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ORIGINAL ARTICLE Korean J Clin Lab Sci. 2016, 48(3):217-224 http://dx.doi.org/10.15324/kjcls.2016.48.3.217 pissn 1738-3544 eissn 2288-1662 Korean J Clin Lab Sci. Vol. 48, No. 3, September 2016 217 An Analysis of the Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii Jina Lim 1, Gyusang Lee 2, Yeonim Choi 3, Jongbae Kim 1 1 Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea 2 MAKRI (Military National Defense) KIA Recovery and Identification), Department of Identification, Scientific Staff, Seoul 06984, Korea 3 Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Songho College, Hoengseong 25242, Korea 다제내성 Acinetobacter baumannii 의항생제내성유전자분석 임진아 1, 이규상 2, 최연임 3, 김종배 1 1 연세대학교임상병리학과, 2 국방부유해발굴감식단감식과, 3 송호대학교임상병리과 Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is prevalent in hospital environments and is an important opportunistic pathogen of nosocomial infection. It is known that this pathogen cause herd infection in hospitals, and the mortality rate is remarkably higher for patients infected with this pathogen and already have other underlying diseases. Herein, we investigated the antibiotic resistance rate and the type of resistance genes in 85 isolates of multi-drug resistant A. baumannii from the samples commissioned to laboratory medicine in two university hospitals in hospital A and hospital B located in Cheonan and Chungcheong provinces, respectively, in Korea. As a result, bla OXA-23-like and bla OXA-51-like were detected in 82 stains (96.5%). These 82 strains of bla OXA-23-like producing A. baumannii were confirmed with the ISAba1 gene found at the top of the bla OXA-23-like genes by PCR, inducing the resistance against carbapenemase. The arma, AME gene that induces the resistance against aminoglycoside was detected in 34 strains out of 38 strains from Hospital A (89.5%), and in 40 strains out of 47 strains from Hospital B (85.1%), while AMEs were found in 33 strains out of 38 strains from Hospital A (70.2%) and in 44 strains out of 47 strains in Hospital B (93.6%). Therefore, it was found that most multi-drug resistant A. baumannii from the Cheonan area expressed both acethyltransferase and adenyltransferase. This study investigated the multi-drug resistant A. baumannii isolated from Cheonan and Chungcheong provinces in Korea, and it is thought that the results of the study can be utilized as the basic information to cure multi-drug resistant A. baumanni infections and to prevent the spread of drug resistance. Key words: Multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Carbapenemase, ISAbaI, arma, Aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme Corresponding author: Yeonim Choi Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Songho University, 210 Namsan-ro, Hoengseong-eup, Hoengseong 25242, Korea Tel: 82-33-340-1148 Fax: 82-33-340-1127 E-mail: yichoi@songho.ac.kr Co-Corresponding author: Jongbae Kim Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidaegil, Wonju 26493, Korea Tel: 82-33-760-2423 Fax: 82-33-760-2561 E-mail: kimjb70@yonsei.ac.kr This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright 2016 The Korean Society for Clinical Laboratory Science. All rights reserved. Received: July 31, 2016 Revised: August 31, 2016 Accepted: September 5, 2016 서론 Acinetobacter species 는편성호기성포도당비발효그람음성구간균으로운동성이없으며 catalase 양성, oxidase 음성인세균 이다 [1]. Acinetobacter 균은면역력이저하된환자나중증의기저질환을가진환자에게주로감염되는기회감염균으로대부분병원감염 (hospital-acquired infection) 을일으키지만, 최근에는지역사회감염균 (community-acquired pathogen) 으로도분리되고

