Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology 2016. Vol. 35, No. 4, 758-770 Original Article 2016 Korean Clinical Psychology Association ISSN 1229-0335 eissn 2466-197X The Effect of Sexual Abuse on Sexual Delinquency and Risky Sexual Behavior in Juvenile Offenders on Probation: A Mediation Effect of Borderline Personality Traits Su-Jin Lee Joo-Young Lee Department of Child Development and Education, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of sexual abuse on sexual delinquency and risky sexual behavior in juvenile delinquents and to examine the mediation effect of borderline personality traits. A total of 111 adolescents on probation in Seoul, Kyunggi and Cheongju completed the questionnaires, including Child Sexual Experience Inventory, Korean Personality Assessment Inventory of Borderline Features Scale, Sexual Delinquency Scale, and Risky Sexual Behavior Scale. The results of this study were as follows. First, significant correlations were found among sexual abuse, sexual delinquency, risky sexual behavior, and borderline personality traits. Second, sexual abuse directly affected both sexual delinquency and risky sexual behavior, and the mediation effect of borderline personality traits was only significant for risky sexual behavior. It is presumed that unstable and impulsive interpersonal relationships and affective features that stand out in the borderline personality trait are more related to exposing themselves to sexually dangerous environment either voluntarily or involuntarily rather than causing sexual delinquency at the level of infringing the laws. Implications and limitations of this study were also discussed. Keywords: sexual abuse, sexual delinquency, risky sexual behaviors, borderline personality traits, juvenile delinquents 청소년의성비행은음란매체접촉, 성희롱, 음란전화, 성추행, 이성 과의성관계, 성매매, 강간등의강제성교및신체손상등의성적 행동과이상행동이라고할수있는여러가지성도착증상등이포 함되는개념이다 (Kim, 2002). 최근발생되는청소년의성문제행태 는집단강간, 성매매알선등과같이더욱더잔인해지는수법에의 한성비행문제를포함하고있으며 (Hankook Ilbo, 2015; Kyunghyang Shinmun, 2014; Yonhap News, 2015), 2011 년 10 대성병환자 가 1 만 2,000 명에육박해 2007 년보다약 10% 나더증가하면서 (Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, 2012) 그로인해 파생되는성병감염등의위험환경에도청소년들이현저하게노출 되어있음이시사된다. 기존의선행연구들에서사용된성비행의 개념은주로남자청소년의성가해행위에만초점을맞추고있거 Correspondence to Joo-Young Lee, Department of Child Development and Education, Dongduk Women s University, 60 Hwarang-ro 13-gil, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02748, Korea; E-mail: jylee7694@dongduk.ac.kr Received Jul 1, 2016; Revised Sep 25, 2016; Accepted Oct 25, 2016 나여자청소년의성매매등만을다루고있어, 남녀모두의성행동을포괄적으로알아보는데에는한계가있었다. 이에본연구에서는성폭력가해경험과성매매행위등과같이기존에다루어지던청소년의성비행뿐아니라성병감염, 다수파트너와의성관계, 음주성관계, 피임여부, 임신여부등과같이무분별한성행위로인한이차적문제들을포함하는위험성행동 (Lim, 2014) 을함께알아보고자한다. 성인및청소년의성범죄에관한다수의국외연구들을분석하여, 청소년성범죄자들의고유한특성및유형을규명한 Lee (2014) 의연구를살펴보면, 사회및대인관계기술의결함, 인지왜곡과귀인, 일탈적성적충동, 음란물, 학습및인지기능, 정신장애, 약물남용, 충동성및정서조절의결함, 성적학대와신체적학대등의다양한요인들이성범죄의주요원인으로연구되어왔음을알수있다. 이러한많은요인들중에는성범죄를강력하게예측하는대표적변인들도있지만, 성범죄와의관련성에대해일관된연구결과가더많이요구되는변인들도있다. 또한국내에서는물론국외에서도성 www.kcp.or.kr 758
