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1 Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol. 36, No. 1, Original Article 2017 Korean Clinical Psychology Association eissn X The Effect of Perfectionistic Self-presentation on Social Anxiety: Focusing on the Moderating Effect of Self-efficacy Dajung Kim 1 Kyung Ja Oh 2 1 Department of Psychiatry, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul; 2 Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea The present study aimed to investigate the maladaptive effects of perfectionistic self-presentation on social anxiety. Additionally, social self-efficacy was examined as a moderator between perfectionistic self-presentation and social interaction anxiety. A total of 179 Korean undergraduate students participated in the study. Participants completed the Korean version of the Perfectionistic Self Presentation scale, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, and Self Efficacy for Social Situation scale. A hierarchical regression analysis showed that when self-efficacy was low, the high perfectionistic self-presentational group showed a significantly higher social anxiety than the low perfectionistic self-presentational group. However, a significant difference in social anxiety was not observed in the case of high self-efficacy. That is, individual self-efficacy for interpersonal situations moderated the negative effect of perfectionistic self-presentation on social interaction anxiety. This study could be useful in implementing appropriate intervention plans for socially anxious people with concerns of perfection and competence. The potential implications for clinical applications and directions for future research were also discussed. Keywords: perfectionistic self-presentation, social anxiety, self-efficacy, maladaptive interpersonal relationship 사람은누구나다양한사회상황에서다른사람들과관계를맺고, 서로영향을주고받으며살아간다. 이러한관계속에서타인에게 자신이어떠한모습으로보여지는지를주요하게유념해두고가능 한한자신에관하여긍정적인인상을전달하려고노력하는것은 인간의자연스러운동기라할수있다 (Leary & Kowalski, 1995). 때 문에사람들은자기자신의인상을통제함으로써자신혹은타인 이세워놓은기준에부합되는모습을보이고자하는목표지향적 활동, 즉, 자기제시 (self-presentation) 동기의영향을받으며살아 가게된다 (Avia, Sanchez-Bemardos, Sanz, Camillo, & Rojo, 1981; Kimble & Zehr, 1982). Hewitt 등 (2003) 은사회적상황에서이와 같은자기제시동기가극으로치닫게되어자신을완벽하게보이고 자하는개인의표현적욕구를 완벽주의적자기제시 (perfectionistic self-presentation) 라개념화하였다. 