:,, :. 1., (Lederm an, 1984),,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1990).,,, (, 1994). (Lipkin, 1974). (self- m onitorin g ),, (Sny der, 1974).,.,,., (, 1968 ;, 1980 ;, 1974).,. 2. Sny der (1974), Lennox W olfe (1984) Sny der Gang est ad (1986).
. 1. S ny der (1974 ) (self- m onitorin g ) (Sny der, 1974). Sny der (1974). 1) Sny der (1974) 41. (, ), (, ). (,, ), (,, ). (, ). 41 (true) (false). 41 25. Ku der - Rich ardson 20 reliability.70, t est - ret est reliability.83 (df=51, p<.001). Ku der - Richardson 20 reliability.63 (Sny der, 1974). 25. Sny der, (P erlm an, 1984). 2) (Brigg s, Cheek an d Bu s s, 1980 ; Brig g s and Check, 1986 ; Cheek and Brigg s, 1981 ; John, Ch eck an d Klohn en, 1996 ; Lennox and W olfe, 1984). Brigg s, Cheek Bu ss (1980) Sny der (1980), 5 3 :,., extrav er sion, acting oth er - directedn ess 1, 4, 9, 10 11. Sny der
(Sny der, 1986). (1) (Cont ent v alidity ) Brigg s, Check Bu ss (1980) (acting ) Goffm an. < 1> Snyder (1974) ' (1). (2),. (3). (4). (5). (6). (7). (8). (9),. (10). (11). (12). (13). (14). (15). (16). (17). (18). (19). (20). (21). (22). (23). (24),. (25),. * 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 24, 25 true, false. : Synder, Mark(1974), "Self- Monitoring of Expressive Behavior, "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 30, No.4, April, pp.526-537. Lennox W olfe (1984) 13, (ability t o m odify self- presentation ) (face v alidity ).
Sny der (1974) actin g,. (acting ability ) (cross - situation al v ariability ) (att ention t o social com parison inform ation ).22.08.45.40. (actin g ) (t (221)=3.50), p<.05, t (221)=15.83, p<.01), (actin g ) (actin g ). (2) Brig g s, Ch eek Bu s s (1980).,. (sociability : ), (shynes s : ), (self- est eem ), (public self- con sciou sness :, ) (priv ate self- con sciou snes s : ). (other - directedn ess ),, n euroticism,. oth er - direct edn ess,,. 25 11. Sny der (Birg g s, Ch eek an d Bu s s, 1980).. Lenn ox W olfe (1984) (fear of n egativ e ev aluation scale, W ast eon and F rien d, 1969), EP Q (Ey sen ck P er son ality Qu estionnaire, Ey sen ck and Ey senck, 1975) neuroticism ' ex trav er sion. 27.52.,,, Sny der (1974). Ch eek Brigg s (1981) ( ) 3 Sny der. 3 :
EP Q. (Brig g s, Ch eek an d Bu s s, 1980 ; Cheek an d Brigg s, 1981 ; Lenn ox and w olfe, 1984), 3. (3) (Discrim in ant v alidity ) Lennox W olfe (1984) (ex trav er sion ). Sny der Gang st ad (1982) (Sny der, 1974) (Ex trav er sion scale, Ey senck an d Ey senck, 1968).,.. Lennox W olfe (1984) 25 21, 21 18.30. 6.30 5-25 12, 14, 22 23 (Brig g s, Cheek & Bu s s, 1980 ; Gabreny & Arkin, 1980b ; Lenn ox, 1982 ; Lippa, 1980 : Sny der, 1980)-.30., 5. 2. Le nn ox W olf e (1984 ) Lennox W olfe (1984) Sny der (1979) (acting ability ) (ex trav er sion ). 7., 13. 13-6. 13. Sny der Gang est ad (1986) Lenn ox W olfe., Lennox W olfe (1984).., Lenn ox W olfe (1984) (v arian ce) (bias )., 13 11 2. (unv alanced t est )