Sexual Delinquency of Juvenile Offenders 인성범죄자에비해청소년성범죄자들에대해서는상대적으로그관심이미미하였다. 이에본연구에서는청소년성비행및위험성행동에영향을미치는여러가지요인들중에서도성학대경험이청소년성범죄를비롯한범죄행위와연관되어있음을주장한연구들 (Burton, 2008; Herrera, & McCloskey, 2003; Widom, 1995) 에주목하여, 청소년의학대경험중에서도성학대경험이성비행및위험성행동에미치는영향에초점을맞추고자한다. 성학대경험은방임, 정서적학대, 신체적학대와같이학대의한유형으로분류되며 (Ministry of Health & Welfare, 2012), Choi (2008) 의연구에서정의된것을바탕으로성기노출, 애무, 구강성교등과같이다양하고구체적인성적행동이아동이나청소년의동의없이강제로행해지는것을말한다. 아동이나청소년을대상으로한학대관련연구에서성학대를직접조사한선행연구는많지않은편이나, 청소년의성비행및위험성행동에미치는성학대경험의영향력에대한국내외연구결과는꾸준히보고되고있다. Lim, Kim, Choi와 Shin (2006) 의연구에서는성학대피해경험이있는아동이그렇지않은아동보다자기자극행동, 노출및개인의은밀한신체부위를만지려고하거나보려고시도하는성범죄적행동을더빈번하게보이는것으로나타났다. Choi (2008) 는성학대경험이있는여자비행청소년이성학대경험이없는청소년보다성비행의정도가심각하였다는결과를보고하였다. 교도소와보호관찰소에있는성폭력범죄자를대상으로연구한 Lee와 Cho (2013) 도성학대경험이많은사람일수록더많은성폭력행동을한다는결과를보고하였다. 뿐만아니라, 비행청소년을대상으로연구한 Burton (2008) 의연구에서는청소년성범죄자들이다른유형의범죄경력을가진청소년보다과거에성학대경험이더많은것으로나타났으며, Widom (1995) 의연구에서도아동성학대를경험한피해자들은다른유형의학대를경험한피해자들보다성범죄로체포될위험이높다는결과가보고되었다. 또한성인을대상으로한 37개의연구를메타분석한 Paolucci, Genuis와 Violato (2001) 는아동기의성학대가성인기의성적난잡성 ( 다수와의성관계등 ) 과관련이깊다고보고하였고, 청소년을대상으로한 Cavaiola와 Schiff (1988) 의연구에서도유사한결과가나타났다. 이밖에도성학대경험은줄곧성적인문제에서의어려움으로이어지는데, 왜곡된성개념, 성적죄의식, 성적불만족을비롯하여과도한성행위, 성적문란등의행위를포함한성적으로역기능적인심리사회적손상이계속해서보고되고있다 (Kim, 1997). 이상의국내외연구들은일관되게아동기성학대경험이성과관련된비행을비롯한위험성행동과관련됨을보여준다. 한편, 성행동을비롯한개인의문제행동은어느한가지요인만 으로설명되기보다는다양한개인내적, 외적요인들의상호작용으로인해더잘설명될수있다는입장이제기되면서청소년의비행및성행동에개인의정신병리적성격특성이영향을미친다는연구들이지속적으로보고되고있다. 여자청소년을대상으로비행예측요인을연구한 Kim (2003) 의연구를살펴보면, 개인의충동, 공격적성향이다른유형의비행들과는달리성비행에서만유일하게예측요인으로나타났다는점에서, 성비행이개인내적요인과관련성이높음이시사되었다. 이외에도성비행및위험성행동에미치는개인내적요인으로는자극추구성향 (Kim, 2000; Lee & Choi, 2016), 개방적성태도 (Kim, 2008), 충동적인특질 (Ručević, 2010), 경계선성격특성 (Harned, Pantalone, Ward-Ciesielski, Lynch, & Linehan, 2011; Lee, 2010; Sansone, Barnes, Muennich, & Wiederman, 2008) 등이있었으며, 본연구에서는선행연구들을토대로성학대경험과성비행및위험성행동간의관계를경계선성격특성이라는개인내적요인이매개할것으로가정하였다. 청소년비행에영향을미치는요인을알아본국내연구는주로학대경험과부모애착을포함한가족요인 (Choi, 2008; Kim, 2003; Kim & Kim, 2010; Nam, 2001), 또래동조성을비롯한학교및친구요인 (Kim, 2003; Kim, 2010; Nam, 2001; Yu, 2004), 음주, 가출과같은환경적요인 (Kang, 2014; Roh, 2003; Son, 2013) 을중심으로이루어져왔으며, 개인의성격적인문제를구체적으로다룬연구는많지않다. 최근국내에서도성인및청소년성범죄자들의성격변인을규명하려는연구들 (Koh, Yang, & Lee, 2004; Lee, 2014) 이보고되고있지만소수에불과하다. 특히경계선성격장애와위험성행동관련변인을다룬해외연구들은최근들어지속적으로보고되고있는반면, 경계선성격장애와성비행및위험성행동을다룬국내연구는찾아보기힘들다. 다양한성격변인들중충동적인성향이냉담-무정서성향및타인을지배하고잘속이는성향보다더강력하게남녀청소년의위험성행동을예측했다는 Ručević (2010) 의연구결과를참고하여본연구에서는청소년의성학대경험과성비행및위험성행동간의관계를매개하는경계선성격특성의역할을검증하고자하였다. 경계선성격특성은 DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) 의경계선성격장애와연결지어살펴보면, 강렬한애정과분노가교차하는불안정한대인관계를두드러지게나타내며대인관계와자아상및정서의불안정성과더불어심한충동성이생활전반에서나타나는것이중요한특징이다 (Kwon, 2013). 18세이전의아동과청소년에게는성격장애진단을내리지않기때문에성인의연구에비해비행청소년을대상으로경계선성격특성을알아본연구는매우부족하다. 그럼에도불구하고, 최근에는이러한경계선성격특성이청소년기에도많이나타나는것으로보고되고있으 759
Lee and Lee 며 (Choi, 2013), 국내에서는완전한증후군수준으로발전되기이전의경계범위에해당하며임상집단과유사한문제를경험하는위험군 (Woo, 2014) 으로서경계선성격특성집단에대한관심이증가하고있다. 청소년의경계선성격특성을살펴본 Nam (2001) 의연구에서는일반청소년보다비행청소년에게서경계선성격특성이두배더높은비율로나타나, 경계선성격장애의충동적인특성이청소년시기에비행및일탈행동으로나타날수있음을보여주었다. 또한 13-19세의구금된소녀들을대상으로한연구 (Burnette, & Reppucci, 2009) 에서는외현적공격성및관계적공격성과경계선성격장애의관계가유의하지않은반면, 심각한유죄행위에대해서는경계선성격장애가유의한영향을미쳤는데, 이는경계선성격장애가같은공격행위라해도법적으로처벌받을수준의심각한공격행위와관련이깊다는것을시사한다. 비행청소년을대상으로경계선성격장애특성을알아본 Park, Hyun과 Yoo (2010) 의연구에서는성인과마찬가지로청소년도자기상해행동이청소년경계선성격에중요한역할을담당하고있음이밝혀졌다. 경계선성격장애를설명하는모델로는기질과유전을강조하는생물학적모형과더불어아동기외상모형이대표적이다. 생물학적모형과달리아동기외상모형에서는아동기성학대를비롯한신체적, 정신적학대및방임과같은환경적요인의중요성을강조한다 (Choi, 2009). 이러한성학대가경계선성격장애와관련이깊다는경험적연구들 (Rogosch & Cicchetti, 2005; Zanarini et al., 2003) 이보고되면서성학대와경계선성격장애와의관계를규명하려는연구가증가하고있다. 