218 Jina Lim, et al. An Analysis of the Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii 있다. 지금까지보고된 Acinetobacter species 중가장빈번하게원내감염및감염병확산을일으키는종은 A. baumannii이다 [2]. 병원내감염이증가함에따라광범위항생제의사용이늘어나면서대부분의임상검체에서분리되는균주가각종항생제에다약제내성 (multi-drug resistant) 을나타내게되었다. -lactam계항생제는세균감염증의치료에가장널리사용되고있는항균제로써전세계에서사용되는항균제의 50% 정도를차지한다 [1]. 그중 carbapenem은작용부위가넓고, extended spectrum -lactamase (ESBL) 을포함한대부분의 -lactamase에의한가수분해에저항성을보이며, 분자량이작고양성하전및친수성구조이므로 bacteria의세포외막의 porin을용이하게투과할수있다. 또한, penicillin binding protein 과친화도가높기때문에그람음성균의치료에매우효과적인것으로알려져있다 [3]. 그러나 carbapenem 내성을획득한 Acinetobacter 가전세계적으로확산되고있어매우심각한위협으로간주되고있는데, 이는 carbapenem 내성 Acinetobacter 대부분이다른계열의항생제에도동시에내성을지닌다제내성균인경우가많아감염증의치료제로선택할수있는항생제가매우제한적이기때문이다. 그람음성간균이 carbapenem 에대한내성을획득하는기전은 carbapenemase 생성인데그중특히 A. baumannii가생성하는 carbapenemase 는주로 Ambler molecular class의 class B metallo- -lactamase 또는 class D -lactamase이다 [4,5]. Ambler class D -lactamase 는 oxacillin과 cloxacillin에대한강한활성을나타내므로 oxaxillinase 라고명명되었다 [6,7]. Acinetobacter spp. 에서검출되는 OXA carbapenemase는 OXA-23, OXA-24, OXA-51 및 OXA-58 의 4개주요 group으로나뉜다. 현재까지보고된 OXA carbapenemase는 OXA-23-like (OXA-23, -27) 와 OXA-24-like (OXA-24, -25, -26, -40) 와같이주로두가지다른무리로분류된다 [8,9]. 그리고 A. baumannii의 aminoglycoside 항생제에대한주요내성기전은 16S rrna methylase에의한 post-transcriptional rrna methylation과 ArmA, RmtA, RmtB, RmtC, RmtD 그리고 NpmA와같은 aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme (AME) 효소들에의해 16s rrna A site에 acetylation, adenylation, phosphorylation 같은화학적변화때문이다 [10-12]. 이렇듯 A. baumannii가보유하고있는내성유전자의조사는 A. baumannii의역학조사및항생제내성의특성연구에필요하다. 따라서본연구에는충청남도에소재한대학병원두곳에서분리된 multi-drug resistant (MDR) A. baumannii의항생제내성유전자양상을규명함으로써이러한균주의치료지침과내성세균확산방지를위해필요한기초자료를제공하고자한다. 재료및방법 1. 균주의수집및동정 2011년 9월부터 12월까지충청남도천안시에소재하고있는대학병원두곳의진단검사의학과에의뢰된가검물에서분리한 A. baumannii 85주를본연구에사용하였다. 임상분리균주는 MacConkey agar (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lake, NJ, USA) 에접종하여배양하고, 배양한균주의단일집락을취하여Vitek II (biomerieux, Marcy I'Etoile, France) GN-card를사용하여동정하였다. 2. 항생제감수성검사항생제감수성검사는Vitek II (biomerieux, Marcy I'Etoile, France) GNS-433card 를이용하여최소발육억제농도 (minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC) 를측정하였다. 항생제는 MIC의측정을위해 A대학병원에서분리한균주에대하여는 18가지항생제로 -lactam/ -lactamase inhibitor combinations (ampicillin/sulbactam, ticacillin/ clavulanic acid, ticacillin, piperacillin), cephems (cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime), penems (imipenem, meropenem), aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin), folate pathway inhibitors (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole), quinolone (levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin), tetracyclines (minocycline), polymyxin (colistin) 을사용하였고, B대학병원에서분리한균주에대하여는 A대학병원에서사용한항생제들과 monobactam (aztreonam) 을추가하여총 19가지항생제를사용하였다. 3. DNA추출 Class D -lactamase인 OXA-type을확인하기위한 PCR에사용할 DNA를추출하기위하여시험세균을 brain heart infusion broth (Difco, Detroit, Michigan, USA) 4 ml에접종하여 37 o C의호기성조건에서 18시간배양하였다. 배양액 1 ml을 1.5 ml conical tube에취하여 10분간원심분리 (12,000 rpm) 후, 상층액을제거하고멸균증류수 1 ml에부유시켜다시 7분동안원심분리 (12,000 rpm) 하여상층액을제거하였다. 상층액이제거된침전물에증류수 200 microliter 를첨가하여부유시키고, 10분간끓인후 7분간원심분리 (12,000 rpm) 하여, 상층액만을취하여 template DNA로사용하였다.

