T he Recent Condition s and Method of Recyclin g of W astew ood 1999. 11
. 1999. 11. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : - 1 -
.. 1.... 1, 2..... - 2 -
.,.. (, ).. 1.... 2... :.. 3.... - 3 -
. 1.. ( 97)11,011m 3. 140%. 5,752m 3 52%. 3,533m 3 32%, 911m 3 8%, 624m 3 6%, 190m 3 2%.. (1) 911m 3 60%., 199m 3 (22% ),,, 247m 3 (27% ), 105m 3 (12% ). 360m 3 40%. 88m 3 89%11%10m 3., 50m 3 (57% ), 28m 3 (32% ).. 63%, 23%. - 4 -
(2) 12100%. (52% ), (48% ). 30%, 16%., 1 (,,,, )(38% ), (36% ), (20% ). 2 (,, ) 97%. 12 6%, 61%., 1 49%, 51%, 2 1%. 99%. (3) 96%4%. 61%. 39% 35%.. (4) 1.8%, - 5 -
., 47%, 24%, 18%, 11%. 12% 4.0%,. 48.7%, 27.2%,. 85.9% ( ). 45.2%, 53.1%. (5) 42.5% 57.5%. 61%, 39%. 20.8%, 23.8%, 22.8% 67.4%, 32.6%. (38.4% ) (14.9% ) (18.6% ), (26.9% ) (61.6% ) (39.6% ) - 6 -
(53.7% ) (51.3%), (1.5% ) (37.6%), (0.5%) (46.3% ) ( 9.1% )... (95.7% ) (95.7% ) (4.3% ) (3.9% ) (0.4% ). ( :, % ) 11,011 4,778 137 2,562 1,337 766 459 2,079 6,233 3,628 2,605 100 43.4 1.2 23.3 12.1 7.0 4.2 18.9 56.6 32.9 23.7 911 551 0 446 0 199 247 105 360 0 360 100 60.5 0 49.0 0 21.8 27.1 11.5 39.5 0 39.5 3,533 3,533 0 1,837 1,060 565 212 1,696 0 0 0 100 100 0 52.0 30.0 16.0 6.0 48.0 0 0 0 5,752 250 0 115 115 0 0 135 5,502 3,405 2,097 100 4.3 0 2.0 2.0 0 0 2.3 95.7 59.2 36.5 190 23 7 15 15 0 0 1 167 19 148 100 12.1 3.7 7.9 7.9 0 0 0/ 5 87.9 10.0 77.9 624 421 130 148 146 2 0 142 204 204 0 100 67.4 20.8 23.8 23.4 0.4 0 22.8 32.6 32.6 0-7 -
. (1),,,,.,,,,,,,,,.,,,,. (2) 1 5,. 1 2 3 4 5,. (1),,,. 44,556, 37,425, 31,889, 26,200. 1 17,261, 48%8,26720% 22%. - 8 -
(2) P B PB PB 11 4. 1 : : 41% 2 : : 24% 3 : 13,520: 47% 4 : 12,000: 8% (3). GT 20,000 C 29%. 97 210, C169,484 47(1,400 / $ ). C 20,000/ GT 275/ 520/ 392 552 857 : 15GT...,.,. - 9 -
. GR 2. PB MDF. IS O.. ( ).. < ( )- ( )> 2< ( )- ( )- > 3B/ C 0.73% 0.83% 19,572 /.. 2000. 106.... - 10 -
. 2,000. 30%,,,,,.,... 2. PB MDF GR. - 11 -
S um m ary I. S ubje ct T h e recent condition s and m eth od of recy clin g of w ast ew ood (W W ) II. Obje ct s an d Im plic ation s 1. Obje c tiv e s T h e object s of this study are t o m easure th e quantity of w a st ew ood by it s sources and to dev elop an d introduce the recy clin g sy st em for them, w hich can reduce th e w ast ed social cost s by them. 2. Im plic ation a ) T e ch ni c al A s p e ct s Grow ing lum ber s in w oods w ould be cut dow n w hen they are m atured. A ft er they are processed t w o tim es, they are disu sed. In Korea, as the prelim in ary statistical data for the am ount s of u seles s lum ber s hav e not been prepared, it is n ot easy t o establish the m an agem ent policy for w astew ood. T herefore, fir st of all, est ablishin g W W by their sources is n eeded. b ) E c on om ic al S o ci al A s pe c t s T h e efficient collecting sy stem for W W can redu ce the social cost s by collecting them. If econ om ic incentiv e and con stitutional preparation for recy cling W W is dev eloped, w e can g et the m ore st able an d econ om ic supply of m at erials in for estry. An d as th ey ar e r ecy cled as th e saw du st s for laying - 12 -
on the cattle shed, barny ard m anure, saw du st s for grow ing shiitak e m u shroom, farm er s can get m ore in com es, dev elop their environm ent al con dition s. c ) S o ci al Cult ural A s p e ct s By collecting, conv eying, separatin g, disposing (recy clin g, burnin g - up ) efficiently, w e can av oid w astin g s ocial cost s fr om aggrav ation of life environm ent an d inform the import ance of sav in g and recy cling of w ooden m at erials. III. Con tent s an d S c ope s of Re s e arch an d D e v e lopm ent 1. E s tim ation of th e A m ount of W W a ) E stim ation of th e am ount of W W by their sources. b ) Review of researching m ethod for estim atin g th e am ount of W W in foreign countries. c ) Dev elopm ent of estim ation m ethods for m easuring the am ount of W W. 2. D ev elopm ent of Efficient Collecting and Dispos al S y stem a ) Research of the distribution and disposal condition s of W W by their sources b ) Researches of recy cling con dition s an d un der st andin g their problem s : Researches of th e recy clin g rat e by th eir sources. c ) Con stitution s of crit eria for separat ed collection of W W d ) Review of recy clin g condition for W W in foreign countries. - 13 -
3. P rom otion M eth od for Re cy clin g W W a ) An aly sis for econ om ical efficiency of recy cled produ ct s b ) establishm ent of recy cling sy st em for W W c ) Supporting m eth od for com panies of distribution an d process for W W IV. The Results and Suggestions of Research and Development 1. T h e Re s ult s of R e s e arc h an d D ev e lopm en t a ) T h e A m oun t s of W W T h e t ot al am ount s of W W in Korea is 11,011,000 m 3 / yr. It is 40% of total am ount s of u sed lum ber s/ yr in Korea.52% of th e am ount of u seles s lumb er s is for con struction, w hich is estim at ed t o 5,752,000 m 3. W W for in du strial proces s (W W F IP ) is 3,533,000 m 3, w hich is 32% of t otal sum, W W in F orest in 911,000 m 3 (8% ), W W for distribution is 624,000 m 3 (6% ), W W for livin g is 190,000 m 3 (2% ). b ) D i s u s e an d R e c y clin g S t at e s by T h eir S ou rc e s (1) Disu se and recy clin g st at es of W W IF W W IF (W W in forest ) is recy cled by 60% of 911,000 m 3. It s u sag es an d am ount s is com posed of 199,000 m 3(22% ) for saw du st, 247,000 m 3 (27% ) for supportin g timb er s of trees for landscape, gin ger s, 105,000m 3 (12% ) for fire w oods. T he rest s of t at al sum is 360,000 m 3 (40% ), w hich is disu sed n aturally. W W for con struction (W W F C) is u sed for saw du st, w hich is 50,000 m 3 (57% ), for fire w oods, w hich is 28,000 m3 (32% ). (2) Distribution of W W in F orest W W are distributed directly to raw m aterial dem ander s by saw du st - 14 -