성매매여성을대상으로아동기학대경험과자살사고간의관계를알아본 Lee (2010) 의연구에서는아동기학대경험이경계선성격특성에영향을미치는것으로나타났으며, 대학생을대상으로복합외상경험 ( 신체적, 성적, 정서적학대및방임 ) 과경계선성격특성간의관계를규명한연구 (Lee & Kim, 2012) 에서각각의세가지학대경험은경계선성격의 4가지하위요소 ( 정서적불안정성, 정체감문제, 부정적관계, 자기손상 ) 모두와상관을보였다. 대학생을대상으로아동기학대경험과경계선성격특성의관계를살펴본 Kim (2014) 은아동기의성학대경험이경계선성격특성과관련이깊으며특히경계선성격특성의네가지하위요소중정서적불안정성및부정적관계와정적상관이있었음을보고하였다. 임상집단을대상으로한연구 (Yun & Woo, 1996) 에서소아성학대경험집단은통제집단에비해서경계선성격장애로진단받은빈도가훨씬더많았고더많은자살시도를보였다. 성인과청소년의경계선성격장애를비교연구한 Sharp와 Roemeron (2007) 은경계선성격장애환자가가장많이보고하는외상경험이성학대경험임을밝혔고, 경계선성격장애로진단받은임상군을 대상으로아동기외상을알아본 Herman, Perry와 Van (1989) 은경계선성격장애환자들의성적학대를비롯한아동기학대경험이 60-80% 로추정된다고보고하였다. 이상의연구결과를살펴보았을때, 성학대경험을비롯한아동기외상경험은경계선성격특성에유의미한영향을미치는것으로보인다. 경계선성격특성과성비행및위험성행동과의관련성을직접적으로검증한연구는국내에서거의이루어지지않았으나, 몇몇해외연구들을소개하면다음과같다. 정신과외래여성환자를대상으로성충동을살펴본연구 (Sansone et al., 2008; Wiederman & Sansone, 2009) 는경계선성격특성집단이대조집단에비해더어린연령에성관계경험을시작했고, 더높은비율의데이트강간을경험한다고보고하였으며, 다수의상대와성관계를맺는등의난잡한성행동을보인다고보고하였다. 또한 Allan (1998) 의연구에서는경계선성격장애로진단받은집단이그렇지않은집단보다피임을하지않는비율이높아성적으로위험한환경에더많이노출되었고, Sansone, Chu와 Wiederman (2011) 은정신과에입원한여성환자들중경계선성격장애집단이대조집단보다낯선사람으로부터의강간경험과성관계를강요받은경험이통계적으로더유의하게높았음을보여주었으며이는경계선성격장애환자들이더높은비율의성학대경험과더불어더높은성적충동성을지니고있을가능성을시사한다. Harned 등 (2011) 은경계선성격장애집단이일반성인집단보다더높은성병을경험한다고보고하였으며, 반이상은콘돔을사용하지않는등안전하지않은성관계를하였음이밝혀졌다. Chen, Brown, Lo와 Linehan (2007) 의연구에서도경계선성격장애집단은일반성인집단보다더많은비율로성병에감염되어위험한성에보다빈번하게노출되어있었다. 이상의선행연구들을고려할때, 본연구에서는비행청소년의성비행및위험성행동은아동기성학대경험과관련되며, 이러한성학대경험은경계선성격특성에도영향을미쳐성비행및위험성행동을유발하는요인으로작용할것이라예상된다. 본연구는보호관찰대상청소년집단에서성비행및위험성행동에미치는성학대경험의영향을확인하고그관계에서경계선성격특성의매개효과를검증하는것을목표로하였다. 국내에서비행청소년들의성관련행동을경계선성격특성과관련지어살펴본연구는찾아보기힘들며, 특히성학대경험과성비행및위험성행동간의관계를매개하는경계선성격특성의효과를체계적으로검증한연구는전무하다. 선행연구들을참고해볼때, 비행청소년의성학대경험은성비행및위험성행동에정적인영향을미칠것으로예상되고, 경계선성격특성은성학대경험과성비행및위험성행동간의관계를매개할것으로기대된다. 본연구의결과 760
Sexual Delinquency of Juvenile Offenders 는성학대경험이있는비행청소년들의성비행및위험성행동을감소시키기위한경계선성격특성에대한개입의필요성을보여주는경험적근거로활용될수있을것이다. 방법연구대상서울, 경기남부, 청주지역의보호관찰소 3곳과경기북부지역의소년보호시설 1곳에출석및입소중인 115명이연구대상에포함되었다. 소년보호시설은여자청소년들로만이루어져있으며이들은모두법원으로부터 6호처분 1) 을받은청소년이다. 보호관찰소의남녀청소년들은법원으로부터 2호에서 5호 2) 처분을받은청소년들이다. 모든자료는연구대상자의자발적동의하에수집되었으며, 밀봉된봉투를사용하여설문을배부하고회수하였다. 총 115명의연구대상중불성실한응답자료 4부를제외한후, 최종분석에포함된연구대상은남자청소년 61명 (55%) 과여자청소년 50명 (45%) 으로총 111명이었다. 연구대상의평균연령은남자 16.13 (SD = 1.62), 여자 15.67 (SD =1.35) 였다. 학교에재학중인청소년은총 60 명 (54%) 이었고, 고1-2 (25.2%) 가가장많은비율을차지하였다. 한편, 학교에다니지않는청소년은총 51명 (46%) 으로, 이들의최종학력은중3-고1 (27%) 에가장많이분포되어있었다. 연구대상자들의인구학적변인에대해보호관찰소와소년보호시설의기관별평균차이를비교한결과, 성별 (χ 2 = 50.16, p<.001), 재학여부 (χ 2 = 9.58, p<.01) 에서의차이가유의했다. 이는본연구에참여한소년보호시설이보호관찰소와달리여자청소년들만으로이루어져있다는점에서성별의차이가나타났으며, 법원으로부터감호위탁받아수용되는시설특성상학교를다니지않는청소년들이더많아차이가나타난것으로판단된다. 연구대상의죄명을강력범, 폭력범, 재산범, 교통사범, 보호관찰위반, 약물 ( 유해물질 ), 기타로나누어살펴본결과, 남녀청소년모두재산범과폭력범이가장많은비중을차지하였다. 성별에따른죄명별빈도는 Table 1에제시하였다. 측정도구성학대경험척도 (Child Sexual Experience, CSE) CSE는 Finkelhor (1979) 이성인의성학대경험을측정하기위해개발한자기보고식척도이다. 본연구에서는 Kim (1997) 이필요한부 분만을수정, 보완한후, Choi (2008) 가비행청소년을대상으로하여연구목적에적합하도록일부수정한것을사용하였다. 총 8문항으로과거에부모님혹은다른사람으로부터겪은성적인학대경험을묻는문항으로이루어져있다. 각문항은 전혀그렇지않다 (1 점 ) 에서 매우그렇다 (5점) 까지평정하도록되어있으며, 전체점수의범위는 8-40점이다. 점수가높을수록학대정도가심한것을의미하며, 본연구에서는총점을분석에활용하였다. 본연구에서의 Cronbach's 계수는.90이었다. 경계선성격특성척도 (Personality Assessment Inventory - Borderline Features Scale, PAI-BOR) 경계선성격특성척도는 Morey (1991) 가성인의성격을평가하기위해개발한 11개의임상척도가포함된객관적자기보고형검사의하위척도이다. 