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2 ....,,..,, IMF.,,,.....
3 i
4 ii (PBDCT) 50 3 (PPA)
5 iii < 2-1> 7 < 2-2> 8 < 2-3> 9 < 2-4> 11 < 2-5> 13 < 2-6> 13 < 3-1> (SNDCT) (1983) 19 < 3-2> 22 < 3-3> CN Pq(1997 ) 30 < 3-4> (CAPES) 35 < 4-1> 39 < 4-2> (1995) 39 < 4-3> 40 < 4-4> ( ) 41 < 4-5> (1997) 41 < 4-6> (1997) 42 < 4-7> (1996 ) 42 < 4-8> (1995) 43 < 4-9> 44 < 4-10> (1994) 44 < 4-11> 45 < 4-12> 45
6 iv < 4-13> 46 < 4-14> (?) 46 < 4-15> 47 < 5-1> 1 53 < 5-2> 2 56 < 5-3> GDP 63 < 5-4> ( ) 63 < 5-5> 64 < 5-6> (1997) 64 < 5-7> ( ) 65 < 5-8> 65 < 5-9> 66 < 5-10> (1996 ) 66 < 5-11> ( ) 67 < 5-12> (1996) 67 < 5-13> 70 < 5-14> 71 < 5-15> 71 < 5-16> 72 < 6-1> 75
7 v <2-1> 6 <3-1> (1999) 22 <3-2> (1999) 23 <3-3> (MCT) 26
8 1.,...,.., 1889 Institituto Ad olfo Lutz (1892, ). 100, (PND), (PBDCT)
9 (PPA) (SEPLAN ), (MCT). (CNPq) (FIN EP). (CNPq),. (CAPES).,.,,.,,,,. 90.,. IMF.,.
10 ,.,, 8., % 5, 1 6.., 1998 IMF,..,.
11 4 2.,,,..,,,,,. 2,.. 1, 2,. 3, 4, 5. 6, 7,.
12 , , (p au - brasil) 1) (Joao) (Capitania) , 1822 (Pedro) 1. 1)
13 6,, , %, (22) %., , 4,320, 4,328. <2-1> : http :/ / cia/ publications/ factbook/ br.html,
14 2 7 99%,. 60.8%, 12.6%. 3.5%. () < 2-1> () (100) ( / ) 5, , : Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism, IBGE, IPEA, World Bank : : 4616 : : : Mato Gross, Mato Grosso do Sul Goias 1/ ,000. 1,100m., 2/ 3.,,.
15 8 < 2-2> () (%) : KOTRA, 1996,, % 20, 80% ,200, 1, %, ( ) 38%, 6%, 1%. 1, 1/ 3, 30%, 60%..,,,,,,.
16 2 9 < 2-3> : : : (: Republica Federativa do Brasil : Federative Republic of Brazil) (Brasilia, D.F.) (Distrito Federal) , 1 8,511,965 ( 5, 47.3%, 37 ) 1 6(1996, 5 ) 55%, 38%, 6%, 1% 80%, 11%, (Real : R$) U$ = 1.60R$ -, -, -,,,,,, ,. 1889, (Vargas), ,
17 (Sarney) (Fernando Henriqu e Cardoso) (PSDB) 1, 81 68, , ,,, 3, , / 3 1/ , 70.,...