producer. It is repored th at 63% of raw saw du st in Cooperativ e A s sociation for F orest s an d 23% of g eneral produ cer are u sed as W W IF. c ) W W f or In du s t ri al P roc e s s (1) Disu se and recy clin g st at es of W W F IP W W F IP is t ot ally recy cled. It s u sages are fire w oods (48% ), raw m at erial for oth er product s (52% ) respectiv ely. T he rat e of recy cled raw m at erial con sist of 30% for boards, 16% for layin g on the cattle shed. F urtherm ore, W W durin g fir st process (saw ing, board, pulp et c) are recy cled for board (38% ), fire w oods (36% ), cattle sh ed (20% ). W W during second process (F urnitures, m u sical in strum ent s, et c) are recy cled for fire w oods, w hich is 97% of t ot al sum. (2) Distribution of W W F IP 6% of W W F IP durin g fir st and secon d proces s are distributed by m iddle distributor, 61% are u sed int ernally and distribut ed directly t o con sum er s. F utherm ore, 47% of W W F IP during fir st porcess is distribut ed by m iddle distributor an d 51% are u sed int ernally. 1% of W W F IP during second process is distribut ed by middle distribut or and 99% are u sed int ernally. d ) R e cy c lin g S t at e s an d D i s t rib ut i on of W W f or Con s t ru ct ion 96% of W W F C is buried and burn ed dow n and 4% of W W F C is recy cled a s recy cled board an d fire w oods. 61% of W W F C is buried an d burned dow n int ern ally. 39% are disposed, 35% of th em are buried w ith other g arbag es for con stru ction. W W F C is distribut ed by certificated w orkers w ho are registered in g ov ernm ent. - 15 -
e ) W W F L (W W f or Liv in g ) (1) Disu se and Recy cling states T h ou gh the am ount of W W F L is 1.8% of t ot al W W, w e hav e t o con sider it s disu se and recy cling st at es for dev elopm ent of thought s for recy clin g. Collection of W W F L is divided direct m an agem ent of local g ov ernm ent int o v icariou s ex ecution of certificat ed w ork er s. T he rat e of direct m an agem ent is 47%, vicariou s ex ecution is 24%, goin g abreast is 18%, and 11% not prepared by local g ov ernm ent s. T he rat e of recy cling for W W F L is at lea st 12%, the rat e of w hich is 4.0%. T h e rest s of W W F L are buried an d burned dow n. (2) T he result of qu estionaire in Chun - nan g Gu 48.7% of reason s for disu se is 't oo old ', 27.2% is 'for m ov em ent '. W e can know that th e m ain reason of disu se is due t o th e ten dency of frequ ent m ovem ent. 85.9% of disuse method is to inform town offices (including via m anagement office in Apt.). 95.2% of respon sor don 't think that the cost s for disuse is not approriate, 53.1% of them think it is. f ) W W f or D i s t rib ut ion (W W F D ) (1) Disu se and recy clin g st at es of W W F D 42.5% of W W F D is ex ecut ed vicariou sly, 57.5% is ex ecuted int ern ally. 61% of the cost s for ececution is charg ed by producer, 39% of th em is ch arged by recy cling firm s. 20.8 % of W W F D is reu sed, 23.8 % is u sed for raw m at erial for oth er product s, 22.8% is u sed for fire w oods. 32.6^ is burned dow n. (2) channel of distribution of W W F D ch ann el of distribution of palett e vi car i ous execut i on( 38. 4%) r ecycl ed( 14. 9%) f i r ewoods( 18. 6%), r euse( 26. 9%) i nt er nal l y execut i on( 61. 6%) bur n down( 39. 6%) - 16 -
ch ann el of distribution of b ox es for packin g vi car i ous execut i on( 53. 7%) r ecycl ed( 51. 3%), sawdust ( 15%) f i r e woods( 37. 6%), r euse( 0. 5%) i nt er nal l y execut i on( 46. 3%) bur n down( 9. 1%) ch ann el of distribution of Drum for utility pole vi car i ous execut i on( 95. 7%) r ecycl ed( 95. 7%) f i r e woods( 0. 4%) i nt er nal l y execut i on( 4. 3%) bur n down( 3. 9%) T h e follow ing < t able 1> in dicat e the outbreaking qu antity of W W an d the stat e of recy clin g. < T able 1> Outbreaking W W by resources an d recy cling accomplishm ent (unit : th ou san d, % ) r ecycl i ng abol i t i on resour ce Tot al WWI F WWFI P WWFC WWFL WWFD Tot al mat er i al s subt ot al t ot al sawdust ot her s up bur ni ng- r euse r ecycl i ng f uel subt ot al boar d r ecl amat i on quant i t y 11011 4778 137 2562 1377 766 459 2079 6233 3628 2605 r at i o 100 43. 4 1. 2 23. 3 12. 1 7. 0 4. 2 18. 9 56. 6 32. 9 23. 7 quant i t y 911 551 0 446 0 199 247 105 360 0 360 r at i o 100 60. 5 0 49. 0 0 21. 8 27. 1 11. 5 39. 5 0 39. 5 quant i t y 3533 3533 0 1837 1060 565 212 1696 0 0 0 r at i o 100 100 0 52 30. 0 16. 0 6. 0 48. 0 0 0 0 quant i t y 5752 250 0 115 115 0 0 135 5502 3405 2097 r at i o 100 4. 3 0 2. 0 2. 0 0 0 2. 3 95. 7 59. 2 36. 5 quant i t y 190 23 7 15 15 0 0 1 167 19 148 r at i o 100 12. 1 3. 7 7. 9 7. 9 0 0 0/ 5 87. 9 10 77. 9 quant i t y 624 421 130 148 146 2 0 142 204 204 0 r at i o 100 67. 4 20. 8 23. 8 23. 4 0. 4 0 22. 8 32. 6 32. 6 0-17 -
c ) T h e Crit eri on of th e S eparat e d Coll e ct i on (1) Prin ciple of the criterion of th e separ ated collection W W are divided int o W W in forest s, W W for indu strial process, W W for liv in g and W W for distribution by their resources. An d W W are also divided int o n ails, w ires, con cret e, inorganic att achm ent, paint, glas s, st eel, h eavy m et al, h arm ful elem ent an d the oth er m at erials by their harm fulnes s and r aw m at erials, heating resources, agricultural u se, raw m aterials aft er separation, and th e special m anag em ent by environm ental st andard by th e recy cling u se. (2) Grade clas sification GC can be seen from fir st grade t o fifth con siderin g environm ent al side and also classified into W W on processing and W W u sed. < T able 2> Grade st an dard and m ain resources I I I I I I I V V cont ai nment of i nor gani c cont ai nment of har mf ul st andar d r aw mat er i al di f f er ent at t achment chemi cal el ement el ement mat er i al mat er i al by over l ay sl eeper wooden mai n r esour ces pl anks mol di ng boar d dest r uct i on of f ur ni t ur e el ect r i c pol e bui l di ngs d ) A n aly s i s f or E c on om i c al E f f i ci en c y of W W (1) Analy sis for economical efficiency for W W for saw du st Raw m at erials for m akin g saw du st s are W W IF, W W F C, lumb er, et c. Collectin g cost s by raw m at erials is 44556/ m3 for lum ber s, 37425/ m3 for W W IF, 31889/ m 3 for plank s, 26200/ m3 for W W F C. T he cost s for producing 1 m 3 of saw du st are 17261, 8276 (48% ) of w hich is for w aw m aterials, 20% of which is for labor cost s and 22% of which is overhead - 18 -