본연구에서는 Kim과 Hong (2001) 이번안하고, 문항-총점간상관이매우낮은 1문항을제외시켜총 23문항으로구성한한국판 PAI-BOR를이용하여측정하였다. Kim과 Hong (2001) 의경계선성격특성척도는정서적불안정성 (BOR-A), 정체감문제 (BOR-I), 부정적관계 (BOR-N), 자기손상 (BOR-S) 의 4개의하위요인으로이루어져있다. 각문항은 전혀그렇지않다 (0점) 에서 매우그렇다 (3점) 로평정되며, 전체점수범위는 0-69점이다. 본연구에서는총점을분석에활용하였으며, 산출된 Cronbach s 계수는.89였다. 성비행척도 (Sexual Delinquency) 성비행은 Kim (1997) 이한국형사정책연구원 (1996) 의청소년비행척도를발췌, 수정한척도와 Hwang (2001), Gang (2000) 의성비행척도등을참고로하여 Kim (2002) 이재구성한척도를이용하여측정하였다. 본척도는남자청소년과여자청소년모두에게해당되는다양한성비행 ( 예 : 성매매업소및퇴폐영업소출입, 대중교통및길거리에서의강제적인신체적접촉, 합의된성관계, 강간, 이성과의혼숙, 음란전화, 온라인성폭력등 ) 을묻는문항으로이루어져있으며, 총 11문항으로구성되어있다. 각문항은없다 (1 점 ), 1-2번 (2 점 ), 3-5번 (3점), 6-10번 (4점), 11번이상 (5점) 까지로평정된다. 본연구에서는총점을분석에활용하였으며, 산출된 Cronbach s 계수는.71이었다. 1) 6 호처분 : 만 19 세이하소년범들을대상으로법원에서내려지는 10 가지처분중 아동복지법에따른아동복지시설이나그밖의소년보호시설에감호위탁하는처분 을말하며, 비행수준으로볼때소년원이나소년교도소에수용되기에는비행수준이낮다. 위의처분을받은청소년들은보호자가없거나친권자 후견인이보살피기어려운소년범들로서, 시설에서최소 6 개월에서최장 1 년동안생활해야한다. 2) 2 호처분 : 수강명령, 3 호처분 : 사회봉사명령, 4 호처분 : 단기보호관찰, 5 호처분 : 장기보호관찰. 761
Lee and Lee 위험성행동척도 (Risky Sexual Behavior) 위험성행동척도는 Cooper, Shapiro 와 Powers (1998) 에의해제시 된위험성행동의 6 가지기준과한국에이즈퇴치연맹 (2002) 에서제 작한설문지중성행태에관한부분을번안, 참고하여 Lim (2014) 이제작한것이다. 위험성행동척도는처음성관계를맺은연령, 성 관계파트너수, 성관계빈도, 피임여부, 성병감염및임신여부등을 Table 1. The Frequency of Crimes (N = 111) Type of Crime Mame of Crime Violent Crime ( 강력범 ) Rape ( 강간 ) 7 (9.0) 1 (1.2) Boy N (%) Special Indecent Act by Compulsion ( 특수강제추행 ) 2 (2.5) 0 Indecent Act by Compulsion ( 강제추행 ) 2 (2.5) 0 Robbery Injury ( 강도상해 ) 1 (1.3) 1 (1.2) Robbery Fraud ( 강도사기 ) 0 2 (2.5) Total 12 (15.3) 4 (4.9) Violence Offense ( 폭력범 ) Collective Assault ( 집단폭행 ) 1 (1.3) 1 (1.2) Assault ( 폭행 ) 6 (7.7) 16 (19.9) Violence ( 폭력 ) 0 1 (1.2) Joint Injury ( 공동상해 ) 1 (1.3) 0 Injury ( 상해 ) 2 (2.5) 0 Threat ( 공갈 ) 2 (2.5) 1 (1.2) Joint Threat ( 공동공갈 ) 1 (1.3) 2 (2.5) Attempted Joint Threat ( 공동공갈미수 ) 0 1 (1.2) Threat Intimidation ( 공갈협박 ) 0 1 (1.2) Intimidation ( 협박 ) 1 (1.3) 0 Total 14 (17.9) 23 (28.4) Property Offence ( 재산범 ) Theft ( 절도 ) 22 (28.2) 14 (17.4) Special Theft ( 특수절도 ) 10 (12.8) 6 (7.4) Fraud ( 사기 ) 3 (3.9) 6 (7.4) Credit Finance Fraud ( 여신금융사기 ) 0 1 (1.2) Cyber Goods Fraud ( 인터넷물품사기 ) 1 (1.3) 0 Prostitution Fraud ( 조건만남사기 ) 0 1 (1.2) Embezzlement of Lost Articles ( 점유이탈물횡령 ) 1 (1.3) 2 (2.5) Property Damage ( 재물손괴 ) 2 (2.5) 0 Exploitation of Money and Goods ( 금품갈취 ) 0 1 (1.2) Total 39 (50.0) 31 (38.3) Traffic Crime ( 교통사범 ) Road Traffic Law Violation ( 도로교통법위반 ) 9 (11.6) 2 (2.4) Total 9 (11.6) 2 (2.5) Probation ( 보호관찰 ) Probation Violation ( 보호관찰위반 ) 0 11 (13.6) Total 0 11 (13.6) Drug Crime ( 약물 ) Drug ( 약물 ) 1 (1.3) 1 (1.2) Total 1 (1.3) 1 (1.2) Others ( 기타 ) Counterfeit of Official Documents ( 공문서위조 ) 1 (1.3) 2 (2.5) Defamation ( 명예훼손 ) 1 (1.3) 0 Trespass( 무단침입 ) 0 2 (2.5) Arrangement of Sexual Traffic ( 성매매알선 ) 0 5 (6.1) Circulation of Obscenity( 음란물유포 ) 1 (1.3) 0 Total 3 (3.9) 9 (11.1) Total 78 (100) 81 (100) Note. Name of crime was written up to three. Boys do not apply to probation violation since all boys are attending probation facility. Girl 762
