996 1997 1998 < - 7> 27,4 1(1.) 58,335(1.) 98,528 (1.) 1,72(1.) 148,3 17(1.) 154,538 (1.) 134,76 1(1.) 139,725(1.) 135,293(1.) 147,828 (1.) 15,4 18 (1.) 25,547(1.) 3 1,52(1.) 32,967(1.) 4 1,85(1.) 3 1,427(1.) 24,76(1.) 24,873(1.) 22,668 (1.) 26,967(1.) 11,983(1.) 32,788 (1.) 67,8 (1.) 74,753(1.) 17,232(1.) 123,111(1.) 11,685(1.) 114,852(1.) 112,625(1.) 12,86 1(1.) :,,. 2,77(9.9) 4,552(7.8) 5,44 1(5.5) 9,362(8.7) 12,539(8.5) 4,33 1(2.8) 12,928 (9.6) 17,469(12.5) 25,757(19.) 38,16(25.8) 2,176 (14.1) 2,87 1(11.2) 3,398 ((1.8) 5,698 (17.3) 6,389 (15.6) 2, 18 (6.4) 4,244 (17.6) 5,117 (2.6) 7,2 16 (3 1.9) 1,487(38.8) 53 1(4.4) 1,6 18 (5.1) 2,43(3.) 3,664 (4.9) 6,15(5.7) 2,3 13(1.9) 8,684 (7.8) 12,352(1.8) 18,54 1(16.5) 27,673(22.9) 265(1.) 495(.8) 24(.2) 323(.3) 88 1(.6) 388 (.3) 83(.1) 68 () 88 (.1) 154 (.2) 265(1.7) 495(1.9) 24(.8) 323(1.) 88 1(2.1) 388 (1.2) 83(.3) 68 (.3) 79(.3) 15 1(.6) - - - - - - - - 93 14,4(5 1.2) 3,123(5 1.6) 57,77(58.6) 6,35(55.7) 8,3 1(54.) 13,8(84.6) 112,943(83.8) 113,33(8 1.1) 1 1,46(74.7) 94,2 17(63.7) 7,3 (45.6) 1,957(42.9) 14,222(45.1) 13,425(4.7) 11,535(28.1) 2 1,237(67.6) 16,444 (68.3) 16,9(67.9) 13,65(57.6) 13,497(5.1) 7, 1 (58.5) 19,166(58.5) 43,548 (65.) 48,6 1(62.4) 68,496(63.9) 19,563(89.) 96,499(87.2) 96,43(83.9) 87,98 1(78.1) 8,72(66.8) 1,389(37.9) 23,165(39.7) 35,77(35.6) 38,(35.3) 54,866(37.) 19, 19(12.3) 8,87(6.5) 8,885(6.4) 8,42(6.2) 15,297(1.3) 5,947(38.6) 11,224 (43.9) 13,66(43.3) 13,52 1(4 1.) 22,28(54.2) 7,784 (24.8) 3,35(13.7) 2,788 (11.2) 2,38 (1.2) 2,832(1.5) 4,442(37.1) 11,94 1(36.4) 2 1,4 17(32.) 24,479(32.8) 32,586(3.4) 11,235 (9.1) 5,52(5.) 6,97(5.3) 6,94 (5.4) 12,465(1.3) :,%
< - 8> ( ) 1996 97.7 92.7 9 1.8 24.8 1997 96.4 92.3 9 1.7 22 1998 88.2 86 84.7 18.5 :% :,,. < - 9> 197 1.6 :1 1.7:1 1975 1.3 :1 1.6 :1 1979 1.3 :1 1.7:1 1985 1.1:1 1.4 :1 199 1.1:1 1.5 :1 1995 1.1:1 1.2 :1 1996 1.1:1 1.1:1 1997 1.1:1 1.1:1 1998 1. :1 1.1:1 :,,.
