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1 Original Article Korean J Child Stud 2016;37(5): pissn: eissn: X The Distribution of Attachment Types and Their Characteristics in Middle Childhood Boys Eun-Jung Choi 1, Sujeong Kang 2, Soon-Beom Hong 3, Chang-Dai Kim 4, Soon-Hyung Yi 1, 2 Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 1 Department of Child Development and Family Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2 Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea 3 Department of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 4 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4 Objective: Sex differences in attachment types are absent during early childhood, but emerge in middle childhood. Prior research has shown that boys classify as more often avoidant than ambivalent. The purpose of this study was to investigate marked sex differences in the distribution of attachment types in middle childhood, especially in boys. Methods: Attachment was assessed with the Separation Anxiety Test in a sample of 208 boys in Grades 3 and 4. Their socioeconomic backgrounds and developmental histories were also collected. Results: The distribution of attachment types was differed from those in early childhood, with insecure boys more often avoidant (31.3%) than ambivalent (7.2%). Insecure-avoidant boys were rated as over 10% compared the global distribution. Conclusion: These results supported the hypothesis of adrenarche in middle childhood. Boys may be changed to have more avoidant types in attachment. Keywords: middle-childhood attachment, Separation Anxiety Test, attachment types (Bowlby, 1958, 1973).,, (Bowlby, 1982; Cassidy, 2008; Song, 2006).. (Caldera & Hart, 2004). (Bifulco, 2008).. (secure; B), (avoidant; A), Corresponding Author: Soon-Hyung Yi, Department of Child Development and Family Studies, Seoul National University, 1 Kwanak-ro, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea ysh@snu.ac.kr The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Choi, Kang, Hong, Kim, and Yi 6 (ambivalent-resistant; C) (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978), (disorganized; D) (Main & Solomon, 1990). (Beliveau & Moss, 2009; Byrne, Goshin, & Joestl, 2010; Grossmann, Grossmann, & Waters, 2005; Obegi, Morrison, & Shaver, 2004),. (Haydon, Roisman, Owen, Booth-LaForce, & Cox, 2014). (Bosmans & Kerns, 2015).? (Chen & Chang, 2012; del Giudice, 2008; van IJzendoorn, 2000). 7 11, (Chen & Chang, 2012; Kerns, Brumariu, & Seibert, 2011; Toth, Lakatos, & Gervai, 2013). 7 27%, 2%, 4%, 25% (del Giudice, 2008). 9 11, 19%, 4%, 4%, 35% (Kerns, Abraham, Schlegelmilch, & Morgan, 2007). (the Coping Styles Questionnaire) ( ) (Corby, 2006; Karavasilis, Doyle, & Markiewicz, 2003).,. 6 8 ( ; Adrenarche) (del Giudice & Angeleri, 2016)... (Ammaniti, van IJzendoorn, Speranza, & Tambelli, 2000; Kerns, Tomich, & Kim, 2006), (van IJzendoorn & Sagi-Schwartz, 2008)..,,..,. Bowlby (1982)...,.,..,. Bowlby.. (Psouni & Apetroaia, 2014). (de Winter, Bosmans, & Salemink, 2014).,

3 7 The Distribution of Attachment Types and Their Characteristics (Kerns et al., 2006; Vandevivere, Braet, & Bosmans, 2014)...,,.,.,.,. (Amato, 2000), (DeMulder, Denham, Schmidt, & Mitchell, 2000)..,, (Pierrehumbert et al., 2009)..,,.. 1? 2? 연구대상 3, (SD = 7.81). 연구도구 (the Separation Anxiety Test). (Aviezer, Sagi, Resnick, & Gini, 2002; Hansburg, 1972; Kerns, Tomich, Aspelmeier, & Contreras, 2000). Hansburg (1972), Slough Greenburg (1990). Choi (2014)..,,. 6 (,,,,, ).,?,?,?. Resnick (1993) 9 1 9,. 9 (emotional openness and vulnerability), (solution), (coherence of transcript), : / (anxiety: optimism/ pessimism), / (dismissing/devaluing of

Choi, Kang, Hong, Kim, and Yi 8 attachment), / (resistance/witholding), (displacement of feelings), (self-blame), (preoccupied anger). ~.,, (secure attachment)., (insecure attachment).

