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1 Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2018;39(4): pissn: eissn: X The Influence of Maternal Meta-Emotion Philosophy on Mother Child Reciprocal Affect Reactions During Task Interactions Eun Young Nahm, So Eun Park Department of Child Studies, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea -, Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between maternal meta-emotion philosophy and mother-child reactions during their interactions. Methods: The study sample consisted of 44 mothers and their 5-year-old children. Data were collected by a semi-structured meta-emotion philosophy interview about emotions and by observing a mother - child interaction teaching task for 15 minutes. All interviews and interaction task data were quantitatively processed. Results: Our analysis showed that maternal emotional regulation reduces maternal negative affects. We also found that maternal emotional coaching of the child is a factor that decreases the child's negative emotional reactions. Moreover mothers who can regulate better their own emotions have an influence on the pattern of 'maternal neutral emotion - child positive emotion', while mothers who accept the child's emotions well have influence on the 'maternal positive emotion - child positive emotion' pattern. Finally, maternal emotional acceptance, emotional regulation and emotional awareness of the child's emotion led to a reduction of the 'maternal negative emotion - child negative emotion' patterns. Conclusion: These results suggest that maternal meta-emotion philosophy is a foundation for the actual mother-child interaction and is an important factor in mother-child reciprocal affect patterns. Keywords: maternal meta-emotion philosophy, mother-child reciprocal affect reaction, task interaction. (Fischer & Manstead, 2008). - (Paavola, Kunnari, & Moilanen, 2005; Webster-Stratton, Reid, & Hammond, 2004), (Chen, Lin, & Li, 2012; Krippl, Ast- Scheitenberger, Bovenschen, & Spangler 2010). - Corresponding Author: EunYoung Nahm, Department of Child Studies, Seoul Women's University, 621, Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea nahmey@swu.ac.kr The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Nahm and Park 82 (Dunsmore & Karn, 2001; Morey, Gentzler, Creasy, Oberhauser, & Westerman, 2013). Gottman, Katz Hooven (1996),,,,, (meta-emotion philosophy). (Salovey & Mayer, 1990),,,. (Gottman et al., 1996; Norman & Furnes, 2016). (Gottman et al., 1996; Katz, Maliken, & Stettler, 2012; Shortt, Stoolmiller, Smith-Shine, Eddy, & Sheeber, 2010).,. (Katz & Windecker-Nelson, 2004), (Katz & Hunter, 2007).,, (Gottman et al., 1996; Katz, et al., 2012). Gottman., (Dusmore & Karn, 2001; Jeong & Park, 2012). (Cervantes & Seo, 2005; Dunsmore & Karn, 2001, Halberstadt, Thompson, Parker, & Dunsmore, 2008).,,. (metaemotion interview).,,,,,,, (Katz, Mittman, & Hooven, 1994)., (Nahm, 2006). (Wong, Diener, & Isabella, 2008), (Gottman et al., 1996)., (Katz & Hunter, 2007; Song & Nahm, 2013).,, (Gottman et al., 1996). Nahm (2006),, (Choi & Nahm, 2016; Kim & Nahm, 2013; Song & Nahm, 2013). (Stettler & Katz, 2014), -,

3 83 Meta-Emotion Philosophy and Affect Reactions. (reciprocal affect reaction), (Kelly & Barnard, 2000), (Carson & Parke, 1996), (Osofsky & Thompson, 2000). Siegel (1999) -,,,.,,, (Carson & Parke, 1996). -, -. Nahm Park (2017).,, (Katz et al., 2012; Nahm & Park, 2017; Shortt et al., 2010). - (Nahm & Park, 2017) (Shin, Park, Kim, & Doh, 2015). -,., -. 5, (Bernier, Carlson, & Whipple, 2010). (Meyer, Railes, Virmani, Waters, & Thompson, 2014) , ? 2 -? 연구대상 (61.4%), 17 (38.6%), (11.4%), 20 (45.5%), 19 (43.2%) (18.2%), (54.5%), (18.2%), (9.1%).

4 Nahm and Park 84 연구도구어머니상위정서철학 Nahm (2006) Katz Gottman (1986) (parent meta-emotion interview)., ( :????) ,. Katz (1994) Nahm (2006) (meta-emotion coding system). (Katz & Windecker-Nelson, 2004), (, ) %. (ICC).74~.91. (, ).. 96, 155.8, ( ),.,,,,. 9 (, )., 13 (, ). 11 (, ). 9 (, ).. 72, 104, 92, 78. 어머니-자녀상호작용실험 ( ).,,,,,,, 5,, (, ). 12 (, )., 17 (, ). 12 Nahm (2006) (teaching-task). 15,. 3 18,, 8.,., Kahen Nahm (2006) Kahen (Kahen Affeect Coding System [KACS]).