18 2 11 < 2-4> (4, 1 ) Fernando Henrique Cardoso (, ) - 81 (8 ) (4 ) 9 7 ( ), () (,, ) 29 5(19 5, 5, 5 ). <> (Administracao Federal e Reform a d o Estado) (Agricultura e d o Abstecim ento) (Ciencia e Tecnologia) (Com unicacao) (Cultura) (Educacao e do Desporte) (Extraordinario de Politica Fundiaria) (Fazenda) (Indu stria, Com ercio e Turism o) (Justica) (Meio Ambiente dos Recursos Historicos e da Amazonia Legal) (Minas e Energia) (Planejam ento e Orcam ento) (Previdencia e Assistencia Social)
19 12 (Relacoes Exteriores) (Sau de) (Trabalho) (Transporte) (Exercito) (Marinha) (Aeronautica) <> (Banco Central do Brasil) (Banco do Brasil S/ A) (Banco N acional de Desenvolvim ento: BNDES) (Em presa Brasileira de Telecom unicacoes S.A.: Em bratel) (Empresa Brasileira de Turism o: Em bratur) (Instituto N acional da Propriedade Indu strial: IN PI) (Petroleo Brasileiro S.A.: Petrobras) (Dep artam ento de Aeronautica Civil: DAC) 4,., 16 17, 18,
20 2 13,, % ,,.,,..,. < 2-5>, < 2-6>. < 2-5> (10 ) 651,6 658,3 654,7 687,0 727,2 757,9 778,8 95 (10 US$) 605,2 611,4 608,1 638,0 675,4 703,9 723,3 (%) : $ = : (MCT) < 2-6> : : 10. : (MCT)
21 IMF , ,, CVRD (Com pania Vale do Rio Doce) 20%. 98,,,.
22 ,, ,. 2) : : 1985: 2) : - Carl J. Dahlman and Claudio R. Frischtak, National Systems Supporting Technical Advance in Industry: The Brazilian Experience" in National Innovation systems: A comparative Analysis (eds) Richard R. Nelson, (1983),
23 16 1. ( ) 1822, 1892(Institituto Ad olfo Lutz). (1934 ),, (1916 ), (Getulio Vargas Foundation (1944 ), Brazilian Society for the Advancem ent of Sciences(1948 ), 1951 (CN Pq; Conselho N acional de Pesquisas, N ational Research Council), 1952 (BNDE; Banco N acional do Desenvolvim ento Econom ico, N ational Developm ent Bank), 1962 (CN EN ) ( : ),. 1964,. (PIN), (PND), (PBDCT),., 1967 (FIN EP)(BNDE), 1972 (STI)., 1974 (CN Pq) (CN Pq: Conselho N acional de Desenvolvim ento Cientifico e Tecnologico: N ational Council for Scientific and Technological Developm ent)., (COPPE- VFRJ)
24 3 17. (UN ICAMP: University of Campias in S~ao Paulo).., 1950., 1951 (CNPq),.., 1960 (FAPESP). FAPESP CNPq (Bahia, Gu anabara, Rio Grand e do Sul, Minas Gerais ) (CNPq) 1 (I PBDCT) (CN Pq).. (FN DCT) (BN DE)(FUN TEC) (CN EN )
25 18 2. ( ) (I PBDCT) (I PBDCT)., (SEPLAN ) (CN Pq) (SEPLAN ) (CNPq). (SEPLAN), (CN Pq) (SEPLAN) (PBDCT).. (CN Pq) (CNPq)., (SNDCT). (SNDCT) , (PBDCT) (SEPLAN ). (PBDCT) (PBDCT) (FN DCT), (SEPLAN) (FIN EP)
26 < 3-1>. < 3-1> (SNDCT) (1983) / SNDCT () PBDCT () FNDCT () FUNTEC ( ) :,, 1983 SEPLAN () CNPq () FINEP () BNDE ( ) 3. (1985) 1985 (SEPLAN ) (MCT), (MCT),,. (CNPq) (FINEP)
27 20.. ( ) , (FINEP).. (FNDCT)..,.
28 ,,,. 80 (SNSCT),,.. () - (CCT) - (MCT) (, ) - (CN Pq) - (CAPES) - (FIN EP) - (SEBRAE) (SEN AI)
29 22 < 3-2> : : (MCT), 1999 < 3-1> <3-2>.. 25%.. <3-1> (1999) (CCT) (MCT) (FINEP) (CNPq) (CAPES)
30 / 5 (FAPESP). <3-2> (1999) () 2 80% (MCT),. (MCT).