Sexual Delinquency of Juvenile Offenders 묻는 10 개의문항으로구성되어있으며, 문항에따라 5 점에서 8 점 Likert 식척도로평정된다. 점수가높을수록위험성행동이높다고 해석할수있으며, 전체문항에대한 Cronbach s 계수는.65 였다. 청소년의성학대경험이많을수록성비행및위험성행동, 경계선 성격특성모두높게나타났다. 또한경계선성격특성이높을수록 성비행과위험성행동도높아지는것으로나타났다. 절차성학대경험이성비행및위험성행동에미치는영향을알아보고, 경계선성격특성의매개효과를알아보기위해 SPSS 18.0과 AMOS 21.0을사용하여다음의분석을실시하였다. 먼저, 주요변인들에대한기술통계분석및상관분석을실시하였다. 마지막으로, 성학대경험이성비행과위험성행동에미치는영향력을알아보고경계선성격특성의매개효과를검증하기위해경로분석을실시하였으며, 매개효과가유의한지확인하기위해 Shrout와 Bolger (2002) 의 Bootstrapping 방법으로간접효과의유의성을검증하였다. 결과주요변인의기술통계및상관먼저, 주요변인들의기술통계및상관분석결과를 Table 2에제시하였다. Table 2를보면, 성학대경험은성비행 (r =.38, p<.001) 및위험성행동 (r =.52, p<.001), 경계선성격특성 (r =.37, p<.001) 과높은정적상관을보였고, 경계선성격특성은성비행 (r =.27, p<.01) 과위험성행동 (r =.37, p<.001) 모두와정적상관을보였다. 즉, 비행 성학대경험이성비행및위험성행동에미치는영향 : 경계선성격특성의매개효과성학대경험이성비행및위험성행동에미치는영향에서경계선성격특성의매개효과검증을위해경로분석을실시하였고, 그결과를 Table 3과 Figure 1에제시하였다. Table 3과 Figure 1을보면, 성학대경험은경계선성격특성 (B=.74, p<.001) 을유의미하게예측하는것으로나타났다. 경계선성격특성은성비행 (B=.06, ns) 을유의미하게예측하지못하는것으로나타났으나, 위험성행동 (B =.18, p <.05) 은유의미하게예측하였다. 한편, 성학대경험은성비행 (B=.28, p<.001) 과위험성행동 (B=.80, p<.001) 모두에직접적으로영향을미쳤다. 다음으로, 성학대경험과성비행및성위험성행동의관계에서경계선성격특성의매개효과를알아보기위해부트스트랩방법으로유의도를검증한결과가 Table 4에제시되어있다. 성학대경험과성비행의관계에서경계선성격특성을거쳐가는경로를살펴보면, 신뢰구간이 [-.003,.141] 로 0을포함하고있기때문에매개효과가유의하지않았다. 반면에성학대경험과위험성행동의관계에서경계선성격특성을거쳐가는경로는신뢰구간이 [.021,.304] 로 0을포함하지않기때문에유의한것으로나타나성학대경험과위험성행동의관계에서경계선성격특성이부분매 Table 2. The Correlation Coefficients, Means and Standard Deviations of Study Variables (N = 111) Sexual abuse Borderline personality traits Sexual delinquency Risky sexual behavior Borderline personality traits.37*** Sexual delinquency.38***.27** Risky sexual behavior.52***.37***.72*** M (SD) Boy 9.97 (5.06) 29.23 (9.27) 13.92 (4.41) 15.36 (8.63) Girl 13.28 (6.13) 38.92 (11.78) 16.32 (5.12) 25.76 (9.32) Score range 8-40 0-69 11-55 8-62 **p <.01. ***p <.001. Table 3. The Path Coefficients of Sexual Abuse, Borderline Personality Traits, Sexual Delinquency and Risky Sexual Behavior (N = 111) Relation variable B β S.E. C.R Sexual abuse Borderline personality traits.74***.37.18 4.22 Sexual abuse Sexual delinquency.28***.33.08 3.50 Sexual abuse Risky sexual behavior.80***.45.15 5.24 Borderline personality traits Sexual delinquency.06.14.04 1.53 Borderline personality traits Risky sexual behavior.18*.20.08 2.38 *p <.05. ***p <.001. 763
Lee and Lee.33***.14 Sexual delinquency Sexual abuse.37*** Borderline personality traits.20*.45*** Risky sexual behavior Figure 1. Mediation model of borderline personality traits and standardized coefficients of sexual abuse, borderline personality traits, sexual delinquency, and risky sexual behavior. *p <.05. ***p <.001. Table 4. The Bootstrap Results for the Mediation Effect of Borderline Personality Traits among Sexual Abuse, Sexual Delinquency, and Risky Sexual Behavior Path 개한다는것을알수있다. 논의 Mediation effect (B) 본연구에서는비행청소년의성학대경험과성비행및위험성행 동의관계를매개하는경계선성격특성의중요성을확인하고자하 였다. 또한신체적, 정서적학대에비해연구가부족하였던성학대 경험의영향력을살펴보고, 성비행과위험성행동을함께살펴봄 으로써청소년의성문제를다각적인관점에서접근하고자하였다. 본연구의주요결과를중심으로논의하면다음과같다. 95% Confidence interval Sexual abuse Sexual delinquency.045 [-.003,.141] Sexual abuse Risky sexual behavior.135 [.021,.304] Bootstrap = 2000. 첫째, 성학대경험과성비행및위험성행동, 경계선성격특성의 관계를알아보기위해상관분석을실시하였다. 그결과, 성학대경 험은성비행및위험성행동모두와정적상관을보였다. 이러한결 과는성학대경험과성비행및위험성행동간의관련성을시사하 는선행연구들 (An, 2003; Burton, 2008; Cavaiola & Schiff, 1988; Choi, 2008; Johansson-Love, & Fremouw, 2009; Kim, 1997; Lee & Cho, 2013; Lim, Kim, Choi, & Shin, 2006; Nam, 2001; Paolucci, Genuis, & Violato, 2001; Sar, Akyuz, Kugu, Ozturk, & Ertem-Vehid, 2006; Widom, 1995) 과일치한다. 