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Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2016;37(6):107-117 https://doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2016.37.6.107 pissn: 1226-1688 eissn: 2234-408X A Study on the Structure of Intelligence Measured by the K-WPPSI-IV KyungOk Lee 1, Hyewon Park 2, Sanghee Lee 3 Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Duksung, Seoul, Korea 1 Department of Child and Family Walfare, University of Ulsan, Korea 2 Child Contents Research Center, University of Duksung, Seoul, Korea 3 4 (K-WPPSI-IV) 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 Objective: This study examined the construct validity of K-WPPSI-IV. Factor structures of the structures of the K-WPPSI-IV full scale as well as primary index scales for two age ranges (2 years, 6 months to 3 years, 11 months; 4 years to 7 years, 7 months) were examined. Methods: Data were collected from 1,700 children aged 2 years, 6 months to 7 years, 7 months during the K-WPPSI-IV standardization. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using the K-WPPSI-IV subtest performances with maximum likelihood estimation using Amos 18. Results: First, the three-factor model (verbal comprehension, visual spatial, and working memory) fitted best for the younger age range. However, the five-factor model (verbal comprehension, visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed) fitted best for the older age range. Residuals suggest the presence of two nested subfactors within the verbal comprehension factor (broad/expressive and focused/simple). Second, the confirmatory factor analysis on primary index subtests identified factors that account for the intercorrelations among the reduced sets of primary index subtests. Conclusion: The findings showed that the theoretical structures of WPPSI-IV subtests were confirmed within K-WPPSI-IV. Keywords: K-WPPSI-IV, children's intelligence, validation, confirmatory factor analysis, 8 10 (Carroll, 1993, 2012; Horn & Blankson, 2012; Jacobson et al., 2004). (Morgan, Rothlisberg, McIntoch, & Hunt, 2009; K. E. Ward, Rothlisberg, McIntosh, & Bradley, 2011), (Kaufman, Reynold, Liu, Kaufman, & McGrew, 2012; Kuwajima & Sawaguchi, 2010; Morgan et al., 2009; Schneider, Schumann-Hengsteler, & Sodian, 2005),,,. Corresponding Author: Hyewon Park, Dept. of Child & Family Welfare, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan, Korea E-mail: hyewonc@ulsan.ac.kr The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Lee, Park, and Lee 108 (Raiford & Coalson, 2014)., (Choi, 2002). 70 (Gustafsson & Undheim, 1996; Jensen, 1998; Reeve & Charles, 2008)., (Carroll, 1993; Goldstein & Hersen, 2000; Keith, 1985, 1990; Schneider et al., 2005).. 1967 4 6., 2012 WPPSI-IV. ( : FSIQ),,, (, ) (Wechsler, 2012b). WPPSI-IV,,,,. Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R; Wechsler, 1989) 1998 K-WPPSI, 2015 Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV; Wechsler, 2012a) K-WPPSI-IV (H. Park, Lee, Ahn, 2016). K-WPPSI K-WPPSI-IV,,,, 5,,,.,. K-WPPSI-IV WPPSI-IV,. (American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education, 1999; Angoff, 1998; Sattler, 2008).,,,, (Wechsler, 2012a). K-WPPSI-IV K-WPPSI-IV (H. Park, Lee, Lee, & Park, 2016), (Hwang, Park, & Lee, 2015; H. Park, Seo, & Lee, 2015), - (M. Park, Park, & Lee, 2014), K-WPPSI- IV (T. H. Kim, 2016), (S. Kim, 2015). K-WPPSI-IV 2 6 7 7. K-WPPSI-IV. (Wechsler, 2012a). K-WPPSI-IV. 2 6 7 7 WPPSI-IV 2 6 3 11 4 4 7 7,. 2 6 3 11,, 3, 4 4 7 7,,,, 5.