완벽주의와완벽주의적자기제시간의차이는, 기존의특성적완 Correspondence to Kyung Ja Oh, Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea; kjoh@yonsei. ac.kr Received May 20, 2016; Revised Oct 18, 2016; Accepted Nov 20, 2016 벽주의가 완벽하고자하는욕구 (need to be perfect) 와같은개인의성격과태도에초점을둔것이라면, 완벽주의적자기제시는 남에게완벽하게보이고자하는욕구 (need to appear perfect) 로개인이어떻게행동하는가와같은표현적욕구에관심을두는것이라고설명될수있다 (Hewitt et al., 2003). 인간의성격적특질에관한연구를통해몇몇학자들은, 개인의성격이크게표현적측면 (expressive aspect) 과내용적측면 (content-related aspect) 으로나눠질수있다고제기했으며, 각각을대인관계적측면 (interpersonal aspect), 특성적측면 (trait aspect) 과연관시킬수있다고주장하였다 (Buss & Finn, 1987; Paulhus & Martin, 1987). 즉, 성격의특성적측면과같은정적인측면 (static aspect) 만으로는심리적문제의발생과유지를충분히설명하기에부족하므로, 성격의대인관계적측면을통합하여접근하는것이필요하다는것이다 (Wachtel, 1994). 완벽함의대인관계표현적욕구라는측면에서완벽주의적자기제시는타인에게자신의완벽함을드러내고자하는것과더불어자신의불완전함을숨기고자하는동기적요소를가지게된다. Hewitt 등 (2003) 은완벽주의적자기제시가단일한차원이아닌특성적완벽주의와같은다차원적개념이라고파악하고세가지하위 56

2 The Effect of Perfectionistic Self-presentation on Social Anxiety 구성개념을제시하였다. 이들세가지하위요인에는 완벽주의적자기노력 (Perfectionistic Self Promotion, PSP), 불완전함은폐노력-행동적 (Nondisplay of Imperfection, NDP), 불완전함은폐노력-언어적 (Nondisclosure of Imperfection, NDC) 이해당된다. 구체적으로, 완벽주의적자기노력이란자신의완벽함을공적으로확실하게나타내고싶어하는욕구를의미하고, 불완전함은폐노력- 행동적은공적인상황에서자신의불완전함이행동적으로드러나는것에대한염려, 불완전함은폐노력- 언어적은자신의불완전함을나타내는실수나결함을공적인상황에서인정하기꺼려하거나언급하지않는것을의미한다 (Hewitt et al., 2003). 자기제시는타인의인정및지지에대한욕구또는사회적소속감과같은대인관계적욕구로부터비롯된것이라볼수있다 (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). 그러나완벽주의적자기제시는극단적이고자기기만적인형태의자기제시성격적특성으로, 부적응적인대인관계에영향을미치는신경증적대인관계양식과밀접하게연관된비합리적인자기표현이라할수있다 (Hewitt et al., 2003). 특히완벽주의적자기제시성향은타인에게좋은인상을남기고자하나이러한초기의의도가왜곡되어결국에는타인과의관계를차단하는부정적인결과를낳는다는점에서 (Lee & Seo, 2010), 다양한심리적문제의위험요인으로작용할수있다. 무엇보다타인에게보이는자신의인상및수행능력과이에대한타인의평가에주된초점을두고있다는측면에서, 완벽주의적자기제시는사회적상황혹은수행상황에서지속적인두려움을느끼는사회불안과밀접한관계가있다고볼수있다. 선행연구들을통해보면, 자신이어떻게보이는지나타인의인정에관해과도하게몰두하는것은사회적상황에서낮은자존감과사회적단절을느낄가능성을높이는것으로나타났다 (Hewitt et al., 2003; Jain & Sudhir, 2010; Sherry, Hewitt, Flett, Lee-Baggley, & Hall, 2007). Mackinnon 과 Sherry (2012) 는특성적완벽주의및완벽주의적자기제시와주관적안녕감의연관성에관한연구를통해, 완벽해져야겠다 는완벽주의적욕구 (perfectionistic strivings) 보다는 나의수행이완벽했는가, 내가완벽하게보여졌는가 와같은완벽주의적염려 (perfectionistic concerns) 가주관적안녕감에더욱강한영향을미친다고주장하였다. 