Original Article Korean J Child Stud 2016;37(5):5-18 http://dx.doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2016.37.5.5 pissn: 1226-1688 eissn: 2234-408X The Distribution of Attachment Types and Their Characteristics in Middle Childhood Boys Eun-Jung Choi 1, Sujeong Kang 2, Soon-Beom Hong 3, Chang-Dai Kim 4, Soon-Hyung Yi 1, 2 Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 1 Department of Child Development and Family Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2 Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea 3 Department of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 4 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4 Objective: Sex differences in attachment types are absent during early childhood, but emerge in middle childhood. Prior research has shown that boys classify as more often avoidant than ambivalent. The purpose of this study was to investigate marked sex differences in the distribution of attachment types in middle childhood, especially in boys. Methods: Attachment was assessed with the Separation Anxiety Test in a sample of 208 boys in Grades 3 and 4. Their socioeconomic backgrounds and developmental histories were also collected. Results: The distribution of attachment types was differed from those in early childhood, with insecure boys more often avoidant (31.3%) than ambivalent (7.2%). Insecure-avoidant boys were rated as over 10% compared the global distribution. Conclusion: These results supported the hypothesis of adrenarche in middle childhood. Boys may be changed to have more avoidant types in attachment. Keywords: middle-childhood attachment, Separation Anxiety Test, attachment types (Bowlby, 1958, 1973).,, (Bowlby, 1982; Cassidy, 2008; Song, 2006).. (Caldera & Hart, 2004). (Bifulco, 2008).. (secure; B), (avoidant; A), Corresponding Author: Soon-Hyung Yi, Department of Child Development and Family Studies, Seoul National University, 1 Kwanak-ro, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea E-mail: ysh@snu.ac.kr The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Choi, Kang, Hong, Kim, and Yi 6 (ambivalent-resistant; C) (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978), (disorganized; D) (Main & Solomon, 1990). (Beliveau & Moss, 2009; Byrne, Goshin, & Joestl, 2010; Grossmann, Grossmann, & Waters, 2005; Obegi, Morrison, & Shaver, 2004),. (Haydon, Roisman, Owen, Booth-LaForce, & Cox, 2014). (Bosmans & Kerns, 2015).? (Chen & Chang, 2012; del Giudice, 2008; van IJzendoorn, 2000). 7 11, (Chen & Chang, 2012; Kerns, Brumariu, & Seibert, 2011; Toth, Lakatos, & Gervai, 2013). 7 27%, 2%, 4%, 25% (del Giudice, 2008). 9 11, 19%, 4%, 4%, 35% (Kerns, Abraham, Schlegelmilch, & Morgan, 2007). (the Coping Styles Questionnaire) ( ) (Corby, 2006; Karavasilis, Doyle, & Markiewicz, 2003).,. 6 8 ( ; Adrenarche) (del Giudice & Angeleri, 2016)... (Ammaniti, van IJzendoorn, Speranza, & Tambelli, 2000; Kerns, Tomich, & Kim, 2006), (van IJzendoorn & Sagi-Schwartz, 2008)..,,..,. Bowlby (1982)...,.,..,. Bowlby.. (Psouni & Apetroaia, 2014). (de Winter, Bosmans, & Salemink, 2014).,
7 The Distribution of Attachment Types and Their Characteristics (Kerns et al., 2006; Vandevivere, Braet, & Bosmans, 2014)...,,.,.,.,. (Amato, 2000), (DeMulder, Denham, Schmidt, & Mitchell, 2000)..,, (Pierrehumbert et al., 2009)..,,.. 1? 2? 연구대상 3, 4 208. 100 134 114.8 (SD = 7.81). 연구도구 (the Separation Anxiety Test). (Aviezer, Sagi, Resnick, & Gini, 2002; Hansburg, 1972; Kerns, Tomich, Aspelmeier, & Contreras, 2000). Hansburg (1972), Slough Greenburg (1990). Choi (2014)..,,. 6 (,,,,, ).,?,?,?. Resnick (1993) 9 1 9,. 9 (emotional openness and vulnerability), (solution), (coherence of transcript), : / (anxiety: optimism/ pessimism), / (dismissing/devaluing of
Choi, Kang, Hong, Kim, and Yi 8 attachment), / (resistance/witholding), (displacement of feelings), (self-blame), (preoccupied anger). ~.,, (secure attachment)., (insecure attachment). ~ (shutting-off).,..,,. ~, F1 F2. ~, DS1 DS3. DS2. ~ (heightening).,.. ~, F4 F5. ~, E1 E2. ~, ~ (F3). 10 Figure 1., (F) 5 (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5), (DS) 3 (DS1, DS2, DS3), (E) 2 (E1, E2) 10. Table 1. 연구절차. (IRB No. 1306/001-004) Figure 1. The structure of attachment classifications and subclasses in the Separation Anxiety Test.
