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Journal of Korean Nature Vol. 1, No. 1 21-38, 2008 Flora of Gyeongju National Park, Korea Sang-Myong Lee 1 *, Hwa-Yun Lee 1, Yu-Mi Lee 2, Soo-Hyun Park 2, Byoung-Chun Lee 2, and Won-Hyeon Lim 3 1 National Science Museum, Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-705, Korea 2 Korea National Arboretum, Jikdong-ri, Scheul-eub, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 487-821, Korea 3 Gyeongju University, Hyohyun-dong, Gyongju, Gyongbok 780-712, Korea Abstract : This study found 39 orders, 112 families, 354 genuses, 515 species, 1 sub-species, 78 varieties and 11 forma, totalling 605 classifications. Dominant vegetations were deciduous trees (oak trees) such as Quercus mongolica, Q. vuriubilis, Q. acutissima, Q. aliena, and Q. serrata in Tohamsan and Danseoksan areas while dominant species was Pinus thunbergii in the Daebon area and P. densiflora in the Gumisan, Namsan, Sogeumkang, Hwarang and Seoak areas. Pte-Q was 1.35. It was higher than in mountainous inland areas, which was desirable succession. Key words : Flora, Gyeongju National Park Introduction The first research into the plants in Korea was the research conducted by the Russian Scientist, Schlippenbach, B. A. (1854), who collected 50 or so floral species in the East Sea and sent them to the western nations. Then, fathers Faurie, R. P. U. and Taquet, E. J. collected samples and sent them to the scientists in Europe, which was published in the academic circle. Palibin, J. W. (1898~1901) organized their research findings and published Conspectus Florae Koreae. After that, a Japanese scientist, Nakai (190, 1911) compiled and published Flora koreana (I, II). After the liberation of Korea from the Imperial Japan, Chuong (1956, 1957) published the picture book of Korean plants, which served as a breakthrough to the development of the botany of Korean peninsula, revitalizing botanical research by the Koreans. However, the western materialism that swept Korea with the liberation accelerated industrialization, which shifted the focus of national policies to industrialization and development. As a result, industrial complexes, residential areas and furthermore, entertainment areas made inroads into national land. With the destruction of national land, most of living creatures were placed in life-threatening danger. Although some areas are designated and protected as national parks, these areas barely escape from serious devastation. Unfortunately, the government cannot *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +82-42-601-7988 E-mail: smlee0998@hanmail.net even come up with countermeasures. Most of species (about 70%) are inhabited in national parks and natural conservational areas, but with lack of scientific and academic research into these areas. It is realistically difficult to set up protection and preservation policies of the species. Though intensive research is recently conducted in some of national parks and conservation areas, it is extremely short-lived and limited. Thus, this research was intended to provide basic data for further research, preservation and maintenance by identifying the flora that grow in 8 areas of the national park. Materials and Methods Overview on research sites Gyeongju National Park stretches 8 areas in and around Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbukdo. Tohansan area (76.95 km 2 ), Namsan area (21.0 km 2 ), and Daebon area were designated as national parks in 1968, covering a total of 102.05 km 2. With the addition (1.0 km 2 ) to Daebon area in 1971, Seoak area (4.30 km 2 ), Hwarang area (3.90 km 2 ), Sogeumgangsan area (6.8 km 2 ), and Danseoksan area (14.0 km 2 ) were included into the national park, making it a total of 132.05 km 2. Currently, the Gyeongju National Park covers 138.16 km 2 with the new inclusion of Gumisan area (6.11 km 2 ) in 1974. Of the park, an area of 30.86 km 2 is designated as national conservation area, 99.183 km 2 as national environmental area, and 8.117 km 2 as communities. Research Method The research into the flora and vegetation conducted three

22 Sang-Myong Lee, Hwa-Yun Lee, Yu-Mi Lee, Soo-Hyun Park, Byoung-Chun Lee, and Won-Hyeon Lim Table 1. Composition of vascular plants in Sosan, Gyeongju National Park Equisetineae Filicineae Gymnospermae Angiospermae Monocotyledoneae Dicotyledoneae Total I; Previous research, II; Previous research + this research Order Family Genus Species Sub species Variety Breed Total I 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 II 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 I 2 6 10 11-1 - 12 II 2 7 12 19-1 - 20 I 2 4 9 12 - - - 12 II 2 4 9 12 - - - 12 I 7 16 63 91-15 2 108 II 7 16 72 108-17 2 127 I 27 83 249 343 1 55 8 407 II 27 84 260 375 1 60 9 445 I 39 109 332 458 1 71 10 540 II 39 112 354 515 1 78 11 605 times from May 23 to May 25, 2007, from Aug. 18 to Aug. 19, 2007 and from Sept. 29 to Sept. 30, 2007. Dry samples made for research of the flora is reserved in the National Museum of Science and the Korea National Arboretum and identification and classification of the species referred to picture books of Chuong (1956, 1957), Nakai (1909, 1911), Ohwi (1984), and Lee (1980). On the other hand, Pte-Q was obtained to fathom the degree of damage to forest vegetation. Results and Consideration The Flora For the flora, Kim (1994) reported 81 families, 208 genuses, 238 species, 1 sub-species, 37 varieties and 1 forma which totalled 277 taxons while Lee (1997) reported 39 orders, 109 families, 332 genuses, 458 species, 1 subspecies, 71 varieties and 10 forma which totalled 540 taxons. This research found 39 orders, 112 families, 354 genuses, 515 species, 1 subspecies, 78 varieties and 11 forma which totalled 605 taxons. Table 2. List on the Vascular plants in Gyeongju National Park Tracheophyta Œ Sphenopsida Œ Equisetineae ~ Equisetales Œ Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense Linne» o Pteropsida e Œ Filicineae š ~ Ophioglossales š Œ Ophioglossaceae š Botrychium ternatum (Thunberg) Sw. š o Filicales š Œ Osmundaceae š Osmunda japonica Thunberg š o Pteridaceae š Dennstaedtia wilfordii (Moore) Christ. yš o Dennstaedtia hirsuta (Sw.) Mett. ex Miq. š $ Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. š o Davalliaceae š Davallia mariesii Moore š o