또한, Flett, Hewitt, Shapiro와 Rayman (2001) 은모든완벽주의적자기제시하위요인들이높은감정적의존, 강박적집착및낮은상호작용적응력과같은특성과깊이연관되어있어이러한성향이높은사람들은이성관계관계형성, 신뢰, 적응의저하를보일수있다고보고하였다. 이와같이많은경험적연구들은완벽주의적자기제시성향이사회불안을비롯한다양한정신병리에취약한성격적특질임을밝히며두요인 간의연관성에관한연구결과를보고해왔다 (Flett, Madorsky, Hewitt, & Heisel, 2002; Ha, 2010, 2011; Hewitt et al., 2003; Hewitt et al., 2011; Jain et al, 2010). 그러나이러한완벽주의적자기제시와사회불안의관계는그하위요인별로큰차이를보이고있으며, 기존에연구자들이주로다루어온특성적완벽주의와도확연한특징차이를나타냈다. 또한대부분의연구에서두요인사이의직접적인관계를다루었을뿐, 그저변에구체적인연관성이나개인차를이해하기위한연구들은아직부족한단계이다. 완벽하게보이고자하는개인의욕구가자신의유능함을바탕으로실제이룰수있는능력및자신에대한신념을가지고표출되는경우와, 타인의시선이나평가에중점을둔채스스로부족하다고여기면서방어적으로드러나는경우는개인내적, 대인관계적안녕감및만족감에큰차이를보일것이라예상해볼수있다. 이를바탕으로, 본연구에서는완벽주의적자기제시와상호작용을통해사회불안의발생및유지에영향을미칠수있는조절요인으로자기효능감에대해다루어보고자한다. 자기효능감은자신의능력을적절하게발휘할수있을것인가에대한개인적판단임과동시에 (Peterson & Stunkard, 1992), 행동수정가능성에대한개인의신념이라고할수있다 (Froman & Owen, 1991). Schlenker와 Leary (1982) 그리고 Leary와 Kowalsky (1995) 는사회불안의자기제시모형을언급하며, 사회불안을경험하는사람들은타인에게특정한인상을주기위해동기화되어있으나, 자신이제시하고자하는긍정적이고바람직한인상을성공적으로줄수있는지에관한염려가생길때사회불안을경험한다고설명하였다. 최근 Catalino, Furr와 Bellis (2012) 는 Leary 등 (1995) 의사회불안에관한이론적연구를바탕으로특정한인상을만들고싶어하는개인의욕구수준인 인상동기 (impression motivation) 와실제로원하는인상을만들수있을것인가에대한주관적평가수준인 인상효능감 (impression efficacy) 의상호작용에대한연구를진행하였다. 연구결과, 인상동기가높은사람들중인상효능감이낮은집단에서는사회불안이나타났으나, 인상효능감이높은집단에서는사회불안을나타내지않는것으로밝혀졌다. 이는인상효능감이인상동기와사회불안의완충제역할을했음을시사하는것이라할수있다. 완벽주의적자기제시자들은높은자기기준과현실적으로불가능한비합리적목표를설정함으로써결과에대해서도낮은기대감을가지게된다. 때문에자신의결함이나실수로인해기대에미치지못하는결과가야기될수도있다는두려움을경험할가능성또한높아진다고생각해볼수있다. Lyn, Bieling 과 Wallace (1994) 또한완벽주의성향이높은사람들이높은기준을설정하고수행에대한높은기대를하는것자체 57

3 Kim and Oh 가부적응적인것이아니라, 도달하기어려운높은기준을이룰수있을지에관한스스로의확신유무에따라심리상태가좌우되는것이라고주장한바있다. 타인에게바람직한인상을주고싶은욕구를넘어서완벽해보이고싶은욕구가있는사람들은누군가자신을관찰하거나평가하는지에대해매우민감하게반응하게된다 (Schlenker et al., 1982). 이때자신의능력에대한확신이부족하다면타인의평가및사회적상황은이들에게위협적으로여겨질것이고, 결과적으로지속적인두려움및염려를동반한사회불안으로이어질수있을것이다. 종합해보면, 완벽한사람으로보이고자하는과도한목표나이를이루지못할까두려워하는염려로인한방어적특성이단선적으로사회불안으로이어지는것이아니라, 자신이세운높은기준과연관된타인의시각과평가를중시여기면서도스스로에대한믿음은부족할시에상당한수준의사회불안을겪게된다고볼수있다. 이에본연구는다음과같은가설을제시하고, 이를검증하고자한다. 가설 1. 완벽주의적자기제시는사회불안에유의미한영향을미칠것이다. 즉, 완벽주의적자기제시수준이높아지는것은사회불안수준이높아지도록할것이다. 가설 2. 완벽주의적자기제시성향이사회불안에미치는영향은자기효능감수준에따라다를것이다. 즉, 자기효능감이낮을경우, 완벽주의적자기제시가높은집단이낮은집단에비해사회불안수준이높을것이고, 자기효능감이높을경우, 완벽주의적자기제시의높고낮음에따라사회불안에차이를보이지않을것이다. 한완벽주의적자기제시척도 (PSPS) 를바탕으로 Ha (2011) 가한국실정에맞게문항을추가하여재구성하고타당화한한국판완벽주의적자기제시척도를사용하였다. 