이와같은관련성은성비행 측면과위험성행동의측면으로나누어살펴볼필요가있다. 먼저 성비행의측면을살펴보면, Lee 와 Cho (2013) 는성학대를경험한 피해자는스스로를비난하고피해자에게책임을돌리는것과같은 성폭력에대한왜곡된인지를형성하게됨을지적하였으며, Knight, Prentky와 Corce (1993) 의연구에서도학대경험이있는청소년성범죄자들은공감능력이부족하고타인의입장에서생각하고타인의감정을인식할수있는능력이결여되어있음이시사되었다 (Lee, 2014). 이처럼성학대경험이있는청소년성범죄자들은인지왜곡과더불어, 성학대경험으로인해야기된정서적불안정및타인에대한불신과분노가적절한방법으로해소되지못하여매우역기능적인방식으로타인에게해를가하는성비행을나타낼수있다. Johansson-Love 와 Fremouw (2009) 의연구에서도남녀폭력범집단보다남녀성범죄자집단에서모두성학대비율이높았다고보고하면서, 성학대에서성범죄로이어지는악순환을예방하기위해서는이들의성학대를조기에발견하여이에대한적절한치료가이루어지는것이중요하다고보았다. 다음으로위험성행동의측면에서는청소년들이성학대경험을통해위협적인성적환경에여과없이노출됨으로써안전하지않다고여겨지는음주성관계, 피임을하지않는성관계, 다수와의성관계등에대한위험성을상대적으로낮게인식하여이후높은위험성행동을나타냈을가능성을생각해볼수있다. 이는성학대를경험한아동이과도한성적자극에노출되면서생긴성적호기심및성적관심이역기능적인방식으로발전하여스스로성적인자극을찾거나성인이되었을때난잡한성행위를보일수있다는 Choi (2009) 와 Lim, Kim, Choi와 Shin (2006) 의연구결과를뒷받침한다. 성학대경험과경계선성격특성역시정적상관을보였는데, 이는성학대경험과경계선성격특성이관련이깊다는선행연구들 (Choi, 2009; Herman, Perry, & Van, 1989; Kim, 2013; Pereda, Jimenez, & Gallardo, 2011; Rogosch & Cicchetti, 2005; Yun & Woo, 1996) 과일치한다. 성학대경험은경계선성격장애에영향을미치는아동기외상경험중가장많이보고되는외상이며 (Gunderson & Sabo, 1993; Sharp & Roemeron, 2007), 성학대경험의심각도는경계선성격장애의전반적인심각도를결정하는요인으로작 764
Sexual Delinquency of Juvenile Offenders 용한다 (Silk, Lee, Hill & Lohr, 1995; Zweig-Frank, Paris, & Guzder, 1994). 또한시설에구금되어있는남자청소년들중경계선성격특성으로분류된집단은그렇지않은집단에비해더많은성학대경험을보고하였고, 이는반사회적행동특성을통제한후에도유의하였다는 Taylor 등 (2008) 의연구결과도성학대경험과경계선성격특성간의관련성을지지한다. 성학대를경험한청소년및성인은신체적학대나정서적학대를경험한이들보다자살시도와같은자기파괴적인행동과해리증상을더빈번히보이는데 (Chu & Dill, 1990; Sedney & Brooks, 1984; Yun & Woo, 1996), 이는경계선성격특성에서나타나는증상및행동과유사하며이러한맥락에서성학대와경계선성격특성과의관련성은타당하다고볼수있다. 성학대경험으로인해야기된타인에대한불신은안정적이고지속적인관계형성을하는데부정적인영향을미칠수있고이는경계선성격특성에서두드러지는대인관계문제와관련될것으로생각된다. 즉, 아동기외상경험 ( 신체적, 정서적, 성적학대및방임 ) 중에서도성학대경험은경계선성격장애에서보여지는정서적불안정, 정체감문제, 자기손상, 대인관계문제및충동성과관련이깊은것으로이해할수있다. 경계선성격특성은성비행및위험성행동모두와정적상관을보였는데, 이는경계선성격장애집단은대조집단에비해다수의상대및낯선사람과성관계를맺는등의난잡한성행위를보이며 (Hull, Clarkin, & Yeomans, 1993; Lloyd, Raymond, Miner, & Coleman, 2007; O Boyle, 2002; Pelsser, 1989), 콘돔을사용하지않는등의피임률이낮아성병에감염된경험이더높게보고된다는연구들 (Allan, 1998; Chen, Brown, Lo, & Linehan, 2007) 과일치하는결과이다. 즉, 높은경계선성격특성은위험성행동으로분류될수있는다수파트너및낯선사람과의성관계, 낮은피임, 성병감염, 어린연령에서의성관계경험등과같이안전하지않은성행동과깊게관련될수있다. 이는음주및마약과같은약물남용을보인경계선성격장애집단이자살시도를보인경계선성격장애집단에비해더높은성병을보고하며, 성매매에더많이종사하고, 더안전하지않은성관계 ( 구강성교및항문성교 ) 를한다고보고한결과 (Harned et al., 2011) 로도설명가능하다. 경계선성격특성에서두드러지는충동성중하나로나타나는약물남용이위험성행동으로분류되는음주성관계와관련될수있고, 다수의상대및낯선사람과의성관계와같은난잡한성행위는경계선성격특성을가진청소년들의불안정하고강렬한대인관계양식과관련이있을것으로예상된다. 둘째, 성학대경험이성비행및위험성행동에미치는영향에서경계선성격특성의매개효과를검증한결과, 성학대경험과성비 행의관계에서는매개효과가나타나지않았고성학대경험과위험성행동의관계에서는부분매개효과가나타났다. 즉, 성학대경험은성비행과위험성행동모두에직접적으로영향을미치지만, 성학대경험이위험성행동으로이어지는데에는개인의취약한성격구조, 특히경계선성격특성이중요한매개역할을한다는것을알수있다. 이는경계선성격특성이높은여자환자들이더높은성병감염률을보이며, 더높은동성애비율, 더많은수의성적파트너를경험한다는결과를보고한선행연구들 (Harned, 2011; Sansone, Barnes, Muennich, & Wiederman, 2008; Sansone, Chu, & Wiederman, 2011; Wiederman & Sansone, 2009) 과일치하는결과이다. 뿐만아니라, 임상집단에서경계선성격장애증상을보이는남자환자들이복잡한성적관계및성충동문제들을나타냈다는연구결과 (Lloyd, Raymond, Miner, & Coleman, 2007) 와, 통계적으로유의하지는않지만남자경계선성격장애환자집단이여자경계선성격장애환자집단보다더많은수의성적파트너를갖는다는결과 (Sansone, Lam, & Wiederman, 2011) 를통해여자집단뿐아니라남자집단에서도경계선성격특성이강할수록위험성행동이많아짐을알수있다. 반면, 성학대경험과성비행의관계에서는경계선성격특성의매개효과가나타나지않았다. 본연구모형에따르면, 경계선성격특성이성비행에미치는영향은위험성행동수준이통제된상태에서산출된효과이다. 