상담학연구 : Vocational Identity Status Assessment(VISA-K) 412 Porfeli et al., (2011) (Vocational Identity Status Assesment: VISA),, (2014) VISA-K,,,,, 6.
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1 : Vocational Identity Status Assessment(VISA-K) 412 Porfeli et al., (2011) (Vocational Identity Status Assesment: VISA),, (2014) VISA-K,,,,, 6. (,,, )., VISA,,,,,,, 6.,,,,,.,,,,,.,,,,,.,,.,,,,,.,,.,,,,,,.,,,,,.. (Corresponding Author): / / 21, ( 1, ) / bijouyuri@naver.com
2 % (OECD) 58%....,, (,,, 2012)., (, 2007) , % % 2.5% (, 2016). 1 (49.1%) %., (, 2012). Spokane(1991). (1989), (),., (, 2007).., (Brown, 1985), (Zunker, 1994). (, 1988).,,. (Holland et al., 1980).,,,
3 (Holland, Gottfredson, & Power, 1980). Erikson(1950) 8 5.?,,?. (O Brien & Lopez, 1996; Watkins, Manus, & Hunton-Shoup, 1992). (, 2015).,,, (Lopez, 1989; Savickas, 1985), (, 1991;, 2010;, 2007), (,,, 2009). Melgosa (1987) (Occupational Identity Scale: OIS) Holland, Daiger Power(1980) My Vocational Situation(MVS). Marcia (1966) Erikson, (crisis) (commitment),,,. Marcia(1980). 2,,,, 4 (Schwartz & Dunham, 2000). (2012) (2010) Marcia (1989).,. Marcia(1989) Luyckx (Luyckx et al., 2006; Luyckx et al., 2005) Meeus & Crocetti (Crocetti et al., 2009; Crocetti et al., 2008; Meeus, 1996) Profeli et al., (2011),, 3 VISA (Vocational Identity Status Assessment). (, ) (, ), (, ) 3,,,,, 6. (VISA),, (, 2013), (, 2015),, (,, 2016).. (Bingham, 2002; Gold & Scanlon,
4 1993; Kromboltz, 1993; Lucas, 1992),. Gysbers Heppner Johnston(2006),.,, (,, 2015).. Mauer & Gysbers(1990), Graef et al.,(1985).,,,,,,, (, 2011). Newman, Fuqua, & Minger (1990) (psychological variable) (social variable).,,,,,,. (, 2008; Brown, 2002),,,. Fuqua (1981), (1997) Erikson(1968). Porfeli et al., (2011) (2013),,
5 ,., Porfeli et al., (2011)....,. Harren(1979). Harren..,,..,,. (Lent & Hackett, 1994). Tang, Fouad Smith(1999)..,,,. (,,, )., (,,, 2014)., (,, 2016).., Porfeli et al., (2011) VISA,, (2014) VISA-K,,,,, 6.
6 ,,,,. (,,, ).. (30.3%), 18 (4.4%), 13 (3.2%), 10 (2.4%). 101 (24.5%), 130 (31.6%), 173 (42%), 5 (1.2%), 3 (0.7%). (156 ), (256 ), 1 90 (21.8%), (35.9%), 3 17 (4.1%), (38.1%)., ( bkdxwg628d), (46.6%), 54 (13.1%), 125 (Vocational Identity Status Assessment: VISA-K) Porfeli et al., (2011) (Vocational Identity Status Assessment, VISA),, (2014) VISA-K. (Career Exploration), (Career Commitment), (Career Reconsideration), 6. (In-Breath Career Exploration), (In-depth Career Exploration), (2014) (2015) 10,19,23, ,5,6,11, ,2,3,14, ,9,12, ,22, ,16,26,
7 (Career Commitment Making), (Identification with Career Commitment), (Career Self-Doubt), (Career Flexibility) Likert 1 () 5 ( ). (Cronbach α) 1. (VISA-K) AMOS, Chi-square(χ 2 ) , NFI(normed fit index).768, CFI(comparative fit index).832. (Trait Anxiety Scale) Spielberger, Grosuch & Lushene(1970) (Trait anxiety: ) (state anxiety: ). 20, 4. Spielberger , ,, 1978 Cronbach s α.86. (1999). Cronbach α.89. Radloff(1977), (1992) Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). CES-D, 4, 16, 20. (2006) Cronbach α.89, (2013) Cronbach α.91. Cronbach α.91. (Ego Identity Scale) (1996). 6,,,,, 48 (2002). 2 ( ) 3 (,, ) 13. (2002).86,.73, ,.77,.73. (Self Efficacy Scale) (1997) 6 (2012) 5.