Korean J Clin Lab Sci. Vol. 48, No. 3, September 2016 219 4. Carbapenemase activity 확인 1) Carbapenemase 생성균주선별시험 Lee등의선별방법에따라서 modified Hodge test로 carbapenemase 생성능을선별하였다 [13,14]. Carbapenemase 의생성능을확인하기위하여 Mueller-Hinton agar (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lake, NJ, USA) 에 zinc sulfate 용액 (50 mm) 을최종농도가 70 g/ml의농도가되도록첨가하였다. Zinc sulfate가첨가된 Mueller-Hinton agar에 0.5 McFarland 를기준으로탁도를맞춘 Escherichia coli ATCC 25922를고르게접종하고, 실온에서 15분동안방치하였다. 시험균주를평판배지의중앙에서가장자리까지한줄로굵게접종한후, 배지중앙에 10 g 농도의 imipenem disk (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lake, NJ, USA) 를놓은후 37 o C에서호기적으로하룻밤배양하였다. 배양된세균에서뒤틀린억제대확장현상이관찰되거나, 접종선중앙쪽말단부위가다른부위에비해서더넓게증식되면 carbapenem 가수분해양성으로판독하였다. 2) Metallo- -lactamase 생성선별시험 Lee등의방법에따라 IPM (imipenem)-edta (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)-sma (sodium mercaptoacetic acid) (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) double-disk synergy 시험으로 metallo -lactamase를선별하였다 [13,14]. 순수배양된집락을멸균생리식염수에부유하고 0.5 McFarland 를기준으로탁도를맞추고, 세균부유액을면봉으로 Mueller-Hinton 평판배지에고르게접종하여, 실온에서 15분간방치하였다. 0.5 M EDTA 와 SMA 용액 (disk당 EDTA 750 g과 SMA 2 mg) 이첨가된 6 mm diameter filter paper disk (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lake, NJ, USA) 와 10 g imipenem disk를가장자리간격이 10 mm가되도록 Mueller-Hinton agar의중앙에부착한후 37 o C에서호기적으로하룻밤배양하였다. 시험세균에의해두 disk사이에서상승효과에의한억제대의확장현상이관찰되면 metallo -lactamase 생성균주로판정하였다. 5. 내성유전자증폭 Class D -lactamase 유전자확인은 Carbapenemase선별을위한 modified Hodge test에서양성으로확인되고 MBL 생성균주선별을위한 IMP-EDTA-SMA double-disk synergy test에서음성으로확인된 class D형의 OXA-type -lactamase 유전자를확인하기위하여 Woodford 의방법에따라 PCR (polymerase chain reaction) 을시행하였다 [15]. Insertion sequence인 ISAba1은 OXA-23 을생성하는 A. baumannii의 bla OXA-23 유전자의 upstream 에존재하여 promoter 로작용하고 bla OXA-23 유전자를과발현시켜다제내성을유발하는데기인하는것으로알려져있어 ISAba1유전자를확인하기위하여 Segal등의방법에따라 PCR을시행하였다 [16]. Aminoglycoside 계내성유전자를확인하기위해 Akers, Fritsche등의방법에따라 PCR을시행하였다 [11,17]. 6. REP-PCR (Repetitive element palindromic polymerase chain reaction) 천안지역의두병원에서분리된 A. baumannii의유전적인근연도를확인하기위하여 REP-PCR 을시행하였다. REP-PCR 에사용될 genomic DNA를분리하기위하여시험균주를 brain heart infusion에접종하여 37 o C에서호기적조건으로하룻밤배양하였다. 배양된각각의시험세균을 DOKDO-Prep Genomic DNA Purification Kit (ELPIS-Biotech, Daejeon, Korea) 의술식에따라 genomic DNA를분리하였다. PCR 반응은총 30 cycle을시행하였으며, 첫 cycle이시작하기전에 94 o C에서 10분간가온한후, 매 cycle 당 94 o C에서 1분간 denaturation, 45 o C에서 1분간 annealing, 72 o C에서 2분간 extension 반응을시행하였다. 프로그램된 cycle이끝난후완전한 extension 을위하여 72 o C에서 16 분간 final extension 을시행하였다. PCR 반응이끝난후 2.5% 의 agarose gel을사용하여전기영동을시행하고, Molecular Imager Gel Doc XR plus Imaging System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) 으로각각의증폭산물을확인하였다. 