4 Choi, Kang, Hong, Kim, and Yi 8 attachment), / (resistance/witholding), (displacement of feelings), (self-blame), (preoccupied anger). ~.,, (secure attachment)., (insecure attachment). ~ (shutting-off).,..,,. ~, F1 F2. ~, DS1 DS3. DS2. ~ (heightening).,.. ~, F4 F5. ~, E1 E2. ~, ~ (F3). 10 Figure 1., (F) 5 (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5), (DS) 3 (DS1, DS2, DS3), (E) 2 (E1, E2) 10. Table 1. 연구절차. (IRB No. 1306/ ) Figure 1. The structure of attachment classifications and subclasses in the Separation Anxiety Test.

5 9 The Distribution of Attachment Types and Their Characteristics Table 1 Attachment Classifications and Subclasses Attachment classifications Characteristics of each group Secure attachment F (Secure/freely valuing attachment relationships) F1 (Some setting aside of attachment) F2 (Secure but restricted) F3 (Secure/freely valuing attachment) F4 (Some preoccupation with attachment figure) F5 (Somewhat resentful) Insecure attachment These are children who show emotionally open feelings but who do not provide various feelings or, their answers are somewhat brief and are less than fully elaborated. They may show some initial resistance, but they can talk openly about the pictured child s feelings and reveal sadness and loneliness related to the separation. These children provide some emotionally open feelings, but typically only after they are initially dismissing/devaluing or after they first give some vague and not fully elaborated justifications. What distinguishes this group from the F1 group is that these children don t show resistance or withholding. This is the prototypical securely attached category and children in this group will show highly emotional openness and coherence. They will give thoughtful answers that reveal feelings of needing and missing attachment figures. These children may display a strong use of self in their answers, and very optimistic about the outcome of the separation situation. Children in this group will provide emotionally open feelings with good justifications, but may have some problems in modulating their responses. They may seem to become somewhat disorganized, especially in response to the high stress pictures. In this group of children, there is a tendency to show some disorganized and preoccupied anger, especially during the high stress pictures. As opposed to children in F4 group, there is less evidence of self-blame and more preoccupying anger, but they can provide other feelings to the pictured situations. DS (Dismissing of attachment) DS1 (Dismissing of attachment) Some children in this group typically will show explicit refusal or resistance toward completing the interview. Others will give sparse or one-word answers despite repeated probing. Sparseness will be evident by statements that are not sufficiently elaborated. DS2 (Devaluing attachment) DS3 (Restricted in feeling) This sub-category should be somewhat rare in non-clinical samples. These children show active and explicit devaluing of the importance of relationships with parents. There may be evidence of materialism in relationships by emphasizing the instrumental usefulness of the attachment figures. There is an emphasis on personal strength in dealing with the separation. These children are more common in DS groups. They initially give somewhat open feelings, followed by discounting, devaluing or somehow minimizing these feelings. Another form of minimizing the open feelings is to end with a positive wrap-up, or to use self-deception. Some children may say that the pictured boy is not affected by the situation. For some, there may be an impressive smoothness to their answers, but it is clear there is little emotional content. E (Preoccupied with attachment relationships/ambivalent/enmeshed) E1 (Passive) E2 (Angry/colflicted) Children in this sub-category will be highly disorganized, showing much unmarked speech and a great deal of anxiety. They should detect a great deal of wandering and confused thoughts and a concern with parents rejecting the pictured child. In some cases, children speak in a very young or childlike voice. Children in this group are mainly distinguished by high preoccupied anger. These are unable to provide feelings other than anger and when they do discuss angry feelings, the feelings are uncontained. The anger is generalized to situations and individuals beyond the specifics of the pictured separation. Note. Adapted from Resnick (1993).