8 ,, 3. (2013) Cronbach s α.76,.86,.82,.87. Cronbach s α.62,.86,.85,.86. IBM SPSS Statistics 21.. (Cronbach s α) VISA 6 2.,,,,,, (One Way ANOVA). Pearson, ** **.49 ** **.31 **.58 ** ** -.45 ** -.22 ** ** -.11 * **.33 ** ** -.28 ** -.20 ** -.13 **.44 ** ** -.25 ** ** ** **.33 **.37 **.16 ** -.33 ** -.19 ** -.11 * **.35 **.49 **.40 ** -.42 ** ** -.37 **.33 ** * p<.05, ** p<.01
9 ., VISA,,,,,,. VISA 4 (: ),..,.. VISA,,,,, 6. VISA 2. 1 Wards (Squared Eulidean). (Agglomeration schedule). 2 K-., VISA Porfeli et al., (2011) 6,,, (2014) VISA- K (13.3%), (28.1%), 3 77 (19.6%), 4 66 (16.8%), 5 34 (11.5%), 6 53 (13.5%). VISA 6 VISA, 6. Wilk s Lambda F
10 3 6, F VISA,,,,,. 6, VISA. Wilk s Lambda /( + ) 0, 1. Will s Lambda. 98.2% 1 100%, %, 3 100%, %, %, %., 49%, 50%, 58%, 39%, 62%, 53%. K-, 6., Scheffe. Levene N (2.17) 20.63(1.99) 19.42(2.23) 13.80(1.83) 9.96(2.52) 10.42(2.02) (2.43) 17.22(2.38) 18.72(1.82) 15.02(1.88) 17.88(1.98) 16.20(1.88) (1.88) 15.79(2.15) 15.56(2.22) 12.40(2.06) 14.66(2.26) 12.14(1.87) (1.85) 19.05(1.79) 17.55(1.68) 14.03(2.04) 12.68(2.10) 15.30(2.13) (2.21) 13.50(3.03) 12.91(2.73) 11.35(2.33) 19.09(2.50) 16.53(2.36) (2.08) 20.74(2.14) 21.70(2.05) 16.83(1.92) 12.91(2.92) 16.13(2.60) (2.97) 17.85(3.15) 17.89(3.15) 14.10(2.52) 14.75(3.73) 14.51(3.06) F * * * * * * Scheffe 1,6>2,4 2,3>5 1,6>4 2>3>5 6>1,2 2,4>3>5 6>2,4,1> 3,5 5,2>3> 6,4>1 5,2,6,4>3>1
11 ,.,,,,,,., 1,6 2,4, 2,3 5., 1,6 4, 2 3, 3 5., 6 1,2, 2, 4 3, 3 5., 6 2,4,1, 2,4,1 3,5., 5, 2 3, 3 6, 4, 6, 4 1., 5, 2, 6, 4 3, 3 1., 6 VISA-K Z 1,. 2,,,,. 3,,,,. 4,,. 5,,,,. 6,,,,., z, Porfeli et al., (2011) Porfeli et al., (2011). Porfeil et al., (2011) ( ) (, ) (, ). Porfeil et al., (2011) Porfeil et al., (2011) 1. 2 (, ) ( ) Porfeil et al., (2011) Porfeil et al., (2011).,
12 , Porfeil et al., (2011),. 6,, 6.,,,, Scheffe. Levene,., , 47.4, 43.88, * p<.05 F Scheffe * 5>3,2 2,4>1, * 5>3>2>4>1, * 5>3>4,2 2,1> * 5,3>1,4,2> * 1>4,6>3>2, * 1>3>4,6,2,5