하위척도는 완벽주의적자기노력 (PSP), 불완전함은폐노력-행동적 (NDP), 불완전함은폐노력- 언어적 (NDC) 으로구성되어있다. 본척도는총 19문항으로 7점 Likert형척도 (1 점 : 전혀그렇지않다, 7점 : 매우그렇다 ) 로평정되고점수가높을수록완벽주의적자기제시수준이높다는것을의미한다. Ha (2011) 의연구에서전체척도의내적일치도 (Cronbach s α) 는.85였으며, 각하위척도별로 완벽주의적자기노력 (PSP) 은.88, 불완전함은폐노력 -행동적(NDP) 은.75, 불완전함은폐노력 - 언어적 (NDC) 은.75이었다. 본연구에서전체신뢰도계수 (Cronbach s α) 는.87였으며, 각하위척도별로 완벽주의적자기노력 (PSP) 은.87, 불완전함은폐노력 -행동적(NDP) 은.79, 불완전함은폐노력- 언어적 (NDC) 은.77로나타났다. 사회적상호작용불안척도 (Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, SIAS) 대인간상호작용과정에서겪는불안의정도를측정하기위해 Mattick과 Clarke (1998) 가개발한사회적상호작용불안척도를 Kim (2001) 의연구에서번안하고타당화한척도를사용하였다. 본척도는총 19문항으로 5점 Likert형척도 (1 점 : 전혀그렇지않다, 5 점 : 매우그렇다 ) 로평정된다. Kim (2001) 의연구에서내적일치도 (Cronbach s α) 는 로, 4주간격의검사-재검사신뢰도는.92 로보고되었다. 본연구에서신뢰도계수 (Cronbach s α) 는.89로나타났다. 방법연구대상서울에소재한 4년제대학교학부생 193명이연구에참여하였다. 전체참가자중설문을완료하지않거나한국어가모국어가아닌 14명을제외하여총 179명의자료가분석에포함되었다. 참가자의평균연령은 20.83세 (SD = 2.23) 이며성별은남자가 74명 (41.3%), 여자가 105명 (58.7%) 으로구성되었다. 실험참가자들은온라인을통해모집되었으며, 연구참가의보상으로수강과목에대한크레디트를지급받았다. 측정도구 한국판완벽주의적자기제시척도 (Perfectionistic Self Presentation Scale-K, PSPS-K) 완벽주의적자기제시를측정하기위해서 Hewitt 등 (2003) 이개발 사회적자기효능감척도 (Self-Efficacy for Social Situation, SESS) 사회적자기효능감을측정하기위하여 Gaudiano와 Herbert (2003) 가개발한사회적자기효능감척도를 Lee (2008) 가번안하고타당화한척도를사용하였다. 하위척도는사회적상황에서성공적으로수행하기위해필요한사회적기술을가지고있는지에대한주관적믿음과관련된 사회적대처기술 (coping skill), 사회적상황에서발생하는걱정과사고를통제할수있는가와연관된 인지적통제 (cognitive control), 사회적상황에서의초조함이나긴장감을통제할수있는가와관련된 정서적통제 (affective control) 로구성되어있다. 본척도는총 9문항으로 7점 Likert형척도 (1 점 : 전혀해낼수없다 7점 : 정말잘해낼수있다 ) 로평정되고점수가낮을수록사회적상황에서의자기효능감이낮다는것을의미한다. Lee (2008) 의연구에서전체척도의내적일치도 (Cronbach s α) 는.84 였고, 8주간격의검사-재검사신뢰도는.78로보고되었다. 본연구에서신뢰도계수 (Cronbach s α) 는.78로나타났다. 58

4 The Effect of Perfectionistic Self-presentation on Social Anxiety 분석방법본연구에서수집된자료는 SPSS 21.0을사용하여분석되었다. 연구참가자들의일반적인특성을파악하기위해기술통계를활용해빈도백분율을산출하고각변인들의평균, 표준편차와변인간의상관분석을실시하였다. 또한, 독립변인으로서각하위요인별완벽주의적자기제시성향정도와자기효능감이종속변인인사회불안에미치는영향을확인하기위하여위계적회귀분석을실시하였다. 결과주요변인에대한기술통계연구참가자들이보고한완벽주의적자기제시, 사회적상호작용불안, 사회적자기효능감의평균및표준편차와성별에따른점수차이를비교한결과가 Table 1에제시되어있다. 변인별남녀차이를검증하기위해실시한 t-test 분석결과, 각척도의남녀간에유의미한차이는없는것으로나타났다 (Table 1). 주요변인간상관분석상관분석결과, 사회적상호작용불안은완벽주의적자기제시총점뿐만아니라완벽주의적자기제시의세가지하위요인인완벽주의적자기노력, 불완전함은폐노력- 행동적, 언어적변인모두와유의미한정적상관이있는것으로나타났다, r =.33, p<.01; r =.26, p<.01; r =.34, p<.01; r =.21, p<.01. 