cost s. A s produ cing cost is high, com pared w ith other cost s, it is n eeded t o redu ce purchasing cost s. (2) Analy sis for economical efficiency of W W for PB W e analy sed the rat e of return about 11 com panies w ho supplied PB planks using W W for PB factories by making following 4 scenarios ; - scenario 1 : the case of collecting 10,000 for the cost of UC execution : 41% - scen ario 2 : th e case of n ot collectin g ex ecution cost s : 24% - scen ario 3 : th e case of collecting 13,520 for burying cost : 47% - scen ario 4 : th e case of purch asing W W by paying 12,000 : 8% (3) Analy sis for econom ical efficiency of W W for fir e w oods F or analy zin g the econom ical efficiency of W W for fir e w oods w e com pared W W w ith the cost s of sub stitutional fu el. In the case that the cost of W W is 20,000/ GT, if it is sub stitut ed w ith bucker C oil, the cost s of fuel is r educed by 29%. In 1997, W W of 21 m il m3 is recy cled for firew ood, w hich is sub stituted w ith 169,484 m il Lit er of bunker C oil. S o it m ade $ 47 m il. of cost r eduction effect of im port. < T able 3> Comparison s of economical efficien cy bet w een W W and Sub stitutional en ergy Fuel UF boi l er bunker C oi l boi l er gasol i ne Pr i ce 20, 000/ GT 275/ l i t er 520/ l i t er Cost 392, 000 552, 000 857, 000 n ot e : 5GT u sag e/ day e ) A n aly s i s of P ref eren c e f or W W - R e c y cl e d P rodu c t s T h e preference for W W - recy cled product s has m ov ed from price to quality - 19 -
and v ariably of product s. All W W - recy cled product s w hich is cont ain ed in the cont ent s did not show uniform ed preferen ces, and especially the preference for form in g charcoal is v ery low. Public relation s for v ariety of recy cled furnitures an d g oods, im prov em ent of distribution sy st em are n eeded for im prov em ent of preference for recy cled goods. f ) Int ro du ct i on P ro du ct ion of Qu alit y Cert if ic at ion S y s t e m f or W W - R e c y cle d Go od s Recy cled goods certificated by env ir onm ent al m ark sy stem an d GR quality Certification in Korea are ov erlay board for desk s and recy cled palettes. F irst, w e hav e t o ex pan d the cont ent s of certificat ed g oods w ith PB an d M DF by adju stin g flex ibly th e rat es of containm ent of W W according t o the charact eristics of v ariable goods. S econ d, w e hav e t o im prov e th e process of g oods in order t o get IS O environm ent al certification by appreciatin g the w h ole process. g ) T h e R ev i e w of Int ro du ct ion P ro g ram f or W W E x e c ut ion A s the recognition s for W W F L are sh ort an d classification sy st em s for them ar e not established, r ecy clin g for them ha s not been perform ed. F or th e prom otion for recy cling by selecting W W F L, w e m ade th e clas sification codes for th e scene of lab or an d tested them. T ong - daem un Gu office had perform ed the ex ecution w ith t w o- st ag e sy st em su ch as u se fire w oods - burning dow n, but they applied three- st age sy st em such as u se for raw m at erial - u s e for fire w oods - ex ecution w ith burnin g up accor ding to clas sification codes. By doin g that, the rat e of B/ C w a s im prov ed from 0.73 t o 0.83 an d the cost s of ex ecution w ere redu ced by 19,572,000/ yr. h ) P rog ram Im prov e m e nt f or P rom oti on of W W R e c y clin g. A s the W W F C w as certificated t o by - produ ct s, th e produ cer s of those - 20 -
product s hav e t o ex ecut e W W F C accordin g t o the u sag e and the rate of object s from 2,000 yr. A ccording to th ese codes, th e am ount s of W W F C t o b e ex ecut ed by con stru ct or s w ill be approx im at ely 1,657,000 m 2. A s W W F C w as certificat ed t o by - product s, th e ex ecution com panies h av e t o b e certificat ed by th e crit eria of the M inistry of Envir onm ent. By doin g that, the leg al ex ecution and recy clin g of W W F C w ill be prom ot ed. It is also n eeded t o unify th e m anagem ent sy st em for ex ecution and to est ablish th e office for recy clin g cent er of W W. i ) R e ality of R e cy c lin g W W in F oreig n Cou nt ry Ev ery y ear th ere are 2 m illion m 3 W W outcom in g in Japan. 30% of the out com in g W W are recy cled and these are u sed for w ooden chips, fu el, cu shion for cattle sh ed and organic fertilizer. On the other han d, the law for recy cling and th e law for disposin g W W are firm ly repaired. In Germ any, the w ay of classifyin g and treating W W is regulat ed by the law for circular econ om y and the law for the w ay of treatin g W W from packin g m at erials. It can be con sidered that the treatin g and recy cling sy st em s of both countries are v ery sug gestiv e in th e policy of r ecy cling sy st em of our country. 2. The Proposal about the Practical Use of the Research Outcome a ) S electin g W W according to the classified codes an d applyin g the disposin g sy st em s of W W for living to th e each unit of the liv in g section s. b ) Appointing the W W w hich can b e recy cled an d inv estig ation about th e pos sibility of offering incentiv es to th e ent erpriser s w ho apply the recy cling sy st em s so w ell. c ) Need for gov ernm ental a ssist ance of collecting cost for prom otion of recy cling th e W W. d ) Alleviation of th e adm ittin g st an dar ds for environm ent al m ark an d GR for the purpose of prom otion of recy clin g the PB and MDF based on the W W. - 2 1 -
1 23 2 25 3 54 4 79 5 106 6 138 7 167 8 269 C ON T E N T S Chapt er 1 23 Chapt er 2 25 Chapt er 3 54 Chapt er 4 79 Chapt er 5 106 Chapt er 6 138 Chapt er 7 167 Chapt er 8 269-22 -
1.,, ( ). PB MDF,,... 1, 2.... ( ), (, ).. 26.,,,,,,, - 23 -
,,,..,. 7.,,.. GR..... - 24 -
2 1. 2 1.. 97 1).,,, 400. 85, 20 0. 6 2). = ( 1- ),., 96 1). 2),, 1987. - 25 -
133, 96 ( 72%), ha7. 1, 14%, 86%. <1> 96 ( : ) ( ) 1, 662 204 294 182 468 514 823 36 196 32 468 91 ) ha7. 1. 2. ( ) 5 <2> 5.,, 4, 5. 90. <2> 1990 77 457 1, 648 3. 61 64 1991 88 473 1, 761 3. 72 72 1992 145 531 2, 254 4. 25 87 1993 153 547 2, 580 4. 72 137 1994 156 619 2, 694 4. 35 84 1995 151 693 2, 824 4. 08 77 1996 154 759 3, 435 4. 53 88 : 1998.. ) ( t ) = ( t - 1) + ( t ) - ( t ),. - 26 -
3 < 1>. < 1> ( : ) ) ( )., 823 88 911. 22%11%, 1%,, 26% 40%. - 27 -
4. 823 47357%. 14718%,,, 23830%, 779. 2%, 35043%. 887889%, 5057%, 2832%, 10. <3> ( ) ( : ) 823 473 149 77 238 9 350 ( %) ( %) ( 100) 88 ( 100) 911 ( 57. 5) 78 ( 88. 6) 551 ( 18. 1) 50 ( 56. 8) 199 ( 9. 4) 28 ( 31. 8) 105 ( 29. 9) ( 1. 1) - - 238 9 ( 42. 5) 10 ( 11. 4) 360 ( %) ( 100) ( 60. 5) ( 21. 8) ( 11. 5) ( 26. 1) ( 1. 0) ( 39. 5) ). 1. 2, 994 35. <4>12, 20 3. - 28 -