Flora of Gyeongju National Park, Korea 23 Aspidiaceae Woodsia manchuriensis Hooker t o Woodsia polystichoides Eaton t o Polystichum tripteron (Kunze) Presl š o Dryopteris bissetiana (Bak.) C. Christ. š o Dryopteris sacrosancta Koidz.» š o Dryopteris chinensis (Bak.) Koidz. ƒ š $ Dryopteris erythrosora O. Kuntze y š Lastrea japonica (Bak.) Copel. š Athyrium vidalii (Fr. et Sav.) Nakai š o Athyrium yokoscense (Fr. et Sav.) H. Christ š $ Athyrium niponicum (Mett.) Hance š $ Athyrium dimorphophyllum (Koidz.) Tagawa j š $ Aspleniaceae Õ š Asplenium incisum Thunb. Õ š $ Polypodiaceae š Lepisorus onoei (Fr. et Sav.) Ching» o Gymnospermae ù ~ Coniferophytae Ginkgoales wù Œ Ginkgoaceae wù Ginkgo biloba Linne wù o Coniferales Œ Taxaceae Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. o Cephalotaxus koreana Nakai ù o Pinaceae ù Abies holophylla Maximowz ù o Larix leptolepis (S. et Z.) Gordon ù o Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loudon ù o Pinus koraiensis S. et Z. ù o Pinus rigida Mill.» ù o Pinus densiflora S. et Z. ù o Pinus thunbergii Parl. o Cupressaceae d ù Thuja orientalis Linne d ù o Juniperus rigida S. et Z. ù o Angiospermae v ~ Monocotyledoneae ~ Pandanales Œ Typhaceae Typha angustata Bory et Chaub» o Helobiales Œ Potamogetonaceae ƒ Potamogeton crispus Linne o Zosteraceae Zostera marina Linne o Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino o

24 Sang-Myong Lee, Hwa-Yun Lee, Yu-Mi Lee, Soo-Hyun Park, Byoung-Chun Lee, and Won-Hyeon Lim Alismataceae k Sagittaria pygmaea Miquel o Sagittaria aginashi Makino t o Hydrocharitaceae t Hydrilla verticillata Casp. o Graminales Œ Gramineae Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis Stapf o Sasa borearis (Hack.) Makino o Pseudosasa japonica Makino o Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis (Kom.) Ohwi t $ Agrostis clavata Trin. o Calamagrostis arundinacea (Linne) Roth t o Cleistogenes hackelii (Honda) Honda t $ Avena sativa Linne o Agropyron ciliare (Trin.) Fr. l o var. transiens (Hack.) Ohwi o Bromus japonicus Thunberg o Festuca ovina Linne ½ l o Poa sphondylodes Trin. s t o Poa annua L. s t $ Melica onoei Fr. o Molinia japonica Hack. r $ Muhlenbergia japonica Steud. Õ $ Zizania latifolia Turcz. o Phragmites communis Trin. o Phragmites japonica Steud. t $ Eragrostis ferruginea (Thunberg) P. Beauv. o Eragrostis multicaulis Steud. o Eleusine indica (Linne) Gaertner o Cynodon dactylon (Linne) Pers. o Spodiopogon sibiricus Trin. j» $ Sporobolus elongatus R. Br. Õ t o Sporobolus japonicus (Steud.) Maxim. ex Rendle ù $ Themeda triandra var. japonica (Willd.) Makino $ Zoysia japonica Steud. o Arundinella hirta (Thunberg) Tanaka o Arundinella hirta var. ciliata Koidz. l $ Pennisetum alopecuroides (Linne) Spreng. j o Pennisetum alopecuroides (Linne) Spreng. for. viridescens Ohwi j o Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase $ Setaria viridis (Linne) Beauv. t o Setaria faberii Herrm. ƒ t $ Setaria glauca (L.) P.Beauv. t $ Digitaria sanguinalis (Linne) Scop. o Digitaria violascens Link o Eriochloa villosa (Thunberg) Kunth ù v o Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) Roem. et Schult. t o Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) Roem. et Schult. var. japonicus Koidz. t o Echinochloa crus-galli (Linne) Beauv. v o Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea (Roxb.) Wight v o Paspalum thunbergii Kunth ex Steud. v $ Miscanthus sacchariflorus Benth. o Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. o Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. var. purpurascens Rendle o Cymbopogon tortilis var. goeringii (Steud.) Hand.- Mazz. o