,, < - 1>, :%, 1996.4.2 8.9 19.2 23 1.7 3.2 8.3 1997.1.5 9.7 19.8 25.3 2.4 28.5 6.6 1998.2 1.1 1.8 15.4 28.6 2.2 27.2 6.1 1996 -.1 8.4 2.9 2.4.2 65.7 17.5 1997 - - 4.6 2.1 3.6.1 71 17.1 1998.3.2 12.5 3.6 5.4 1 53.5 18.2 1996.5.5 1.9 63.6 16.9.8 8.2 3.9 1997.1.2 2.9 64 17.5.2 7.6 3.5 1998.1 1.1 1.7 56.1 21.5.5 8 4.5 :,,. < - 11> :% 1996 4 1.5 25.9 92.3 9 1.4 97.7 97. 85.8 1997 3 1.1 19.2 92.5 9 1.1 96.5 95.5 85. 1998 36.8 22.2 85.2 84.3 88.9 83.7 82.7 :,,.
< - 12 > :% 1),, 197 3.3 32 64.7 5.7 8.8 4.5 22.9 43.5 1975 22.1 44.7 33.2 55.3 7 37.7 27.9 49.9 198 26.8 39.4 33.9 65.8 6.2 28 32.9 4.4 1985 24.3 36.8 38.9 63.5 4 32.5 32.5 4 1.5 199 32.3 3 1.7 35.9 68 2 3 32.2 4 1 1995 33.9 33.2 32.9 67.3 5.3 27.4 35.3 37.1 1996 3 1.8 34.6 33.6 68 5.4 26.6 37.2 35.7 1997 3.6 37.3 32.1 76.8 7.2 16 33.3 38 1998 28.4 38.3 33.3 62.5 7.8 29.7 34.7 3.5 :1),,. :,,.
< > < - 1> 1973 1975 198 1985 199 1995 1997 1998 12 12 12 175 15 15 15 2 6 6 6 3 6 6 1 1 3 6 6 57 5 5 5 : 1 :, 1998. 12. < - 2> 1973 1975 198 1985 199 1995 1998 72 36 2. : 1 72 36 2. : 1 96 48 2. : 1 1,23 457 2.5 : 1 732 4 18 1.8 : 1 64 44 1.5 : 1 864 5 1 1.7 : 1 :, 1998. 12.
< - 3> 1 1 1973 1975 198 1985 199 1995 1998 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 65.8% 75 75 1 1 15 15 279, 11.1% 255, :, 1998. 12. < - 4 > 1976 346.... 198 386.... 1985 44.... 199 44 82 6 1 6 1 1995 367 52 35 34 1 1998 36 1 15 124 2 1. :, 1998. 12.
< - 5> 1995 1998 365 365 :, 1998. 12. < - 6> 2.1 23 3 86 1998 12 1 55 77 144 58 163 :, 1998. 12.
< - 7>, 1998 36 59 - - - :, 1998. 12. < - 8> 1998 365 365 65 3 :, 1998. 12.
< - 9> ( ) CNC 87.11 84 9 1.12 88.12 77.1 73.7 73.7 12 1 12 1 1 1 1 :, 1998. 12. < - 1> 4 69 1 2 2 53 2 5 188 52 2 3 2 125 3 4 82 5 1 3 3 2 122 3 127 :, 1998. 12.
< - 11> (2) 1 55 43 1 32 57 1 CAD 1 27 18 1 48 43 1 4 23 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 CAD 1 CNC 1 1 3 1 1 2 11 1 CAD 1 :, 1998. 12.
< - 12> 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 ( ),, 2.1 2.2 2.3 1 1 1 1 398 197 2 3.1 c nc 3.2 c nc 3.3 c nc 4.1 PLC. 4.2 4.3 4.4 1 1 1 1 119 134 3 CAD/ CAM 5.1 CAD 5.2 CAM 6.1 Mic ro proc e s s o r 6.2 6.3 PLC. 1 1 1 1 52 15 :, 1998. 12.
< - 13> 2 2 2 1 8 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 11 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 :, 1998. 12.
< - 14> 1 1 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 :, 1998. 12.
< - 15> 2 2 1 3 5 1 5 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 5 5 3 3 2 2 1 5 CAD/ CAM 5 :, 1998. 12.