109 The Structure of Intelligence 4., 2 6 7 7,... 1. 4? 1-1. 2 6 3 11 4? 1-2. 4 0 7 7 4? 7 7? 연구대상 4 2 6 7 7 1,700. 7 9,,. Table 1. 연구도구한국웩슬러유아지능검사 4판 (K-WPPSI-IV) 2. 4? 2-1. 4 2 6 3 11? 2-2. 4 4 0 4 2 6 7 7., (2 6 3 11, 4 0 7 7 ). Table 1 Participants Age Male Sex Female Mother education level Less than high school Residence More than collage Seoul Gyeonggi Gangwon Chungcheong Gyeongsang Jeolla 2 6/ 12 2 11/ 12 100 100 80 120 30 67 4 22 54 23 200 3 3 5/ 12 100 100 80 120 34 61 6 21 53 25 200 3 6/ 12 3 11/ 12 100 100 82 118 30 71 3 23 51 22 200 4 4 5/ 12 100 100 84 116 28 68 8 21 51 24 200 4 6/ 12 4 11/ 12 100 100 83 117 31 72 0 21 54 22 200 5 5 5/ 12 100 100 85 115 28 76 2 21 50 23 200 5 6/ 12 5 11/ 12 100 100 88 112 36 69 1 21 49 24 200 6 6 11/ 12 100 100 84 116 31 70 2 22 53 22 200 7 7 7/ 12 50 50 38 62 14 33 0 11 30 12 100 Total 850 850 704 996 262 587 26 183 445 197 1,700 Total

Lee, Park, and Lee 110.84.94, Figure 1. 자료분석, AMOS 18.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY). CFI, TLI RMSEA. CFI TLI.90, RMSEA.05,.08,.10 (Hong, 2000). 한국웩슬러유아지능검사 4판의지능구조분석 4 2 6 3 11 4 0 7 7. 4, WPPSI-IV. 2세 6개월 3세 11개월연령군의지능구조분석.83,.75,.83. 7 3. 3 Figure 2 Full Scale Verbal Comprehension Visual Spatial Working Memory Receptive Vocabulary Picture Naming Information Block Design Object Assembly Primary Index Scales Picture Memory Zoo Locations Verbal comprehension Visual spatial Working memory Receptive Vocabulary Information Block Design Object Assembly Ages 4 7 4-7 $ "# 7/12 Full Scale Primary Index Scales Picture Memory Zoo Locations Verbal Comprehension Visual Spatial Fluid Reasoning Working Memory Processing Speed Information Similarities Vocabulary Comprehension Block Design Object Assembly Matrix Reasoning Picture Concepts Picture Memory Zoo Locations Bug Search Cancellation Animal Coding Verbal Comprehension Visual Spatial Fluid Reasoning Working Memory Processing Speed Information Similarities Block Design Object Assembly Ages 2! "# 2 6/12 3-3 "" "# 11/12 Matrix reasoning Picture concepts Picture Memory Zoo Locations Figure 1. Test framework ofthe K-WPPSI-IV. Bug Search Cancellation 2 6 3 11 g 1 (model 1), 2 (model 2), WPPSI-IV 3 (model 3)., 2 6 3 11,, 3 (model 3) (χ²[11]= 23.96, p <.001, CFI =.99, TLI =.97, RMSEA =.04, 95% CI [.02,.07]). 3 (Figure 2) (,, ), (, ), (, ).40.86, g.86.96. Full Scale.87.96.86 Verbal Comprehension Visual Spatial Working Memory.76 Receptive Vocabulary Figure 2. Three factor hierarchical model for all subtests, age 2 6 / 12 3 11 / 12..91.75.42.85.74.40.66.72.47.18 Information.72 Picture Naming.55 Block Design.16 Object Assembly.43 Picture Memory.52 Zoo Locations.22