6 Choi, Kang, Hong, Kim, and Yi ,.,. 자료분석방법 Resnick (1993) 2. 9, PASW statistics 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) (r).73~ %. 100% ( : ),,. PASW Table % 98, 31.3% 65, 7.2% % (Ainsworth et al., 1978) 10%. 20% 10% %. (Corby, 2006; del Giudice, 2008; Finnegan, Hodges, & Perry, 1996; Granot & Mayseless, 2001; Karavasilis et al., 2003)., F1 36, F2 37, F3 4. F4 18, F5 3.,. DS1 8, DS3 56, DS2 1.,, DS3. E1 10, E2 5,. 아동중기남아의애착유형분포 3, Table , ( : ),,. 아동중기남아의애착유형별특성. F1 (Some setting aside of attachment) F1 17.3% 36.,..,

7 11 The Distribution of Attachment Types and Their Characteristics (95 : ). [ ]. [ ]. [ ]. Table 2 Social Demographic Characteristics Variables n Variables n Position among siblings Child s diagnosis of mental problem First child 72 Yes 17 Second child 52 No 156 Third or last child 173 Total 173 The only child 35 Maternal stress during pregnancy Total 173 Yes 44 Marital status No 129 Widowed 4 Total 173 Divorced 5 Primary caregiver Remarried 2 Mother 154 Married 160 Other family members 14 Total 171 Non-family members 2 Educational status of father Child care service 2 College or above 139 Total 172 High school or under 33 Mother s occupation (the first year after delivery) Total 172 Housewife 115 Educational status of mother Part-time job 11 College or above 132 Full-time job 46 High school or under 39 Total 172 Total 171 Mother s occupation (the second year after delivery) Socio-economic status (income) Housewife 105 High 0 Part-time job 15 Medium-high 23 Full-time job 53 Medium-medium 117 Total 173 Medium-low 23 Mother s occupation (the third year after delivery) Low 6 Housewife 99 Total 169 Part-time job 15 Child s diagnosis of physical problem Full-time job 59 Yes 21 Total 173 No 148 Total 169 Table 3 The Results of Attachment Classifications and Subclasses n Total (%) Secure attachment Insecure attachment F (Secure) DS (Dimissing) E (Preoccupied) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 DS1 DS2 DS3 E1 E (47.1) 65 (31.3) 15 (7.2%) Unclassified Total 30 (14.4) 208 (100)

8 Choi, Kang, Hong, Kim, and Yi 12 F2 (Secure but restricted) F2 17.8% 37.,.,,,., (18 : ). [ ] [ ]. [ ]... F3 (Freely valuing attachment) F3 1.9% 4..,,,,. (24 : ). [ ]. [ ].,,.. [ ].. F4 (Some preoccupation with attachment figure) F4 8.7% 18.,.,... (35 : ). [ ] [ ]..., ( ).. [ ]!.... F5 (Somewhat resentful/preoccupied) F5 1.4% 3.,.,. F5. F5, (40 : ). [ ] ( )...! [ ]... [ ]..,.

9 13 The Distribution of Attachment Types and Their Characteristics DS1 (Dismissing of attachment) DS1 3.8% 8. DS1,.. ( :, ),. (55 : ). [ ] [ ]. [ ]. DS2 (Devaluing of attachment) DS (5 : ). [ ]. [ ]. [ ]..,.., ( :?,. ; 53 : ). [ ]. (?). [ ] [ ]... E1 (Passive) E1 4.8% 10.,.,,. ( ). (Resnick, 1993) (50 : ). DS3 (Restricted in feelings) DS3 26.9% 56,.. [ ] ( ).. [ ]. [ ]. [ ].