결과 1. 임상검체에서분리된균주의동정결과 충청남도천안시소재대학병원두곳의진단검사의학과가검물에서분리한임상균주중 VITEK II로동정된 A. baummannii가 A Table 1. Sources of isolated MDR A.baumanni strains Specimens Hospital A (n=38) Number of isolates Hospital B (n=47) Total (n=85) Sputum 30 37 67 Bronchial aspirate 5 2 7 Wound 2 2 4 Peritoneal fluid 1 0 1 Blood 0 1 1 Cerebrospinal fluid 0 1 1 Transtracheal aspirate 0 1 1 Urine 0 2 2 Catheter tip 0 1 1

220 Jina Lim, et al. An Analysis of the Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii 대학병원에서 38주, B 대학병원에서 47주였으며주로호흡기검체에서분리빈도가높았다 (Table 1). MIC 측정을위해 VITEK II를이용해항생제감수성검사를실시한결과는 Table 2와같다. 2. Carbapenemase 생성균주선별시험결과 Carbapenemase를생성하는균주를선별하기위해 modified Hodge test를실시한결과 85주의 A. baumannii에서접종선중앙쪽말단부위가다른부위에비해서더넓게증식되어 carbapenem 가수분해양성으로판독하였다. Carbapenemase를생성하는 85 균주중 MBL 생성균주를선별하기위한 IMP-EDTA-SMA double-disk synergy test를시행한결과, 모든균주에서두 disk 사이에서상승효과에의한억제대의확장현상이관찰되지않아 class D OXA-type -lactamase를생성하는것을확인하였다. 3. 내성유전자확인결과 1) Class D -lactamase 유전자확인 Class D형의 OXA-type -lactamase를확인하기위하여 multiplex PCR을시행한결과 B병원에서분리한균주중 82균주 (93.6%) 에서 bla OXA-23-like 와 bla OXA-51-like 유전자가동시에확인되었다 (Table 3). Carbapenemase 발현을조절하는 promotor 역할을하는 ISAba1의유무를 PCR로확인한결과모든 imipenem 내성 A. baumannii에서 ISAba1이확인되었다. ISAba1 양성균주는 ISAba1 증폭용 upstream primer와내성유전자의 downstream primer를사용하여증폭한결과 OXA-23유전자를가지는모든 imipenem 내성 A. baumannii에서 bla OXA-23-like 유전자의 upstream 에 ISAba1이존재하는것으로확인되었다 (Table 3). 2) Aminoglycoside 내성유전자확인 Aminoglycoside 에내성을나타내는유전자를 PCR로확인한결과 16S rrna methylase인 arma 유전자는 A병원에서분리한균주 38균주중 34균주 (89.5%) 에서, B병원에서분리한 47 균주중 40 균주 (85.1%) 에서확인되었다. Table 3. Distribution of -lactamase genes in A. baumanii Genotype Hospital A (n=38) Number (%) of isolates Hospital B (n=47) Total (n=85) bla OXA-23-like 38 (100.0) 44 (95.7) 82 (96.5) bla OXA-51-like 38 (100.0) 44 (95.7) 82 (96.5) bla OXA-23-like 38 (100.0) 44 (95.7) 82 (96.5) +bla OXA-51-like ISAba1 38 (100.0) 44 (95.7) 82 (96.5) ISAba1+bla OXA-23-like +bla OXA-51-like 38 (100.0) 44 (95.7) 82 (96.5) Table 2. Antimicrobial resistance for carbapenemase-producing clinical isolates of A. baumannii by VITEX II Number of isolates Antimicrobial classes Antimicrobial agents Hospital A (n=38) Hospital B (n=47) Total (n=85) S I R S I R S I R -lactam/ -lactamase inhibitor combinations Ampicillin/sulbactam 0 3 35 0 4 43 0 7 78 Piperacillin/tazobactam 0 0 38 0 0 47 0 0 85 Ticacillin/clavulanic acid 0 0 38 0 0 47 0 0 85 Ticacillin 0 0 38 0 0 47 0 0 85 Piperacillin 0 0 38 0 0 47 