9 The Distribution of Attachment Types and Their Characteristics Table 1 Attachment Classifications and Subclasses Attachment classifications Characteristics of each group Secure attachment F (Secure/freely valuing attachment relationships) F1 (Some setting aside of attachment) F2 (Secure but restricted) F3 (Secure/freely valuing attachment) F4 (Some preoccupation with attachment figure) F5 (Somewhat resentful) Insecure attachment These are children who show emotionally open feelings but who do not provide various feelings or, their answers are somewhat brief and are less than fully elaborated. They may show some initial resistance, but they can talk openly about the pictured child s feelings and reveal sadness and loneliness related to the separation. These children provide some emotionally open feelings, but typically only after they are initially dismissing/devaluing or after they first give some vague and not fully elaborated justifications. What distinguishes this group from the F1 group is that these children don t show resistance or withholding. This is the prototypical securely attached category and children in this group will show highly emotional openness and coherence. They will give thoughtful answers that reveal feelings of needing and missing attachment figures. These children may display a strong use of self in their answers, and very optimistic about the outcome of the separation situation. Children in this group will provide emotionally open feelings with good justifications, but may have some problems in modulating their responses. They may seem to become somewhat disorganized, especially in response to the high stress pictures. In this group of children, there is a tendency to show some disorganized and preoccupied anger, especially during the high stress pictures. As opposed to children in F4 group, there is less evidence of self-blame and more preoccupying anger, but they can provide other feelings to the pictured situations. DS (Dismissing of attachment) DS1 (Dismissing of attachment) Some children in this group typically will show explicit refusal or resistance toward completing the interview. Others will give sparse or one-word answers despite repeated probing. Sparseness will be evident by statements that are not sufficiently elaborated. DS2 (Devaluing attachment) DS3 (Restricted in feeling) This sub-category should be somewhat rare in non-clinical samples. These children show active and explicit devaluing of the importance of relationships with parents. There may be evidence of materialism in relationships by emphasizing the instrumental usefulness of the attachment figures. There is an emphasis on personal strength in dealing with the separation. These children are more common in DS groups. They initially give somewhat open feelings, followed by discounting, devaluing or somehow minimizing these feelings. Another form of minimizing the open feelings is to end with a positive wrap-up, or to use self-deception. Some children may say that the pictured boy is not affected by the situation. For some, there may be an impressive smoothness to their answers, but it is clear there is little emotional content. E (Preoccupied with attachment relationships/ambivalent/enmeshed) E1 (Passive) E2 (Angry/colflicted) Children in this sub-category will be highly disorganized, showing much unmarked speech and a great deal of anxiety. They should detect a great deal of wandering and confused thoughts and a concern with parents rejecting the pictured child. In some cases, children speak in a very young or childlike voice. Children in this group are mainly distinguished by high preoccupied anger. These are unable to provide feelings other than anger and when they do discuss angry feelings, the feelings are uncontained. The anger is generalized to situations and individuals beyond the specifics of the pictured separation. Note. Adapted from Resnick (1993).