10 Choi, Kang, Hong, Kim, and Yi 14 [ ].. [ ]?. E2 (Angry/conflicted) [ ] ( ) [ ]...,.,,,,.... E2 2.4% 5.,.,,.,., (383 : ). [ ].,. ( ).,,.,. [ ]...,..... [ ],,,?,. [ ].?.,,,, ,..,. 6 8 (del Giudice & Angeleri, 2016). DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) DHEAS (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate), ( ).. /,. (del Giudice, 2015).,.,..

11 15 The Distribution of Attachment Types and Their Characteristics,. (Sher-Censor & Oppenheim, 2004)..,.,..,.,.,,.,,.,.,..,,,.,.,..,...,...,,. Resnick (1993),.. (Target, Fonagy, & Shmueli-Goetz, 2003)... ( :, )., 15%.,,..,.

12 Choi, Kang, Hong, Kim, and Yi 16.,....,,,..,,,. 7%...,,. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF- 2014S1A5B ). Notes This article was presented as a poster at the 2015 Annual Fall Conference of the Korean Association of Child Studies. Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. In English References Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Amato, P. R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(4), doi: /j x Ammaniti, M., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Speranza, A. M., & Tambelli, R. (2000). Internal working models of attachment during late childhood and early adolescence: An exploration of stability and change. Attachment & Human Development, 2(3), doi: / Aviezer, O., Sagi, A., Resnick, G., & Gini, M. (2002). School competence in young adolescence: Links to early attachment relationships beyond concurrent self-perceived competence and representations of relationships. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(5), doi: / Bifulco, A. (2008). Insecure attachment style and depression in adolescents and adults: The impact on parenting and partner roles [Abstract]. International Journal of Psychology, 43(3-4), 566. doi: / Bosmans, G., & Kerns, K. A. (2015). Attachment in middle childhood: Progress and prospects. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 148, doi: / cad Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the child s tie to this mother. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 39, Retrieved from Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books. Byrne, M. W., Goshin, L. S., & Joestl, S. S. (2010). Intergenerational transmission of attachment for infants raised in a prison nursery. Attachment & Human Development, 12(4), doi: / Caldera, Y. M., & Hart, S. (2004). Exposure to child care, parenting style and attachment security. Infant and Child