따라서이러한결과는성비행에서고유하게측정하는강간, 성추행, 성희롱, 음란전화, 온라인성폭력등과같은행위가경계선성격특성이아닌제3의변인들과관련될가능성을시사한다. 성범죄자의성격적특성을살펴본소수의국내연구들을살펴보면, 성폭력범죄의원인과개입전략에대해고찰한 Koh, Yang과 Lee (2004) 는성범죄에대한높은위험성을지닌범죄자는충동적또는우발적으로범행을저지르기보다는매우은밀한방법으로대상자를선정하고치밀한사전계획하에범행을저지른다고하였다. 이는여자성범죄자집단을남녀폭력범집단, 남자성범죄자집단과비교분석한연구 (Johansson-Love & Fremouw, 2009) 에서도잘나타나는데, 여자성범죄자집단은다른세개의대조집단들에비해범죄에대한죄책감이가장낮았고, 물질남용및알코올남용과거력이가장낮았으며, 면식범의비율이가장높았고, 심지어피해자와가족관계인경우가가장많았다. 즉, 다른유형의범죄자들이알코올이나약물에의해범죄에빈번히연루되는반면, 성범죄자들은성욕에의해가장강력하게범죄동기가유발되며, 면식이있는대상자들을선정한다는점과공동범행을저지르는비율이높다는점에서여자성범죄자들역시사전계획하에범행을저지른다고볼수있다. 특히, 남자청소년성범죄자들이자 765
Lee and Lee 기중심성, 죄책감의결여, 공감능력부족, 피상적인매력등과같은정신병질자들에게서두드러지는특성을보였다는결과들 (Hare, 1996; Hare, Forth, & Stachan, 1993; Langevin, & Curnoe, 2009) 과정신장애를지닌여자청소년성범죄자들에게서품행장애및적대적반항장애가두드러진다는연구결과 (Wijkman, Bijleveld, & Hendriks, 2014) 처럼성비행및성범죄를저지르는청소년및성인의성격적특성은경계선성격특성과관련되기보다는반사회적특성및정신병질적인성격특성과관련이높을수있다. 또한경계선성격장애의진단기준중에는자신에게해를가하는충동성이성관계나소비패턴, 물질, 섭식등과같은영역에서나타나야한다는항목이있는데이를본연구의결과와관련지어본다면, 경계선성격특성에서두드러지는불안정하고충동적인대인관계및정서적특징은법률적으로저촉되는수준에서타인에게해를가하는성비행을유발하기보다는자의적, 타의적으로성적으로위험한환경에스스로를노출시키는것과관련되며이는곧위험성행동과깊은관계가있을것으로판단된다. 성학대경험이있는비행청소년들의성비행과위험성행동을차별적으로예측하는요인들에대해서는추후연구에서재검증해볼필요가있다. 본연구는다음과같은제한점을가지고있다. 첫째, 본연구의대상자들은다양한비행전력으로법적처분을받은청소년들이다. 소년범죄의유형은매년재산범과폭력범이가장많은비율을차지하며성관련범죄를포함한강력범죄 ( 흉악 ) 는 5% 도채되지않는데 (Legal Research and Training Institute, 2016), 강력범죄 ( 흉악 ) 에살인및강도가포함되어있다는것을감안하면성비행청소년들은더적은비율을차지할것으로생각된다. 따라서전체소년범죄자중성관련비행전력만을가진청소년들로연구대상을국한하기에는사례수가매우부족하였으며, 본연구는다양한비행전력을가진청소년들로구성되었다. 둘째, 소년보호시설은보호관찰소에출석하는청소년들보다더높은법적처분 (6호) 을받은청소년들을성별에따라분류하여보호하며, 본연구에참여한소년보호시설은여자청소년들로만이루어져있었다. 보호관찰 1-5호처분을받고보호관찰소에출석하는여자청소년들은전체소년범죄자중 20% 도되지않아 (Legal Research and Training Institute, 2016) 여자청소년들의자료를수집하기위해서는여자청소년들만을보호하는소년보호시설을연구에참여시킬수밖에없었는데그결과, 본연구에포함된대부분의여자청소년들은상대적으로더심각한수준의비행을보이는청소년들로구성되었다. 즉, 본연구의주요변인들에서나타나는남녀의차이는성별의차이에기인하는것인지비행수준 ( 혹은법적처분 ) 의차이에기인하는것인지판단하기어려우며, 본연구의주요통계치에는개별대상자의실제성 향뿐아니라성차와비행수준의차이도일부반영되어있어해석상주의가필요하다. 또한, 처분수준에따라서성차를구체적으로살펴보기에는사례수가매우부족하여남녀집단을구분하여연구모형을검증하는것이불가능하였다. 성비행및성행동에대해살펴본선행연구들 (Choi & Oh, 2012; Kim, 2000; Kim, 2002; Kim, 2008; Lee & Jo, 2013; Lim, 2014; Son, 2013) 에따르면, 성별에따른성행동의차이및성별의영향력이유의하지않거나여자의사례수가부족하여남녀를함께분석한경우가많았다. 비행청소년의경계선성격특성을알아본 Park, Hyun과 Yoo (2010) 의연구와청소년을대상으로경계선성격특성과반사회적성격특성의관계를알아본 Jovev 등 (2014) 의연구에서도경계선성격특성에대한남녀의차이가유의하지않았다. 이상의이유들로인해본연구에서는남녀집단을구분하지않고전체집단의자료를분석하였는데, 추후연구에서는비슷한비행수준의남녀청소년들을충분히모집하여성차를면밀하게살피고, 성학대와위험성행동의관계에서성별에따른경계선성격특성의매개효과차이를재검증해볼필요가있을것이다. 셋째, 연구자료는비행청소년의자기보고식설문에근거하였기때문에성학대경험및성문제등이과소보고혹은과대보고되었을가능성이있다. 문항내용이지극히사적이고민감한부분이있어좀더안전한환경에서설문을실시하고, 구조화된면접및다양한평가도구를통해신빙성있는보고를추가할필요가있다. 넷째, 본연구에서사용된성비행척도는여자청소년들에게서만보고된성매매알선죄를반영하지못하여여자청소년들의성비행이다소과소보고되었을수있다. 또한본연구에서는선행연구들에서와같이동일한성비행척도로남자의성폭력과여자의원조교제를함께측정하였다. 남자와여자의성비행특성이다를수있기때문에이러한차이를보다정밀하게평가하기위해서는남녀의다양한성비행유형을측정할수있는타당한도구개발이필요하다. 다섯째, 본연구에서는연구대상자들의성별에따른죄명과범행동기를비롯하여다양한인구학적정보를수집하였으나제한된사례수로인해추가분석은실시하지못했다. 죄명별로충분한사례수가확보되어범죄유형별경계선성격특성의효과및차이등에대해추가적인분석이이루어진다면비행청소년에대한이해의폭을넓히는데한걸음더나아갈것으로생각된다. 마지막으로, 본연구에서는연구대상자들의반사회적행동의수준을통제하지못하였다. 경계선성격특성은반사회적행동및외현화문제행동과높은상관을보인다는선행연구들을참고할때, 본연구에서나타난경계선성격특성의매개효과는부분적으로연구대상자들의반사회적행동및문제행동의심각성이반영된결과일수있다. 따라서추후연구에서는비행청소년들의문제 766