완벽주의적자기제시와사회적자기효능감과의상관관계를살 펴보면완벽주의적자기제시하위척도중불완전함은폐노력- 행동적요인과만유의미한부적상관, r = -.18, p<.05, 이나타났고, 사회적자기효능감과사회적상호작용불안또한유의한부적상관, r = -.42, p<.01, 을보이는것으로나타났다 (Table 2). 완벽주의적자기제시가사회불안에미치는영향 : 자기효능감의조절효과검증변인들이사회불안을예측하는데미치는영향을확인하기위하여위계적회귀분석을실시하였다. 완벽주의적자기제시와사회적자기효능감은모두중심화 (centering) 한점수를사용하였다 (Cohen, Cohen, West, & Aiken, 2003). 먼저, 완벽주의적자기제시의하위요인인완벽주의적자기노력, 불완전함은폐노력- 행동적, 언어적변인이사회불안에미치는영향력을확인하고, 이에자기효능감을투입하여사회불안에대한설명력의변화를확인하였다. 사회적상호작용불안에대한위계적회귀분석결과, 완벽주의적자기제시는 14.3% 의설명력을나타냈으며유의한회귀식을보였다, F = 7.85, p<.001. 사회적자기효능감변인을추가하였을때의회귀식또한유의하였다, F = 26.60, p<.001. 더불어, 이전단계에완벽주의적자기제시하위요인중유의하게나타난불완전함은폐노력- 행동적에더해완벽주의적자기노력요인이유의했고, 13.7% 의추가설명력이확인되었다. 마지막으로각하위척도와자기효능감의상호작용변인을추가하였을때사회적상호작용불안에관해유의한회귀식을보였고, F = 3.99, p<.01, 5.8% 의설명력이증가한것으로나타났다. 각하위척도별 Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Participants Total (N = 179) Male (n = 74) Female (n = 105) t Perfectionistic self promotion (8.29) (8.19) (8.38) -.50 Nondisplay of imperfection (3.73) (3.21) (4.08).05 Nondisclosure of imperfection (6.28) (5.98) (6.50).58 Self-Efficacy (6.05) (5.96) (6.11) 1.00 Social interaction anxiety (12.16) (12.31) (12.11).12 Note. a = Mean (standard deviation). Table 2. Correlations between Scales (N = 179) Perfectionistic Self Promotion 1 2. Nondisplay of Imperfection.39** 1 3. Nondisclosure of Imperfection.44**.21* 1 4. Total score of Perfectionistic Self-Presentation.88**.57**.75** 1 5. Self-Efficacy * Social Interaction Anxiety.26**.34**.21**.33** -.42** 1 Note. *p <.05. **p <

5 Kim and Oh Table 3. Hierarchical Regression Analysis of Social Anxiety Independent variable β ΔR 2 R 2 Adj. R 2 ΔF Step 1 PSP *** NDP.96** NDC.22 Step 2 PSP.26* *** NDP.66* NDC.14 SSES -.86*** Step 3 PSP.26* ** NDP.68* NDC.07 SSES -.89*** PSP X SSES -.06** NDP X SSES.09 NDC X SSES -.02 Note. PSP= Perfectionistic Self Promotion; NDP= Nondisplay of Imperfection; NDC = Nondisclosure of Imperfection; SSES = Self-Efficacy for Social Situation. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001. SIAS PSP-1SD PSP+1SD SSES-1SD SSES+1SD Figure 1. The effect of PSP and SSES on SIAS. Note. PSP = Perfectionistic Self Promotion; SSES = Self-Efficacy for Social Situation; SIAS= Social Interaction Anxiety Scale. 