31 24 1. (MCT) (MCT). (CN Pq), 1984 (CTI), (FIN EP).,. 1989(Ministerio d e Desenvolvim ento Indu strial, Ciencia e Tecnologia)., , (IN PA), (IN T), (INPE) (SEPIN).,,,,,. 1987,,,,,.. <3-3> (,,, ),,, 4
32 (CNPq) 10.. <>,, <>, <>,, < >,
33 26 <3-3> (MCT) (CNPq) CNPq ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (FINEP). 1) (CCT) (CCT: Conselho N acional de Ciencia e Tecnologia) ,,,..,,,
34 3 27,,,, 7. 2) (CTN Bio).,., DNA (Com issao Tecnica nacional de Biosseguranca) ,,,,, 2, 1,.,,,,,,,,. 2. (S EPLAN) (SEPLAN : Secretaria de Planejam ento, Planning Secretariat). SEPLAN (Miniplan; Ministry of Planning and General Coordination),, (PBDCT),, (
35 28, ) -,, -, (BNDE), (FIN EP), (IPEA), (CNPq), (IBGE).,,. 3. (CNPq). (CN Pq: N ational Research Council) 1948 UN ESCO , (CNPq: N ational Council for Science and Technological Developm ent). (SEPLAN) (SPELAN ). CNPq CN Pq
36 CNPq,.,. CN Pq.,,. 10.,. IBICT. IBICT,,... CNPq, CNPq,. CNPq. (CCT) 30 (CNPq),
37 (INPE), (INPA), (INT), (CTI), (CBPF), (CETEM), (IBICT), (IMPA), (LN A), (LN CC), (LNLS), (MAST), (MPEG), (ON).. CNPq.,,,,,, -,,,. CNPq. < 3-3> CNPq(1997 ) 74.34% 7.78% 4.82% 10.56% 2.50% : Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional/ Ministerio da Fazenda 4. (FINEP) (FIN EP: Financiadora de Estud os e Projectos S/ A,
38 3 31 Finacier of Stu dies and Projects) 1965 (BNDE) 1967,,,.. (FNDCT),,,,.,,,.,,,,,,,. (FIN EP) (),...,,,,
39 32., ,.,. 3,500..,,., 23.. (FNDCT ) (FNDCT: Fundo N acional d e Desesenvolvim ento Cientifico e Technologico, N ational Fund for Scientific and Technological Developm ent) (FIN EP). (FN DCT) (I PBDCT). (FNDCT) (CEPED: Center for Research and Developm ent) (CTA : Aerospace Technical Center)
40 3 33 (IPT: Technological Research Institute) (Petrobras: Brazilian Petroleum Com p any) (Sao Carlos, Cam pinas, Brasilia, Catholic University) (OAS),,, (PN TE). (CEPED: Research and Developm ent Center, Bahia) (CETEC: Technological Center of Minas Gerais) (CETEC/ FJP: Technological Center of the Joao Pinheiro Foundation, Minas Gerais) (IPT: Technological Research Institute, Sao Paulo) (ITEP: Technological Institute of the State of Pernam buco) 5. (CAPES). (CAPES: Fundacao Coordenacao de Ap erfeicioam ento d e Pessoal d e N ivel Su p erior: Coordin ation of Personn el for College Education)
41 34, (Conselho Sup erior). CAPES CAPES (Conselho Tecnico - Cientifico).,, (Diretoria de Adm inistracao), (Dirtoria de Program as),, (Diretoria de Avaliacao) ,. 42, 17..,,,,,., (CAPES),,.
42 3 35 < 3-4> (CAPES) : US$ , , , , , , , , ,547 13,309 5,591 14,365 13,636 20,946 33,923 44,672 38,576 43,026 PADCT ,687 2,220 10,116 8,204 2, ,607 2,262 3,073 1, ,490 1,879 1,816 2,535 5,384 7,406 5,634 6,085 8, , , , , , , , , , , ,349 : (CAPES) < 3-4>. 80% 10%. 6. (IPEA) 1967 (IPEA: Instituto de Planejam ent Econom oco e Scial, Economic and Social Planning Institute) (SEPLAN ).,.. (IN PES: Institute of Econom ic and Social Reseach of the IPEA) (IPLAN : Planning Institute of the IPEA)
43 36 7. (IBGE) (IBGE) 1967 (SEPLAN ) , (IBGE),,,,,. 10,. 8. (BNDE) (BN DE) (SEPLAN).,,,,,,. 9. (STI) (STI: Secretaria de Tecnologia Indu strial, Secretary of Indu strial Technology) (1972 ). (STI),,,. (STI) (INT), (IN PI), (INMETRO).