Sexual Delinquency of Juvenile Offenders 행동의수준을통제하여보다면밀하게개인의성격특성의고유한매개효과를확인할필요가있다. 이러한제한점에도불구하고본연구는다음과같은의의가있다. 첫째, 신체적, 정서적학대에비해상대적으로독립적인연구가미비했던성학대경험의영향력에초점을맞추었다. 학대및외상과관련한연구에서는성학대경험을신체적, 정서적학대및방임과구분할필요가있다는주장이제기되고있는데 (Lee, 2014) 이는단한번의성학대경험이라도학대의강도와영향력, 그에수반되는심리사회적부적응과문제행동등이다른학대경험들과는차이가있고매우복잡한양상을보이기때문이며, 이는성학대경험에대한활발한연구의필요성을뒷받침해준다 (Choi, 2010; Kim, 2010). 성학대경험은경계선성격특성이라는개인내적인요인은물론비행청소년의성비행및위험성행동에도직접적인영향을미치는요인인만큼성학대예방차원에서의부모및아동, 청소년교육과개입이안전한환경에서보다적극적으로이루어질수있어야하겠다. 또한, 성학대경험이있는비행청소년들에대해서는성학대경험으로유발된왜곡된성인식을수정하고심리치료를통해정서적불안정및긴장감을완화할수있도록도와주어야하며대인관계훈련등을통해안정적인대인관계를형성할수있도록돕는다양한치료적접근이요구된다. 둘째, 실제로법적처분을받은비행청소년을대상으로성학대경험이라는환경적요인과경계선성격특성이라는개인내적요인을함께살펴보았다는점에서의의가있다. 기존의연구들은주로성인을대상으로성학대와경계선성격특성을살펴보았는데, 본연구는비행청소년의성비행및위험성행동에이르는경로를살펴보고개입하는데실질적도움이될것이라고생각한다. 셋째, 본연구에서는기존의선행연구들에서대부분성비행을비행의하위유형으로분류하여다른비행유형과함께살펴본것과달리성비행을독립적인영역으로간주하여살펴보았으며, 성비행과위험성행동을구분하여측정하여다양한일탈행동중상대적으로연구가부족한청소년의성관련행동의실태를포괄적으로살펴보았다는점에서의의가있다. 넷째, 본연구에서는경로분석을통해성비행과위험성행동에서나타나는경계선성격특성의매개효과차이를검증하였다. 이는성학대를경험한비행청소년들에게서보여지는성비행과위험성행동은각각다르게접근할필요가있음을시사하며, 특히위험성행동측면에서는경계선성격특성과같은취약한성격구조에대한개입이도움이될수있을것으로생각된다. 경계선성격특성을가진비행청소년들은의미있는관계형성의경험을갖지못한채, 성행동을통해타인으로부터의관심과애정욕구를해소시켜왔을것이며이는곧난잡한성행위를비롯한위험성행동으로이어졌을가능 성이높다. 정서적불안정과자기손상적행동, 대인관계문제등과 같이경계선성격특성에서두드러지는충동적이고역기능적인성 향은치료기간이길고치료가어렵다는점을감안할때비행청소 년의성격문제에대한관심과지속적인개입이이루어질필요가 있다. 나아가, 소년사법체계하에있지는않지만경계선성격특성 을보이는고위험군청소년대상자들이성비행을비롯한다양한 범죄행위에연루되지않도록, 이들의주된정서인분노및불안을 조절하고, 충동통제능력을증진시키며, 대인관계기술습득등과 같은보호적환경을경험할수있는맞춤식중재프로그램개발이 요구된다. References Allan M. C. (1998). Predicting high-risk sexual behaviour and condom use in young Ontario women. Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 414. An, M. O. (2003). Child sexual abuse. The Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health, 10, 31-46. Burnette, M. L, & Reppucci, N. D. (2009). Childhood abuse and aggression in girls: The contribution of borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 309-318. Burton, D. L. (2008). An exploratory evaluation of the contribution of personality and childhood sexual victimization to the development of sexual abusive behaviour. A Journal of Research and Treatment, 20, 102-117. Cavaiola, A. A., & Schiff, M. (1988). Behavioral sequela of physical and/or sexual abuse in adolescents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 12, 181-188. Chen, E. Y., Brown, M. Z., Lo, T. Y., & Linehan, M. M. (2007). Sexually transmitted disease rates and high-risk sexual behaviors in borderline personality disorder versus borderline personality disorder with substance use disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 125-134. Cho, W. I. (2015. February. 5). Teenage girls were incarcerated peers were also forced prostitution. Hankook Ilbo. http://www. hankookilbo.com/v/e688b24b0f2843068e66d607a66a01e5. Choi, E. Y. (2010). The effects of childhood interpersonal trauma exposure on impaired self-capacities in college women. The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology, 16, 285-302. Choi, J. H. (2013). An Aspect of the Emotional Experiences and Early Maladaptive Schemas of Juvenile Delinquents with Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms (Unpublished master`s thesis). Daegu University, Daegu, Korea. Choi, J. Y., & Oh, K. J. (2012). The effects of multiple interpersonal traumas on PTSD symptoms, behavior problems, sexual behaviors in sexually abused children. Korean Journal of Clinical Psy- 767
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