*,.,., 70 (,, )., - 1(n=17), - 2(n=28), - 3(n=25).,.,, 2, 1.,. * 2014 ( ) (NRF-2014S1A3A2038236), 2015. :,, 52 Tel : 02-3277-2643, E-mail : Ahn12@ewha.ac.kr
2014 4 16 476 304,.,., Taylor Frazer(1982)., (1 ), (2 ),,,, (3 ), (4 ), (5 ) (, 2016 ).,,, (Adams, Figley, & Boscarino, 2008; Creamer & Liddle, 2005; Fullerton, McCarroll, Ursano, & Wright, 1992). (nonprofessional worker) (volunteer).,,., 6902 5 145 (, 2014),,,,,. (2015) 20 2.2% 0.9%, 128.,., 1995 2007, (,,,, 2008).,.,.
,., (,, 2009;,,,, 2005; 2015 ). (Meichenbaum, 1997).,, (Dyregrov, Kristoffersen, & Gjestad, 1996; Thormar, Gersons, Juen, Marschang, Djakababa, & Olff, 2010).,, (, 2014).,.,., (Brewin, Andrews, & Valentine, 2000; Cook & Bickman, 1990). (Cetin, Kose, Ebrinc, Yigit, Elhai, & Basoglu, 2005; Hagh-Shenas, Goodarzi, Dehbozorgi, & Farashbandi, 2005; Paton, 1994), (Armagan, Engindeniz, Devay, Erdur, & Ozcakir, 2006), 911 (Long, Meyer, & Jacobs, 2007), (Mitchell, Griffin, Stewart, & Loba, 2004), (Ursano, Fullerton, Vance, & Kao, 1999), (Dyregrov, Kristoffersen, & Gjestad, 1996) (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD). Thormar (2010) 1 4.5 PTSD 24% 46%. PTSD,,,,,,,, (Thormar, Gersons, Juen, Djakababa, Karlsson, & Olff, 2014; Thormar et al., 2010)., 1, 13
(Dyregrov, Kristoffersen, & Gjestad, 1996). (rescue personnel) 5.5% 2.78% PTSD, 34% (Hagh- Shenas et al., 2005).,.,. (,, 2009;,, 2008), (, 2009;, 2008). (2015),. 223, 50%,,, 34.6% PTSD. PTSD. PTSD,. (,, 2014),.,. Freudenberger(1974),, (burnout) (,, 2011 ). Maslach Jackson (1981), (human service) (helping professional), 3., (emotional exhaustion)., (depersonalization),., (diminished personal accomplishment)
,.,,.,,,,,,,.,, (Maslach, Schaufeli, & Leiter, 2001;,, 2011 ). (Secondary Traumatic Stress, STS) (Vicarious Traumatization). Figley(1995), (trauma workers) STS. STS,,, PTSD (Figley. 1995).,, (McCann & Pearlman, 1990;,, 2014 ). (traumatic material),,,,, (Pearlman & Saakvitne, 1995; Saakvitne, Pearlman, & Abrahamson, 1996). Janoff-Bulman(1989) (Basic World Assumption)., (benevolence of the world), (meaningfulness of the world), (worthiness of self) (Schwartzberg & Janoff-Bulman. 1991). STS, (,, 2014; Baird & Jenkins, 2003),. STS,. STS,
. Pickett(1998) 94,, STS (Canfield, 2005 )., (Pinsley, 2000). (Canfield, 2005; Kadambi & Truscott, 2003; Schauben & Frazier, 1995).,,, (Iliffe & Steed, 2000), STS,.,.,. 8,, STS.. (Maslach, Jackson, & Leiter, 1996).,,. STS,. 8 2014 12 20 60.,,.