Flora of Gyeongju National Park, Korea 25 Cyperaceae Carex laevissima Nakai o Carex canescens Linne o Carex humilis Leyss. o Carex pediformis C. A. Meyer o Carex lanceolata A. Gray o Carex siderosticta Hance o Eleocharis acicularis for. longiseta (Svenson) T. Koyama l o Fimbristylis miliacea (Linne) Vahl w» o Bulbostylis densa (Wall.) Hand.-Mazz. w» $ Scirpus radicans Schk. o Scirpus karuizawensis Makino š o Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray» o Scirpus wallichii Nees š o Scirpus triqueter Linne š o Cyperus orthostachyus Fr. et Sav. o Cyperus amuricus Maximowz o Cyperus difformis Linne o Cyperus iria L. $ Cyperus microiria Steud. $ Cyperus sanguinolentus Vahl ƒ $ Arales û Œ Araceae û Pinellia ternata (Thunberg) Breit. w o Arisaema angustatum var. peninsulae Nakai û o Arisaema amurense var. serratum Nakai û o Lemnaceae Spirodela polyrhiza (Linne) Schleid. o Lemna paucicostata Hegelm. o Farinales Œ Commelinaceae t Commelina communis Linne t o Commelina coreana Lév. t o Aneilema keisak Hassk. t o Liliales wœ Juncaceae t Luzula capitata (Miq.) Miq. ç o Luzula multiflora Lej. ç o Juncus effusus var. decipiens Buchen t o Liliaceae w Veratrum maackii var. japonicum T. Shimizu o Hosta minor (Bak.) Nakai o Hosta longipes (Fr. et Sav.) Matsumura o Hemerocallis fulva Linne o Hemerocallis minor Mill.» o Allium grayi Regel o Allium thunbergii G. Don o Allium monanthum Maximowz o Lilium tsingtauense Gilg w ù o Lilium distichum Nakai ù o Lilium concolor var. partheneion Bak. w ù o Lilium amabile Palibin l ù o Lilium leichtlinii var. tigrinum Nichols ù o Lilium tigrinum Ker - Gawl. ù o

26 Sang-Myong Lee, Hwa-Yun Lee, Yu-Mi Lee, Soo-Hyun Park, Byoung-Chun Lee, and Won-Hyeon Lim Asparagus schoberioides Kunth o Polygonatum humile Fisch. ƒ o Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum Ohwi o Disporum sessile D. Don qù o Disporum smilacinum A. Gray»ù o Disporum viridescens (Maximowz) Nakai j»ù o Convallaria keiskei Miq. o Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang o Smilax nipponica Miq. ù o Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis Hara et T. Koyama ù o Smilax china Linne o Smilax sieboldii Miq. ƒ o Smilax sieboldii Miq. var. inermis Nakai ƒ o Amarylidaceae y Lycoris squamigera Maximowz y o Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea japonica Thunberg o Dioscorea batatas Decne. o Dioscorea tokoro Makino Õ o Dioscorea nipponica Makino o Dioscorea quinqueloba Thunberg t o Dioscorea septemloba Thunberg y o Iridaceae Iris koreana Nakai o Iris pseudoacorus Linne s o Iris nertschinskia Lodd. o Iris rossii Bak. ƒ $ Orchidales ù Œ Orchidaceae ù Platanthera metabifolia F. Maekawa ù o Cephalanthera erecta (Thunberg) Bl. ù o Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames k ù o Dicotyledoneae ~ Archichlamydeae qyƒ Piperales z Œ Chloranthaceae y Chloranthus japonicus Sieb. y o Salicales ù Œ Salicaceae ù Populus deltoides Marsh. ù o Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee ù o Salix glandulosa Seem. o Salix koreensis Anderss. ù o Salix dependens Nakai. o Salix hulteni Floderus y o Salix purpurea var. japonica Nakai. j o Salix gracilistyla Miq. ˆ o Juglandales ƒ ù Œ Juglandaceae ƒ ù Platycarya strobilacea S. et Z. vù o Juglans mandshurica Maximowz ƒ ù o

Flora of Gyeongju National Park, Korea 27 Fagales ù Œ Betulaceae ù Betula schmidtii Regel. ù o Betula platyphylla var. japonica Hara ù o Alnus japonica Steud. ù o Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr. ù o Alnus firma S. et Z. o Carpinus cordata Bl. ¾e o Carpinus tschonoskii Maximowz ù o Carpinus laxiflora Bl. ù o Carpinus coreana Nakai ù o Corylus heterophylla Fisch. Bl. ùp ù o Corylus heterophylla var. thunbergii Bl. ù o Corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurica (Maxim) C.K.Schn. ù $ Fagaceae ù Castanea crenata S. et Z. ù o Quercus acutissima Carruth. ù o Quercus variabilis Bl. ù o Quercus dentata Thunberg ù o Quercus aliena Bl. ù o Quercus mongolica Fisch. ù o Quercus serrata Thunberg ù o Urticales»tŒ Ulmaceae ù Ulmus davidiana Planch. ù o Hemiptelea davidii Planch. ù o Zelkova serrata Makino pù o Celtis sinensis Pers. qù o Moraceae ù Morus bombycis Koidz. ù o Morus alba Linne ù o Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb. ù o Cannabinaceae Humulus japonicus S. et Z. y o Urticaceae»t Urtica thunbergiana S. et Z.»t o Pilea peploides Hooker et Arnott m o Boehmeria nivea (Linne) Gaudich. t o Boehmeria spicata Thunberg Á ù o Boehmeria tricuspis Makino Õ o Boehmeria longispica Steud. t o Aristolochiales Œ Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia contorta Bunge o Asarum sieboldii Miq. o Polygonales tœ Polygonaceae t Rumex acetosa Linne o Rumex crispus Linne o Rumex conglomeratus Murr. o Aconogonum polymorphum (Ledeb.) T. Lee o Bilderdykia dumetora (Linne) Dum. o