0 0 85 Cephems Cefotaxime 0 0 38 0 0 47 0 0 85 Ceftazidime 0 0 38 0 0 47 0 0 85 Cefepime 0 0 38 0 0 47 0 0 85 Penems Imipenem 0 0 38 0 0 47 0 0 85 Meropenem 0 0 38 0 0 47 0 0 85 Monobactam Aztreonam ND ND ND 2 1 44 2 1 44 Aminoglycosides Amikacin 11 0 27 10 0 37 21 0 64 Gentamicin 2 1 35 2 1 44 4 2 79 Tobramycin 4 0 34 2 1 44 6 1 78 Folate pathway inhibitors Trimethoprim/ 0 0 38 2 0 45 2 0 83 sulfamethoxazole Quinolone Levofloxacin 37 1 0 47 0 0 84 1 0 Ciprofloxacin 38 0 0 47 0 0 85 0 0 Tetracyclines Minocycline 37 1 0 47 0 0 84 1 0 Polymyxin Colistin 38 0 0 47 0 0 85 0 0 Abbreviations: R, resistant; I, intermediate; S, susceptible; ND, not done.

Korean J Clin Lab Sci. Vol. 48, No. 3, September 2016 221 Table 4. Distribution of aminoglycoside resistance related genes in A. baumannii Genotype Number (%) of isolates from Hospital A (n=38) Hospital B (n=47) Total (n=85) arma 34 (89.5) 40 (85.1) 74 (87.0) aac(3)-ia 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) aac(3)-iia 34 (89.4) 47 (100) 81 (95.3) aac(6')-ih 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) aph(3')-vi 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.2) ant(2'')-ia 34 (89.4) 44 (93.6) 78 (91.7) rrn 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) aph(3')-ia 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.2) aac(6')-ib 34 (89.4) 44 (93.6) 78 (91.7) aac(3)-iia/aph(3')-vi/ant(2'')-ia/aph(3')-ia/aac(6')-ib 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.2) aac(3)-iia/ant(2'')-ia/aac(6')-ib 33 (70.2) 44 (93.6) 77 (90.5) 또한, AME 유전자들에대한 multiplex PCR을시행한결과 A병원에서분리한총38주중 1균주 (2.6%) 에서 aac(3)-iia- /aph(3)-vi/ant(2'')-ia/aph(3')-ia/aac(6')-ib가확인되었으며, 33균주 (70.2%) 에서 aac(3)-iia/ant(2'')-ia/aac(6')-ib가확인되었다. B병원에서분리한균주 44균주 (93.6%) 에서는 aac(3)-i- Ia/ant(2'')-Ia/aac(6')-Ib가확인되었다. 또한 arma/aac(3)-ia- /ant(2)-ia/aac(6)-ib를동시에갖는균주는 A병원에서분리한 38 균주중 32균주 (84.2%), B병원에서분리한 47균주중 40균주 (85.1%) 를나타내었다 (Table 4). 4. REP PCR을통한두병원에서분리된 A. baumannii의근연도확인 REP-PCR 결과천안지역의대학병원두곳에서분리된모든 MDR A. baumannii에서 100 bp와 3 kb사이에서증폭산물들을확인하였다. 두병원에서분리된임상분리주의근연관계를확인하기위하여 Quantity One version 4.5.0 program (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) 을사용하여 dendrogram 을작성한결과는 Fig. 1에나타내었다. 고찰 우리나라에서의항생제내성이심각함은이미잘알려져있고, 일부내성균의비율은세계적으로가장높은수준이다. 그러나내성균의비율은균종과지역에따라다름은물론, 시기에따라서도달라진다. 따라서병원성세균의항생제에대한내성률을조사하는것은경험적항생제선택을위해매우중요하며내성균의확산을막기위한정책수립의기초자료가된다. 이에본연구는 2011년 9월부터 12월까지충청남도에소재하고있는두곳의대학병원진단검사의학과에의뢰된가검물에서분리한 MDR A.baumannii Fig. 1. Dendrogram of similarity index among A. baumannii isolates by REP-PCR analysis.