< 4> (, %) 35( 100) 12( 34) 20( 57) 3( 9) 90,,. 3). <5>, 83%, 17%, 23%, 5% 28%. 48%, 52%. <5> ( %) ( %) ( %) ( / ) ( ) 59 83 17-42, 600 4. 0 45 55 41 23 5 72 38, 500 5. 1 50 50 100 57 11 32 40, 971 4. 2 48 52 3) 9648%, 52%, 59%, 41%. - 29 -
< 2> ( :, %) 2., I MF. 98 26, 652ha, 160 14, 700ha, 11, 952ha. 1. <6> 98 ( : ha, %) 26, 652( 100) 4, 767( 18) 10, 155( 38) 11, 730( 44) 11, 952( 100) 3, 267( 27) 5, 655( 47) 3, 030( 25) 14, 700( 100) 1, 500( 10) 4, 500( 31) 8, 700( 59) : 1998,.. 1 1-30 -
1 2( 52 814). 14, 700ha 9, 450ha64%, ha5 47, 250 10, 979 ( 23%). <7> ( : ha, ) 9, 450 47, 250 1, 500 7, 500 4, 500 22, 500 3, 450 17, 250 4, 786 100( %) 16 48 37 23 : 1998,. 2, 290 48%..., 98731 1, 876 39%, 1, 369, 797. < 3> 1 : 1998,. - 3 1 -
..,. 5,, < 4> : 1998,. 10%, 5 1 3 13, 380. - 32 -
< 8> ( ha) ( ha) ( / ha) ( ) 8, 922 3, 267 5, 655 892 4, 460 13, 380 * ha5 <9> ( : ) 13, 380 3, 720 2, 790 3, 690 1, 410 1, 770 4, 460 1, 240 930 1, 230 470 590 : 1998,. 3.. 1) 90 90%.,., 1, 3. 90%, 10%, 5. 90.,. - 33 -
2) 4, 3,. ( ) ha43, 215. 1 0. 1137, 0. 079, 56, 992ha 91%. <10> ( cm) ( cm) ( / ha) ( / ) ( / ha) 447 18 215 0. 1137 24. 44 161 15 43 0. 0790 1. 21, 4. 5, 67, 000 24, 003, 42, 996, 93%. <11> - ( / ha) - 215 43 ( ha) 61, 411 4, 419 44, 236 9, 975 953 1, 454 374 ( ) 3, 400, 741 950, 085 1, 902, 148 428, 925 40, 979 62, 522 16, 082 ( ) 755, 720 211, 130 422, 700 95, 317 9, 106 13, 894 3, 574 ( ) 67, 000 24, 003 33, 373 7, 525 719 1, 097 282 ( %) 100 35. 8 49. 8 11. 2 1. 1 1. 6 0. 4 : 96,. ) 4. 5. - 34 -
3), 1 12, 00014, 000, 3, 0003, 500. <12>. 71, 87742%61, 000. <12> ( : ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 71, 877 38, 703 44, 232 16, 587 171, 400 331, 741 160, 341 ( %) 42 23 26 10 100 - - ) 1650, 8cm, 180cm.. 1),,., 10, 987 32, 961 73%., 973, 86411, 592. 96166 499 1%. - 35 -
1 1. 8m, 2. 7m, 3. 6m, 0. 06m, 0. 075m, <13>., 260, 020 198, 057 60%. 79, 223, 58, 966, 2, 997. <13> 96 ( mm) ( ) ( / ) ( ) 1. 8 0. 06 26, 369 0. 005087 134, 134 2. 7 0. 06 4, 944 0. 00763 37, 725 3. 6 0. 075 1, 648 0. 015896 26, 198 32, 961-198, 057 1. 8 0. 06 11, 592 0. 005087 58, 966 1. 8 0. 06 399 0. 005087 2, 029 2. 7 0. 06 75 0. 00763 571 3. 6 0. 075 25 0. 015896 396 499-2, 997 45, 052-260, 020 :, 1998,. 97. ) 1 3. < 5> ( :, %) - 36 -
< 6> 2) 90, I MF. 1, 1, 180 360cm, 7cm 40%, 60%., I MF1 600 983 1 770. <14> ( / ) 600 1, 000 40% ( ) I MF 600 I MF 770 1, 000 60% - 37 -
3), 1 600. 70%, 30%. <15> (m) (cm) ( / ) ( / ) ( / ) ( / ) (%) 1. 8 600 100 1, 000 80, 6, 2. 7 1, 500 200 25 2, 500 15 3. 6 7. 5 2, 000 300 3, 500 5 1. 8m80%,,, 5% 3. 6m., 2. 7m 196, 587, 3. 6m125, 816, 1. 8m117, 952, 2. 7m 108, 558, 3. 6m69, 987, 1. 8 52, 3852. 7m. <16> ( : / ) ( m) 1. 8 117, 952 22, 500 3, 750 196, 587 52, 385 2. 7 196, 587 20, 000 2, 500 327, 645 108, 558 3. 6 125, 816 22, 500 1, 875 220, 178 69, 987-38 -
. 1) 70%,., 46... 46. 2). 990/ 10a( 300), 1, 320/ 10a, 1, 980/ 10a., 2. 3892 / 10a, 3. 6638 / 10a, 4. 9326 / 10a. 4,. 6 4 6 30%. 40%, 60%, 60%, 40%,. 95 95 60 ( 29, 873 ) 98 99 ( 42, 406 ). - 39 -
< 7> ( :, %) <17> ( : 10a ) ( cm) ( cm) ( cm) ( ) ( ) 180 4 4 330 0. 9504 150 4 4 330 0. 7920 160 3. 5 3. 5 330 0. 6468 240 3. 6 3. 6 330 1. 0264 240 3. 6 3 330 0. 8554 240 3 2. 1 330 0. 4990 360 3. 6 3 330 1. 2830 240 3. 6 3. 6 330 1. 0264 180 3. 6 3. 6 330 0. 7698 240 3. 6 3 330 0. 8554 240 3 2. 4 330 0. 5702 180 3 2. 4 330 0. 4277 360 3. 6 3 330 1. 2830 ( ) 2. 3892 3. 6638 4. 9326 : 1998,. - 40 -
< 18> 93 94 95 96 97 98 ( ha) 810 720 670 774 1, 188 1, 193 ( ) 8, 023 7, 124 6, 629 7, 659 11, 757 11, 813 ( ) 19, 362 17, 193 15, 998 18, 483 28, 374 28, 508 ( ha) 1, 216 1, 079 1, 004 1, 160 1, 781 1, 790 ( ) 16, 046 14, 248 13, 258 15, 317 23, 514 23, 625 ( ) 44, 537 39, 547 36, 799 42, 515 65, 267 65, 575 ( ) 24, 069 21, 372 19, 887 22, 976 35, 272 35, 438 ( ) 63, 899 56, 740 52, 797 60, 998 93, 641 94, 083 ( ha) 533 518 534 433 322 373 ( ) 5, 275 5, 132 5, 287 4, 289 3, 184 3, 689 ( ) 3, 819 3, 716 3, 827 3, 105 2, 305 2, 671 ( ha) 355 346 356 289 214 248 ( ) 4, 689 4, 562 4, 699 3, 812 2, 830 3, 279 ( ) 3, 904 3, 799 3, 913 3, 174 2, 357 2, 730 ( ) 9, 963 9, 694 9, 986 8, 101 6, 014 6, 968 ( ) 7, 723 7, 514 7, 740 6, 279 4, 662 5, 401 ( ) 34, 032 31, 066 29, 873 31, 077 41, 286 42, 406 ( ) 71, 622 64, 254 60, 538 67, 277 98, 303 99, 484 : 1998,. ) 30%.. 1) <19>,,,. ( ),,,,, 10.,, 10. 90-4 1 -
,. <19> - 600-1, 000 ),,.,,.. 4. 961, 200,. 2) 97 88175, 700 1. 2%. 33, 683( 44%), 19%, 14%, 13%, 10%. <20> ( : ) 76, 581 76, 039 542 881 75700 ( %) 100. 0 99. 3 0. 7 1. 2 98. 8 : 1998,. ). - 42 -
3) 8,,., 63%., 12%, 51%., 37%25% 12%... < 8> ) ( ). 82%,.,. <21> ( / ) 100, 000 107, 500 50, 800 47, 000-43 -
4) 1114, 117, 1 220kg. 1 50, 250. <22> 1 ( ) 50 50 250 ( kg) 114 117 220 ) 1. 9737%63% 111. 55%, 122%. 1 1. 415, 8, 896 6, 800, 2, 097. 15%, 1 25%, 610, 693. <23> 881 326( 37) 555( 63) ( ) 6, 287 1, 482( 24) 4, 805( 76) ( ) 610, 693 370, 420( 61) 240, 273( 39) : ) ( 98. ). - 44 -
. 1), 272. 4%,.,.. 2) ),,. 20, 30. 55, 341 33, 245, 16, 439, 5, 657 229 33. <24> 55, 341( 100) 229( 0. 4) 33( 14) 9( 4) ) ( ),. ) ( 1) 4. 22, 2. 08, 0. 22. 2. 66, 1. 83, 0. 37, 70%, 92%, 82%. - 45 -
< 25> ( / ) ( / ) 8 2. 08 1. 83 1. 69( 92) 0. 14( 08) 54 4. 22 2. 66 1. 85( 70) 0. 81( 30) 9 0. 22 0. 37 0. 30( 82) 0. 067( 18) ), 40%( 133 ). ( 2) 63%, 24%, 7%. < 9> <26> ( ) ( ) ( ) 679 1, 412 1, 242 1, 147 95 330 1, 393 878 611 267 1, 757 387 645 527 118 - - 2, 765 2, 285 480 ) 98. 7.. - 46 -
30, 20. 2, 765, 2, 285, 480. 3) ) 376 12533. <27> 376( 100) 125( 33) 33( 26) 2( 2) ) 1. 97. 5. 2. ( ),. ) 39%, 23%, 22%, 11%. 29%, 28%, 20%, 6%, 5%, 4%. 97 1, 427, 787, 406, 324, 396, 806, 285, 557. - 47 -
< 10> < 11> <28> ( ) 1, 427, 787 406, 324 92, 211 61, 276 56, 517 396, 806 77, 338 285, 557 57, 706 ) 98. - 48 -
4) ),.. 4 2, 22 19 86%, 17225 ( 15%). <29> 4 22 19( 86) 2 172 25( 15) 6( 3) ) ( ). ) 63%, 2213 19%, 13%. 59%, 25%, 8%. - 49 -
< 12> < 13>. 83% 10%, 4%, 3%. - 50 -
< 14> ) ( 1) 45%, 33%, 20%, 12%. < 15> - 5 1 -
42%, 28%, 17%. < 16> ( 2) 52%. 28%. < 17> - 52 -
5 1.. 2., 1 2. - 53 -
3 1,,,, 1,, 2. ( 1, 2),,,,. 2 9, 833( 100) 1, 486( 15) 426( 4) 421( 4) 6, 706( 68) 172( 2) 139( 1) 134( 1) 349( 3) 774( 12) 5, 248( 78) 194( 3) 490( 7) < 18> ( : m 3 ) ) ( ). - 54 -