28 Sang-Myong Lee, Hwa-Yun Lee, Yu-Mi Lee, Soo-Hyun Park, Byoung-Chun Lee, and Won-Hyeon Lim Persicaria perfoliata H. Gross Ö o Persicaria senticosa Gross o Persicaria thunbergii H. Gross š o Persicaria nepalensis Miyabe et Kudo ë o Persicaria hydropiper (Linne) Spach ë o Persicaria vulgaris Webb et Moq. ë o Persicaria blumei Gross ë o Persicaria filiforme Nakai ë $ Persicaria lapathifolia S. F. Gray ë $ Persicaria sieboldi Ohki ã ù $ Polygonum aviculare Linne t o Centrospermales Œ Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum Makino o Chenopodium ficifolium Smith o Chenopodium album L. $ Amaranthaceae Amaranthus mangostanus Linne o Achyranthes fauriei H.Lév. & Vaniot l $ Phytolaccaceae œ Phytolacca esculenta V. Houtte œ o Phytolacca americana Linne œ o Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea Linne o Caryophyllaceae Arenaria serpyllifolia Linne o Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax. o Pseudostellaria palibiniana (Takeda) Ohwi j o var. hallaisanense Mizushima ù ù o Stellaria aquatica Scop. o Stellaria media Villars o Stellaria alsine var. undulata Ohwi ù o Dianthus sinensis Linne q o Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus (Maximowz) Williams q o Lychnis cognata Maximowz o Melandryum firmum (S. et Z.) Rohrb. o Melandryum firmum (S. et Z.) Rohrb. for. pubescens Ohwi l o Melandryum seoulense Nakai ƒ o Ranales ù Œ Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea tetragona var. angusta Casp. o Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner o Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllum demersum Linne o Ranunculaceae ù Clematis fusca var. violacea Maximowz o Clematis heracleifolia DC. t o Clematis mandshurica Rupr. o Clematis trichotoma Nakai w o Clematis apiifolia A.P. DC. o Pulsatilla koreana Nakai w o

Flora of Gyeongju National Park, Korea 29 Hepatica asiatica Nakai o Ranunculus japonicus Thunberg ù o Thalictrum minus var. hypoleucum (S. et Z.) Miq. ç o Thalictrum aquilegifolium Linne ç o Thalictrum actaefolium S. et Z. ç o Aconitum pseudo-laeve var.erectum Nakai o Aconitum jaluense Kom. n o Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom. o Cimicifuga simplex Wormsk. o Paeonia obovata Maximowz o Paeonia lactiflora var. hortensis Mak. $ Lardizabalaceae Akebia quinata Decne. o Menispermaceae» Cocculus trilobus DC. o Magnoliaceae Magnolia sieboldii K. Koch w ù o Schizandra chinensis Baill o Lauraceae ù Lindera obtusiloba Bl. ù o Lindera obtusiloba Bl. for. villosum Nakai l ù o Lindera glauca Bl. kù o Lindera erythrocarpa Makino ù o Papaverales Œ Papaveraceae Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum (Hara) Ohwi» t o Hylomecon vernale Maximowz vù o Fumariaceae xy Dicentra spectabilis (Linne) Lem. ûy o Corydalis turtschaninovii Bess. xy o Corydalis turtschaninovii var. linearis (Regel) Nakai xy o Corydalis ochotensis Turcz. o Corydalis heterocarpa S. et Z. o Corydalis speciosa Maximowz o Cruciferae y Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. nippo-oleifera Makino $ Lepidium apetalum Willd. þ o Thlaspi arvense Linne þ o Cardamine leucantha O. E. Schulz ù þ o Cardamine flexuosa With. y þ $ Rorippa indica (Linne) Hiern þ o Rorippa islandica (Oedr) Borb. t o Capsella bursa-pastoris (Linne) Medicus þ o Draba nemorosa var. hebecarpa Lindbl. o Arabis glabra (Linne) Bernh. ù o Descurainia sophia (Linne) Prantl o Rosales Œ Crassulaceae ù Orostachys malacophyllus Fisch. o Sedum takesimense Nakai» o Sedum spectabile Boreau jç o

30 Sang-Myong Lee, Hwa-Yun Lee, Yu-Mi Lee, Soo-Hyun Park, Byoung-Chun Lee, and Won-Hyeon Lim Sedum verticillatum Linne ç o Sedum erythrostichum Miq. ç o Sedum kamtschaticum Fisch.» o Sedum middendorffianum Maximowz»» o Sedum sarmentosum Bunge ù o Sedum oryzifolium Makino y o Sedum polystichoides Hemsl. y o Saxifragaceae Astilbe chinensis var. davidii Fr. o Chrysosplenium grayanum Maximowz o Deutzia parviflora Bunge o Deutzia glabrata Kom. o Deutzia coreana Lév. y o Philadelphus schrenckii Rupr. šÿù o Philadelphus schrenckii Rupr. var. jackii Koehne lšÿù o Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata (S. et Z.) Wils. o Rosaceae Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora Nakai qù o Spiraea fritschiana Schneid qù o Physocarpus amurensis (Maximowz) Maximowz ù o Stephanandra incisa Zabel ù o Kerria japonica (Linne) DC. y y o Duchesnea chrysantha (Zoll. et Morr.) Miq.» o Potentilla dickinsii Fr. et Sav. o Potentilla fragarioides var. major Maximowz o Potentilla freyniana Bornm. o Potentilla chinensis Ser. o Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. o Geum japonicum Thunberg o Rubus crataegifolius Bunge» o Rubus parvifolius Linne» o Rubus idaeus var. microphyllus Turcz.» o Rubus coreanus Miq.» o Rubus oldhamii Miq.» o Filipendula glaberrima Nakai l t o Sanguisorba officinalis Linne t o Sanguisorba hakusanensis Makino t o Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. ù o Rosa multiflora Thunberg o Rosa maximowicziana Regel ƒ ù o Prunus persica (Linne) Batsch ù o Prunus yedoensis Matsumura ù o Prunus serrulata var. spontanea (Maximowz) Wils. ù o Prunus sargentii Rehder ù o Pyrus ussuriensis Maximowz o Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.) Nakai ù o Pourthiaea villosa Decne. ù o Leguminosae g Albizzia julibrissin Durazz. ù o Cercis chinensis Bunge k»ù o Cassia mimosoides var. nomame Makino t o Sophora flavescens Ait. š o Sophora japonica Linne zyù o Maackia amurensis Rupr. et Maximowz var. buergeri C. K. Schneid. t ù o Lespedeza thunbergii var. intermedia (Nakai) T. Lee t o Lespedeza maximowiczii Schneid. o