6 - (tru e=- false ). (respon se bia s ) (Sny der and Gang est ad, 1986). Brigg s, Cheek Bu ss (1980) - (split h alf) Likert 5. (true - false). Sny der (1974) D - ( elf m onit oring ) 1/ 3 1/ 3 (M ark Sny der, 1974 p.531)-. 25 25.,,,, (Jack son, 1971), Lennox W olfe (1984) (Sny der an d Gang est ad, 1986). Sny der (1974) Sny der Gang est ad (1986).,,,,. 3. S ny der Gan g e s tad (1986 ) Sny der Gang est ad (1986) 25.15 18-25 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 19 18. 18 7.30. 1. ex pressiv e self- control : ) 8 -. 24 -. 2. social st age presen ce : ) 12 -. 22 -. 3. other - direct ed self- presentation :
) 25 -,. 6 -.., (m ake im pression ), (Sny der, 1989, p,178). John, Ch eek Klohn en (1996) 25 (oth er - direct ed), (uniqu encess ). 18 (social pot ency ) (, ) - 18 social pot ency.05.56 -. 25 18, (other - direct ednes s ) (ex trav er sion ). (other - direct ednes s ) 18. John, Cheek Klohn en (1996) 18 - (public performing ) (, ) (other - direct ednes s ) (,, ) -. Brigg s Cheek (1988), Gros s John (1996) Now ack Kamm er (1987). Brig g s Ch eek (1988) (conv erg ence ) (Krosnick and S edikides, 1990, p.725), Joh, Cheek Klohnen (1996) 0. (other - direct edness ). (per son ality ) 3, (conv erg ent v alidity ), (discrim ant v alidity ), (nom ological v alidity ) (uni- dim en sion ality ). 25. John, Cheek Klohnen (1996)
1993 ; Hiyle an d Lennox, 1991). (Brigg s an d Cheek, 1988 ; Gan gest ad and Simp son, 1990,. Sny der (1974) Lenn ox W olfe (1984).. Sny der (1974) Lennox W olfe (1984), true0false Likert 7. Sny der (174) (self- m onit orin g scale) Lennox W olfe (1984) (Revisit ed self- m onit oring scale). P C SA S 6.12 W indow LISREL 8.12. SA S packag e, Cronbach, LISREL 8.12 (CF A : confirm at ory fact or analy ses )... 1) Sny der 25., Sny der (1974) 25. < 2>, Sny der (1974) SM 3, SM 24, SM 25, SM 13 SM7. John, Cheek Klohn en (1996) 25 (H arris - Kaiser orth o- oblique) < 3>. 2) Lennox W olfe 13. SA S packag e < 3>. Lennox W olfe (1984) < 5> < 4>. < 5>, < 4>. SM7 SM 13 1 2 (fact or loading score).30.
< 2> Rot ation M ethod : Varim ax 1 2 3 4 5 SM1 SM2 SM3 SM4 SM5 SM6 SM7 SM8 SM9 SM10 SM11 SM12 SM13 SM14 SM15 SM16 SM17 SM18 SM19 SM20 SM21 SM22 SM23 SM24 SM25 0.10324 0.13123 0.03164 0.02313 0.61568 0.62674 0.00341 0.60261 0.08645 0.16432-0.11531 0.74577-0.06743 0.60212 0.04536-0.14412-0.41212 0.44785 0.06342 0.61312 0.91777 0.18968 0.65656-4.0024 0.10034 0.21871 0.00893 0.03137-0.28501 0.19514 0.04060 0.14947 0.06174-0.41400 0.21122 0.04562 0.01573 0.53906 0.02222 0.51980 0.47453 0.13341 0.10067 0.05314 0.08765 0.01271 0.16732 0.19115 0.70990 0.78345 0.08486 0.15124 0.62703 0.50305 0.28923 0.35670 0.35900 0.21298-0.40687 0.01290 0.42131 0.15656 0.01290 0.31214 0.40110 0.01561 0.68552 0.00470 0.64529 0.09578-0.43013-0.33941 0.07867-0.34348-0.34585 0.60123 0.38300 0.05150-0.02312 0.17101 0.03451 0.65567-0.27779 0.34500 0.15678-0.23432 0.14566 0.34899 0.15866-0.20012 0.17890 0.17781-0.27227-0.21222 0.19978 0.11126 0.21488 0.18808 0.07812 0.06473 0.17614 0.04723 0.09345 0.02183 0.01267 0.25582 0.03212 0.34456 0.07456 0.65962 0.45321 0.05312 0.04003-0.07452 0.1258-0.28737 0.00341 0.42087 0.37898-0.25971-0.20782-0.26341-0.25001-0.01288 0.04545 variance explained by each factor 5.33111 4.07462 3.54224 3.03774 2.47853 SM 1( ), SM5 ( ) SM7 ( ), Sny der Gang st ad (1986). < 4> SM 1, SM5 SM7 SM4 ( ). < 6>. Cronb ach 13.723. 1.6821, 2.7312. < 7> (lam bda ) t 1.96 13.