2, 339( 100) 1, 256( 54) 870( 37) 5( 0. 2) 208( 9) < 19> ( : m 3 ) ) ( ). 1, 747( 100) 1, 413( 81) 175( 10) 72( 4) 87( 5) < 20> ( : m 3 ) ) ( ). 3 1..,,,. 65%, 10% 25%.,, - 55 -
62%, 10% 28%. 57% 43%.. <30> ( ) ( ) 1, 336 5, 248 ( %) 814 3, 254 25( 14, 9, 2) 132 470 28( 3, 14, 11) 23 54 43( 3, 23, 17) 367 1, 470 25( 14, 9, 2) ) 1. = 2. ( ). 3. <31> ( %) 65 10 75 ( 45, 50, 55, 60, 90 90 2. 4 ( m) 90, 120) 150 84 84 2. 7 ( 2, 1. 8, 3, 3. 7, 4) 81 81 3. 6 81 4. 5 ( ) ( %) 50 50 30 30 36 36 2cm : 65% 3 3, 2. 7 2. 7, 2. 7 1. 5 ). - 56 -
< 32> ( %) 62 10 72 ( m),,, ( R. pi ne) : 4m 12. 6m : - 2. 7m, 3. 6m 30 30 30 36 36 36, - 1. 8, 2. 1, 2. 4, 2. 7, 3. 6m <33> ( %) 57, ( m) 69 36 3. 7, 45 45 3. 7 36 36 3. 7, 33 33 3. 7 33 54 3. 7 s aw ( 1%10/ )., 72%, 28%. - 57 -
... <34> ( ) ( ) 216 772 ( %) 173 617 25( 5, 13, 10) 17 61 28( 3, 13, 10) 26 94 28( 5, 13, 10) ) 1.. 2. = 3. ( ). <35> ( %) 57 15 72,, : ( 15, 18, 25, 30) ( 150, 180) 3. 6 : ( m) ( 50, 60, 75, 90, 120, 200, 220 340) ( 150, 180) ( %) : 80%, : 20% 30 30 30 36 36 36 ). - 58 -
. MLH,,,, 65%, 35%. <36> ( ) ( ) 101 288 ( %) M L H 101 288 35( 1. 4, 22. 6, 11) ) 1. = 2. MLH : 288 0. 35( 1. 4%, 22. 6%, 11%) =101 3. ( ). <37> MLH 1 2 ( %) 42 12 11 65,,, ( m) 150 240 2. 5 ) 1, 2. 21 150 21 120 50 100 55 65 18 30 30 36 15 45. 96396 139. 45%, 20%, 35%. - 59 -
< 38> ( ) ( ) 139 396 ( %) 139 396 35( 1. 4, 22. 6, 11) ) 1. = 2. : 396 0. 35( 1. 4%, 22. 6%, 11. 0%) =139 3. ( ). <39> ( %) 45 20 65 ) = 2. 70 Lauan80 Lauan, Kapur, Ker ui ng, ' 80 Kapur, Ker ui ng, ML 90MLH,, 90 MLH,,.,., 58%, 33%, 60%, 30%. <40> ( ) ( ) ( %) 476 1, 486 342 1, 037 33( 2, 8, 3, 20) 134 449 30( 6, 3, 21) ) = - 60 -
< 41> ( %),,,, 58 2 8 3 20 9 42 100 60 1 7 3 20 9 40 100 58 2 8 3 20 9 42 100 60-6 3 21 10 40 100 3.,. 86%, 2%, 12% 85%, 2%, 13%, 92%, 8%. <42> ( ) ( ) ( %) 4 222 1 71 20( ) 3 151 20( ) ) = - 61 -
< 43> ( %) ( %) 86 2 12 14 100 85 2 13 15 100 92 8-8 100 4.,,,,, P. B 76%, 24%, 73%, 27%. <44> ( ) ( ) 528 2, 071 ( %) 107 421 25. 5 421 1, 650 25. 5 ) = <45> ( %) ( %) P. B 76 13 10 1 24 100 73 15 11 1 27 100-62 -
5. 2%, 12%, 86%. <46> ( ) ( ) ( %) 4 204 4 204 2 ) = <47> ( %) ( %) 86 2 12 14 100 85 2 13 15 100 92 8-8 l 00 6. 25 481., 8%, 5% P B92%, P B,, 88%, 12%. OSB 85%, 15%, 62%, 35%, 62%, 35%. - 63 -
< 48> ( ) ( ) ( %) 481 2, 981 P. B 72 903 8 61 510 12 104 870 12 238 680 35 6 18 35 ) = <49> ( %) ( %) P. B 87 5 92 5 3 8 100 P. B,, 83 5 88 7 5 12 100 O S B 85-85 11 44 15 100 65 62 15 20 5 100 65 62 35-35 100 7. 50% 30%, 70%, 50%, 50%, 90%, 10%, 60%, 40% - 64 -
< 50> ( ) ( ) 81 349 17 25 7 37 73 5 P. B 15 148 1 10 99 1 2 4 4 ( %) ) = <51> ( %) ( %) 30-30 15 20 25 10 70 100 50-50 - 10 25 15 50 100 P. B, MDF 60 30 90-3 - 7 10 100 60-60 40 40 100 ) ( %) 8. 16775%, 25%. <52> ( ) ( ) ( %) 167 668 167 668 25. 5 ) = - 65 -
< 53> ( %) 60 15 75 15 10 25, 9. 1 2 1 23, 533, 1 2, 804, 2 729. 1 1, 792 51%, 528 18. 8%, 481 17. 1%, 476 17. 0%. <54> 1 2 1 2 3, 533 2, 804 1, 792 476 4 528 4 729 481 81 167 442 - - - - - - 442 238 37 167 104 - - - - - - 104 104 - - 166 - - - - - - 166 139 27-2, 831 2, 824 1, 792 476 4 528 4 17-17 - - 66 -
< 55> 1 ( ) ( ) 1 10, 689 96 1, 295 683 110 8 622 2804 6, 706 65 994 639 94 1, 792 5, 248 16 740 486 94 1, 336 R. pi ne 3, 254 456 293 65 814 470 14 66 52 132 54 2 12 9 23 1, 470 206 132 29 367 774 39 100 77 216 R. pi ne 617 31 80 62 173 61 3 8 6 17 94 5 12 9 26 288 4 65 32 101 MLH 288 4 65 32 101 396 6 89 44 139 396 6 89 44 139 1, 486 21 301 44 110 476 1, 486 21 301 44 110 476 449 94 13 27 134 1, 037 21 207 31 83 342 222 4 4,, 222 4 4 71 1 1 151 3 3 2, 071 528 528 2, 071 528 528 421 107 107 1, 650 421 421 204 4 4 204 4 4-67 -
< 56> 2 ( ) ( ) 4, 001 373 356 729 2, 984 231 250 481 P. B 903 27 45 72 2 510 25 36 61 870 43 61 104 O S B 3 - - 680 136 102 238 18-6 6 349 42 39 81 25 11 6 17 73 26 11 37 P. B 148 5 10 15 99-10 10 4-2 2 668 100 67 167 668 100 67 167-68 -
4 1. 1 2 39%, 61% 2. < 21> 2. 1 1 49%, 51% 70%, 30%. 76%, 24%., 60%, 25%, 15%. - 69 -
90%, 10%., 90%, 10%. 149% 51% : 70% ( 515/ ) : 42% ( 515/ ) : 28% : 30% : 76% : 61% : 15% : 24%(,, Cor e) : 60% 60% : 25% 40% : 15% : 90% 100% : 10% : 90% 100% : 10% - 70 -
3. 2 2 1%, 99% 1%, 99%. 1%, 19%, 80%., 1%, 99%. 2 1% 99% : 99% 99% : 1% 1% : 80% 99% : 19% 1% : 1% : 99% 99% : 1% 1% 5 1 2100%, 6%, 94%., 30%, 48%, 16%, 6%. 1-71 -
38%, 36%, 20%, 6%. 1 56%, 10%, 1%, 3%, 61%.,, 2 97%. 1, 2 24%, 20%. <57> ( : %) 100 100 6 94 46 48 - - - 1 100 100 6 94 58 36 - - - 2 100 100 6 94-97 - - - <58> ( ) ( %) 3, 533 100 30 16 6-48 2, 804 100 38 20 6-36 1, 792 100 56 31 3-10 1 476 100 15-24 - 61 4 100-14 - 86-528 100 - - - - 100 4 100 - - - - 100 729 100 - - 3-97 2 481 100 - - 1-99 81 100 - - 20-80 167 100 - - - 1 99-72 -
1.. 1 1),, 80%, 85%. 56%, 31%, 10%, 3% 97%, 3%., 2. 2),,,,,,, 75%, 58%, 100%. 61%, 24%, 15%. : 16% : 80% : 56% : 56% : 24% : 31% 97% : 15% : 10% 3% : 5%, : 3% : 9% : 51% : 34% : 15% - 2-73 -
, : 20% : 48% : 61% 76% : 16% : 24% 24% : 15% : 8% : 15% : 8% : 3% : 3% - : 10% 3),,. 100%. : 12%- : 100% : 2%- : 100% : 86% 100% : 14% 4), 90%, 10%100%. : 14% : 11% 90% 100% 10% : 1% - 74 -
5) 90%, 10% 100%. : 13% 90% 100% 10% : 2%. 2 1) P B,,,,. 99% 1% 99%, 1%. <59> ( ) ( %) 481 23 11 12 P B 72 8 5 3 61 12 7 5 104 12 7 5 238 35 15 20 6 35 35 - - 75 -
P B : 5% - 100% 63% : 3% - 100% 37% 99% 99% : 7% - 100% 58% 1% 1% : 5% - 100% 42% : 7% - 100% 58% : 5% - 100% 42% : 20% - 100% 57% : 15% 90% 39% 10% 4% - : 35% - 100% 100% 2),, (, P B, ),,,,. 80%, 19%, 1% 99%, 1%. <60> ( ) ( %) 81 42 3 10 17 12 17 70 15 20 25 10 37 50-10 25 15 25 10-3 - 7 2 40 - - - 40-76 -
: 25%- 100% : 36% : 20 95% : 27% 5% : 2% 98% : 15%- 100% : 21% 2% : 10%- 100% : 14% 80% 99% : 25%- 100% : 50% 19% 1% : 15% 70% : 21% 91% 1% 30% : 9% 9% : 10%- 100% : 20% : 7% 60%: 42% 58% 40% : 28% 42% : 3%- 100% : 30% 3),, ( ), 99%100%. : 15% 59% 99% 100% 1% 1% ( ) : 10% - 100% 40% 2.. - 77 -
1, 000 2, 000... - 1, 000 2, 000. - ( ) : 50, 000/ GT : 45, 000/ GT : 65, 000/ GT : 50, 000/ GT( 70, 000 100, 000/ GT). - 1, 000,. - ( ) : 50, 000 55, 000/ GT : 40, 000/ GT - 78 -
4 1,.,,,,,.,,,. : (. ),, :,,, :, 2 1..,,. 3 4, 15. - 79 -
,.,.,.,...,,.,.,.. 1).. 5960 ( 15, ) 3, 540 <61>. m 2 214, 89040. 3%. m 2 22, 9264. 3%, m 2 12, 755, 10, 171. - 80 -