Flora of Gyeongju National Park, Korea 31 Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. o Lespedeza cuneata G. Don o Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq $ Lespedeza juncea var. inschanica Maximowz $ Lespedeza maritima Nakai w $ Lespedeza pilosa (Thunberg) S. et Z. $ Kummerowia striata (Thunberg) Schindl. t o Desmodium oxyphyllum DC. š o Desmodium fallax Schindl.» š o Vicia sepium Linne i o Vicia amoena Fisch. iù o Vicia unijuga A. Br. ù ù o Vicia hirticalycina Nakai ù o Lathyrus davidii Hance y ù o Rhynchosia volubilis Lour. g o Vigna vexillata var. tsusimensis Matsumura o Pueraria thunbergiana Benth. e o Glycine soja S. et Z. g o Amphicarpaea edgeworthii var. trisperma Ohwi g $ Indigofera kirilowii Maximowz o Wistaria floribunda A. P. DC. o Robinia pseudo-acacia Linne ¾ ù o Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus Regel o Amorpha fruticosa Linne o Trifolium pratense Linne möt o Trifolium repens Linne möt o Crotalaria sessiliflora Linne yù o Geraniales tœ Geraniaceae t Geranium eriostemon var. glabrescens Nakai o Geranium sibiricum Linne t o Geranium nepalense subsp. thunbergii (S. et Z.) Hara t o Geranium wilfordii Maximowz o Oxalidaceae Oxalis obtriangulata Maximowz j o Oxalis corniculata Linne o Rutaceae w Zanthoxylum piperitum A.P. DC. vù o Zanthoxylum schinifolium S. et Z. ù o Zanthoxylum schinifolium S. et Z. var. inermis T. Lee o Poncirus trifoliata Rafin. k ù o Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. o Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz var. velutinus Nakai l o Simaroubaceae kù Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn. kù o Ailanthus altissima Swingle ƒ ù o Euphorbiaceae Securinega suffruticosa Rehder Ÿ o Sapium japonicum Pax & Hoffm. ù $ Phyllanthus ussuriensis Rupr. et Maximowz o Euphorbia humifusa Willd. o Sapinadales y ù Œ Buxaceae z

32 Sang-Myong Lee, Hwa-Yun Lee, Yu-Mi Lee, Soo-Hyun Park, Byoung-Chun Lee, and Won-Hyeon Lim Buxus microphylla var. koreana Nakai z o Anacardiaceae ù Rhus chinensis Mill. ù o Rhus trichocarpa Miq. ù o Rhus verniciflua Stokes ù o Rhus sylvestris Siebold & Zucc. ù $ Aquifoliaceae kù Ilex macropoda Miq. q ù $ Celastraceae Euonymus japonica Thunberg ù o Euonymus alatus (Thunberg) Sieb. y ù o Euonymus alatus for. ciliato-dentatus Hiyama z ù $ Euonymus sachalinensis (Fr. Schm.) Maximowz zù o Euonymus macroptera Rupr. ù zù o Celastrus flagellaris Rupr. t ù o Celastrus orbiculatus Thunberg o Tripterygium regelii Sprague et Takeda ù o Staphyleaceae š ù Staphylea bumalda DC. š ù o Aceraceae tù Acer ginnala Maximowz ù o Acer mono Maximowz š ù o Acer palmatum Thunberg tù o Acer pseudo-sieboldianum (Pax.) Kom. t o Sabiaceae ù ù Meliosma myriantha S. et Z. ù ù o Balsaminaceae y Impatiens noli-tangere Linne y o Impatiens textori for. pallescens Hara o Impatiens textori Miq. o Rhamnales ù Œ Rhamnaceae ù Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis Rehder o Vitaceae s ù Vitis amurensis Rupr. o Vitis coignetiae Pulliat o Vitis thunbergii var. sinuata (Regel) Rehder ¾ o Ampelopsis brevipedunculata for. citrulloides Rehder ƒ o Ampelopsis brevipedunculata var. heterophylla (Thunberg) Hara o Parthenocissus tricuspidata (S. et Z.) Planch. o Malvales Œ Tiliaceae vù Tilia amurensis Rupr. vù o Tilia taquetii Schneid. vù o Sterculiaceae ù Corchoropsis tomentosa (Thunberg) Makino ¾eÁ o Parietales d k Œ Actinidiaceae ù