111 The Structure of Intelligence, WPPSI-IV (χ²[8] = 24.43, p <.001, CFI =.99, TLI =.97, RMSEA =.06) 3 (Table 2). 4세 0개월 7세 7개월연령군의지능구조분석 4 0 7 7 15 g 1 (model 1), 2 (model 2), 3 (model 3), 3 4 (model 4a, model 4b), 5 5 (model 5a, 5b). 5,,,, 5 5 (model 5a) 2 ( /, / ) (model 5b) Table 2 Goodness of Fit Statistics for the Confirmatory Factors of All Subtests for the Younger Age Range Model Factor (Subtests) χ² df CFI TLI RMSEA (95% CI) χ² df 1 One first-order factor (7) 54.42 14.96.93.07 [.51,.89] 2 One second-order factor 30.02 13.98.97.05 [.03,.07] 24.40 1 Two first-order factors Verbal factor (3), Performance factor (4) 3 One second-order factor Three first-order factors VC factor (3), VS factor (2), WM factor (2) 23.96 11.99.97.04 [.02, 07] 6.06 2 Note. VC = Verbal Comprehension; VS = Visual Spatial; WM = Working Memory. Table 3 Goodness of Fit Statistics for the Confirmatory Factors of All Subtests for the Older Age Range Model Factor (Subtests) χ² df CFI TLI RMSEA (95% CI) χ² df 1 One first-order factor (15) 1066.07 90.74.70.10 [.09,.11] 2 One second-order factor Two first-order factors 570.53 89.87.85.07 [.07,.08] 495.54 1 Verbal factor (6), Performance factor (9) 3 One second-order factor Three first order factors VC factor (6), VS + FR + WM factor (6), PS factor (3) 4a One second-order factor Four first-order factors VC factor (6), VS + FR factor (4), WM factor (2), PS factor (3) 4b One second-order factor Four first-order factors VC factor (6), VS factor (2), WM + FR factor (4), PS factor (3) 5a One second-order factor Five first-order factors VC factor (6), VS factor (2), FR factor (2), WM factor (2), PS factor (2) 5b One second-order factor Five first-order factors VC factor (Broad/Expressive [4], Focused/Simple [2]), VS factor (2), FR factor (2), WM factor (2), PS factor (2) 345.57 87.93.92.05 [.05,.06] 337.15 86.93.92.05 [.05,.06] 329.59 86.94.92.05 [.05,.06] 324.32 85.94.92.05 [.05,.06] 287.47 83.95.93.05 [.04,.05] 224.96 2 8.42 1 15.98 1 5.27 1 36.85 2 Note. VC = Verbal Comprehension; VS = Visual Spatial; FR = Fluid Reasoning; WM = Working Memory; PS = Processing Speed.

Lee, Park, and Lee 112. Table 3., 15 1 g 1 2. WPPSI-IV. 1 2. / 5b (χ²[83] = 287.47, p <.001, CFI =.95, TLI =.93, RMSEA =.05, 95% CI [.04,.05]). 5b ( / :,,,, / :, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (,, ).42.73, g.61.91. / /.84 1.05, Figure 3. WPPSI- IV, 2 6 3 11 4 0 7 7. Table 4. Table 4,.37,.81. WPPSI-IV (χ²[76] = 219.27, p <.001, CFI =.98, TLI =.97, RMSEA =.04), (Wechsler, 2012a). 한국웩슬러유아지능검사 4 판기본지표의지능구조분석 4.. 2 세 6 개월 3 세 11 개월연령군의기본지표소검사의지능구조분석 2 6 3 11,, 3. 2. χ²(6) = 8.45, CFI = 1.00, TLI =.99, RMSEA =.03, 95% CI [.00,.06], Figure 4 Full Scale.69.85.61.93.91.48 Verbal Com prehension Visual Spatial Fluid Reasoning Working Memory Processing Speed Table 4 Intercorrelations of the Composite by Older Age Range.37.84 1.05.72.86.83 Block Design.43 Object Assembly.30 VC VS FR WM VS.60*** FR.68***.81*** WM.59***.72***.81*** PS.37***.51***.51***.74*** Note. VC = Verbal Comprehension; VS = Visual Spatial; FR = Fluid Reasoning; WM = Working Memory; PS = Processing Speed. ***p <.001..71 Broad/ Expressive Focused/ Simple 1.10.73.66.55.60.55.52.42.75.56.69.68.65.61.63.63 Information.53 Similarities.48 Vocabulary.47 Comprehension.40 Receptive Vocabulary.42 Picture Naming.37 Matrix Reasoning.36 Picture Concepts.30 Picture Memory.27 Zoo Locations.18 Bug Search.57 Cancellation.31 Animal Coding.40 Figure 3. Five-factor hierarchical model for all subtests in the older age range.