5 85 Meta-Emotion Philosophy and Affect Reactions KACS,,. (, ), (, : / / ), ( / ),. (, ) ( : / / /, / ), ( / ),. INTERACT 8 (Mangold, 2008). KACS,.. 6 (ICC >.7) 25%, (ICC) 자료분석 Kahen PASW 18.0 (SPSS INC., Chicago, IL).,., Pearson.., 0.1 (0.41~0.68), (VIF) 10 (3.54~5.13), Durbin-Waston 2. - Kahen vs INTERACT 8 (contingency analysis).,.. 16 ( : 4, : 4), (PCA).. (Jolliffe, 2002). (Varimax) -., , 84.86%. (MNuE) - (CPE), (MPE) - (CPE), (MNE) - (CNE), (MNE) - (CNuE). 주요변인들의기술통계및상관분석 - (Table 1) (Table 2). (r = -.38, p <.01). (r = -.31, p <.05). (r = -.32, p <.05). 어머니상위정서철학이상호작용에서나타난어머니 - 자녀정서반응에미치는영향 -. Table 3., 19% (F = 3.07, p <.05, β = -.73, p <.01).

6 Nahm and Park 86 Table 1 Descriptive Statistics Variable M SD Maternal meta-emotion philosophy Emotional awareness Emotional acceptance Emotional regulation Emotional awareness of child s emotion Emotional acceptance of child s emotion Emotional coaching of child s emotion Emotional regulation of child s emotion Maternal affect Positive Negative Tension Neutral Child affect Positive Negative Tension Neutral Note. N = %, (F = 2.63, p <.05, β = -.40, p <.05). 어머니상위정서철학이상호작용에서나타난어머니 - 자녀상호호혜적정서반응패턴에미치는영향 -, - Table 4. - (r =.41, p <.01). - (r =.40, p <.05). - (r = -.42, p <.01), (r = -.32 p <.05), (r = -.40, p <.01).,, - Table 2 Correlations of Related Variables Maternal meta-emotion philosophy ** * **.32* **.44**.31* **.56**.27.53** -.64** **.26.56**.34* - Maternal affect * ** * ** - Child affect ** * *.66** -.31* -.39** **.54** ** Note. N = 44; 1 = emotional awareness; 2 = emotional acceptance; 3 = emotional regulation; 4 = emotional awareness of child's emotion; 5 = emotional acceptance of child's emotion; 6 = emotional coaching of child's emotion; 7 = emotional regulation of child's emotion; 8 = positive; 9 = negative; 10 = tension; 11 = neural; 12 = positive; 13 = negative; 14 = tension; 15 = neutral. *p <.05. **p <.01.

7 87 Meta-Emotion Philosophy and Affect Reactions., Table 5. - (t = 2.52, p <.05), 31% (F = 4.55, p <.05). - Table 3 Multiple Regression Analysis: Maternal Meta-Emotion Philosophy as Predictor of Maternal Affect and Child Affect Dependent variable Independent variable β t R 2 F Maternal affect negativity Emotional awareness * Emotional acceptance Emotional regulation -.73** Emotional awareness of child s emotion Emotional acceptance of child s emotion Emotional coaching of child s emotion Emotional regulation of child s emotion Child affect negativity Emotional awareness Note. N = 44. *p <.05. **p <.01. Emotional acceptance Emotional regulation Emotional awareness of child s emotion * Emotional acceptance of child s emotion Emotional coaching of child s emotion -.40* -.56 Emotional regulation of child s emotion Table 4 Correlations of Maternal Meta-Emotion Philosophy and Mother-Child Interaction Patterns Meta-emotion philosophy ** * **.32* **.44**.31* **.56**.27.53**.65** **.26.56**.34* - Mother-child interaction pattern ** ** ** -.32* -.40** Note. N = 44; 1 = emotional awareness; 2 = emotional acceptance; 3 = emotional regulation; 4 = emotional awareness of child s emotion; 5 = emotional acceptance of child s emotion; 6 = emotional coaching of child s emotion; 7 = emotional regulation of child s emotion; 8 = maternal neutral emotion - child positive emotion; 9 = maternal positive emotion - child positive emotion; 10 = maternal negative emotion - child negative emotion; 11 = maternal negative emotion - child neutral emotion. *p <.05. **p <.01.

8 Nahm and Park 88 Table 5 Multiple Regression Analysis of Maternal Meta-Emotion Philosophy as as Predictor of Mother-Child Interaction Patterns Dependent variable Independent variable β t R 2 F Maternal neutral emotion - Child positive emotion Emotional regulation.31** * Maternal positive emotion - Child positive emotion Emotional acceptance of child s emotion.07* * Maternal negative emotion - Child negative emotion Emotional acceptance -.23* * Note. N = 44. *p <.05. **p <.01. Emotional regulation -.13* Emotional awareness of child s emotion -.17* -2.06, 38% (t =.07, p <.05), (F = 5.77, p <.05). -, (t = -.23, p <.05; t = -.13 p <.05; t = -.17, p <.05). 34% (F = 5.52, p <.05) , -,,.,.,, Landry, Smith, MillerLoncar Swank (1998)., (Nahm & Park, 2017), (Zhou et al., 2002).., (Gottman et al., 1996; Gottman & Nahm, 2007).,., (Katz & Windecker-Nelson, 2004), (Hunter et al., 2011)., -, -. (Katz & Windecker-Nelson, 2004; Nahm & Park, 2017),. -

9 89 Meta-Emotion Philosophy and Affect Reactions. -.,,. (Bell & Wolfe, 2004). (McElwain, Halberstadt, & Volling, 2007; Meyer et al., 2014), -., -,., -, -. -,,., (Kring, Smith, & Neale, 1994), (Katz & Windecker-Nelson, 2004),.,, (Park & Nahm, 2010). -.., -,. (Lunkenheimer, Shields, & Cortina, 2007), -.,,. -.,..,..,.,,. (Kim & Nahm, 2013),. ( ),.