13 (F = , p =.000)., 47.46, 43.67, 42.5, 39.08, (F= 7.731, p=.000)., 41.73, 41.19, 40.14, 35.71, N (9.62) 36.81(10.48) 41.19(5.05) 71.57(10.01) (8.09) 43.67(9.89) 35.26(4.37) 67.53(7.29) (7.36) 42.50(9.30) 35.71(4.80) 64.30(7.51) (8.16) 38.08(9.33) 40.14(4.32) 70.85(7.96) (9.54) 47.46(10.92) 30.47(3.97) 58.35(7.68) (9.14) 39.08(11.60) 41.73(4.79) 77.00(8.71) (9.25) 41.28(10.53) 37.40(5.69) 68.49(9.46) F Scheffe 5>1,3,2>4,6 5>4,6,3,2>1 4,1,6>2.3>5 6>4,1>3,2>5
14 (F= , p=.000)., 77.00, 71.57, 70.85, 67.53, (F= , p=.000)... 7., vector. 8., 3 ( ), ( ), ( ) , , , 13.81,, , 11.97, 11.47, 8.79 F Pillai Wilks Hotelling Roy
15 N F scheffe >2,3 2,3>4,6 4,6> ,2,3> 1,6, >3 3>2 2>1 1>4, ,,,,, , ,, , 12.28, ,.,,,,,,
16 , 12.17, , 11.19, 10.,,,,,... 9., vector. 10. ( ) , 20.09, , ,,,. (,, ) , 39.16, , F Pillai Wilks Hotelling Roy
17 N F scheffe ,4,6>2,3 > >2,4,1 >5, ,1,6>3,2 > , ,. ( ),,,, , 11.49, 10.98, 10.23, 8.66.
18 ,,,,. Porfeli et al., (2011) (Vocational Identity Status Assesment: VISA),, (2014) VISA-K,,,,, 6 (,,, )..,,, (2014) VISA-K 6. Porfeli et al., (2011) ( :,, 2016;, 2015;,, 2013;,,, 2014;,, 2014),,,,, 6. Porfeli et al., (2011) VISA,,,,, 6,,, (2014),, Porfeli et al., (2001) VISA. (2015) VISA-K,,,,, 6 VISA-K 6. Porfeli et al., (2011).. Porfeli et al., (2011),,,,. Porfeli et al., (2011) VISA,,. (2015), (, 2015).. Luyckx (2008).,,. Porfeil
19 et al., (2011),,. Porfeli (2011), (2013),, (2016),.,.., 6, (28.1%), (19.6%), (16.8%), (14.5%), (13.3%), (8.7%). 28.1%.,,,.,,. Porfeli et al., (2011), (2013), (2014). (2016),,... Arnett(2000) 20 (emerging adulthood), Schwartz (2005),, (sense of self)... ( Gap Year( ), )
20 .,,,,.,,,,,,.,.,,.,.,,.,,,,. (2013),,,,,,,.,,,,,.,,., 3,,,,. 3..,,,,,.,,,, 3,,.,, 3. Luyckx (2008). (2014).
21 Erikson.,,,,,,.,,,,,.,.,,.,,,.,.,,,.,.,,,,.., (VISA-K) Porfeli et al., (2011) 3 27 AMOS. Chi-square , NFI(normed fit index).768, CFI(comparative fit index) , VISA (2013) VISA-K (2015) (19.6%)..,,,.,.