44 (Jesuit Mission), 200..,. 1808,,,, , 1823
45 Rio De Janeiro (1920) - Minas Gerais (1927) - Porto Alegre E Sao Palulo (1934) (CN Pq) (CAPES)., , (< 4-1> ). < 4-2>, 83%,., % 3.5%.,, 3.2, 3.0, 3.6%.
46 4 39 < 4-1> (Literacy) 2 57, ,917 3,628,285 51,917 89,291 1,655, ,700 1,295,965 29,203,724 11,811 29,380 3,770,230 : Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism, IBGE and World Bank 84, ,206 4,196,419 50,646 75,713 1,584, ,840 1,344,045 30,548,879 12, ,539 4,183,847 < 4-2> (1995) ( ) () > > >95 89 : Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism, IBGE and World Bank (CBPF)
47 , < 4-3> , ,156 1,565,056 1,594, * 964 1,159* * 29,351 43,274* 54,174 62,613* :. (*) 1995 : MInistry of Industry, Trade and Tourism, IBGE and World bank ,.. ()
48 ,, 10%. < 4-3>, ,273, (267 ), (< 4-4>, < 4-5> ). < 4-4> ( ) , , , ,273 : (CAPES) < 4-5> (1997) , ,923 : (CAPES)
49 42,. < 4-6> (1997) 2, ,318 1, ,661 1, ,893 2, ,381 1, , ,069 1, , , ,060 : (CAPES) < 4-7> (1996 ) (%) , : (CAPES)
50 %,,,. 68.5%, 3.5%. 10.8% , 4. < 4-8> (1995) (1) (2) 14,580 (10.5%) 113,923 (81.7%) 10,966 (7.9%) 139,470 (1). (2),,. : National Science and Technology Indicators , (MCT) < 4-9>
51 44 < 4-9> : : http :/ / gpesq2/ % 5%.... (< 4-10> ). I II < 4-10> (1994) (a) (b) (%) (c) (%) (c)/ (b) 28,181 (77) 1,744 (5) 6,792 (18) 36,717 (100) 17,345 (86) 923 (5) 1,879 (9) 20,147 (100) IES : I : II : : CNPq (http :/ / gpesq2/ ) (c)/ (a) %.
52 4 45 < 4-11> ( ) (%) ,760 32,652 17,062 7,046 62, , ,632 4,704 5,041 8, , , : Brito Cruz (CCT,1997), :, (1999) 1) < 4-12> (%) 2) :, % 26,799 9,389 36, : 1) 14,308. 2). : Diretorio Grupos de pesquisas a CNPq(1995) < 4-12>, 36,168 74% 26%.,., 14.7%...
53 46.. (%) < 4-13> 49, , , , ,392 (%) 142 (2.0) 714 (10.0) 5,031 (69.0) 1,080 (15.0) 304 (4.0) ( ) % % 853 4,052 23,495 5,438 1,706 : Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism, CNPq/ MCT , < 4-14> (?) ,154 2,455 2,843 2,737 2,418 2,132 12,689 26,542 30,586 34,991 38,218 42,002 49,908 13,628 28,696 33,041 37,834 40,955 44,420 52,040 : CNPq/ SUP/ COOE < 4-14> % 95%
54 ,892 2,497. (< 4-15> ) %..... < 4-15> / (IMPA) / 7 (CBPF) / 6 (ON) / 5 (INPE) (INPA) Remore Sensor / / / / / / / / / / : 14 (CAPES), 76 7 : Ministerio da Ciencia e Tecnologia, Ciencia & Tecnologia A nos 90: a Decada do Crescimento, novembro de
55 48 5,, ,,,. (CN Pq) (Autonom ou s policy)
56 5 49.,., 1.2%. 1, , (PED), (PN D) ,, (PPA: Plano Pluri- Anu al, Multiyear Plan for Science and Technology) , :,.
57 :. 1970: : (CNPq). (CNPq), : (MCT) : :. 2 (PBDCT) 1. 1(I PBDCT: ) (PN D) (PBDCT) (I PND).. 1 (I PND : ).