10 Nahm and Park 90., (Leuner, Glasper, & Gould, 2010) (Cassano, Perry-Parrish, & Zeman, 2007; Lonstein & De Vries, 2000). -. Acknowledgements This work was supported by a research grant from Seoul Women s University (2018). Notes This article was presented as a poster at 2017 Fall Conference of Child Studies Association. Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. In English References Bell, M. A., & Wolfe, C. D. (2004). Emotion and cognition: An intricately bound developmental process. Child Development, 75(2), doi: /j x Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., & Whipple, N. (2010). From external regulation to self regulation: Early parenting precursors of young children s executive functioning. Child Development, 81(1), doi: /j x Carson, J. L., & Parke, R. D. (1996). Reciprocal negative affect in parent child interactions and children s peer competency. Child Development, 67(5), doi: /j tb01853.x Cassano, M., Perry-Parrish, C., & Zeman, J. (2007). Influence of gender on parental socialization of children s sadness regulation. Social Development, 16(2), doi: / j x Cervantes, C. A., & Seo, M. (2005). Korean mothers beliefs about children s emotions: An examination of parenting in a multicultural context. In JC Dunsmore (Chair), Multicultural examination of parent s beliefs about children: Meanings, mechanisms, and methods. Symposium Conducted at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Atlanta, GA. Chen, F. M., Lin, H. S., & Li, C. H. (2012). The role of emotion in parent-child relationships: Children s emotionality, maternal meta-emotion, and children s attachment security. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(3), doi: /s y Dunsmore, J. C., & Karn, M. A. (2001). Mothers beliefs about feelings and children s emotional understanding. Early Education and Development, 12(1), doi: / s eed1201_7 Fischer, A. H., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2008). Social functions of emotion. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. F. Barrett (3rd Ed.), Handbook of Emotions (pp ). New York: Guilford Press. Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental metaemotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), doi: / Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1997). Meta-emotion: How families communicate emotionally. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Halberstadt, A. G., Thompson, J. A., Parker, A. E., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2008). Parents emotion-related beliefs and behaviours in relation to children s coping with the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks. Infant and Child Development, 17(6), doi: /icd.569 Hunter, E. C., Katz, L. F., Shortt, J. W., Davis, B., Leve, C., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. B. (2011). How do I feel about feelings? Emotion socialization in families of depressed and healthy adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(4), doi: /s Jolliffe I. T. (2002). Principal component analysis. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. Katz, L. F., & Gottman, J. M. (1986). The meta-emotion interview (Unpublished manual). Seattle, WA: University of Washington. Katz, L. F., & Hunter, E. C. (2007). Maternal meta-emotion philosophy and adolescent depressive symptomatology. Social

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12 Nahm and Park 92 grade: Associations with children s perceptions of peer competence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(3), doi: /j.appdev Zhou Q., Eisenberg N., Losoya S. H., Fabes R. A., Reiser M., Guthrie I. K.,... Shepard S. A.. (2002). The relations of parental warmth and positive expressiveness to children s empathy-related responding and social functioning: A longitudinal study. Child Development 73(3), doi: / In Korean Choi, R. & Nahm, E. (2016). The relations between maternal meta-emotion philosophy, child interpersonal problem solving, and peer competence. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 37(4), doi: /kjcs Gottman J. M., Nahm E. Y.. (2007). Raising an emotionally intelligent child: The heart of parenting. Seoul: Hankyung BP. Jeong, Y. & Park, H. (2012). Korean parent s belief about children s emotion and emotion related parenting. The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 25(2), Kim, J. & Nahm, E. (2013). Relations between mother-child communication and the quality of peer relationship. The Journal of the Korean Association of Psychotherapy, 5(2), Nahm, E. Y. & Park, S. E. (2017). Mother-child interactions in a stressful situation by mother s emotional regulation level. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 38(1), doi: /kjcs Park, S. E. & Nahm, E. (2010). The relationship of mother s emotional expressiveness, awareness, acceptance and parenting attitude: A comparison of low income and middle income families. The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 23(3), Shin, N., Park, B., Kim. S., & Doh, H.-S. (2015). Reciprocal relations between parenting behavior and preschoolers compliance/noncompliance during mother-child interactions : A short-term longitudinal study. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 36(5) doi: /kjcs Song, S. & Nahm, E. (2013). Relations between maternal metaemotion philosophy and children s social competence: Focused on the mediation effects of children s metaemotion philosophy. The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 26(3), Eun Young Nahm So Eun Park ORCID Received April 30, 2018 Revision received June 24, 2018 Accepted August 2, 2018

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