. 1156, 70.,,,. (IRB).. 39.59 (SD=12.99), 50 25 (35.7%), 20 20 (28.6%), 30 15 (21.4%), 40 10 (14.3%), 47 (67.1%) 23 (32.9%). 40 (57.1%), 30 (42.9%), 400 30 (42.9%), 200-300 17 (24.3%), 300-400 14 (20.0%), 100-200 6 (8.6%), 100 3 (4.3%). 45 (64.3%), 19 (27.1%), 6 (8.6%) 33 (47.2%), 15 (21.4%), 11 (15.7%), 11 (15.7%).. (, ) 17 (24.3%), 15 (21.4%), (,, ) 13 (18.6%), 13 (18.6%), 6 (8.6%), 6 (8.6%). 1 21 (30%), 1-1 12 (17.1%), 1-3 10 (14.3%), 3-6 4 (5.7%), 6-8 3 (4.3%), 20 (28.6%). Maslach Maslach (Maslach Burnout Inventory, MBI) Maslach Jackson(1981) 22,. (2002). MBI (., 9 ), (., 8 ), (., 5 ). 7 Likert (0=, 6= ),,. 8
. (Cronbach s ).90,.71,.79 (Maslach & Jackson, 1981),.76,.88,.92,.86. (Impact Event Scale, IES) Horowitz Wilner, Alvarez(1979). (1999). IES 15 (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD) (intrusion) (avoidance) : (., 7 ), (., 8 ). 4 Likert (0=, 3= ), ( 0, 1, 3, 5) IES 0-75 (Elwood, Mott, Lohr, & Galovski, 2011). (Cronbach s ).86,.90 (Fischer & Corcoran, 1994),.92,.83,.89. (World Assumptions Scale, WAS) Janoff-Bulman(1989) 32,. WAS (forward-adaptation), 2., 1 WAS 1. WAS (benevolence of the world), (meaningfulness of the world), (worthiness of the self) (Elklit, Shevlin, Solomon & Dekel, 2007; Schwartzberg & Janoff-Bulman, 1991). 4 8. (. ) (. ), (. ), (. ), (. ), (. ), (. ), (. ). WAS 6 Likert (1=, 6= ), 9
. (Cronbach s ).87,.76,.80 (Schwartzberg & Janoff-Bulman, 1991),.81,.74,.51,.77. (Cluster analysis). (cluster) (, 2012).,.,,,,. Hair Black(2000) 2 (two-step procedure). Wards k-means. Z.,., STS (Multivariate Analysis of Variance; MANOVA) (one-way Analysis of Variance; ANOVA). SPSS 19.0., 1., STS, STS.,,..,
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. - 2..48 *** - 3..80 ***.38 ** - 4..59 ***.17.52 *** - 5..05.40 **.05.05-6..08.13.30 *.11.47 *** - 7..10.48 *** -.04.08.55 ***.13-1.91 2.85 1.49 23.53 3.73 3.38 3.85 1.25 1.47 1.39 14.31.74.52.61. N=70. ** p <.01. *** p <.001.. STS.. 2 (Hair & Black, 2000)., Wards, 3. k-means, 3, 17-28. 1 17 (24.3%), 2 28 (40%), 3 25 (35.7) ( 2). Z (M=0, SD=±1). 1, 1 (n=17) 2 (n=28) 3 (n=25) F LSD 1.60 (-.25) 3.08 (.94).81 (-.88) 62.78 ***.65 2 > 1 > 3 4.28 (.97) 3.38 (.36) 1.29 (-1.07) 77.28 ***.70 1 > 2 > 3.54 (-.68) 2.99 (1.08).45 (-.75) 125.54 ***.79 2 > 1, 3. N=70. *** p <.001.. 0, ±1.
. 1(n=17), -. 2(n=28) -. 3(n=25) -. Z 2., (Wilks Lambda =.06, F(6, 130) = 68.32, p <.001).,, 2 (, F(2, 67)= 62.78, p <.001;, F(2, 67)= 77.28, p <.001,, F(2, 67)= 125.54, p <.001). Fisher s LSD(Least Significant Difference) (post-hoc comparison), - ( 2), - ( 3). - ( 1) - ( 3), - ( 2), - ( 3) 2. 1) 1) 1 3, 1 2. /,.