58 % 3.1% 10% (PIN), (PIS),,,,,, 10 $ 1 179,240Cr$ 1,750Cr$. 1.,,,,,. 1 (I PN D: ) 1 ( ). 11., 1 (I PBDCT) 5 1 Cr$ Cr$, Cr$. 1,,.,, (FN DCT)
59 GNP. (CN Pq) ,. 1 (I PBDCT) (,, ) (,,, ), (,,, ), -,,, ,,
60 < 5-1>. (UN DP, OAS)..,,.. < 5-1> () : Cr$, (%) , ,958 2,309 4, : CNPq, I PBDCT, 1976
61 54. 11%.. 22%..,. 2. 2(II PBDCT: ) (II PN D)., (Gradu ate Program). 1970,,,,., (II PND : ). 1 (I PND), 10
62 5 55 (,,, ) ( ) ( ), 2(II PBDCT) (CN Pq) 2 (II PN D: ) 1 7,470 Cr$(US$ 2,490 )220 Cr$. 1974, 2 2(II PBDCT: ) 5 25 US$., , 400 US$ ( 75 77) US$ 8 US$,. 2. CNPq... -,, - ( )
63 56 -,, < 5-2> < 5-2> 2 : Cr$, US$ ,379 1, , , , ,424 1,492 1,652 4, CNPq ( ) , , , , , ,224 1, , , ,109 2, , ,989 1,150 4,839 1, , ,840 7,671 8,248 22,759 2,500 : CNPq, II PBDCT, 1976
64 ,,,.,,,, (NUCLEBRAS), US$.,,,, (CN Pq),. 36 7US$., (CNPq) 32 2 US$. 1 4US$,,,.,, (III PBDCT: ) 1(I PBDCT)2(II PBDCT).. 7,. 3 (III PBDCT: ) 2. 3
65 58,.. 3 (Develop - m ent of Scientific Cap acity) (Technological Autonom y).. -,,,.,,,,. (CN Pq)
66 5 59 (CCT) (CCT), , ,,,,.,,,,
67 60,,,,.,,. 3 (PPA) ,..,,.. (MCT)., 1950 (CN Pq).,..
68 5 61,,,,,.. (PPA: Multiyear Plan) (PPA) (Multiyear Plan for Science and Tech - nology) PPA ( ) 1 PPA ( ) 3 PPA GDP 1.5%
69 62,,, ,, (fiancing) , 1),,, 2), 3), 4), 5). 3 14, , 2,959, 2001, 3,248, ,683, ,111 10%. 5, , 1,108, 2001, 1,147, ,410, ,666.
70 GDP. 10 GDP1%. < 5-3> GDP :, % GDP 651, , , , , , , ,886 6,426 6,305 5,485 6,625 8,857 9,074 9,540 10,768 GDP : Indicadores Nacionais de C&T, , MCT, 1998 GN P %. < 5-4> ( ) (A) GNP % (B) (A/ B) ,194, ,055, ,166, ,789, ,729, ,500, ,111, ,778, ,989, ,447, ,516, ,794, ,122, ,722, ,287, ,345, ,277, ,692, ,179, ,035, : COOE/ SUP/ CNPq- Brazilian MOST : US$
71 64 < 5-5> PPA (%) : PPA (%) 9, , ,630 96, , , , , , , , , : (MCT). 90(8,972 : $ = 1.60 ).,, 1$ = , 34.7%, (28.9%), (19.8%).,,. < 5-6> (1997) (%) (), : (MCT), ,,.
72 < 5-7> ( ) : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,484.4 : National Science and Technology Indicators , MCT < 5-8> : 96, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,540.3 :. : National Science and Technology Indicators , MCT,,..
73 66 < 5-9> : 95, 100 US$ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,860.8 : 1995, 1995 (1 US$ = ) : National Science and Technology Indicators , MCT 61%. (MCT) < 5-10> (1996 ) (MAA) (MEC) (PR) (MAER) : % (MS) : CNPq/ MCT 65%. (FIN EP) 4%,.