< 61> / 533, 249 214, 890 22, 926 12, 755 10, 171 % 100. 0 40. 3 4. 3 2. 4 1. 9 ) APT( 5960 ( 15, ) = 3, 540. 1, 187. 85( 12 1210 2420 mm) 41. 74. 88. 61m 3 55%, 45%,,. 16. 62m 3. <62>. 12. 4, 7. 6 61. 3%, 4. 8 37. 8%.,, 0. 0775m 3, 0. 0475m 3, 0. 03m 3. <62> APT ( ) / 12. 4 7. 6 4. 1 3. 5 4. 8 1. 4 3. 4 ( %) 100 61. 3 33. 1 28. 2 38. 7 11. 3 27. 4 / 0. 0775 0. 0475 0. 0257 0. 0218 0. 0300 0. 0088 0. 0212 2),,,,,, 4. - 81 -
,,,. ) <63> 278m 2, 2. 16 m 2 776, 740. <63> ( / ) 122 47 7 40 75 39 36 / 22. 5 14. 0 7. 6 6. 4 8. 5 4. 3 4. 2 ( %) 100 62. 2 33. 8 28. 4 37. 8 19. 1 18. 7 / 0. 0927 0. 0576 0. 0314 0. 0262 0. 0351 0. 0177 0. 0173 : m 2 22. 5 14 62. 2%, 8. 5 37. 8%., 0. 0927m 3, 0. 0576m 3, 0. 0351m 3. ) 428. 5m 2, 5. 29 m 2 567, 436. m 2 13. 7 11. 2 81. 8%, 2. 5 18. 2%., 0. 0857m 3, - 82 -
0. 0699m 3, 0. 0156m 3. <64> ( ) 52 30 7 23 22 11 11 / 13. 7 11. 2 7. 6 3. 6 2. 5 1. 3 1. 2 ( %) 100 81. 8 55. 5 26. 3 18. 2 9. 5 8. 7 / 0. 0857 0. 0699 0. 0475 0. 0224 0. 0156 0. 0081 0. 0075 :. ) 1, 322m 2, 6. 96 m 2 526, 540. m 2 17 10. 6 62. 4%, 6. 5 38. 2%., 0. 0626m 3, 0. 0389m 3, 0. 0238m 3. <65> ( ) 83 26 7 19 57 21 36 / 17. 0 10. 6 7. 6 3. 0 6. 5 2. 4 4. 1 ( %) 100 62. 4 44. 7 17. 7 38. 2 14. 1 24. 1 / 0. 0626 0. 0389 0. 0279 0. 0109 0. 0238 0. 0088 0. 0150 :. - 83 -
) 484m 2, 2. 29 m 2 474, 716. <66> ( ) 36 25 7 18 11 5 6 / 11. 7 10. 5 7. 6 2. 9 1. 3 0. 6 0. 7 ( %) 100 89. 7 65. 0 24. 8 11. 1 5. 1 6. 0 / 0. 0898 0. 0802 0. 0582 0. 0220 0. 0096 0. 0046 0. 0050 :. m 2 11. 7 10. 5 89. 7%, 1. 3 11. 1%., 0. 0898m 3, 0. 0802m 3, 0. 0096m 3. 3). Bn = ( Upi Uhi ) Bn = ( ) Upi = i ( m 2 ) Uhi = i ( m 3 / m 2 ) - 84 -
< 67> ( 95) ( ) 140, 062 68, 820 38, 716 12, 387 5, 215 14, 924 ( ) 117, 327 62, 614 28, 549 13, 727 6, 281 6, 157 :, 1996. <68> 3, 307 1, 586 996 348 221 156 ( %) 100. 0 48. 0 30. 1 10. 5 6. 7 4. 7 ( ) 2, 010 856 723 188 159 84 ( ) 1, 297 730 273 160 62 72 3, 307m 3 1, 586m 48%, 996m 3 30. 1%, 348m 3 10. 5%, 2, 010m 3 61%, 1, 297m 3 39%...,,. Ea = ( Rbi + Rni ) - Rt i ) Rai 4) 4) ( 1997), 25 197068m2. - 85 -
, Ea : ( m 2 ) Rbi Rni Rt i Rai : i ( ) : ( ) : i ( ) : i ( m 2 / ) <69> ( 95) ( ) 127. 2 60. 5 47. 6 14. 7 4. 4 ( ) 8, 656. 5 4, 117. 3 3, 237. 8 1, 000. 3 301. 1 ( %) 100. 0 47. 6 37. 4 11. 6 3. 5 <70>. 305m 3 234m 3 76. 7%, 52m 3 17%. Bd = ( Dpi Dhi ), Bd : ( m 3 ) Dpi : i ( m 2 ) Dhi : i ( m 3 / m 2 ) <70> 305 234 52 17 2 % 100. 0 76. 7 17. 0 5. 6 0. 7 146 121 15 9 1 ( ) 159 113 37 8 1-86 -
., 3, 612m 3 3, 307m 3 ( 92%), 305m 3 ( 8%). - = 3, 612 = 3, 307 305 2..,.,,., 75%.. 2 2. 60%, 40%, 100%..,,. LG 2. - 87 -
... Sw = ( Smi Mui ), Sw = Smi Mui = = 1) 1, 2009. 40. 78%, m316. 7. 888. 88. 80. 99%, m268. 0. <71> ( m) 643 2322 0 0 2965 / m 0. 0021151 0. 003459 0 0 0. 003167 0. 78% ( ) 1. 36 8. 031 0 0 9. 391 ( ) 1200 ( m) 745 926 10 1599 3280 / m 0. 0018255 0. 006587 0. 133 0 0. 00268 0. 99% ( ) 1. 36 6. 1 1. 33 0 8. 79 ( ) 888. 78-88 -
2) ( ).,,, 90%, 100mm60mm85%. 2 1km1. 2, 965m, 10m m1. 097m 3 643m 2, 322mm0. 32m 3. m 3 0. 014m 3, 0. 0265m 3 2. <72> ( : m 3 / m) ( ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ) 1. 4980 1. 0970 0. 3200 0. 0280 0. 0530 0. 5085 0. 3770 0. 1100 0. 0074 0. 0141 1. 4575 1. 0970 0. 3200 0. 0140 0. 0265 2. 4000 1. 8375 0. 5360 0. 0092 0. 0173 - - - - - 5. 6286 3. 8313 1. 1176 0. 2349 0. 4447 1. 4662 1. 0970 0. 3200 0. 0170 0. 0322 0. 8102 0. 6161 0. 1797 0. 0050 0. 0094 3, 280m, m5. 6m 3. 745m m0. 5085m 3 0. 377m 3, 0. 11m 3, 0. 0074m 3, 0. 0141m 3. 926m m - 89 -
2. 4m 3, 1. 8375m 3, 1. 1176m 3, 0. 2349m 3, 0. 4447m 3, 1, 599m. 3) 463. 1m 3, 302. 3m 3. <73> ( : / ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ) 234. 7 171. 9 50. 1 4. 4 8. 3 27. 2 20. 2 5. 9 0. 4 0. 8 228. 4 171. 9 50. 1 2. 2 4. 2 12. 8 98. 3 28. 7 0. 5 0. 9 - - - - - 301. 1 205. 0 59. 8 12. 6 23. 8 463. 1 302. 3 4). <74>1995 139 4, 914. <73>. 2, 082m 3, 2, 017m 3 97%, 65m 3 3%. - 90 -
< 74> ( 95) ( ) 139 86 52 34 53 53 - ( ) 4, 914 3, 015 1, 809 1, 206 1, 899 1, 899 - :,, 1996. <75> ( ) 2, 082 1, 203 838 365 879 879-2, 017 1, 168 810 358 849 849 - ( ) 65 35 28 7 30 30 -.,,,,,,. 11.,. 1),,. - 91 -
2),,,, LG,. 3). Rw = Wmi Mai, Rw = ( m 3 ) Wmi : ( ) Mai : ( m 3 / ) 4) 1. ) ( ) LG 780m, 52m, 1 ( 37m, 52m), 56 <76>.,,, 1. 7707m 3. 0. 9468m 3 53%, 0. 7013m 3 40%, 0. 1025m 3 6%. - 92 -
< 76> ( ) 38, 344 2, 017 24, 145 11, 749 434 ( ) 99. 5 5. 8 53. 2 39. 4 1. 1 ( / ) 1. 7707 0. 1025 0. 9468 0. 7013 0. 0201 ) ( ) 10. 1km, 23. 4m, 746. 0. 3854m 3. 0. 3595m 3 67%, 0. 0713m 3 19%. <77> ( ) 35, 973 79 24, 145 11, 749 - ( ) 287. 5 193. 6 53. 2 39. 4 1. 3 ( / ) 0. 3854 0. 2595 0. 0713 0. 0528 0. 0017 ) 1<78>. 1. 0781m 3, 0. 5091m 3 47%, 0. 3771m 3 35%, 0. 1810m 3 17%. - 93 -
< 78> ( ) ( ) 37, 159 1, 048 24, 145 11, 749 217 ( ) 193. 5 99. 7 53. 2 39. 4 1. 2 ( / ) 1. 0781 0. 1810 0. 5091 0. 3771 0. 0109 ),,,. <79>199553, 756 31, 088 58%, 13, 833 16%. <79> ( 95) ( ) 53, 756 31, 088 13, 833 8, 656 179 ( %) 100.. 0 57. 9 25. 7 16. 1 0. 3 :,, 1996. ) <80>. 58m 3, 27m 3 47%, 20. 3 m 3 35%, 9. 7m 3 17%. - 94 -
< 80> ( ) 57. 9 9. 7 27. 4 20. 3 5. 9 ( %) 100. 0 16. 8 47. 3 35. 1 1. 7 7. 1 0. 8-6. 3-50. 8 8. 9 27. 4 14. 0 5. 9 ) 2, 082m 3 58m 3 2, 140m 3. - = 2, 140 = 2, 082 58. 5, 752m 3. 3, 612m 3 63% 3, 307m 3 305m 3. 2, 140m 3 37%, 2, 082m 3., 1 4, 339m 3 75%, 95%. - 95 -
< 81> ( 95) ( ) 5, 752 3, 612 3, 307 305 2, 140 2, 082 58 ( %) 100. 0 62. 8 57. 5 5. 3 37. 2 36. 2 1. 0 4, 339 2, 315 2, 010 305 2, 024 2, 017 7 1, 413 1, 297 1, 297-116 65 51 3 1, 000, 55%..,.,, (, )..,,,. <82>.,. - 96 -
< 82> ( %) 100 10 15 45mm45mm 100 45mm90mm 50 90mm90mm 20 30( 25) 5 10 30( 13) :,, 1995. 1... 11, 300.., 62. 2% 10, 00031, 0% 12, 000. 92% 10, 000 12, 000 6, 7%20, 000. <83> ( %) ( %) ( %) 10, 00012, 00020, 000 100 55 25 20 62. 2 31. 0 6. 8-97 -
2. < 22>.,.,,. < 22> 4, 59. 2%. 2504. 3%., 1996 1337m 3 115 m 3 ( 9%), 2, 079m 3 135m 3 ( 6%).,. - 98 -
< 84> ( ) 5, 752 250 115 135 5, 502 3, 405 2, 097 %) 100 4. 3 2. 0 2. 3 95. 7 59. 2 36. 5,,,,. 1.....,,..,,.,. - 99 -
.... 6 3 2. 4km,. < 23> 2m H.. 1-3,. 8cm, 10cm, 12cm, 8cm. ( ). - 100 -
8cm 0. 0795 10cm 0. 1000 12cm 0. 1200 8 22m, 15m..,..,.,.,. 0. 75 1. 00m,. H 25cm, 10cm 15cm,.,. - 101 -