< - 16> ( 1,2) 1 2 17 66.8 14.8 18 67 94.5 96.6 89.8 98 98.3 54.77 82. 12 47.4 4 1.34 8 1.72 1 1 2 2 98 197 14 1 45 23.8 66.3 23.7 14.3 66. 1 14.5 6 1.3 25.5 22 1.3 63 14 12 13.5 19.3 66.3 62 26.5 2 19 23.3 22 13 75.3 25.3 21.5 92 93.5 82.8 9 91.9 85.8 92.5 96.5 93 88.5 96.8 84 84 85.5 9 93.8 93.5 93.5 8 1.3 91 93.8 98 87.8 97 99 93 7.6 8 1.9 5. 53. 16 79.89 58.4 1 79.83 68.7 58.2 49.85 76.91 51.58 44.95 57.55 6.69 84.28 82.1 65.82 56.77 58. 6 1.82 64.4 4 1.28 87.64 57. 13 63.25
( 1,2) 2 2 3 3 3 :, 1998. 12. 94 178 96 35 123 32.3 25.3 67.8 21.8 25 21 42 18 25 66.8 7.3 21.5 26.3 14 69.5 9.5 24 57.5 21 17.5 35.5 71 4 1.5 34 42 8 59 1 12 4.5 89 94.8 86.3 95.4 9 85.3 93 94.3 96.8 93 97.2 99 94.3 98.6 1 99 95 1 94.5 95.3 88 86.8 98 98.8 98 98 1 95.5 98 94 92.5 95.5 86.3 66.86 55.3 8 1.67 6.8 1 55.56 64.26 74.42 59.57 67.6 82. 14 89. 17 65.27 64.5 7. 85.51 57.7 63.45 78.8 6 1.5 63.45 62.45 85.65 82.85 79.7 84.35 49.85 75.75 45.45 54.9 55.5 58.5 44.2
< - 17> ( 1) :, 1998. 12.
< - 18> ( 1) CAD/ CAM CAD/ CAM :, 1998. 12.
< - 19 > ( 1) :, 1998. 12.
< - 2> 1998 () 12 5 FAXIMILI () 3 1 () 22 5 12 () 13 15 () 5 1 () 1 2 CD- ROM () 5 1 () 5 15 () 4 6 () 4 2 () 2 2 () 3 5 () 4 1 () 4 3, () 3 36 CD- ROM, () 1 3 () 5 2 () 3 3 PWB As sy () 2 3 TV MT() 1 2 1 3 :, 1998. 12.
< - 2 1> CNC CAD PLC/ / Mic ro Proc e s s o r/ Co mpute r Syste m CAD( ) CAD(, ) CAM(Surfa c e, So lid) (,,) () (,3 ) PLC (CAD) OS 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 :, 1998. 12.
< - 22> 5 () 1 1,2 6 1 1,2 ( ) 6 1 1,2 6 1 1,2 6 1 1,2 4 1 1,2 4 1 1,2 4 1 1,2 4 1 1,2 4 44 2 1,2 4 2 1,2 6 2 1,2 6 2 1,2 4 2 1,2 4 2 1,2 CAD 4 2 1,2 4 2 1,2 4 2 1,2 4 2 1,2 1 4 44
3 1,2 (, ) 4 3 1,2 6 3 1 3 3 1,2 4 3 1,2 4 3 1,2 4 3 1,2 4 3 1,2 4 3 1,2 4 3 2 3 3 1,2 4 44 4 1,2 4 4 1 (3 CAD) 6 4 1,2 4 4 1,2 4 4 1,2 4 4 1,2 6 4 1,2 (, ) 4 4 2 4 4 1,2 CAM 4 4 5 1,2 4 :, 1998. 12.