222 Jina Lim, et al. An Analysis of the Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii 85주를대상으로연구를시행하였다. VITEK II를사용하여임상검체에서분리한세균을동정하고항생제내성여부를조사하였다. 항생제감수성시험결과는 carbapenem계항생제인 imipenem, meropenem 에대한내성균주의비율은두병원모두 100% 였고 Amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin 같은 aminoglycoside 항생제에대한내성균주의비율은 A 대학병원에서분리한균주중각각 27주 (71%), 44주 (92.1%), 34주 (89.4%) 였고, B대학병원에서분리한균주중 37주 (78.7%), 44주 (91.4%), 44주 (91.4%) 로높게나타났다. 그러나 colistin에대해서는모든균주가감수성을나타내었다. Carbapenemase activity를확인하기위한 modified Hodge test에서는모든균주가양성으로확인되었으며, IMP-EDTA-SMA double-disk-synergy test에서는억제대확장현상이관찰되지않아 class B -lactamase는생성하지않는것을확인할수있었다. 따라서 Class D형의 -lactamase를확인하기위해 Woodford 등의방법에따라 multiplex PCR을시행하였다 [15]. 그결과 B병원 3균주를제외한 82균주 (96.5%) 에서 bla OXA-23-like 과 bla OXA-51-like 이검출되었다 (Table 1). 2009년연구에따르면 carbapenem 내성 A. baumannii 547주중 388 주 (70.9%) 에서 bla OXA-23 유전자를가지는균주가 169 주 (62%) 로나타났다 [13]. 이렇듯국내에서분리되는 A. baumannii의 carbapenem 내성이대부분 bla OXA-23 의생산에의한것임을확인하였다. 그러나 bla OXA-23 유전자의발현에의한 carbapenem 내성의확산이 bla OXA-23 유전자의수평적전달 (horizontal transfer) 에의한것인지 bla OXA-23 유전자를보유한세균의클론확산 (clonal spread) 에의한것인지는불분명하다. 따라서 bla OXA-23 유전자의확산기전을규명하기위해서는 pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) 나 multi locus sequence typing (MLST) 등의추가적인분자생물학적방법을이용한역학조사가필요한것으로사료된다. ISAba1의유무를 PCR로확인한결과 bla OXA-23-like 유전자를가지고있는모든 imipenem 내성 A. baumannii에서 bla OXA-23-like 유전자의 upstream에 ISAba1의존재가확인되어내성을유도하는것이확인되었다. 그러나 2010년연구 [18] 에따르면충청도소재의 3차대학병원에서 carbapenem 내성 A. baumannii 35주중에서 bla OXA-23-like 과 ISAba1을가지는균주가 8주 (22.9%) 로나타난결과와비교해봤을때내성유전자를가지는비율이더높은것으로확인되었다. 국내에서 2003년과 2005년에 1개대학병원에서분리된 amikacin 에내성인 Acineobacter 균주중에 arma 유전자가비교적흔하게나타났다는보고를토대로 aminoglycoside 계항생제에대한내성유전자를확인하였다 [19]. 2010년보고에따르면강원 지역의 MDR A. baumannii의 86균주중 70주 (81.4%) 가 16S rrna methylase arma유전자를가지고있었다 [20]. 본연구에서는 arma 유전자는 A병원 38균주중 34 균주 (89.5%), B병원 47균주중 40균주 (85.1%) 가가지고있어지역적인특징을나타내지는않았다. Amikacin내성을나타내는균주는 A병원 38주중 27주 (71%), B병원 47주중 37주 (78.7%) 였고그중 arma 유전자를가지는균주는 A병원이 27주중 22주 (81.4%), B병원이 37주중 31 주 (83.7%) 로나타났다. AME 유전자들에대한 multiplex PCR을시행한결과 A병원에서분리한총38 주중 aac(3)-iia/aph(3)-vi/ant(2'')-ia/aph(3')-ia- /aac(6')-ib로확인된균주가 1균주 (2.6%), 나머지 33균주 (70.2%) 에서는 aac(3)-iia/ant(2'')-ia/aac(6')-ib로확인되었고, B병원에서분리한 44균주 (93.6%) 가 aac(3)-iia/ant(2'')-ia/aac(6')-ib로확인되어 acethyltransferase 와 adenyltransferase 를가진것을알수있었다. 그리고 arma/aac(3)-ia/ant(2)-ia/aac(6)-ib를동시에갖는균주는 A병원에서분리한 38 균주중 32 균주 (84.2%), B병원에서분리한 47균주중 40 균주 (85.1%) 를나타내었다. 2010년보고에따르면강원지역에서분리된 MDR A. baumannii 86 주중에서 45 주 (52.3%) 가가지는 arma/aac(3)-ia/aph(3')-ia/aac(6')-ib유전자와는지역적인차이를나타내는것을확인할수있었다 [20]. 두대학병원에서분리된 MDR A. baumannii의내성유형을분석하기위하여 REP-PCR을시행하여균주간의근연도를확인하였다. 