,. 80%. <85>. <85> 1994 ( 8cm) ( 10cm) ( 12cm) 13, 594 11, 515 25, 109 17, 100 11, 515 28, 615 20, 520 11, 515 32, 035 54. 1% 45. 9% 100. 0% 59. 8% 40. 2% 100. 0% 64. 1% 35. 9% 100. 0% <86> ( 8cm) ( 10cm) ( 12cm) 199410, 480 8, 910 19, 390 12, 947 8, 703 21, 650 15, 294 8, 566 23, 860 199813, 823 11, 727 25, 550 17, 163 11, 537 28, 700 20, 275 11, 355 31, 630 *. *1998 1994. *1 1 : 7. 067, 1 11, 500( ) 0. 8 = 9, 200. 118. 834 ( ). - 102 -
...,,. CCA. CCA, 1% ph 1. 6 2. 8.,,. 2 CCA. <87> CCA ( : / ) 6 0. 0005 0. 50 0. 005 0. 05 0. 6 0. 7 0. 0005 63 0. 15 0. 05 1. 0 0. 4 0. 0005 1. 5 1. 5 - - - : ( 1989) 1992 1993. - 103 -
< 88> ( : ppm) 50 5 2 50 (, ) 50 5 2 50 50 5 2 50.,,..,.,.,.,.,,,,, - 104 -
...,,.,. 30 40%,,.,.,... - 105 -
5 1.,.,,.., ( 2)., 4,,,.,,., - 106 -
. 2,,,,,,,,.,,.,.. 3..,. 1.,,,, - 107 -
., PB, MDF,.,, <89> 4. <89> ( : m 3 ) PB MDF 90cm 0. 01355 0. 10874 0. 08129 0. 00572 0. 20930 120cm 0. 00804 0. 12960 0. 14688 0. 01000 0. 29452 2 0. 03560 0. 04518 0. 02787 0. 00475 0. 11340 2 0. 00790 0. 03306 0. 00333 0. 04429 1 0. 01988 0. 00333 0. 02322 0. 02592 0. 00216 0. 0500 0. 07808 0. 01296 0. 00108 0. 03333 0. 04737 0. 00576 0. 01667 0. 02243 4 0. 07095 0. 00332 0. 07426 1 0. 00940 0. 00994 0. 01933 3 0. 01114 0. 01902 0. 03016 0. 02955 0. 08906 0. 00592 0. 12453 2 0. 02138 0. 05509 0. 03000 0. 00083 0. 10731 3 0. 06241 0. 04869 0. 02349 0. 00526 0. 13984 <90>. - 108 -
2. <90>.,. <90> ( ) ( ) 500L 300L 300L 42 12 10, 000 8, 000 6, 000 5, 000 3, 000 4, 000 1m 2, 000 2, 000 3, 000 4, 000 2, 000 3, 000 4, 000 7, 000 4, 000 264 66 66 1m 1m 120cm 1 90cm 1 8, 000 5, 000 3, 000 4, 000 2, 000 15, 000 10, 000 5, 000 2, 000 5 4, 000 4 2, 000 2 15, 000 1 10, 000 15, 000 4, 000,, - 109 -
.,. <91> 74 204 96( 47. 1) 170 ) ( )... Q = ( Pai ai ), ai = ( Sf i Fmi ) / Fai, Q = ( m 3 ) Pai = ( ) ai = ( m 3 ) Sf i = ( ) Fmi = ( m 3 ) Fai = ( ). 10, 10 20, 20 <92>. - 110 -
20, 76. 9%, 0. 01214m 3, 94. 2%. PB46. 5%, MDF 32. 0%, 16. 6%, 10. 0%. 1020 11. 5%, 0. 00274m 3, 3. 3%., PB44. 5%, MDF 32. 2%, 14. 0%, 9%. 10, 11. 6%, 0. 00189m 3 2. 4%. PB42. 5%, MDF 32. 7%, 16. 8%, 8%. <92> ( %) ( m 3 ) ( %) ( m 3 / ) 20 76. 9 193, 411 94. 3 0. 01214 10 20 11. 5 6, 694 3. 3 0. 00270 10 11. 6 5, 016 2. 5 0. 00189,,. - 111 -
., 40. 4m 3 33%, 24. 5m 3 20%, 17. 1m 3 14%. <93> ( 96) ( : m 3 ) 20095 5108 750 1189 2160 181 3141 800 4567 2446 40437 8867 1829 393 186 1567 276 595 377 1538 1444 17071 3092 380 34 85 409 46 140 128 1086 198 5597 4596 309 142 199 440 120 385 163 1416 639 8411 1623 233 54 39 233 64 136 204 332 292 3211 679 114 27 98 207 84 101 36 54 507 1906 1103 138 27 41 272 29 114 54 113 140 2032 13638 1888 973 614 1589 321 1811 283 1246 2160 24523 702 136 29 39 131 21 97 38 126 122 1441 609 134 30 38 114 13 50 89 154 80 1311 840 168 12 15 100 25 63 50 161 166 1599 464 58 23 24 127 14 52 54 84 115 1015 2418 417 32 67 341 54 152 94 517 238 4331 4863 1211 113 244 821 119 513 210 2567 703 11363 63588 12122 2638 2878 8512 1366 7350 2580 13962 9251 124248 51. 2 9. 8 2. 1 2. 3 6. 9 1. 1 5. 9 2. 1 11. 2 7. 5 100. 0 ( %) 63. 6m 3 51. 1%, 14. 0m 3 11. 2%, 12. 1m 3 9. 8%, 9. 3m 3 7. 5%. - 112 -
. PB57. 5m 3 46%, MDF39. 8m 3 32%, 88%. 12. 2m 3 9. 9% 2 2. < 24> ( 96). 5 13. 1m 3, 10 12. 9m 3,,., 123,. - 113 -
< 25> 4 1., 50%., 2, 1... - 114 -
< 26> - : ( ) ( ) (, ) (, ), (, ) - : (, ) (, ) (, ), (, )., 199511,, 10,. 4 200111,.,,,. - 115 -
2.,,. 61%, 32%, 7%.,,. 31%. < 27> 3..,, - 116 -
... < 28> 53%, / 17% 13%.. - 117 -
< 29>, 17%. 65. 2%, 34. 8%. 60%, 40% 55%, 45%.,., 39. 1% 60. 9%. - 118 -
5 1. ( ) 1995, TV,,. I MF.., 19981125, 131. ( ) ( ), 1996 1997 <94>. <94> ( : / ) 1997 1997 1996 1997 1996 1996 17, 004 20, 077 18 11, 079 13, 035 65 1, 954 2, 787 14 14, 143 19, 132 35 10, 046 12, 994 68 1, 562 2, 094 11 7, 481 9, 741 30 5, 267 6, 859 70 908 1, 140 12 4, 614 5, 361 16 2, 784 3, 507 65 752 748 14 10, 790 17, 366 34 9, 926 14, 353 83 1, 151 1, 522 9 10, 790 21, 388 98 8, 420 16, 315 76 1, 195 1, 875 9 46, 767 55, 499 19 34, 361 42, 133 76 5, 765 6, 267 11 113, 772 148, 464 30 91, 883 109, 196 74 13, 287 16, 433 11 : ( ), 1998. - 119 -
,,.,,,,. 2. ( ) 1994. 1996 20, TV,,., 90% PB,,, 1998 ( ) ( ). <95> 19951996, 19951996 28%. - 120 -
< 95> ( : ) 1995 1996 366 246 120 172 166 6 53 141 63 79 22 12 11 84 615 460 155 361 350 11 41 3-3 265 263 2 80 758 541 216 645 624 21 15 366 229 137 359 347 12 2 525 373 153 29 18 11 94 314 207 108 425 419 6 35 616 443 172 413 394 19 33 752 574 178 680 666 14 10 881 687 195 675 660 15 23 825 634 190 689 664 25 16 1, 028 786 242 370 342 29 64 514 381 133 402 396 6 22 726 540 186 605 588 17 17 280 143 137 162 157 5 42 762 524 238 561 536 25 26 789 612 177 646 625 21 18 380 189 191 234 215 20 38 1, 256 881 375 539 502 37 57 1, 619 1, 127 492 619 558 61 62 1, 089 844 245 1, 020 997 23 6 52 14 37 300 300-5 270 188 82 384 374 10 42 319 245 74 395 391 4 24 15, 244 10, 929 4, 315 10, 972 10, 562 410 28 ( %) ). 3. (A ) A,. 50 55-121 -
10% 8. <> 1. ( ) : 60 % - ( Veneer Cor e ) - ( ) - Veneer 2. : 30 % 3. : 10 % 110t on 4 5t on. 1, 2,. : 12 10%., 10%...,. - 122 -
(, ),,,.., I MF.. 6 1. 19979121. 25%. 9, 1011 12 75%. 9 10. 1. 1: ( 97 ) 273/ ( 979 12 ) 282/ 1: ( 978 12294) 1. 95/ ( 979 12429) 3. 52/ 1277. 51. 95 3. 52. - 123 -
< 96> ( 9799712) ( : ) 1( ) 2( ) 9 8, 200 6, 754 696 750 126 10 9, 037 7, 334 945 758 126 11 7, 976 6, 553 788 635 92 12 9, 216 7, 739 321 1, 156 85 64, 429 28, 380 2, 750 3, 299 429 2.... <97> ( ) / 59 32 3 1 7 9 1 2 114 3. 215, 2, 237. 1. 35 1 2. 3.. 4. 19979, 900 17, 000. 1-124 -
3. 0 1, 862. 3. 5 2, 172. 5..,...,,,. 12 1, 271., 2140, 383, 299, 4124, 5110, 6130, 1103, 2102, 1 102, 2100, 31071, 271.. 1) 80%3 5. 4 49739. 1%, 3 310 ( 24. 4%), 5 229 ( 18%). - 125 -
< 98> ( %) 34 2. 7 1 26 2 2 124 9. 8 3 310 24. 4 4 497 39. 1 5 229 18 6 43 3. 4 7 8 0. 6 1, 271 100 538 ( 42. 4%), 366 ( 28. 8%) 71. 2%, 21. 9%, 4. 2%. < 30> - 126 -
15, 15 20, 21 25, 25 30, 31 35, 35 40, 41 45, 45. 2%,. 21 30 42. 3%, 3115. 2%, 20 42. 5%. 1564%, 30 84. 3%. 5. 4%, 7. 3%. 3251 19. 7%, 1 2 21. 5%, 4 5 29. 4%, 10 52 ( 4. 1%). < 31> - 127 -
< 99> 01234567 1010 68 93 103 170 251 211 163 86 74 52 1271 ( %) 5. 4 7. 3 8. 1 13. 4 19. 7 16. 6 12. 8 6. 8 5. 8 4. 1 100 2),,,,,. 1997. ) 1,,,. 2. 5, 1. 5, 1. 2, 1. 11 0. 9, 0. 9, 0. 9, 0. 9, 0. 8, 0. 7.,,, 1. ).. 1,,, 1732, 3 187 1, 271 15% - 128 -
, 1823 43334%. < 32> 3) 1997. 11. 22%( 280),, 15. 3%( 195), 15. 6%( 198 ), 15. 6%( 198).. ( 9. 9%), ( 8. 9%), ( 7. 9%). 5. 5 51. 2%, 55. 6% 10-129 -
. 5 10. < 33> 4) 32. 4%418 32. 9% 18. 4%. < 34> - 130 -