74 5 67 < 5-11> ( ) : , , , , , , , ,926-1) 3, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,079 1,557 1,602 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,767 :. : Indicadores Nacionais de C&T, MCT, 1998 (CN Pq), (EMBRAPA), (CAPES).. < 5-12> (1996) (CNPq) : CNPq/ MCT (EMBRAPA) (CAPES) : %
75 (Sp ecific Instrum ents).. - :, - : -, :. -, : (N onspecific Instrum ents).,.. - :, -
76 : - :, - 2. (PADCT: Program a de Apoio ao Desen - volvim ento Cientifico e Tecnologico) ,,,,,,,, ,,,. (PRON EX: Program a de Ap oio aos N ucleos d e Excelencia) PRON EX (PPA, )., (CNPq), (CAPES), (FINEP),,,,,.
77 < 5-13> : : (MCT) < 5-13> , , 4 3, %, 27%, 39%, 12%. 5.,,.. 1%. 90.
78 5 71,. / (%) < 5-14> : ,850 14, ,193 15, ,738 18, ,266 19, ,099 21, : National Science and Technology Indicators , MCT 40,612 23, ,406 25, < 5-15> ,735 10,706 17,441 6,513 3,620 10,133 5,224 3,740 8,964 6,287 3,450 9,737 5,719 3,429 9,148 7,010 3,895 10,905 7,021 4,628 11, , ,303 1,569 N/ A N/ A : N / A : National Science and Technology Indicators , MCT..
79 72 < 5-16> : 95US$ / ,446 : N / A : National Science and Technology Indicators , MCT
80 , ,
81 < > IPU < > Jose N eri da Silveira Francisco Rezek Dhorothea Werneck Cicero Lucena Pereira ,,,,,, (SLAB),,,,,,,.
82 6 75 < 6-1> : US$ :, 1998, , 367$, US$. 97. < > - (Petrobras), 4 2, ( ) (RFCC: Revam ping of Fluid Catalyst Cracking) 2 127, < A sia > - Asia , ( ) - 5, 6Towner Topic 99 10
83 76 < > - CVRD50:50 Pellet - Espirito Santo, 220 < > - CTV, VTR, Au dio (110) , 2 < LG> - CTV, VTR, - ( 130 ) (40) ,,, ,,,,. 1 ( ), (CNPq), (FIN EP) KTDC, ,
84 ,,,, ,. 96 9, (21 ). 97 7, 1, 97 11, ,,,,. 97 7, 1, 97 11, ,
85 78,,, , 51,000. (FIN EP),. 21,., 1999 Carlos Lucena Mario Ripp er (FIRA) , 1 2. (KOICA) , 3..,,,,.
86 6 79.,.,,,..
87 80 7,. IMF..,,,,, (PND), (PBDCT) (SEPLAN),. 1985, (CN Pq) (FIN EP). (CN Pq),.
88 (PPA) ,,,,..,.,..,,.,.,.,...
89 82, 2, 1977., 21,, 1999,,,, 1999, Korea- Brazil Cooperation in S&T an Exploration, 1997.,, :, Christian Anglade and Carlos Fortin, the state and Capital Accumulation in Latin America, V.1, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, The Macmillan Press Ltd CNPq, Federal Expenditures on Science & Technology, 1995, III PBDCT Distrito Federal, Brazilian Exhibitions and fairs calendar, 1997 Dahlman, Carl J. and Frischtak, Claudio R. National Systems Supporting Technical Advance in Industry: The Brazilian Experience in National Innovation systems: A comparative Analysis (eds) Richard R. Nelson, 1993 Geraldo Nunes, S&T Policies and High level Personnel training in Brazil, Meyer- Stamer, New Departures for Technology Policy in Brazil, Science and public Policy. Vol 22, 1995, No.5, pp Ministry of External Relations, Brazil basic outline, 1995 Ministry of S&T, National Science & Technology Indicators , 1997 Office for Pubic Information and Affairs, Texts in From Brazil, 1997 Robert R.Kaufm an, The politics of economic adjustment policy in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, Policy Sciences 22: , 1989 SEPlAN, II PBDCT
90 SUMMARY 83 Summ ar y Title The N ational Innovation System and Science and Technology Policy of Brazil Major Pa rticipa nts Project Lead er : Deok Soon Yim, Ph.D., Science and Technology Policy Institute Particip ants : Chan - Kyun Park Abstract This research exam in ed th e n ation al innovation system an d science and technology policy of Brazil. Brazil is relatively strong in the airplane, IT indu stries, space technology, and bio- technology. H ow ever, It seem s that Brazil has w eakness in indu stry - research - acad em y linkages and S&T m anp ow er. It w as su ggested that both Korea and Brazil could m aintain Win - Win type of S&T cooperation by exch an gin g research ers an d collaboratin g in R&D. Resea rch Background a nd Objectives In this changing days, science and technology em erge as the m ost im p ortant factor w hich determines the national comp etitiveness. The glottalization forces u s to analyze the national innovation system of