Choi, Kang, Hong, Kim, and Yi 10. 20 30.,.,. 자료분석방법 Resnick (1993) 2. 9, PASW statistics 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) (r).73~.81. 1 57 67%. 100% 4. 208 30 ( : ),,. PASW 18.0. Table 3 208 47.1% 98, 31.3% 65, 7.2% 15. 65% (Ainsworth et al., 1978) 10%. 20% 10%. 10 15%. (Corby, 2006; del Giudice, 2008; Finnegan, Hodges, & Perry, 1996; Granot & Mayseless, 2001; Karavasilis et al., 2003)., F1 36, F2 37, F3 4. F4 18, F5 3.,. DS1 8, DS3 56, DS2 1.,, DS3. E1 10, E2 5,. 아동중기남아의애착유형분포 3, 4 208 Table 2. 208 178, 10. 30 ( : ),,. 아동중기남아의애착유형별특성. F1 (Some setting aside of attachment) F1 17.3% 36.,..,
11 The Distribution of Attachment Types and Their Characteristics (95 : ). [ ]. [ ]. [ ]. Table 2 Social Demographic Characteristics Variables n Variables n Position among siblings Child s diagnosis of mental problem First child 72 Yes 17 Second child 52 No 156 Third or last child 173 Total 173 The only child 35 Maternal stress during pregnancy Total 173 Yes 44 Marital status No 129 Widowed 4 Total 173 Divorced 5 Primary caregiver Remarried 2 Mother 154 Married 160 Other family members 14 Total 171 Non-family members 2 Educational status of father Child care service 2 College or above 139 Total 172 High school or under 33 Mother s occupation (the first year after delivery) Total 172 Housewife 115 Educational status of mother Part-time job 11 College or above 132 Full-time job 46 High school or under 39 Total 172 Total 171 Mother s occupation (the second year after delivery) Socio-economic status (income) Housewife 105 High 0 Part-time job 15 Medium-high 23 Full-time job 53 Medium-medium 117 Total 173 Medium-low 23 Mother s occupation (the third year after delivery) Low 6 Housewife 99 Total 169 Part-time job 15 Child s diagnosis of physical problem Full-time job 59 Yes 21 Total 173 No 148 Total 169 Table 3 The Results of Attachment Classifications and Subclasses n Total (%) Secure attachment Insecure attachment F (Secure) DS (Dimissing) E (Preoccupied) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 DS1 DS2 DS3 E1 E2 36 37 4 18 3 8 1 56 10 5 98 (47.1) 65 (31.3) 15 (7.2%) Unclassified Total 30 (14.4) 208 (100)
Choi, Kang, Hong, Kim, and Yi 12 F2 (Secure but restricted) F2 17.8% 37.,.,,,., (18 : ). [ ] [ ]. [ ]... F3 (Freely valuing attachment) F3 1.9% 4..,,,,. (24 : ). [ ]. [ ].,,.. [ ].. F4 (Some preoccupation with attachment figure) F4 8.7% 18.,.,... (35 : ). [ ]................ [ ]..., ( ).. [ ]!.... F5 (Somewhat resentful/preoccupied) F5 1.4% 3.,.,. F5. F5, (40 : ). [ ] ( )...! [ ]... [ ]..,.
13 The Distribution of Attachment Types and Their Characteristics DS1 (Dismissing of attachment) DS1 3.8% 8. DS1,.. ( :, ),. (55 : ). [ ] [ ]. [ ]. DS2 (Devaluing of attachment) DS2 1... (5 : ). [ ]. [ ]. [ ]..,.., ( :?,. ; 53 : ). [ ]. (?). [ ].......... [ ]... E1 (Passive) E1 4.8% 10.,.,,. ( ). (Resnick, 1993) (50 : ). DS3 (Restricted in feelings) DS3 26.9% 56,.. [ ] ( ).. [ ]. [ ]. [ ].
Choi, Kang, Hong, Kim, and Yi 14 [ ].. [ ]?. E2 (Angry/conflicted) [ ] ( ) [ ]...,.,,,,.... E2 2.4% 5.,.,,.,., (383 : ). [ ].,. ( ).,,.,. [ ]...,..... [ ],,,?,. [ ].?.,,,,...... 3 4 208..,..,. 6 8 (del Giudice & Angeleri, 2016). DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) DHEAS (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate), ( ).. /,. (del Giudice, 2015).,.,..
15 The Distribution of Attachment Types and Their Characteristics,. (Sher-Censor & Oppenheim, 2004)..,.,..,.,.,,.,,.,.,..,,,.,.,..,...,...,,. Resnick (1993),.. (Target, Fonagy, & Shmueli-Goetz, 2003)... ( :, )., 15%.,,..,.
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