. 5) 954 747, 95( 9. 9%). 83( 8. 7%). 6) 51. 6% 45. 2%. 2. 8%. < 35> - 131 -
( 49. 4%)., 212 16. 7%, 13. 5%, 9. 5%, 2. 6%. < 36> <100> ( ) ( %) ( %) 89 7 ( ) 628 49. 4 53. 1, 212 16. 7 17. 9 171 13. 5 13. 5 121 9. 5 10. 2 33 2. 6 2. 8 17 1. 3 1. 4 1, 271 100 100-132 -
.,. 6.,.... 30. 4%.....,... - 133 -
11. 7%. 17. 6% 29. 3%.,., P1998817 20.. A..,,.. 7,,,.,.,,,,.. - 134 -
. 1., :,,,, :,,,,,,, :,,,, 5. <101> 1 2 3 4 5, 2..,,,,., 3.,,.,.,,. - 135 -
< 102> 001-11 001-12 ( ) (,,, ), (, ), 001-13 (, ) 001-14 (,, (, ), 1 ) 001-15 ( ) ( ) 001-16 001-17, 001-18 001-21 ( ) ( ) 002-22 2 ( ( 002-23, ) ) 002-24,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 002-21, 002-25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, - 136 -
< > ( ) 003-21,,,,, 003-22, 3 ( +(,, 003-23, ) ) 003-24 2,, 003-25 ( ),, 004-21,,, 4 004-22, ( (, ),, + ( ) 004-23, ) ( ),, 5 ( 005-21 ) 004-24,,,,,, - 137 -
6 1,, ( ),,,,,,.. 2,,,,,,, 6 200 <103>., ( KPA), ( KPP).,,. 200-138 -
.,, ( ), LG, LG,,. 75%,,,,,,.,,.,.,,. <103> ( :, ) ( %) 200 22 11 10 200 8 4 5 - - - 2 - - - 2 - - - 7-139 -
3 1... ( KPA),, 30%., 520%, 97 4, 400 75%3, 300. 600 700, 3 5 200., 5%. ( KPP) 96220 97 280,... - 140 -
1), ( / ) 4. 51, 2. 84, 0. 70, 0. 64. <104>. ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ( 3 ) ( ) ( ) ( / ) 6, 316. 5 22, 200 3. 51 1, 308. 7 320. 0 310. 0 259. 0 2, 740. 5 ( 4, 938. 2) 6, 462. 4 1, 000. 0 1, 842. 0 ( 9, 904. 4) 380. 0 923. 2 370. 0 ( 1, 303. 2) 3, 000 150 2, 800 15 3, 750 ( 9, 715) 5, 000 30 1, 300 ( 6, 330) 300 130 - ( 430) 2. 29 0. 47 9. 03 0. 66 1. 37 ( 1. 97) 0. 77 0. 03 0. 71 ( 0. 64) 0. 79 0. 14 - ( 0. 33) 99. 0 558 5. 64 8, 200. 0 16, 540. 0 2, 000. 0 510. 0 710. 0 ( 27, 960. 0) 10, 000 111, 266 4, 000 250 600 ( 126, 116) 1. 22. 673 2. 00 0. 49 0. 85 ( 4. 51) 2. 84 0. 64 0. 70 4. 51 - - - 2. 17 ), ( ) - 141 -
.. Wp = ( Si UNi Uvi ) Wp = ( ) Si : i ( ) UNi : i ( / ) Uvi : i ( / ) 1, 0. 033, 0. 043,,., 224 <105>. <105>. * 1 2, 961, 665 234, 259 318, 579 406, 929 661, 301 385, 861 454, 464 500, 272 ( ) ( / ) ( ) - 2. 84 2. 84 0. 64 0. 70 0. 70 4. 51 2. 17-0. 033 0. 033 0. 043 0. 043 0. 043 0. 043 0. 038 ( ) 223, 916 21, 955 29, 857 11, 199 19, 905 11, 614 88, 134 41, 252 *1,, 1996. ) = - 142 -
2) 3 69. 6 /, <106>. <106>. A B C ( ) 2, 000 9, 000 4, 800 - ( %) 80 85 87 85 ( ) 5 7 5 5 ( %) 24 15 19 20 ( ) 6 36 10 - ( / ) 80. 0 37. 5 91. 2 69. 6 ) = 95 10. 04 17 <107>. <107>. ( ) 6, 564. 7 6, 307. 6 199. 7 14. 8 28. 2 14. 4 ( ) 6, 088. 9 2, 422. 2 817. 5 62. 4 1, 639. 9 1, 146. 9 : 2. 7840 16, 951 ) = = 69. 6 0. 04 = 2. 7840-143 -
241. 2... 60%, 3 10%.,. <108>. A( ) ) B( ) C( ) 3% 10% 60% / 5% 10% 20%. 95,.,.,,. - 144 -
Wc = ( Si UNi Uvi ) Wc = ( ) Si : i ( ) UNi : i ( t on/ ) Uvi : ( / t on) 8 0. 164t on/, 0. 062t on/ 2. 6 <109>. <109>. ( ) ( t on) ( t on/ ) ( ) ( t on) ( t on/ ) A 97. 9 10 0. 102 44. 5 2 0. 045 B - - - 6230. 0 740 0. 119 C 3. 6 1 0. 281 22. 3 5 0. 225 D 50. 7 2 0. 039 192. 2 0. 5 0. 003 E 890. 0 181 0. 020 1068. 0 24 0. 002 F - - - 26. 7 1. 5 0. 056 G 44. 5 21 0. 472 44. 5 2 0. 045 H 178. 0 12 0. 067 881. 1 356 0. 0004 - - 0. 164 - - 0. 062 1. 695m 3 / t on 127, - 145 -
60, 12, 200. <110>. ( ) *1 1, 148, 520 457, 385 573, 750 117, 385 ( kg/ ) - 0. 164 0. 062 0. 062 (m 3 / t on) 1. 6949 ( ) 199, 764 127, 137 60, 292 12, 335 *1,, 1996. 3. ( ).,, 75%. LG, 95 3, 200. 30%. 2, 2 3,..,,. - 146 -
Wd = ( Uvi j Di j ) Ai j / 100 ( Ri / 100) Wd : ( ) Uvi j : i j ( ) Di j : i j ( ) Ai j : i ( %) Ri : i ( %) <111>. F/S 0. 323 * 1 0. 129 0. 637 0. 579 0. 195 0. 556 ( ) 234, 578 129, 411 18, 265 11, 502 3, 197 72, 203 ( ) *2 75, 723 16, 637 11, 629 6, 658 623 40, 176 ( ) 30% ( ) 22, 717 4, 991 3, 489 1, 997 187 12, 053 75% ( ) 30, 289 * 1 * 2. ( ) ( ) 95 34. 9, 30% 95 5. 0, 3. 5, 2. 0, - 147 -
95 40. 8 30% 0. 2, F/ S 12. 1. 75% 30. 3. 4..,,,, 50%.. 50%,.,,, 60%,,,, 25%,, 10%<112>. <112>.,,,,,,, ( %) 60 25 10 4 5 5 4, 5, 95%, 2, 50% <113>. - 148 -
< 113> 4. ( mm) 90 9 594( 6) 90 12 350( 2) ( / ) ( / ) 1. 11 850 95% 5% (kg/ ) 16 50%.,. Wf = ( Fi Pai / 100 Ai / 100 Uvi Cai ) Wf = ( ) Fi : i ( ) Pai : i ( %) Ai : i ( %) Uvi : i ( / ) Cai : i ( kg/ ),, 98. 1, 26. 7, 9. 6, 134. 4. <114>. ( ) * 1 2, 318. 9 1, 425. 2 996. 5 897. 2 ( %) - 60 25 10 ( %) - 49. 6 49. 6 49. 6 ( kg/ ) - 16 20 20 ( ) 34, 912 26, 509 6, 178 2, 225 ( / ) - 3. 70 4. 32 4. 32 ( ) 134, 384 98, 082 26, 689 9, 612 * 1,, 1996. - 149 -
5.. 95. PVC 40%.,. ( 15kg, 3. 5), ( 10kg, 2. 4) 2. <115>. ( kg) ( ) 15 3. 5, 10 2. 4,.,. Wa = ( Fui Pui / 100 Ai / 100 Uvi Cai ) Wa = ( ) Fui : i ( ) Pui : i ( %) Ai : i ( %) - 150 -
Uvi : i ( / ) Cai : i ( kg/ ) 5. 3, 1. 7, 0. 3, 7. 6. <116>. ( ) *1 1, 800. 6 615. 5 163. 7 114. 8 211. 9 822. 7 ( %) - 2. 2 0. 4 3. 7 0. 03 0. 1 ( %) - 50 50 50 50 50 ( kg/ ) - 15 15 10 10 10 ( ) 729. 9 451. 4 21. 8 212. 4 3. 2 41. 1 ( / ) - 11. 67 11. 67 8. 08 8. 08 8. 08 ( ) 7, 596 5, 268 254 1, 716 26 332 *1,, 1996. 6. 613m 3 10, 703 m 3 5. 7% (, 1997).., 48. 7%, 51. 3%., 61%, 73%, 71%,. - 151 -
,. <117> 240, 900 93, 950 146, 950 240, 900 - % 100 39 61 100-199, 800 53, 950 145, 850 133, 870 65, 930 % 100 27 73 67 33 30, 300 8, 790 21, 510 30, 300 - % 100 29 71 100-134, 400 134, 400-134, 400 - % 100 100-100 - 7, 600 7, 600-7, 600 - % 100 100-100 - 613, 000 298, 680 314, 320 547, 070 65, 930 % 100 48. 7 51. 3 89. 2 10. 8 ),. - 152 -
< 118>. ( Wp) ( ) ( Wc) ( Wd) ( Wf ) ( Wa) : 200 ( 22) : 10 : i ( Si ) i ( UNi ) i (Uvi ) 200 i ( Si ) ( 8) : 5, i (UNi ) ( Uvi ) i j ( Uvi j ) i j ( Di j ) i ( Ai j ) i ( Ri ) i ( Ai ),, i ( Fi ) i ( Pai ) i ( Uvi ) i ( Cai ) i ( Fui ) i ( Pui ) i ( Ai ) i ( Uvi ) i ( Cai ) Wp= ( Si UNi Uvi ) Wc= ( Si UNi Uvi ) Wd= ( Di j Uvi j ) Ai j / 100 (Ri / 100) Wf = ( Fi Pai / 1 00 Ai / 100 Uvi Cai ) Wa=( Fui Pui / 1 00 Ai / 100 Uv i Cai ) - 153 -
4 1. <119>, I MF.. <119> ( : %) 97 p 95 96 1/ 4 2/ 4 3/ 4 4/ 4 11. 7 7. 1-3. 5 0. 3 0. 2-3. 7-9. 8 15. 8 8. 3-11. 3-0. 2-1. 8-12. 7-28. 2 22. 6 10. 1-8. 1 1. 4 0. 6-13. 0-20. 8 1. 5 4. 2-19. 9-5. 6-8. 1-12. 0-43. 7 8. 7 6. 1 2. 7 0. 8 1. 8 3. 8 3. 7 10. 7-0. 4-2. 9-3. 7-3. 3-2. 5-1. 8 5. 8 16. 7 10. 2 11. 3 8. 9 12. 5 9. 1 :. 1998. - 8. 1%.,, - 154 -
- 19. 9%. I MF4/ 4..., 2. 7%. 9510. 7% 96-0. 4%, 97-2. 9%. 97 10. 2%. 2. < 37> 38. 4% 61. 6% 53. 7%, 46. 3% 95. 7%. 42. 5%57. 5%. - 155 -
. < 37> 3..... 9720, 000 60, 000 I MF - 156 -