Flora of Gyeongju National Park, Korea 33 Actinidia polygama (S. et Z.) Maximowz ù o Actinidia arguta Planchon o Theaceae ù Stewartia koreana Nakai ƒù o Camellia japonica Linne ù o Hypericaceae ù Hypericum ascyron Linne ù o Hypericum erectum Thunb. š ù $ Hypericum laxum (Blume) Koidz. š ù $ Violaceae Viola dissecta var. chaerophylloides (Regel) Makino û o Viola albida Palibin k o Viola mandshurica W. Becker o Viola diamantica Nakai o Viola acuminata Ledeb. o Viola orientalis W.Becker o Viola scabrida Nakai ¼l $ Viola japonica Langsd. $ Viola patrinii DC. $ Viola verecunda A.Gray g $ Myrtales Œ Elaeagnaceae ù Elaeagnus umbellata Thunberg ù o Alangiaceae ù Alangium platanifolium (S. et Z.) Harms t ù o Alangium platanifolium var. macrophylum (S. et Z.) Wanger. ù o Hydrocaryaceae Trapa japonica Flerov. o Onagraceae Epilobium pyrricholophum Fr. et Sav. o Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. ë $ Oenothera odorata Jacq. o Oenothera lamarckiana Ser. j o Halorrhagaceae k Halorrhagis micrantha R. Br. k o Umbellales xyœ Araliaceae ù Aralia elata Seem. ù o Umbelliferae x Bupleurum falcatum Linne y o Sanicula chinensis Bunge o Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. o Oenanthe javanica (Bl.) DC. ù o Sium suave Walter ù o Angelica decursiva (Miq.) Fr. et Sav. ù o Angelica japonica A. Gray. ˆ y o Ostericum koreanum (Maximowz) Kitagawa y o

34 Sang-Myong Lee, Hwa-Yun Lee, Yu-Mi Lee, Soo-Hyun Park, Byoung-Chun Lee, and Won-Hyeon Lim Cornaceae ddù Cornus kousa Buerg. ù o Cornus controversa Hemsl. ddù o Cornus walteri Wanger. ù o Metachlamydeae wqy ƒ Ericales Œ Pyrolaceae Pyrola japonica Klenze o Ericaceae Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz. o Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum Nakai l o Rhododendron mucronulatum for. albiflorum T.Lee o Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense (Lév.) Nakai o Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maximowz o Promulales Œ Primulaceae Lysimachia coreana Nakai t o Lysimachia clethroides Duby j¾e o Androsace umbellata (Lour.) Merr. o Ebenales ù Œ Ebenaceae ù Diospyros lotus Linne š ù o Diospyros kaki Thunberg ù o Symplocaceae ù Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa (Nakai) Ohwi ù o Styracaceae ù Styrax obassia S. et Z. ù o Styrax japonica S. et Z. ù o Gentianales Œ Oleaceae t ù Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance t ù o Fraxinus sieboldiana Bl. t o Fraxinus sieboldiana var. serrata Nakai t o Ligustrum japonicum Thunberg Ÿù $ Ligustrum obtusifolium S. et Z. ù o Forsythia koreana Nakai ù o Gentianaceae Swertia pseudo - chinensis (Bunge) Hara t o Swertia japonica (Schult.) Makino t $ Gentiana scabra var. buergeri (Miq.) Maximowz o Asclepiadaceae ƒ Metaplexis japonica (Thunberg) Makino ƒ o Cynanchum paniculatum Kitagawa w o Tubiflorales my Œ Convolvulaceae Calystegia japonica (Thunberg) Chois. o Cuscuta australis R. Br. o

Flora of Gyeongju National Park, Korea 35 Borraginaceae e Bothriospermum secundum Maximowz o Bothriospermum tenellum Fisch. et Meyer o Trigonotis icumae (Maximowz) Makino o Trigonotis peduncularis Benth. o Verbenaceae r Callicarpa dichotoma Raeusch. ù o Callicarpa japonica Thunberg ù o Clerodendron trichotomum Thunberg ù o Vitex rotundifolia Linne fil.»ù o Caryopteris divaricata (S. et Z.) Maximowz üt o Labiatae ãt Scutellaria indica Linne o Agastache rugosa (Fisch. et Meyer) O. Kuntze w o Meehania urticifolia (Miq.) Makino Á o Nepeta cataria Linne w o Dracocephalum argunense Fisch. o Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina Nakai ãt o Leonurus sibiricus Linne o Stachys riederi var. japonica Miq. t o Lamium amplexicaule Linne Ÿ ù o Lamium album var. barbatum (S. et Z.) Fr. et Sav. Ÿ o Clinopodium gracile var. multicaule (Maximowz) Ohwi k o Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunberg) Hylander w o Elsholtzia splendens Nakai w $ Isodon inflexus (Thunberg) Kudo w o Mosla dianthera Maxim. Át $ Mosla punctulata (Gmel.) Nakai Át $ Solanaceae ƒ Lycium chinense Mill.» ù o Physaliastrum japonicum Honda ƒ o Solanum lyratum Thunberg t o Solanum nigrum Linne ¾ o Datura stramonium Linne t o Scrophulariaceae x Paulownia coreana Uyeki o Mazus japonicus (Thunberg) Kuntze o Lindernia procumbens Borb. t $ Lindernia micrantha D.Don. t o Veronica linariaefolia Pall. Õ t o Veronica didyma var. lilacina (Hara) Yamazaki t o Veronica persica Poir. j t $ Melampyrum roseum Maximowz t o Pedicularis resupinata Linne t o Acanthaceae Õ Justicia procumbens Linne Õ o Phrymaceae q t Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica Hara q t o Plantaginales Œ Plantaginaceae Plantago asiatica Linne o