22 ,, 4, 44.9% 3..,,,..,.. (2008).,. (2010).,., (1997).. (1), (2007).,. (2012).,. (2007).,. (2013).,. (1989). (2002).,. (2015).,. (1996).. (1), , (2016).,. (2),
23 , (2012). :. (2), ,, (2012). :. (2), 1-24., (2014). :. (1), (2007).,. (2011). :, (3), (2013).,.,, (2009) ,, (2014).. (3), (1988). :., (2015).. (5), (2010).,., (1992). CES-D. (1), (1997).,. (2016) Bingham, R. P. (2002). The Issue May Be the Integration of Personal and Career. The Counseling Psychologist Issues, 30(6), Brown, D. (1985). Career Counseling: Before, after or instead of personal counseling. Vocational Guidance Quarterly, 33, Brown, D. (2002). The role of work and cultural values in occupational choice, satisfaction, and success: a theoretical statement. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80, Crocetti, E., Kimsra T., Keijsers Loes Hale, W., Meeus, W. (2009). Anxiety Trajectories and Identity Development in Adolescence: A Five-wave Longitudinal Study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(6), Crocetti, E., Rubini, M., Luyckx, K., & Meeus, W.(2008). Identity formation in early and middle adolescents from various ethnic groups: From three dimensions to five statuses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(8), Erikson, E. H. (1950). Growth and crises of the heathy personality. Oxford, England: Josiaha Macy, Jr. Foundation. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity; Youth and crisis. New York; Norton. Fuqua, D. R., Newman, J. L., & Seaworth, T. B. (1988). Relation of state and trait anxiety to different components of career indecision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35(2), Graef, M. I., Wells, D. L. S., Hyland, A. M., & Muchinsky, P. M. (1985). Life history antecedents
24 of vocational indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 27(3), Gysbers, N. C., Heppner, M. J., & Johnston, J. A. (2006). Career Counseling: Process, issues, and techniques]. ( ). : ( 1998 ). Harren, N. A. (1979). A model of career decision making for college student. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, Holland, J. L., Daiger, D. C., Power, P. G. (1980). My vocational situation; Description of an experimental form for the selection of vocational assistance. Palo Alto, CA; Consulting Psychologists Press. Holland, J. L,. Goffredson, D. C., & Power, P. G. (1980). Some diagnostic scales for research in decision making and personality: Identity, information, and barriers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, Kromboltz, J. D. (1993). Integrating career and personal counseling. The Career Development Quarterly, 42, Lent, R., Brown, S., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unified social cognitive theory of career academic interest, choices, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, Lopez, F. G., (1989). Current family dynamics, trait anxiety, and academic adjustment: Test of family-based model of vocational identity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 35, Lopez, F. G., Watkins, C. E., Manus, M., & Hunton-Shoup, J. (1992). Conflictual independence, mood regulation, and generalized self-efficacy; Test of a model of late adolescent identity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., Seonens, B., Beyers, W., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2005). Identity Statuses Based on 4 Rather Than 2 Identity Dimentions: Extending and Refining Marcia s Paradigm. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(6), Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., Seonens, B., Beyers, W. (2006). Un packing commitment an exploration: Preliminary validation of an integrative model of late adolescent identity formation. Journal of Adolescence, 29(3), Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 35, Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson(Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology(pp ). New York: Wiley. Marcia, J. E. (1989). Identity and intervention. Journal of Adolescence, 12(4), Mauer, E. B., & Gysbers, N. C. (1990). Identifying Career Concerns of Entering University Freshman Using My Vocational Situation, Authors. Career Development Quarterly, 39, 155. Meeus, W. (1996). Studies on identity development in adolescence: An overview of research and some new data. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25(5), Meeus, W., Van de Schoot, R., Klimstra, T., & Branje, S. (2011). Personalty types in adolescence: Change and stability and links with adjustment and relationships: A five wave longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 47(4), Melgosa, J. (1987). Development and validation of the occupational identity scale. Journal of Adolescence, 10(4), Newman, J. L., Fuqua, D. R., & Minger, C. (1990). Further evidence for the use of career subtypes in