113 The Structure of Intelligence. CFI 1.00. WPPSI-IV (Wechsler, 2012a). 4 세 0 개월 7 세 7 개월연령군의기본지표소검사의지능구조분석 4 0 7 7,,,, 5. Figure 4. Three-factor hierarchical model for primary index subtests in the younger age range. Full Scale.59.68.85.92.90 Verbal Comprehension Visual Spatial Fluid Reasoning Working Memory Processing Speed.34.46.73.84.81.66.54.61.55.51.43.78.55 Information.52 Similarities.42 Block Design.44 Object Assembly.29 Matrix Reasoning.37 Picture Concepts.30 Picture Memory.26 Zoo Locations.18 Bug Search.60 Cancellation.31 Figure 5. Five-factor hierarchical model for primary index subtests in the older age range..72.65 2. χ²(30) = 51.31, CFI =.99, TLI =.98, RMSEA =.03, 90% CI [.01,.04], Figure 5.,.. K-WPPSI-IV WPPSI- IV. K-WPPSI-IV,, (,,,, ). K-WPPSI-IV. K-WPPSI-IV,.. K-WPPSI-IV,.., 2 6 3 11 7,,, 3. 2 6 3 11 1, 2, 3, 3. 3 rs =.75.83. K-WPPSI-IV,,.

Lee, Park, and Lee 114 (Borella, Carretti, & Pelegrina, 2010; Fitzpatrick & Pagani, 2012; Hutchinson, Bavin, Efron, & Sciberras, 2012).,. WPPSI-IV Reznick (2009) - -.., 4 0 7 7 15,,,,, 5. 4 0 7 7 1, 2, 3, 4 2, 5. 1 2. 4 0 7 7 15 2. 3 WPPSI- IV,. 5. 5 rs =.37.81,.61.93..81., (Kuwajima & Sawaguchi, 2010). K-WPPSI-IV, (Wechsler, 2012a). (Cowan & Alloway, 2009) (Burgess & Braver, 2010; Hornung, Brunner, Reuter, & Martin, 2011). K-WPPSI-IV (Wechsler, 2012a). 4 0 7 7 6 2.,,, /, /. /, / (Raiford, Coalson, 2014). /, WPPSI-IV., K-WPPSI-IV 2 6 3 11 4 0 7 7. K-WPPSI-IV 2..41.83. 2 6 3 11 4 0 7 7. (Morgan et al., 2009; L. C. Ward, Bergman, & Herbert, 2012), K-WPPSI-IV.,,,, (Carroll, 1993, 2012; Horn & Blankson, 2012;

115 The Structure of Intelligence Jacobson et al., 2004; Salthouse, 2004), K-WPPSI-IV,,,,..,. K-WPPSI-IV,,,. WPPSI-IV.,,,.,,.,,,. H. Kim (2015) WPPSI-IV IQ,.., K-WPPSI-IV.,.. K-WPPSI-IV, K-WISC-IV (Korea-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition), K-WAIS-IV (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition), K-WPPSI-IV K-WISC-IV K-WAIS-IV (Yi, 2012, 2014). K-WPPSI-IV. Acknowledgements This study was supported by the 2015 Research Fund of University of Ulsan. Notes This article was presented at the 2016 Annual Spring Conference of the Korean Association of Child Studies. Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. In English References Angoff, W. H. (1988). Validity: An evolving concept. In H. Wainer & H. I. Braun (Eds.), Test validity (pp. 19 32). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education. (1999). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington: American Educational Research Association. Borella, E., Carretti, B., & Pelegrina, S. (2010). The specific role of inhibition in reading comprehension in good and poor comprehenders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 43(6),

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