< 3> Snyder 1 2 SM1 SM2 SM3 SM4 SM5 SM6 SM7 SM8 SM9 SM10 SM11 SM12 SM13 SM14 SM15 SM16 SM17 SM18 SM19 SM20 SM21 SM22 SM23 SM24 SM25 variance explained by each factor - 0.24467 0.21278 0.12153 0.40111-0.08055 0.35229 0.02045-0.23444 0.60457 0.02262 0.62456-0.38671-0.23671 0.27222 0.70012 0.13476 0.00187 0.06748-0.16092 0.25002 0.13336 0.38771 0.71034-0.34002-0.02691 0.43356 0.63676-0.40551 0.13994 0.67772 0.16676 0.46604-0.07224 0.50034 0.48656-0.34006 0.15434 0.65399 0.73304-0.28912 0.64982-0.39923 0.2207-0.21432 0.60815-0.20238-0.24512 0.30011-0.22215 0.40006 5.427766 3.53192 1 2 x 2 125.712 < 8> 1 2 phi 1 x 2 137.901, 13. < 9> SM7 SM 13 MI 3.84 (1.96 2 ) SM7 SM 13. < 5> SM7 SM 13 1 2.30. SM7 SM 13. < 1> GF I.911. Silv a (1988) 200 GF I.9,.95. GF I Silv a 1998.
< 4> (Nfact ) Rotation Method : Varimax 1 2 3 4 SM1 SM2 SM3 SM4 SM5 SM6 SM7 SM8 SM9 SM10 SM11 SM12 SM13 variance explained by each factor - 0.22112 0.06342 0.03281-0.03004 0.11297 0.01845-0.27481 0.60964 0.55552 0.61221 0.62793 0.70321 0.35021 0.64521-0.01263 0.24212 0.30561 0.65342-0.04599 0.56765 0.04521-0.38332 0.10445 0.04010 0.10003 0.20012 0.01332 0.70046 0.70011 0.32045 0.20012-0.00434 0.06986 0.19234 0.27342 0.02867-0.36112 0.00341 0.10111-0.01281 0.01889 0.11121 0.65001 0.16231 0.78031 0.03512-0.28889 0.00966-0.00616 0.34510 0.04510 0.10051 3.45537 2.46198 2.23791 1.95036 < 5> (Nfact ) Rotation Method : Harris- Kaiser, Nfact =2 1 2 SM1 SM2 SM3 SM4 SM5 SM6 SM7 SM8 SM9 SM10 SM11 SM12 SM13 variance explained by each factor 0.10143 0.11156 0.12001 0.10110-0.22001 0.02811-0.38111 0.61234 0.54127 0.72139 0.64001 0.72991 0.60045 0.44435 0.48891 0.62121 0.70050 0.68225 0.30012 0.45007-0.35706-0.33498 0.16113 0.19897-0.34545-0.38001 3.70646 2.63001 < 6> SM1 SM4 SM5 SM7 SM1 SM4 SM5 SM7 1.000 0.18102 * * * 0.2561 * * * 0.3287 * * * 0.18571 * * * 0.18544 * * * 0.40114 * * * 1.000 p<.001
< 7> (lamb da ) Parameter ML estimate S.E. t - Value 1 SM1 SM2 SM3 SM4 SM5 SM6 SM7 1.000 1.196 1.872 2.002 2.111 1.055 1.554.348.457.511.497.342.428 3.220 3.773 3.661 4.023 2.451 3.451 2 SM8 SM9 SM10 SM11 SM12 SM13 1.000 1.034 1.561 1.240 1.115 1.300.221.203.210.207.241 4.341 5.511 5.882 8.607 5.220 < 8> (phi) phi 1 2 1.545 (.170) 4.399 2.281 (.052) 3.335.517 (.124) 3.867 < 9> MI(m odification in dices for lam bda - x ) MI 1 2 SM1 SM2 SM3 SM4 SM5 SM6 SM7 SM8 SM9 SM10 SM11 SM12 SM13.567 1.234.056.431.731 6.804.013.022.545.745.023.222 6.125
NNF I( ).88. NNF I,. Silv a (1988) NNF I. Bentler Bon ett (1980) NNF I.9. NNF I. SM1 SM2.31* (3.31) SM3 SM4.45 (3.67).50 (4.86).43 (4.61) (ability to modify ) 1.00 SM5.55 (5.56).27 (3.77) SM6 SM7.41 (2.22) SM8 SM9.51 (4.51).41 (3.61) SM10 SM11.65 (5.88).54 (5.21).67 (6.01) (ability to the Expressive) 1.00 X 2 = 139.473(64) P =.156 GFI =.91 SM12 SM13.54 (2.37) AGFI =.86 RMR =.065 * ( t ) < 1> 13 Confirm at ory factor analy sis RMR.065.. (1990).05 ( ) RMR. RMR. Chi- S quare 139.473, 64, p.156. Chi- S quare. (1990) Chi- S quare., (1990)
,. 245 Chi- S qu are... 25 Sny der (1974) 5, Brigg s, Cheek Bu s s (1980) Sny der Gan gest ad (1986) 3, John, Ch eek Klohn en (1996) 2.. 25. 25.30. 25 5, 3 2. 25. 18 25,. Sny der,. Lenn ox W olfe (1984). 2, Cronb ach ' s. LISREL 8.12, 13,.. 25 18,. 13. 13