25 defining career status. Career Development Quarterly, 39, O Brien, K. M. (1996). The Influence of Psychological Separation and Parental Attachment on the Career Development of Adolescent Woman. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48, Porfeli, E. J., Lee, B., Vondracek, F. W., & Weigold, I. K. (2011). A multi-dimensional measure of vocational identity status. Journal of Adolescence, 34 (5), Savickas, M. L. (1985). Identity in vocational development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 27(3), Schwartz, S. J. (2005). A New Identity for Identity Research: recommendations for expanding and refocusing the identity literature. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(3), Schwartz, S. J., & Dunham, R. M. (2000). Identity status formulae: Generating continuous measures of the identity statuses from measures of exploration and commitment. Adolescence, 35, Spielberger, C. D., Grosuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State- Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, California Consulting Psychologist Press. Spokane, A. L. (1991). Career intervention. Englwood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall. Tang, M., Fouad, N. A., & Smith, P. L. (1999). Asian americans career choices: A path model to examine factors influencing Their Career Choices. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, Zunker, V. G. (1994). Career Counseling: Applied concepts of life planning(4th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. : : :
26 The Differences of psychological traits according to Vocational Identity Status: Based on Korean version of the Vocational Identity Status Assessment(VISA) in College Students Korea University of Technology and Education This research was performed to confirm the six statuses (i.e., achievement, searching moratorium, moratorium, foreclosure, diffusion and undifferentiation) based on Korean Version of the VISA model(porfeil et al, 2011) validated by Lee, Chung & Lee in The data were gathered from 412 college students. Psychological traits such as trait anxiety, depression, ego identity and self efficacy according to vocational identity status were investigated. The results are summarized as follows. Vocational identity status of Korean colleges students were divided into six statuses based on the level of three factors; career exploration, commitment and reconsideration. There were significantly meaningful differences among groups in trait anxiety related to vocational identity statuses. That is, trait anxiety scores highly showed in the order of diffusion, moratorium, undifferentiation, achievement, searching moratorium, foreclosure statuses. Also, there were significantly meaningful differences among groups in depression related to the vocational identity statuses. That is, depression scores highly showed in the order of diffusion, moratorium, undifferentiation, searching moratorium, foreclosure, achievement statuses. There were significantly meaningful differences among groups in ego identity related to the vocational identity statuses. That is, ego identity scores highly showed in the order of searching moratorium, achievement, foreclosure, undifferentiation, moratorium, diffusion statuses. And there were significantly meaningful differences among groups in self efficacy related to the vocational identity statuses. That is, self efficacy scores highly showed in the order of searching moratorium, achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, undifferentiation, diffusion statuses. Overall, individuals with achievement, foreclosure and searching moratorium statuses were lower scores on trait anxiety and depression and were higher scores on ego identity and self efficacy. On the other hand, individuals with moratorium, diffusion, undifferentiation were higher scores on trait anxiety and depression and were lower scores on ego identity and self efficacy. That is, individuals of achievement, foreclosure and searching moratorium statuses were relatively mature statuses whereas those of diffusion, undifferentiation and moratorium were rather immature statuses in career development. These results suggested that the higher career development, the higher emotional stability. Based on the results, the implications of this study and the direction for future research were discussed. Key words : College students, Vocational identity status(visa), Trait Anxiety, depression, Ego Identity, Self Efficacy
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230 한국교육학연구 제20권 제3호 I. 서 론 청소년의 언어가 거칠어지고 있다. 개ㅅㄲ, ㅆㅂ놈(년), 미친ㅆㄲ, 닥쳐, 엠창, 뒤져 등과 같은 말은 주위에서 쉽게 들을 수 있다. 말과 글이 점차 된소리나 거센소리로 바뀌고, 외 국어 남용과 사이버 문화의 익명성 등
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Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타
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