< - 23> 5 () 1 1,2 3 3 1 1,2 ( ) 3 3 1 1,2 4 2 1 1,2 4 1 1,2 2 2 1 1,2 4 2 1 1,2 4 4 1 1,2 4 4 1 1,2 4 4 32 24 2 1,2 ( ) 2 2 2 1,2 4 2 1,2 4 2 2 1,2 1 6 4 2 1,2 4 4 2 1,2 (2 CAD) 2 4 2 1,2 2 2 2 1,2 4 4 2 1,2 4 2 2 1,2 1 4 3 26
3 1,2 1 2 2 3 1,2 6 3 1 3 2 3 1,2 2 4 3 2 4 3 1,2 2 4 4 3 1,2 4 4 3 2 3 3 1 2 2 3 1,2 6 3 1,2 4 2 34 26 4 1,2 2 2 2 4 1 4 4 1,2 (3 CAD) 4 4 4 1,2 4 2 4 1,2 6 4 1,2 4 4 4 1,2 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 1,2 CAM 2 6 28 28 5 1,2 4 - :, 1998. 12.
< - 24 > 5 () 1 1,2 3 1 1,2 ( ) 3 1 1,2 4 1 1,2 4 1 1,2 2 1 1,2 3 1 1,2 3 1 1,2 2 1 1,2 4 15 13 2 1,2 3 2 1,2 3 2 1,2 4 2 1,2 4 2 1,2 ( ) 2 2 1,2 4 2 1,2 (CAD) 4 2 1,2 4 2 1,2 2 14 16
3 1,2 1 2 3 1,2 3 3 1,2 3 3 1,2 2 3 1,2 4 3 1,2 4 3 1,2 PLC 4 3 1,2 3 3 1,2 2 3 1,2 3 13 17 4 1,2 3 4 1,2 (CAD) 4 4 1,2 2 2 4 1,2 3 4 1,2 4 4 1,2 4 4 1,2 2 2 4 1,2 4 4 1,2 2 9 2 1 5 1,2 4 :, 1998. 12.
< - 25 > 1996 (44 ) 1997 (54 ) 1998 (5 1) (%) (%) 1% 2.5 8 1.6 3 2% 19 4.7 2 4. 5 3% 56 13.9 42 8.3 2 4% 98 24.3 85 16.9 9 1 5% 174 43.1 145 28.8 2 17 5% 55 13.6 24 4.5 183 44 1. 54 1. 5 1 :, 1998. 12.
< - 26> 1996 1997 1998 (%) (%) 5 1.2 6 1.2 4 355 87.9 448 88.9 47 1 (89) (22.) (19) (37.7) (188) 2 5 7 1.7 1.2 6 1.2 15 3.7 3 1 6.2 5 1.2 1 18 4.5 12 2.4 9 2.5 3.6 5 1.2 44 1. 54 1. 5 1 :, 1998. 12.
< - 27> (1998 ) 1 6,6 12 4.4 12,13 8.7 8, 5.3 :, 1998. 12. < - 28> 2+ 1 1996 1997 1998 12 16 _ 28 4 1 15 12 158 4 3 1 _ 4 - - - - - 1% 9% 9% :, 1998. 12.
< - 29> (%) (%) 1976 1977 1978 1979 198 198 1 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199 199 1 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 346 38 376 38 1 386 378 435 426 429 44 443 433 44 43 1 44 4 13 394 393 372 367 37 1 378 36 1 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. _ 7 5 9 67 66 64 63 62 6 46 55 6 6 1 6 1 35 18 25 11 35 14 11 124 _ 1.8 1.3 2.4 17.4 17.5 14.7 14.8 14.5 13.6 1.4 12.7 13.6 14.2 13.9 8.5 4.6 6.4 3. 9.5 28. 29.1 34.3 346 373 37 1 372 3 19 3 12 37 1 363 367 38 397 378 38 37 379 378 376 368 36 1 332 267 268 237 9,2 13 1. 1,148 12.52 8,65 :, 1998. 12.
< - 3> ( : ) * 73.2.25 2,7, A B C D E F G A B C D A B '75.4.23 '75.4.23 '75.4.23 '75.4.23 '75.4.23 '75.7.14 '75.7.14 '75.4.23 '75.4.23 '98.8.2 '75.1.23 97.11.26 77.4.23 76.12.2 8.3.3 8.3.3 76.1.14 98 16,, 82,3, 77,7, 6,37, 75.4.23 3,3, 73.2.25 5,3, 73 4, : *. : STEPI,1998.