로살펴보면, 사회적상호작용불안에대하여완벽주의적자기노력과사회적자기효능감의이원상호작용은유의하였다, β = -.06, t(171) = -2.79, p<.01. 그러나불완전함은폐노력- 행동적과불완전함은폐노력- 언어적과의이원상호작용은모두유의하지않은것으로나타났다, β=.093, t(171) =1.90, p>.05; β= -.02, t(171) = -.62, p>.05 (Table 3). 보다구체적으로살펴보기위해사회적상호작용불안에대한완벽주의적자기노력과사회적자기효능감의상호작용항에대한분석결과, 사회적자기효능감이 1SD 높은경우완벽주의적자기제시의높고낮음에따라사회적상호작용불안에유의미한차이가나타나지않았다, β=.13, t(175) =.84, p>.05. 이에반해, 사회적자기효능감이 1SD 낮은경우완벽주의적자기제시가높은집단이낮은집단에비해유의미하게높은사회불안을보이는것으로나타났다, β=.69, t(175) = 4.60, p<.05 (Figure 1). 논의본연구에서는완벽주의적자기제시가사회불안에미치는영향을확인하고, 이과정에서완벽주의적자기제시와자기효능감의상호작용효과가있는지를탐색하고자위계적회귀분석을실시하였다. 구체적으로, 완벽주의적성향과자기효능감이평균으로부터 1SD 만큼높고낮은경우에따라종속변인인사회불안에미치는영향을분석한결과는다음과같다. 연구결과에앞서본연구에서초점을맞추어다루고있는주요변인들의성차는드러나지않은것으로나타났다. 첫째, 완벽주의적자기제시총점및세가지하위요인모두사회적상호작용불안으로측정된사회불안과유의한정적상관이있는것으로나타났다. 이는다수의선행연구와일치하는결과로 (Flett et al., 2002, Flett, Greene, & Hewitt, 2004; Hewitt et al., 2003), 완벽주의적자기제시가사회불안에취약한성격적특성임이재확인되었다. 주목해야할점은타인에게자신의완벽함을확실하게보이고자하는자세가사회불안과정적인상관이있다는점이다. 즉, 타인의인정과지지를얻고자스스로에게과대한평가기준을강요하는것이불안정한개인내적, 대인관계적특성을더욱두드러지게하는것이라볼수있겠다. 따라서완벽주의적자기제시자들이불안을경험하는데있어이들의기대가누구를향하여무엇을기준으로하는가에주목해야할필요성이시사된다. 둘째, 사회적자기효능감은사회불안과유의한부적상관이있는것으로나타났다. 즉, 자신의능력을적절하게발휘할수있다는판단과신념은이에따른개인의행동결정에영향을줄뿐아니라 (Froman et al., 1991; Peterson et al., 1992), 불안과같은정서상태와도깊은연관이있음을알수있었다. 이는스스로상황을통제할수있다고지각하며자기효능감이증가하면, 사회적상황에서경험하는불안감이감소하게된다는점을보여주는결과라하겠다. 셋째, 완벽주의적자기제시와사회적자기효능감, 완벽주의적자기제시하위요인과사회적자기효능감각각의상호작용을함께고 60

6 The Effect of Perfectionistic Self-presentation on Social Anxiety 려할경우, 각각사회적상호작용불안에대한설명력을유의하게증가시키는것으로나타났다. 특히, 자기효능감이낮을경우완벽주의적자기제시가높은집단이낮은집단에비해사회불안수준이유의하게높았고, 자기효능감이높을경우완벽주의적자기제시의높고낮음에따라사회불안에차이를보이지않는것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는사회불안의자기제시모형 (Leary et al., 1995; Schlenker et al., 1982) 에서설명하는바와같이, 자신이제시하고자하는긍정적인상에대한기준이높은완벽주의적자기제시자들이지각된자신의능력이스스로의기대치에도달하기어려울것이라여기는경우높은불안을보이게된다고가정해볼수있다. 즉, 완벽주의적자기제시자들의사고및행동은궁극적으로자기자신이이기준에부합할수있는가에대한염려나판단과함께이후의심리상태를좌우하는역할을하게된다고볼수있다. 따라서완벽주의적자기제시가사회불안의취약한요소라고고려할때, 자신의능력및행동에대한믿음과결과에대한기대감이동반되지않는다면, 타인에게완벽하게보이고자하는욕구는불안이나공포, 회피와같은부적응적행동양상으로이어질수있다고생각해볼수있겠다. 종합해보면, 높은완벽주의적자기제시성향과낮은사회적자기효능감이유의하게사회불안을예측하는것으로나타났다. 이에더해완벽주의적자기제시의각하위요인별로살펴보면, 완벽주의적자기노력요인은사회적자기효능감의수준에따라사회적상호작용불안에유의한차이를보였다. 이에비해, 행동적, 언어적은폐요인은자기효능감에따라사회불안수준에유의한영향을받지않는것으로나타났다. 