. 13 (uni- dim en sion ality ) 7 13, 7 13.30... 1. (1980)... 2. (1992)... 3. (1990).. :. 4., (1990).,,., 20(2), 185-194. 5. (1995).., 12, 43-80. 6., (1996).., 26 (3), 531-543. 7. (1993)... 8. (1996)... 9., (1989).., 19(3), 273-283. 10. (1984)., -.. 11. (1996).,,.. 12. (1998). LISREL W ork sh op.. 13. (1990).. :. 14. (1985)... 15. (1974).., 4 (2), 131-143. 16. (1992)... 17. Bearden, W. O., Richard, G. N., & M ary, F. M.(1993). H andbook of m arketin g scales : Multi- item m easures for m arketing and con sum er research for m arketin g an d
con sum er research. SA GE Publication s. 18. Becherer, R. C., & Law rence, M. R.(1978). S elf- m onitorin g as a m oderating v ari able in con sum er behavior. Journ al of Con sum er Research, 5, Decem ber, 159-162. 19. Brigg s, S. R., Jon athan, M. C., & Arn old, H. B.(1980). An analy sis of the self- m onit oring S cale. Journ al of P erson ality and S ocial P sy chology, 38 (4), 679-686. 20. Brinb erg, D., & M cgrath, J. E.(1982). Netw ork of v alidity concept s w ithin the research proces s, In D. Brinberg & L. Kidder (E d.) New direction s for m ethodology of social and behav ioral scien ce : F orm s of v alidity in research. Jossy - Bass. pp.5-22. 21. Gerbin g, D. N., & Ander son, J. A.(1988). An updat ed paradigm for scale dev elopm ent in corporatin g unidim en sion ality an d it s assessm ent. Journal of M arketing Research, 25, M ay, 186-192. 22. H ay duk, L. A.(1987). Stru ctural equ ation m odeling w ith LISRE L. T h e John s H opkin s Univ er sity Press. 23. Jack son, D. N.(1971). Structured per sonality t est. P sy ch ological Review, 78, 229-248. 24. John, O. P., Joh athan, M. C., & Ev a, C. K.(1996). On T he nature of self- m onit oring : Con sturct ex plication w ith Q - S ort Ratin g s. Journal of P er sonality an d S ocial P sy chology, 71(4), 763-776. 25. Jorg skog, K. G., & S orbom, D.(1993). LISREL 8 u ser ' s reference guide. S cientific S oftw are Intern ational. 26. Jorg skog, K. G., & S orbom, D.(1982). Recent dev elopm ent s in structural equ ation m odeling. Journ al of M arketing Research, 14, Nov em ber, 404-416. 27. Lennox, R. D., & Raym on d, N. W.(1984). Revision of th e self- m onit orin g scale. Journ al of P er son ality an d S ocial P sy chology, 46(6), 1349-1364. 28. M ar sh, H. W.(1990). A m ultidim en sion al hierachial self- con cept : T heoretical empirical ju stification. E ducation al P sy chological Review. 29. M ar sh, H. W., Crav en, R. G., & Debu s, R.(1991). Effect of int ern ally focu sed feedback an attributional feedb ack on enhan cem ent of academ ic self- con cept. Journ al of E du cational P sy ch ology, 81, 57-69. 30. P et er, J. P., & Churchill, J. A.(1986). T he relation ships am on g research desing choices an d psy chom etric properties of ratin g scale : A m et a - an aly sis. Journal of M ark eting Research, 23, F ebruary, 1-10. 31. Ru st, R. T., & Cooil, B.(1994). Reliability m easures for qualit ativ e dat a : T heory and im plication. Journ al of M ark eting Research, 31, F ebruary, 1-14. 32. Silv a, S.(1988). Effect of sam pling error and m odel m isspecification on g oodnes s - of- fit in dices for stru ctural equation m odels. Ph.D. Dissert ation, Ohio St at e Univ er sity. Columbu s, Ohio. 33. Sny der, M.(1974). S elf- m onitorin g of ex pressiv e behav ior. Journ al of P er son ality and S ocial P sy chology, 30, April, 526-537. 34. Sny der, M.(1980). S elf- m onit oring processes. In L. Berkow it z (E d.), A dv an ces in experim ental social psy chology. N. Y. : A cadem ic Pres s.