91 84 other countries and their S&T policies. In this context, it is of im p ortance to review Brazil, w hich represent south Am erica and has strong com p etitiveness in the fields of sp ace technology, airplane indu stry. This research w ill serve the basic needs of Korea' s S&T cooperation p olicy w ith Brazil. Research Contents Brazil started to set up research instituters like Institituto Adolfo Lutz from late 19 century. Even though Brazil recognized the im p or - tance of science and technology at the earlier days, the und erdevelop ed econ om y h ave kep t S&T activities at th e m inim al level. Relatively developed S&T system can be attributed to the establishm ent of Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT). As the m ain governm ent body of Science and Technology in Brazil, MCT designs and im plem ent the S&T policies of Brazil and coordinate the activities of CN Pq an d FIN EP. M any research organiz ation s are under the MCT and CNPq. On the other hand, Ministry of Education support the gradu ate stu dies of Braziln stud ent throu gh CAPES. Brazil has im plem ented the national developm ent (PN D) and basic S&T plan (PBDCT) gives direction for S&T policies. The m odern and p lann ed S&T advancem ent started w ith th e PN D in Th e SEPLAN, an econom ic planning and im plem enting body in govern - m ent, had coordinated the S&T activities too. In 1985, MCT w as established and becam e the focal point of S&T developm ent since then. The education environm ent of Brazil is not favorable and only the upper class are eligible for the good education opportunities. In addition, the num ber of researchers are very low com pared to other advanced countries.
92 SUMMARY 85 Korea h as been coop erating w ith Brazil in m any resp ects su ch as trade, culture, science and technology, investm ent, and tourism. Especially the cooperation in S&T becam e very active in 1990s throu gh joint comm ittee on econom y and S&T. Conclusions a nd Suggestion This research review ed the national innovation system and S&T p olicies of Brazil including the history of S&T and education system. It is obviou s that Brazil understands the im portance of S&T and allocated m uch resource even in the period of econom ic difficulties. The complem entality of econom ic structure and developm ent history will m ake the coop eration betw een Korea and Brazil m utu ally beneficial. Finally, it is su ggested that Korea and Brazil should enlarge their coop eration in the fields of space and airplane technology, bio- technology, and IT areas.
93 86 Cont ent s Executive S umma ry 1 Cha pte r 1. Introd uction 3 Section 1. Research Objective 3 Section 2. Research Methodology 4 Cha pte r 2. S ocio-e conomic Ba ckgro und 5 Section 1. Historical Background 5 Section 2. Society and Geography 6 Section 3. Political Background 9 Section 4. Econom ic Background 12 Cha pte r 3. Scie nce a nd Te chnology Syste m 15 Section 1. H istory of Science an d Techn ology 15 Section 2. Governm ental Bodies and Activities 23 Cha pte r 4. Ed uca tio n S yste m a nd Ma npowe r 37 Section 1. Education History 37 Section 2. Educational Institute 38 Section 3. University and Manpow er 39
94 CONTENTS 87 Cha pte r 5. S &T Policy a nd Investme nt 48 Section 1. H istory of S&T Policies 48 Section 2. Basic Plan for S&T (PBD CT) 50 Section 3. Multiyear Plan for S&T (PPA) 60 Section 4. S&T Policies and Program s 68 Section 5. Level of Brazilian S&T 70 Cha pte r 6. Coo pe ra tion Be twe e n Kore a a nd Bra zil 73 Section 1. Econom y 73 Section 2. Science and Technology 76 Cha pte r 7. Conclus ion 80 Refe re nce s 82
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