.,,,,,, ( = 21.51, p <.05) ( = 16.14, p <.05)., - ( 1), (47.1% vs 17.9%, 16.0%) - ( 2), (42.9% vs 5.9%, 8.0%). - ( 3), (32.0% vs 11.8%, 10.7%)., - ( 2) 1 (38.9% vs 14.3%, 16.7%), - ( 3) 1 (72.2% vs 42.9%, 11.1%)., STS ( 3)., STS Cohen (1992) (F(2, 67)= 6.98, p <.01, =.17). Fisher s LSD, - ( 2) STS., (Wilks Lambda =.72, F(6, 130) = 3.94, p <.01)., (F(2, 67)= 8.10, p <.01, =.20). Fisher s LSD, - ( 1) 1 (n=17) 2 (n=28) 3 (n=25) F LSD 17.76 (14.03) 30.71 (12.51) 19.40 (13.42) 6.98 **.17 2 > 1, 3 4.02 (.69) 3.70 (.57) 3.56 (.90) 2.07.06-3.21 (.70) 3.52 (.44) 3.34 (.42) 2.13.06-4.31 (.69) 3.76 (.44) 3.64 (.56) 8.10 **.20 1 > 2, 3. N=70. ** p <.01.
., STS.,,,., 1 3, 2 1 2, 3.,.. 1, 24.3% 17, -. 28 (40%) 2, -. 3 25 (35.7%), -. Golemviewski(1989) 8, 1 1, 2 6, 3 3 (,, 2011)., 1, 3, 2.,, 1 3. 7.8% ( >27), 2 (Ehring, Razik, & Emmelkamp, 2011)., (Kadambi & Truscott, 2003) 12%, 2 (40%).,, 2.
,,,,,,., - ( 1), - ( 2), - ( 3). ( 3),,...., - ( 2) 1, - ( 3) 1. 6 7 ( 1, 3, 2, 4 ),., STS., STS - ( 2). (Elwood et al., 2011), 1 3 STS (moderate), 2 (high). 2 STS., - ( 1). 1..,.,
,.,,.,. (Kadambi & Ennis, 2004) (Baird & Jenkins, 2003),.,., 8,.., 1,. 1, 1., 2,,, STS. 2,. (Olff, Langeland, & Gersons, 2005; Young & Cooper, 1999; Sabin- Farrel & Turpin, 2003 )., (self-care).,,,,,,,,, (Canfield, 2005; Harrison & Westwood, 2009; Maslach & Goldberg, 1999).,
(Iliffe & Steed, 2000; Pierce, 2000),,.,,., (,,, 2016) (, 2005). 2, STS.,.,.. PTSD (self-management) PTSD (Engel et al., 2015).,,,,, (Herman, 1997).,, (,,,, 2015; Ehlers & Clark, 2000), (prolonged exposure)., 3, 3. 3,.,,. (meaning-making). (Cherniss, 1980).,.
(, 2015).,. (2011),.,.,,..,,,,.., 70.,., (WAS). (,, 2013),. WAS, 8, 3-8, 3 (Elklit et al., 2007; Schwartzberg & Janoff-Bulman, 1991), WAS., Maslach. (Kadambi & Truscott, 2003), (Mitani, Fujita, Nakata, & Shirakawa, 2006).,.,.
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Understanding Voluntary Disaster Workers with Their Burnout Pattern and the Group Differences in Secondary Traumatic Stress and World Assumptions Jiwon Min Hyesun Joo Hyunnie Ahn Department of Psychology, Ewha Womans University As the role of volunteers in disaster settings has been growing overtime, the present study was aimed to understand voluntary disaster workers with their burnout pattern and examine group differences in their secondary traumatic stress and world assumptions. Total of 70 voluntary workers who served for recovery from Sewol ferry disaster participated in this study. Using cluster analysis, we identified three distinct cluster groups on the basis of three burnout subscale scores(emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment, depersonalization): Group 1 was characterized by the highest score on personal accomplishment and low levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Group 2 scored the highest on emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and relatively high on personal accomplishment. Group 3 was characterized by the lowest scores on three subscales. Results from tests showed that groups differed significantly on types and the period of support activities. Analysis of variance was conducted to identify further group differences. The results indicated that Group 2 scored the highest on secondary traumatic stress, while Group 1 scored the highest on worthiness of the self. Finally, the clinical implications and limitations of these results as well as suggestions for further research were discussed. Key words : Sewol ferry, disaster, volunteer, burnout, secondary traumatic stress, world assumptions, cluster analysis