100 bp와 3 kb 사이에서로유사한유형의증폭된밴드들을확인하였고, Dendrogram 을작성한결과 80% 이상에서크게다섯그룹으로나뉘어졌으며, 각그룹들간항균제내성패턴또한비슷한결과를나타내어유전적으로큰차이를보이지는않았다. 따라서다른지역에서분리되는 MDR A. baumannii의유전적근연도와비교해볼필요성이있다고사료된다. 본실험결과는충청남도천안시에서분리된 MDR A. baumannii를대상으로한항생제내성유전자보유에관한보고서로서, 이지역에서이들균주의항생제내성유형과내성유전자의분포도를확인하여 MDR A. baumannii 균주에의한감염증의치료지침과내성세균확산방지를위해필요한기초자료로활용할수있을것으로생각된다. 요약 Acinetobacter baumannii는병원환경에광범위하게분포하고있으며, 원내감염의중요한원인균으로병원에서집단감염일으키고, 중증의기저질환을가진환자에게감염되면감염환자의사망

Korean J Clin Lab Sci. Vol. 48, No. 3, September 2016 223 률이다른환자에비해월등히높은것으로알려져있다. 본연구는충청남도천안시에소재한대학병원두곳의진단검사의학과에의뢰된가검물에서분리한다제내성 A. baumannii 85주의항생제내성률과내성유전자양상에대해조사하였다. Carbapenemase 와 Class B -lactamase의생성균주를선별하기위하여 modified Hodge test (MHT) 와 IMP-EDTA double-disk synergy test를실시하였다. 항생제내성을유발하는 carbapenemases, 16S rrna methylases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) 을확인하기위하여 PCR을시행하였으며, A. baumannii가분리된두대학병원간분리균주의유전학적인근연도를확인하기위해 REP-PCR을시행하였다. 실험결과 3균주를제외한 82균주 (96.5%) 에서 bla OXA-23-like 과 bla OXA-51-like 이검출되었다. bla OXA-23-like 유전자가검출된균주에서는 bla OXA-23-like 유전자상부에 ISAba1 유전자가확인되어 carbapenemase 에대한내성을유도하는것으로확인되었다. Aminoglycoside 에대한내성을유발하는 16S rrna methylase 유전자인 arma는 A병원에서분리한 38균주중 34균주 (89.5%) 에서, B병원에서분리한 47균주중 40균주 (85.1%) 에서확인되었고, aminoglycoside modifying emzyme 유전자는 A병원유래 38 균주중 33 균주 (70.2%) 에서, B병원유래 47균주중 44 균주 (93.6%) 에서 aac(3)-iia/ant(2'')-ia/aac(6')-ib가확인됨에따라천안지역에서분리되는대부분의다제내성 A. baumannii 균주는 acethyltransferase 와 adenyltransferase 를동시에발현하는것을알수있었다. 본실험결과는충청남도천안시에서분리된 MDR A. baumannii를대상으로한보고서로서, 항생제내성유형과내성유전자의분포를확인하여 MDR A. baumannii 균주에의한감염증의치료지침과내성세균확산방지를위해필요한기초자료로활용할수있을것으로생각된다. Acknowledgements: None Funding: None Conflict of interest: None References 1. Waxman DJ, Strominger JL. Penicillin-binding proteins and the mechanism of action of -lactam antibiotics. Annu Rev Biochem. 1983;52:825-869. 2. S JY. Clonal dissemination of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates harboring bla OXA-23 at one university hospital in Daejeon, Korea. Korean J Clin Lab Sci. 2016;48:94-101 3. Murray CK, Hospenthal DR. Treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2005;18:502-506. 4. Poirel L, Lambert T, Tuerkoglue E, Ronco E, Gaillard JL, Nordmann P. Characterization of class1 integrons form Psuedomonas aeruginosa the contain the bla VIM-2 carbapenemhydrolyzing -lactamase gene and two novel aminoglycoside resistance gene cassettes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:546-552. 5. Queenan AM, Bush K. Carbapenemase the versatile - lactamase, Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007;20:440-458. 