36 Sang-Myong Lee, Hwa-Yun Lee, Yu-Mi Lee, Soo-Hyun Park, Byoung-Chun Lee, and Won-Hyeon Lim Rubiales Õ Œ Rubiaceae Õ Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. o Rubia akane Nakai Õ o Galium verum var. asiaticum Nakai ù o Galium trachyspermum A. Gray i o Caprifoliaceae Sambucus williamsii var. coreana Nakai ù o Viburnum carlesii Hemsl. ù o Viburnum furcatum Bl. ù o Viburnum erosum Thunberg çù o Viburnum sargentii Koehne ù o Weigela subsessilis L. H. Bailey ù o Lonicera japonica Thunberg o Lonicera maackii Maximowz ù o Valerianaceae k Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. k o Patrinia villosa (Thunberg) Juss. o Valeriana fauriei Briq. t o Cucurbitales Œ Cucurbitaceae Trichosanthes kirilowii Maximowz w k o Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunberg) Makino o Campanulales Œ Campanulaceae Adenophora grandiflora Nakai o Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara o Adenophora triphylla var. hirsuta Nakai l o Adenophora remotiflora (S. et Z.) Miq. o Campanula punctata Lam. o Codonopsis lanceolata (S. et Z.) Trautv. o Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. o Lobeliaceae Lobelia chinensis Lour. ƒ o Compositae y Gnaphalium japonicum Thunberg t ù o Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F.Blake l $ Carpesium abrotanoides Linne t o Ainsliaea acerifolia Sch.-Bip. t o Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior Descourtils t o Eupatorium chinense var. simplicifolium Kitamura ù o Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. ù o Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai o Aster koraiensis Nakai o Aster yomena Makino o Aster pilosus Willd. $ Aster scaber Thunberg o Aster spathulifolius Maximowz w o Conyza sumatrensis E.Walker j $ Erigeron annuus (Linne) Pers. o Erigeron canadensis Linne o Petasites japonicus (S. et Z.) Maximowz o Emilia flammea Cass. o

Flora of Gyeongju National Park, Korea 37 Senecio vulgaris Linne o Cacalia auriculata var. matsumurana Nakai ù o Syneilesis palmata (Thunberg) Maximowz ù o Achillea sibirica Ledeb. mt o Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum Kitamura o Chrysanthemum boreale Makino o Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kitamura o Artemisia keiskeana Miq. o Artemisia montana Pampan. o Artemisia princeps var. orientalis (Pampan.) Hara o Artemisia capillaris Thunb. $ Siegesbeckia glabrescens Makino o Eclipta prostrata Linne w o Bidens tripartita Linne ƒ o Bidens bipinnata Linne Á o Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff ex Sherff l Á $ Bidens pilosa L. Á $ Atractylodes japonica Koidz. o Carduus crispus Linne i o Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense Kitamura i o Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore y ù $ Saussurea pulchella Fisch. ƒ o Saussurea gracilis Maximowz o Saussurea conandrifolia Nakai o Serratula coronata var. insularis Kitamura o Rhapontica uniflora DC. ã o Cephalonoplos segetum (Bunge) Kitamura o Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. g o Crepidiastrum denticulatum (Houtt.) J.H.Pak & Kawano š» $ Taraxacum platycarpum H. Dahlst. o Taraxacum officinale Weber o Lactuca indica var. laciniata (O. Kuntze) Hara š» o Youngia japonica (Linne) DC. o Youngia sonchifolia Maximowz š» o Vegetation The vegetation of the Gyeongju National Park seemed good in Tohamsan and Danseoksan areas while the vegetation was very simple in other areas. Lee (1997) reported Pte-Q, which is a barometer of damage to the forest vegetation, was 0.62, however, this research found Pte-Q was 1.35, which meant that the forest succession has progressed better than 10 years. It turned out higher than those of Mt. Gayasan (1.27), Mt. Juwangsan (0.95), and Mt. Chiaksan (0.89). In the Tohamsan area, Nymphea tetragona var. angusta, Iris pseudoacorus, Spirodela polyrhiza, Trapa japonica, Potamogeton crispus inhabited ponds in the front yard of Bulguksa Temple. The southern slope of Mt. Tohansan seemed to heavily be inhabited, but the dominant species was Pinus densiflora. P. koraiensis grew in some areas. Quercus mongolica was dominant in the area from the Iljumun Gate of Seokguram to the mountain top and Styrax japonica, Abies holophylla, Corylus heterophylla var. thunbergii, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum, Prunus sargentii, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Castanea creanta, and Tilia taquetii grew as well. Pinus koraiensis in stock on the southwestern slope while Q. variabilis and Q. mongolica lived in stock 300 to 600 m on the western, northern, and eastern slopes. Q. mongolica lived in stock near the Manhobong and Q. mongolica, Pinus densiflora, and Larix kaempferi lived in stock on the northwestern slope of Manhobong. Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima lived in stock in Sibugeo-ri on the northern slope of Mt. Tohamsan. Carpinus laxiflora lived in stock in the valley. Q. variabilis lived in stock on the Upoongi slope, Beomgok-ri and near Mt. Baikdosan, Janghang-ri, Yangbuk-myeon. Q. variabilis and Q. serrata lived in stock in the Hwangyongsaji valley, Hwangryong-dong. Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima lived in stock on the southern slope of Hantibeodeul. Some areas of the northern slope of Hwangryongsaji and Chamnamujeon were oxidation ponds, where Quercus species formed coppice forest. On the verge between Deok-

