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15 al., 1999; Wei et al., 2008).,. CES-D 16 (Mulrow, Williams, Gerety, Ramirez, Montiel, & Kerber, 1995), 16 60%, 11% 34. Mellin(2008) 5%.,, (Min et al., 2005; Oh, Koeske, & Sales, 2002). (Model Minority) (Alvarez et al., 2006),.,,,.., Wei, Heppner (2010)... Wei (2008)... Brittian, Toomey, Gonzales Dumka(2013). (Noh et al., 1999; Noh & Kaspar, 2003), (Noh & Kaspar, 2003; Yoo & Lee, 2005). (Kuo, 2011).

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17 (Huynh et al. 2014). Major Sawyer(2009)..,,,,.. 1 (Kim, Cho, Chon-Klessing, Gerace, & Camilleri, 2002). Wei, Liao (2010) 80%. Miller (2011) ,., (Wei, Liao et al., 2010). (Oh et al., 2002) (Fuetres, Alfonso, & Shultz, 2005). 50% 5, 65%.. (Miller et al., 2011).. 70% 5.., (Hovey, Kim, & Seligman, 2006). (Sue & Sue, 2008),

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19 Cassidy, C., O Connor, R. C., Howe, C., & Warden, D. (2004). Perceived discrimination and psychological distress: The role of personal and ethnic self-esteem. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(3), Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans:; A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54(10), Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), Cristini, F., Scacchi, L., Perkins, D. D., Santinello, M., & Vieno, A. (2011). The influence of discrimination on immigrant adolescents depressive symptoms: What buffers its detrimental effects? Psychosocial Intervention, 20(3), David, E. J. R., Okazaki, S., & Saw, A. (2009). Bicultural self-efficacy among college students: Initial scale development and mental health correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(2), Dion, K. L. (2002). The social psychology of perceived prejudice and discrimination. Canadian Psychology, 43(1), Dion, K. L., Dion, K. K., & Pak, A. W. (1992). Personality-based hardiness as a buffer for discrimination-related stress in members of Toronto s Chinese community. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 24(4), Flores, E., Tschann, J. M., Dimas, J. M., Bachen, E. A., Pasch, L. A., & de Groat, C. L. (2008). Perceived discrimination, perceived stress, and mental and physical health among Mexican-origin adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 30(4), Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21(3), Fuetres, J. N., Alfonso, V. A., & Shultz, J. T. (2005). Counseling south American immigrants. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Services, 13(1/2), Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(8), Gee, G. C., Spencer, M., Chen, J., Yip, T., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2007). The association between self-reported discrimination and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders among Asian Americans nationwide. Social Science and Medicine, 64(10), Gomez, J., Miranda, R., & Polanco, L. (2011). Acculturative stress, perceived discrimination, and vulnerability to suicide attempts among emerging adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(11), Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(1),

20 Heppner, P. P., Cook, S. W., Wright, D. M., & Johnson, C. (1995). Progress in resolving problems: A problem-focused style of coping. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(3), Heppner, P. P., Heppner, M. J., Lee, D. G., Wang, Y. W., Park, H. J., & Wang, L. F. (2006). Development and validation of a collectivistic coping styles inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), Hong, H. J. (2010). Bicultural competence and its impact on team effectiveness. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 10(1), Hong, Y. Y., Benet-Martinez, V., Chiu, C. Y., & Morris, M. W. (2003). Boundaries of cultural influences: Construct activation as a mechanism for cultural differences in social perception. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(4), Hong, Y. Y., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C. Y., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2000). Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55(7), Hovey, J. D., Kim, S. E., & Seligman, L. D. (2006). The influences of cultural values, ethnic identity, and language use on the mental health of Korean American college students. The Journal of Psychology, 140(5), Huynh, Q-L., Devos, T., & Goldberg, R. (2014). The role of ethnic and national identifications in perceived discrimination for Asian Americans: Toward a better understanding of the buffering effect of group identifications on psychological distress. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 5(3), Jung, E., Hecht, M. L., & Wadsworth, B. C. (2007). The role of identity in international students psychological well-being in the United States: A model of depression level, identity gaps, discrimination, and acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31(5), Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K., Ko, D., & Taylor, S. E. (2006). Pursuit of comfort and pursuit of harmony: Culture, relationships, and social support seeking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(12), Kim, M. M., Cho, H., Cheon-Klessig, Y., Gerace, L. M., & Camilleri, D. D. (2002). Primary health care for Korean immigrants: Sustaining a culturally sensitive model, Public Health Nursing, 19(3), Kuo, B. C. H. (2011). Culture s consequences on coping: Theories, evidences, and dimensionalities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(6), LaFromboise, T., Coleman, H. L., & Gerton, J. (1993). Psychological impact of biculturalism: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 114(3), Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Coping theory and research: Past, present, and future. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55(3), Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer. Lee, R. M. (2005). Resilience against discrimination: Ethnic identity and other-group orientation as