이는선행연구자들이완벽주의적자기제시의심리적고통의주원인은이들이보이는방어적태도및은폐성향이라고언급한것과는차이가있는결과라할수있다 (Besser, Flett, & Hewitt, 2010; Flett et al., 2004; Hewitt, et al., 2003). 이를통해완벽주의적자기제시의각하위척도의개념이사회불안과어떻게관련되어있는가라는측면에서생각해볼수있다. 자신의불완전함이드러나는것이두려워회피하려는은폐성향이강한사람들은전반적인자기효능감또한낮아, 그수준차에따라경험하는사회불안에큰차이를보이지않는것이라여겨진다. 이에비해, 내가해낼수있을것인가? 이행동으로내가바라는결과를얻을수있을것인가? 와같은스스로의판단에큰의미를두는완벽주의자기노력성향의사람들은자신에대한확신에따라사회불안등의심리적고통감경험에대한유의한차이를보이는것이라생각해볼수있겠다. 최근완벽주의를연구하는학자들은기존의다차원적완벽주의의적응적- 부적응적, 기능적- 역기능적측면을개념화하고그유용 성을확대하고자노력하고있다 (Rice, Ashby, & Slaney, 1998; Slaney, Ashby, & Trippi, 1995). 완벽주의적자기제시는완벽주의에관해성격의특성적측면만으로설명하기어려운심리적문제의발생과유지에대한이해를돕기위해대인관계적측면을통합했다는점에서주목할만한개념이라볼수있다. 이에본연구에서는완벽주의적자기제시성향의사람들이사회불안을느끼게되는과정을구체화하여살펴봄으로써두변인사이의연관성을뚜렷이확인할수있었다. 즉, 자기효능감이낮은사람들의경우, 완벽주의적자기제시수준이주요한역할을하였으나, 자기효능감이높은사람들이보고하는사회불안은완벽주의적자기제시에유의한영향을받지않았다. 이를통해완벽주의의표현적특징을가진완벽주의적자기제시는개인의정신건강을위협하는사회불안이라는부적응적특성으로이어질수있으나, 자기효능감이라는긍정적신념수준에따라그발생수준에차이를나타낼수있음을확인하였다. 이는사람들이대인관계적상황에서보다성공적으로적응하기위한예방적개입전략수립에도움이될수있는요소로작용한다고생각해볼수있겠다. 이와같이본연구는완벽주의적자기제시, 자기효능감, 그리고사회불안사이의관계에대해종합적으로살펴보았다는점에의의가있다. 그러나연구의설계및결과분석에있어나타나는몇가지제한점에대해서도언급할필요가있을것이다. 첫째, 본연구의참여대상이특정지역의대학생으로한정되어있다는점에서본연구의결과를일반화하기에는제한이따른다. 특히높은성취욕구와동기의식과함께타인의시선에민감하게반응하는특정연령대학생을대상으로진행되었다는측면에서이들이가진특징들을고려해보았을필요가있겠다. 둘째, 본연구에서사용된주요변인에대한측정이모두자기- 보고식질문지에대한응답을바탕으로한것이므로결과의해석에있어객관적이고정확한측정값이이용되었는가에대한문제점을지닐수도있다. 특히피험자가사회적으로바람직한방향으로답하는경향이있을수있으며, 개인이지각하고평가하는자신의상태가개인차를보일수있음을염두에두어야할것이다. 셋째, 본연구는완벽주의적자기제시자들이보이는주된부정적정서중사회불안에초점을맞추어그조절변인에관하여살펴보았으나, 이결과로는독립변인과종속변인간의정확한인과관계및경로에대한이해가부족할수있다는한계가있다. 특히자기효능감이인지적변인임을감안하여, 사회불안에대한보다정확한이해를위해완벽주의적자기제시성향이이에미치는영향에있어자기효능감이외의강박관념, 평가절하와같은인지적요소와동기, 무기력등과같은정서적요소를포함한중재, 매개경로에만국 61

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8 The Effect of Perfectionistic Self-presentation on Social Anxiety 국문초록완벽주의적자기제시가사회불안에미치는영향 : 자기효능감의조절효과김다정 오경자 1 인제대학교상계백병원정신건강의학과, 2 연세대학교심리학과 본연구에서는완벽주의적자기제시가사회불안에미치는영향을살펴보고, 그과정에서개인의자기효능감이조절효과를나타내는지를검증하였다. 이를위해대학생 179명을대상으로완벽주의적자기제시척도, 사회적상호작용불안척도, 사회적자기효능감척도를통해설문을실시하였다. 분석결과, 첫째, 자기효능감이낮을경우, 완벽주의적자기제시가높은집단이낮은집단에비해높은사회불안을보이고있음을확인하였다. 둘째, 자기효능감이높을경우, 완벽주의적자기제시의높고낮음에따라사회불안수준에차이가나타나지않고있음을확인하였다. 즉, 완벽주의적자기제시가사회불안에미치는부정적인효과가사회적자기효능감에의해중재되고있음을검증하였다. 본연구결과는자신이완벽하고유능하게보이는지에대해염려하며사회적상황에불안감을경험하는사람들에대한적절한개입계획을세우는데유용하게쓰일수있겠다. 이같은결과를중심으로본연구의의의및제한점에대해논의하였다. 주요어 : 완벽주의적자기제시, 사회불안, 자기효능감, 부적응적대인관계 63

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