38 Sang-Myong Lee, Hwa-Yun Lee, Yu-Mi Lee, Soo-Hyun Park, Byoung-Chun Lee, and Won-Hyeon Lim dong and Eumgok-dong slopes grew Pinus densiflora. About 20 to 30 cm Platycarya strobilacea DBH grew in stock 300 meters high from Deok-dong to Mt. Cheongsan while acacia lived in stock around Deokdongho Lake. Q. variabilis and Q. mongolica lived in stock under 400 meters high. Q. serrata, Q. alinena, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Prunus sargentii, Fagara mantschurica var. inermis, Pinus densiflora, Picrasma quassioides, Platycarya strobilacea, Styrax japonica, Cornus controversa, Alangium platanifolium var. macrophyllum, Zelkova serrata, Alangium platarfolim, and Morus bombycis grew under 400 m high. Q. mongolica lived in stock 400 m or higher and there were colonies of Q. variabilis and Q. alinena on the slope toward the look-out shed (Gyeongju Ranch). There were a colony of Q. variabilis and a colony of Q. mongolica and Q. serrata on the northern slope of Orion Ranch. There were relicts of Pinus densiflora, Carpinus laxiflora, and Zelkova serrata in the vicinity of the Girimsa Temple. Forests in the Daebon area, called Gampo area, were composed of colonies of Pinus thunbergii. There were a colony of Q. variabilis in the valleys, a colony of Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis near residential areas, and a colony of Robinia pseudo-acacia near cultivated land. Zostera marina prevailed on the beds of the sea and Phyllospadix iwatensis lived on subtidal rocky shore. Aster spathulifoliusm, Orostachys malacophyllus, Vitex rotundifolia, Sedum oryzifolium, and Youngia denticulata prevailed on the coastal cliffs. P. koraiensis was planted on some of the northwestern slope. In the Seoak area, a colony of P. densiflora prevailed and with human intervention, a colony of acacia were planted on the edge of the pine tree colony. Robinia pseudo-acacia was planted on the verge of eastern slope and northwestern slope of the Hwarang area. Colonies of P. densiflora were found on the northern slope. The southern slope was an oxidated land and showed the first stage succession where a sprout forest of oaks were developed. A colony of P. densiflora was dominant in the whole Sogeumgang area and a colony of P. thunbergii was formed in a shape of band on its verge, which was presumably planted. A colony of Q. acutissima was formed on some of the western slope of Yonggang-dong. There was a military base in the Dongcheon-dong valley, which may give damage to surrounding forests. Larix kaempferi was planted on the verge of the northwestern slope and a colony of P. densiflora grew on the verge of western slope and around 600 m high on the northwestern slope of Danseoksan area. Q. variabilis grew in stock on the southern slope, Q. serrata and Q. alinena prevailed in stock on the edge of northern slope, of the Sinseonsa Temple. Q. acutissima grew in stock around 600 m high south of the mountain top, and Q. mongolica lived in stock around the top. In addition, colonies of Q. serrata were formed mostly in mid-slopes. Colonies of P. densiflora prevailed mostly in the Gumisan area and P. thunbergii was dominant on the edge of Haguri. Colonies of Q. variabilis prevailed on the northeastern and northwestern slopes of Sanamsa-ri. Larix kaempferi was planted on some of the eastern slope of Mt. Gumisan and some of the back slope of Gajeong-ri. Colonies of P. thunbergii were formed in a shape of band on the western, northern and eastern slopes of the Namsan area. Except the colonies of Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis on some verge area near Hwarang Training Center, colonies of P. densiflora prevailed on most of the area. The whole Namsan area was covered with colonies of P. densiflora. On the other hand, aquatic plants such as lotus, Trapa japonica, Ceratophyllum demersum, Spirodela polyrhiza, Lemna perpusilla, Hydrilla verticillata, and Typha angustata lived in the pond beside Dongiljeon in Namsan-dong. Acknowledgment This work was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. M10508040002-07N0804-00216). References Chung, T.H. (1956) Korean Flora II, Shinjisa, Seoul. Chung, T.H. (1957) Korean Flora I, Shinjisa, Seoul. Kim, W. (1994) Survey of Vegetation naturalness on Gyeobangbuk-do and Gyeongsangnam-do, Ministry of Environment, Korea Kitamura, S. et al. (1964) Coloured Illustrations of Herbaceous Plants of Japan Monocotyledoneae). Hoikusha. 464 pp. Kitamura, S. et al. (1964) Coloured Illustrations of Herbaceous Plants of Japan (Sympetalae). Hoikusha. 464 pp. Kitamura, S. et al. (1966) Coloured Illustrations of Herbaceous Plants of Japan (Choripetalae). Hoikusha. 464 pp. Lee, S.M. (1997) Flora of Gyeongju National Park. National Science Museum, Daejeon. Lee, T.B. (1982) Illustrated Flora of Korea. 990 pp. Hyangmunsa, Seoul. Nakai, T. (1909) Flora Koreana. Pars prima. Journ. Coll. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 26: 1-304. Nakai, T. (1911) Flora Koreana. Pars secunda. Journ. Coll. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 31: 1-573. Nakai, T. (1952) A synoptical sketch of Korean flora. Ohwi, J. (1984) Flora of Japan. Smithsonian Institution 1,066 pp. Palibin, J.W. (1898) Conspectus florae Koreae, Pars Prima. Act. Hort. Petrop. 17: 1-123. Taktajan, A. (1986) Floristicregions of the World. Univ. Califinia Press. Berkeley. 53-56 pp. [Received on Feb. 25, 2008]