21 protective factors for Korean Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(1), Major, B., & Sawyer, P. J. (2009). Attributions to discrimination: Antecedents and consequences. Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. New York: Psychology Press. Mellin, E. A. (2008). Rejection sensitivity and college student depression: Findings and implications for counseling. Journal of College Counseling, 11(1), Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), Miller, M. J., Yang, M., Farrell, J. A., & Lin, L. L. (2011). Racial and cultural factors affecting the mental health of Asian Americans. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(4), Min, J. W., Moon, A., & Lubben, J. E. (2005). Determinants of psychological distress over time among older Korean immigrants and non-hispanic white elders: Evidence from a two wave panel study. Aging and Mental Health, 9(3), Mossakowski, K. N. (2003). Coping with perceived discrimination: Does ethnic identity protect mental health? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(3), Mulrow, C. D., Williams, J. W., Gerety, M. B., Ramirez, G., Montiel, O. M., & Kerber, K. (1995). Case-finding instruments for depression in primary care setting. Annuals of Internal Medicine, 122(12), Nguyen, A. M. T. D., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2013). Biculturalism and adjustment: A metaanalysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(1), Noh, S., Beiser, M., Kaspar, V., Hou, F., & Joanna, R. (1999). Perceived racial discrimination, coping, and depression among Asian refugees in Canada. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40(3), Noh, S., & Kaspar, V. (2003). Perceived discrimination and depression: Moderating effects of coping, acculturation, and ethnic support. American Journal of Public Health, 93(2), Omizo, M. M., Kim, B. S. K., & Abel, N. R. (2008). Asian and European American cultural values, bicultural competence, and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help among Asian American adolescents. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 36(1), Oh, Y., Koeske, G. F., & Sales, E. (2002). Acculturation, stress, and depressive symptoms among Korean immigrants in the United States. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142(4), Pascoe, E. A., & Richman, L. S. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), Pieterse, A. L., & Carter, R. T. (2007). An examination of the relationship between general life stress, racism-related stress, and psychological health among Black men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(1), Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2006). Immigrant America: A portrait. Berkeley, CA: University

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23 Latino adolescents mental health: Exploring the interrelations among discrimination, ethnic identity, cultural orientation, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Adolescence, 30(4), U. S. Census Bureau, Wei, M., Heppner, P. P., Ku, T. Y., & Liao, K. Y. H. (2010). Racial discrimination stress, coping, and depressive symptoms among Asian Americans: A moderation analysis. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1(2), Wei, M., Ku, T. Y., Russell, D. W., & Mallinckrodt, B. (2008). Moderating effects of three coping strategies and self-esteem on perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms: A minority stress model for Asian international students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(4), Wei, M., Liao, K. Y. H., Chao, R. C. L., Mallinckrodt, B., Tsai, P. C., & Botello- Zamarron, R. (2010). Minority stress, perceived bicultural competence, and depressive symptoms among ethnic minority college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 75(4), Wei, M., Liao, K. Y. H., Heppner, P. P., Chao, R. C. L., & Ku, T. Y. (2012). Forbearance coping identification with heritage culture, acculturative stress, and psychological distress among Chinese international students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(1), Yeh, T. L. (2002). Asian American college students who are educationally at risk. New Directions for Students Services, 2002(97), Yeh, C. J., Inman, A. C., Kim, A. B., & Okubo, Y. (2006). Asian American Families collectivistic coping strategies in response to 9/11. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12(1), Ying, Y. W., Lee, P. A., & Tsai, J. L. (2000). Cultural orientation and racial discrimination: Predictors of coherence in Chinese American young adults. Journal of Community Psychology, 28(4), Yoo, H. C., & Lee, R. M. (2005). Ethnic identity and approach-type coping as moderators of the racial discrimination/well-being relation in Asian Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(4), : : :

24 The Relationship between Perceived Discrimination and Depression in Korean Canadian College Students: Moderating Effects of Coping Strategies, Cultural Identity and Bicultural Self-Efficacy Anna(OAN NA) Lee Sung Moon Lim Chungbuk National University The primary goal of the present study was to examine the moderating effects of coping strategies, cultural identity, and bicultural self-efficacy on the relationship between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms of Korean Canadian college students. Data were collected from 214 Korean Canadian college students studying in Canada through an online and offline survey. A direct effect of perceived discrimination on depressive symptoms and the moderating effects of coping strategies on the relationship between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms were examined by using hierarchical regression analysis. And three-way interaction of perceived discrimination, coping strategies, and cultural identity, and perceived discrimination, coping strategies, and bicultural self-efficacy on depressive symptoms were examined. Results from a hierarchical regression indicated that perceived discrimination significantly predicted depressive symptoms and this finding is in line with previous studies. Second, reflective, suppressive, and reactive coping strategies did not moderate the relationship between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms. Third, the three-way interaction effect of perceived discrimination, suppressive coping strategy, and heritage identity predicted the depressive symptoms. Low heritage identity, high level of perceived discrimination and the frequent use of suppressive coping strategy increased the level of depressive symptoms. Fourth, the three-way interaction effect of perceived discrimination, coping strategies, and bicultural self-efficacy did not predict the depressive symptoms. Limitations and applied implications of the results are discussed. Key words : Bicultural self-efficacy, cultural identity, depressive symptoms, perceived discrimination, reactive coping, suppressive coping

2004 (Study Korea Project) ,526 85,923 (, 2013).,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (,, 2010;,,,, 2010;,, 2009;,, 2011; Mori, 2000; Raffaelli, Torres Stone

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