< - 3 1> (98 ) (98.12.3 1) (%) 8 2,63 4,932,466 1,3 2,492,147 38.14 5.5 8 1,68 1 2,797,468 824 1,267,288 49.2 45.3 13 2,228 3,118,95 1 86 1,188,73 36.18 38.1 29 6,539 1,848,885 2,633 4,948,165 4.27 45.6 12 1 57 1,55 74 2 11,25 6 1.16 36.9 539 264,23 1 123 128,6 22.82 48.6 627 9 13,75 283 375,75 45.14 4 1.1 147 174,75 55 12,96 37.4 1 58.9 258 3 16,32 78 18 1,17 3.23 57.2 36 453,85 98 99,5 27.22 2 1.9 112 26 1, 95 89,5 84.82 34.2 64 163,5 - -.. 2,228 3,118,95 1 86 1,188,73 36.18 38.1 657 385,9 1 397 288,9 11 6.43 75. 23 725,276 9 374,136 39.13 5 1.5 CAD/ CAM 135 347,26 4 15,46 2.96 4.4 34 78,156 136 444,826 44.74 62.8 47 47,13 - - - - 38 224,555 197 143,955 63.96 64. 1,68 1 2,797,468 824 1,267,288 49.2 45.3 1998 12 ( )
(98 ) (98.12.3 1) (%) 146 189,56 16 74,2 72.6 39.2 593 192,79 35 39,86 5.9 2.7 498 736,3 289 58,385 58.3 69. 6 15 772,635 252 584,55 1 4.98 75.6 189 8 14,25 1 128,96 52.9 1 15.8 147 196,147 94 119,57 63.95 6.9 3 18 1,474,44 27 565,4 8.49 38.3 CAD/ CAM 124 557,1 1 47 1,22 1 8.65 84.5 2,63 4,932,466 1,3 2,492,147 38.14 5.5 6,539 1,848,885 2,633 4,948,165 4.27 45.6 1 : 98 :, 1998. 12.
< - 32> (m 2 ) (m) 1 6 198 22 264 2 528 1 2 165 165 1 165 3 18 18 1 18 1 4 96 165 1 165 5 186 165 1 165 1 6 OHP 165 1 165 1 7 1,296 4 1 3 132 158 132 1 132 2 3 33 27 33 2 66 1 3 3 33 27 33 1 33 1 4 3 264 27 264 1 164 1 5 3 33 324 38 1 38 1 6 3 264 283 44 2 88 1 7 CAD/ CAM 3 165 183 165 1 165 1 8 165 2 33 9 3 54 6 4 24 1 54 5 8 4 23 3,68 1 6
(m 2 ) (m) 1 3 33 55 55 1 55 2 3 264 44 44 1 44 3 CAD/ CAM 3 165 275 165 1 165 4 3 33 55 33 1 33 5 3 528 88 528 1 528 6 3 198 162 198 1 198 7 3 54 6 2 12 8 54 5 6 3 14 2,63 1 1 3 33 55 33 1 33 1 2 3 198 186 198 2 396 1 3 3 198 12 1 198 3 594 2 4 3 198 162 198 1 198 5 3 198 2 16 198 1 198 1 6 3 198 12 1 198 2 396 1 7 3 198 2 16 198 2 396 1 8 3 198 2 16 198 1 198 1 9 165 2 33 1 54 5 8 4 5 :, 1998. 12. 23 3,346 13 67 11,44 23
:,, 1997.2.2 1, 1999.2. < - 33>
< >,, 1. < > 1( ) 5( ) 1 1. 2. 3. < > -
2. 1( ) 5( ) 1. 1. 12. : 35-2(- ) 3. 1( ) (), 4( ). 1...,,.,. 2. 6( ). : 35-2(- )
4. ( ) : 4 12-1() : ( 98) (2.2 )
991 19996 19996 395-7 2627 (2)328418 19945235431 TEL 2272481 3 / FAX 2269199 1999.