13 17 The Distribution of Attachment Types and Their Characteristics Development, 13(1), doi: /icd.329 Cassidy, J. (2008). The nature of the child s ties. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical application (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. Chen, B.-B., & Chang, L. (2012). Adaptive insecure attachment and resource control strategies during middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 36(5), doi: / Corby, B. C. (2006). Attachment and adjustment in preadolescence (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Florida Atlantic University, FL. de Winter, S., Bosmans, G., & Salemink, E. (2014, September). Training attachment-related interpretation bias: Examining the causal influence of interpretation bias on attachment expectations. Paper presented at European Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies Congress, Hauge, Netherlands. del Giudice, M. (2008). Sex-biased ratio of avoidant/ ambivalent attachment in middle childhood. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 26(3), doi: / x del Giudice, M. (2015). Attachment in middle childhood: An evolutionary developmental perspective. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 148, doi: / cad del Giudice, M., & Angeleri, R. (2016). Digit ratio (2D: 4D) and attachment styles in middle childhood: Indirect evidence for an organizational effect of sex hormones. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 2(1), doi: / s DeMulder, E. K., Denham, S., Schmidt, M., & Mitchell, J. (2000). Q-sort assessment of attachment security during the preschool years: links from home to school. Developmental Psychology, 36(2), doi: / Finnegan, R. A., Hodges, E. V., & Perry, D. G. (1996). Preoccupied and avoidant coping during middle childhood. Child Development, 67(4), doi: /j tb01798.x Granot, D., & Mayseless, O. (2001). Attachment security and adjustment to school in middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25(6), doi: / Grossmann, K. E., Grossmann, K., & Waters, E. (Eds.). (2005). Attachment from infancy to adulthood: The major longitudinal studies. New York: Guilford Press. Hansburg, H. G. (1972). Adolescent separation anxiety: A method for the study of adolescent separation problems. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas. Haydon, K. C., Roisman, G. I., Owen, M. T., Booth-LaForce, C., & Cox, M. J. (2014). Shared and distinctive antecedents of adult attachment interview state-of-mind and inferred-experience dimensions. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 79(3), doi: /mono Karavasilis, L., Doyle, A. B., & Markiewicz, D. (2003). Associations between parenting style and attachment to mother in middle childhood and adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27(2), doi: / Kerns, K. A., Abraham, M. M., Schlegelmilch, A., & Morgan, T. A. (2007). Mother-child attachment in later middle childhood: Assessment approaches and associations with mood and emotion regulation. Attachment & Human Development, 9(1), doi: / Kerns, K. A., Brumariu, L. E., & Seibert, A. (2011). Multi-method assessment of mother-child attachment: Links to parenting and child depressive symptoms in middle childhood. Attachment & Human Development, 13(4), doi: / Kerns, K. A., Tomich, P. L., Aspelmeier, J. E., & Contreras, J. M. (2000). Attachment-based assessments of parentchild relationships in middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 36(5), doi: / Kerns, K. A., Tomich, P. L., & Kim, P. (2006). Normative trends in children s perceptions of availability and utilization of attachment figures in middle childhood. Social Development, 15(1), doi: /j x Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp ). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Obegi, J. H., Morrison, T. L., & Shaver, P. G. (2004). Exploring intergenerational transmission of attachment style in young female adults and their mothers. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21(5), doi: / Pierrehumbert, B., Santelices, M. P., Ibáñez, M., Alberdi, M., Ongari, B., Roskam, I.,... & Borghini, A. (2009). Gender and attachment representations in the preschool years comparisons between five countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(4), doi: / Psouni, E., & Apetroaia, A. (2014). Measuring scripted attachment-related knowledge in middle childhood: The

14 Choi, Kang, Hong, Kim, and Yi 18 Secure Base Script Test. Attachment & Human Development, 16(1), doi: / Resnick, G. (1993). Measuring attachment in early adolescence: A manual for the administration, coding and interpretation of the Separation Anxiety Test for 11 to 14 year olds. Unpublished manuscript, Westat, Rockville, MD. Sher-Censor, E., & Oppenheim, D. (2004). Coherence and representations in preschoolers narratives: Associations with attachment in infancy. In M. W. Pratt & B. H. Fiese (Eds.), Family stories and the life course: Across time and generations (pp ). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Target, M., Fonagy, P., & Shmueli-Goetz, Y. (2003). Attachment representations in school-age children: The development of the Child Attachment Interview (CAI). Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 29(2), doi: / Toth, I., Lakatos, K., & Gervai, J. (2013). Gender differences in children s responses to attachment story stems: True or artefacts? International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development Bulletin, 63, 2-5. Retrived from mtak.hu/6430/1/real_6430.pdf Vandevivere, E., Braet, C., & Bosmans, G. (2014). Under which conditions do early adolescents need maternal support? Journal of Early Adolescence, 1-8. doi: / van IJzendoorn, M. (2000). The similarity of siblings attachments to their mother. Child Development, 71(4), doi: / van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2008). Crosscultural patterns of attachment: Universal and contextual dimensions. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp ). NY: The Guilford Press. In Korean Choi, E. J. (2014). An fmri study of children s neural responses according to the level of attachment security (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Song, H. (2006). Neurochemical bases of attachment behaviors. The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19(3), In Other Béliveau, M. J., & Moss, E. (2009). The role of stressful lifeevents on the intergenerational transmission of attachment. European Review of Applied Psychology-Revue Europeenne De Psychologie Appliquee, 59(1), doi: / j.erap Eun-Jung Choi Sujeong Kang Soon-Beom Hong Chang-Dai Kim Soon-Hyung Yi ORCID Received March 13, 2016 Revision received October 3, 2016 Accepted October 17, 2016

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