35. Sny der M., Ellen, B., & P et er, G.(1985). Interper son al relation s an d group proces ses. Journ al of P erson ality and S ocial P sy chology, 48 (6), 1427-1439. 36. Sny der M., & Nan cy, C.(1980). T hinkin g about our selv es and other s : S elf- m onit orin g an d social know ledge. Journal of P erson ality an d S ocial P sy chology, 1(39), 222-234. 37. Synder, M., Nan cy, C., & Gang est ad, S.(1982). Choosing social situation : T w o inv estig ation s of self- m onit oring proces ses. Journal of P erson ality an d S ocial P sy chology, 43, 123-135. 38. Synder, M., Nan cy, C., & Gang est ad, S.(1986). On the n ature of self- m onit oring : M att er s of assessm ent, m atters of v alidity. Journal of P er sonality and S ocial P sy chology, 51, 125-139. 39. Syn der, M., Nan cy C., Gang est ad, S., & Jeffry, A. S.(1983). Choosing frien ds as activity partn er s : T h e role of self- m onit oring. Journal of P er sonality an d S ocial P sy chology, 45 (5), 1061-1072. 40. Synder, M., & Jeffry, A. S.(1984). S elf- m onitorin g an d datin g relation ship s. Journal of P er snoality and S ocial P sy chology, 47 (6), 1281-1291. 41. Synder, M., Jeffry, A. S., & Gan gestad, S.(1986). P er sonality and sex u al relation s. Journ al of P er son ality an d S ocial P sy chology, 51(1), 181-190. - A b s t rac t - Key concept : S elf- m onit oring, S elf- con cept, S cale S tu dy of th e V alidity T e s t on th e S elf - m onitoring S c ale for Prim i - Grav ida Lee, S eon A h Lee, S eon Ah : Doct orate Student, Departm ent of Nur sing, Keim yung Univ er sity In this study, both the lit erary surv ey as w ell as empirical research has been ex ecut ed t o t est th e v alidity of the scales that m easure the con stru ct of self- m onit orin g scale could not be clas sified into fiv e fact or s as Sny der su gg est ed. M any other scholar s (Brigg s, Cheek an d Bu ss, 1980) su gg est ed 3 different clas sification s w hich w a s accept ed by Sny der an d Gang est ed (1986). John, Ch eek an d Klohnen (1996) claim ed a t w o- fact or classification. A s h as been discu ssed, factor an aly sis is u sed t o prov e conv erg ent v alidity w ithin th e fact or and discrim in ant v alidity bet w een th e fact or s. How ev er, dependin g on th e researchers, m any v ariation s in classification of the factor s w ere foun d and a lack of
content and discriminant v alidity w as found in the previou s research findin g s. It is also import ant t o not e that Sny der ' s self- m onit oring scale, did not factor - load at ov er 30 for all 25 it em s, regardless of h ow m any fact or s could be cla ssified. A ccordin g t o fin din g s of this stu dy, the self- m onit oring scale n either clas sified a s fiv e, three or t w o factor s n or fact or loaded as hypothesized. It is also clear that Sny der ' s self- m onit oring scale lack conv ergent v alidity as the sub - fact ors of the scale fail to prov e it s uni- dim en sion ality. T he A self- m onit oring scale not only fail t o ov ercom e the problem s of Sny der ' s self- m onitorin g scale but ev en lost the attractiv en ess of the self- m onit oring scale. In this study, it w as also foun d th at the A self- m onitorin g scale w a s not classified as hypoth esized in eith er in a t w o or three - fact or classification. It is, of cour se, not desirable t o u se any scale that lack s conv ergent and discrim in ant v alidity ev en th ou gh it has been w idely u sed but also has held a great deal of influen ce on the field of social psy ch ology. T o ov ercom e th e sh ort com ing s of Sny der ' s self- m onit oring scale, Lennox and W olfe (1984) su gg est ed 13 it em s. T his study 1. w as dedicated t o t est the v alidity and reliability of the scale, in w hich w e foun d that th e dat a present ed in v alidity as the tw o fact ors w ere classified an d loaded as expect ed. Reliability w as also prov en by ch ecking Cr onbach ' s for each factor and for the tot al it em s. In addition, a confirm atory factor analy sis w as ex ecut ed for the 13 it em s u sing LISREL 8.12 pr ogr am t o confirm conv ergent v alidity in a t w o- fact or classification. T he m odel w as fitting and soun d ; h ow ev er, the self- m onit oring scale w as unfitted an d n ot v alidat ed.