6. Heritier C, Poirel L, Aubert D, Nordmann P. Genetic and functional analysis of the chromosome-encoded carbapenem-hydrolyzing oxacillinase OXA-40 of Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:268-273. 7. Perez F, Hujer AM, Hujer KM, Decker BK, Rather PN, Bonomo RA. Global challenger of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;51:3471-3484. 8. Afzal-Shah M, Woodford N, Livermore DM. Characterization of OXA-25, OXA-26 and OXA-27 molecular classd -lactamase associated with carbapenem resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:583-588. 9. Filipa G, Sandra Q, Laurent P, Angela N, Luísa P. Role of common bla OXA-24/OXA-40-carrying platforms and plasmids in the spread of OXA-24/OXA-40 among Acinetobacter species clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:3969-3972. 10. Sengstock DM, Thyagarajan R, Apalara J, Mira A, Chopra T, Kaye KS. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: an emerging pathogen among older adults in community hospitals and nursing homes. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:1611-1616. 11. Fritsche TR, Castanheira M, Miller GH, Jones RN, Armstrong ES. Detection of methyltransferases conferring high-level resistance to aminoglycosides in Enterobacteriaceae from Europe, North America, and Latin America. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(5):1843-1845. 12. Peleg AY, Seifert H, Paterson DL. Acinetobacter baumannii: emergence of a successful pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008; 21:538-582. 13. Lee K, Kim MN, Kim JS, Hong HL, Kang JO, Shin JH, et al. 2011. Further increases in carbapenem-, amikacin-, and fluoroquinolone- resistant isolates of Acinetobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa in Korea: KONSAR study. Yonsei Med J. 2009; 52:793-802 14. Lee K, Lin YS, Yong D, Yum JH, Chong Y. Evaluation of Hodge test and imipenem-edta double-disk synergy test for differentiating metallo- -lactamase-producing isolates of Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. J clin Microbiol. 2003; 41:4623-4629. 15. Woodford N, Ellington MJ, Coelho JM, Turton JF, Ward ME, Brown S, et al. Multiplex PCR for genes encoding prevalent OXA carbapenemases in Acinetobacter spp. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;27:351-353. 16.Segal H, Garny S, Elisha BG. Is ISAba-1 customized for Acinetobacter? FEMS Microbiol Letter. 2005;243:425-429. 17. Akers KS, Chaney C, Barsoumian A, Beckius M, Zera W, Yu X, et al. Aminoglycoside resistance and susceptibility testing errors in Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(4):1132-1138. 18. Koo SH, Kwon KC, Cho HH, Sung JY. Genetic basis of multi-

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