*. 4 312,. SAS,,, Sobel test., (,, ), (, ), (, ) (,, ).,,,.,.. * 2015. (Corresponding Author): / / 516 2870 2307 / Tel: 064-754-0350 / E-mail: jmb0024@hanmail.net
(, 2011).,., (, 1997).,,, (, 1997) (, 2010). (, 1997;, 1997;,, 1999) (, 2010;, 2014;, 2013). (Ryff, 1989), (, 2013; Chang, 2006; Ryff, 1989; Ryff & Keyes, 1995),, (,, 2008). (Havighurst, 1980).,,,.,, (, 2014). (, 2010;,, 2013; Lam et al., 2010),, (Loeber, 1990).,.,,, (, 2011).,, (, 2006).,,,,. (Compas, Malcame, & Fondacaro, 1988). (,,, 2008)., (2008), Perry Cooper(1985)
., (2012), (1995),,,, (2009),., (Cramer, 1998), (Segal, Coolidge, & Misuno, 2007)., (Bond et al., 1983; Cramer, 1998)., (Clark, 2005).., S. Freud,.,,,,,, 8,. A. Freud(2015), S. Freud,,,,,. (, 2004).. Vaillant(1971) 30,.,,,,,,, -,,,,,,,,,,,. Vaillant(1975, 1976),. (1999)
, 16,,.,,,,,,, -.,,,,,.,,,.,,,,,., (Vaillant, 1976).,., (, 2015)., (drive) (self) (Cooper, 1998;, 2009 ).,, (Bond et al., 1983). (,, 2004).,,., (Inlievich & Gleser, 1986).,,... (,, 2009;, 2012;, 1995),,..,
.. 1.,? 2.? 312. 350 328 312. n % 132 42.31 180 57.69 19-20 113 35.53 21-22 155 48.74 23 50 15.72 1 133 42.36 2 112 35.67 3 69 21.98 183 59.80 31 10.13 59 19.28 33 10.78 1., (2000). 23,,,. 4 Likert.. Ryff(1989), (2001). 46 5 Likert.. Bond (1983) (Defense Style Questionnaire: DSQ) (1999) (Korea-Defense Style Questionnare: K-DSQ). 25,,,,,,,, 9 10
16 (,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ) 65. 16 2 (,,,,, ), (,,, ), (, ), (,,, ) 4. 12 51., ( ), (, ), ( ), -( ),, (, ), (, ), (, ),, ( ), (,, ), ( ),, ( ), ( ). 7 Likert.., 2. 2015 11., 1.,, 1, 30., 30.,, 3.,
0-3 4 Likert 1-5 5 Likert 1-7 7 Likert 6 5.90 6.91 6.91-46 5 8 3 5 5 5 3 2 6 2 3 4,.85.86.78.79.67.65.62.63.65.61.79.63.80.75
., Cronbach's α,, t., ( 1), Baron Kenny(1986) ( 2). SAS., Sobel test. (n=132) M(SD) (n=180) 1.31(.75) 1.36(.65) -1.09 3.76(.71) 3.86(.82) -1.23 2.78(.45) 2.76(.45).35.82)., (M=1.31, SD=.75) (M=1.36, SD=.65). t,,.. t. 3.,. 3, (M=1.31, SD=.75) (M=1.36, SD=.65), (M=3.76, SD=.71) (M=3.86, SD=,,. 4. 4, (r=-.39, p<.001), (r=-.39, p<.001), (r=-.39, p<.001) (r=-.39, p<.001). (r=-.44, p<.001), (r=-.49, p<.001), (r=-.43, p<.001), (r=-.42, p<.001), (r=-.28, p<.001), (r=-.21, p<.001), (r=-.45, p<.001), (r=-.42, p<.001)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 M(SD) 1. - 1.09(0.73) 2..76 *** - 0.91(0.82) 3..73 ***.82 *** - 1.02(0.80) 4..71 ***.71 ***.66 *** - 1.11(0.83) 5. -.39 *** -.37 *** -.46 *** -.33 *** - 2.71(0.40) 6..33 ***.36 ***.40 ***.40 *** -.44 *** - 3.68(1.07) 7..53 ***.57 ***.61 ***.51 *** -.49 ***.61 *** - 3.44(0.95) 8..34 ***.38 ***.40 ***.33 *** -.43 ***.68 ***.60 *** - 3.69(1.24) 9..37 ***.40 ***.40 ***.41 *** -.42 ***.66 ***.66 ***.60 *** - 3.68(0.96) 10..19 ***.20 ***.25 ***.15 ** -.28 ***.33 ***.47 ***.38 ***.41 *** - 3.99(0.84) 11..23 ***.30 ***.30 ***.23 *** -.21 ***.35 ***.52 ***.37 ***.34 ***.48 *** - 3.67(0.91) 12..11.17 ***.19 ***.06 -.06.28 ***.36 ***.28 ***.31 ***.53 ***.31 *** - 4.08(1.11) 13. -.12 * -.10 -.15 ** -.01.37 ***.00 -.04 -.07.03.03.23 ***.03-4.10(1.17) 14..20 ***.30 ***.25 ***.29 ***.04.37 ***.40 ***.39 ***.36 ***.14 **.41 ***.68.23 *** - 3.65(0.96) 15..23 ***.35 ***.33 ***.21 *** -.03.34 ***.43 ***.38 ***.27 ***.24 ***.32 ***.16 **.13 *.36 *** - 3.51(1.32) 16..41 ***.40 ***.45 ***.30 *** -.45 ***.47 ***.71 ***.56 ***.52 ***.38 ***.45 ***.33 *** -.13 *.34 ***.33 *** - 3.42(1.28) 17..30 ***.33 ***.36 ***.25 *** -.42 ***.45 ***.61 ***.52 ***.54 ***.36 ***.45 ***.36 *** -.02.34 ***.29 ***.81 *** 3.61(1.17) * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001., (r=.37, p<.001). (,,, ) (,,,,,,,,,,, ) Baron Kenny(1986). Baron Kenny,,,. (,,, ), (,,,,,,,,,,, ) 4. 4,,,,., (Variance Inflation Factor: VIF) 1.00 1.40. Baron Kenny, (1)
. (2). (3)., 1, 2. 2, 1. 2. 1, 2,. (1), (2), (3) 5, 6, 7, 8., 5. 5, 1 (β=.34, p<.001), (β=.52, p<.001), (β=.34, p<.001), (β=.37, p<.001), (β=.19, p<.001), (β=.23, p<.001), (β=.41, p<.001), (β=.30, p<.001), (β=-.12, p<.05), 2 (β=-.39, p<.001). 3, (β=-.35, p<.001), (β=-.39, p<.001), (β=-.34, p<.001), (β=-.32, p<.001), (β=-.21, p<.001), (β=-.12, p<.01), (β=.33, p<.001), (β=-.35, p<.001), (β=-.33, p<.001).,., (β=-.27, p<.001, β=-.39β =-.27, Sobel Z=-4.51, p<.001), (β=-.19, p<.01, β=-.39β=-.19, Sobel Z=-6.80, p<.001), (β=-.28, p<.001, β=-.39β=-.28, Sobel Z= -4.15, p<.001), (β=-.27, p<.001, β=-.39 β=-.27, Sobel Z=-4.89, p<.001), (β=-.35, p<.001, β=-.39β=-.35, Sobel Z=-2.95, p<.01), (β=-.36, p<.001, β=-.39β=-.36, Sobel Z=-2.14, p<.05), (β=-.35, p<.001, β=-.39 β=-.35, Sobel Z=-1.87, p<.05), (β=-.25, p<.001, β=-.39β=-.25, Sobel Z=-4.51, p<.001), (β=-.29, p<.001, β=-.39β=-.29, Sobel Z= -3.82, p<.001).,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.
SE β t ² F ΔR 2.50.08.34 6.52 ***.12 42.56 ***.68.06.52 10.99 ***.28 120.72 ***.57.09.34 6.39 ***.11 40.77 ***.48.07.37 7.11 ***.14 50.62 *** 1.22.06.19 3.42 ***.04 11.69 ***.29.07.23 4.26 ***.05 18.19 *** -.18.09 -.12-2.06 *.01 4.24 *.71.09.41 7.91 ***.17 62.49 ***.48.09.30 5.65 ***.09 32.92 *** 2 -.21.03 -.39-7.56 ***.15 57.14 *** - -.15.03 -.27-5.26 ***.26 55.03 ***.11 -.13.02 -.35-6.71 *** -.10.03 -.19-3.28 **.26 56.08 ***.11 -.17.02 -.39-6.84 *** -.15.03 -.28-5.36 ***.25 53.85 ***.10 -.11.02 -.34-6.56 *** -.15.03 -.27-5.15 ***.24 50.23 ***.09 -.14.02 -.32-6.07 *** 3 -.19.03 -.35-6.83 ***.20 38.60 ***.05 -.10.02 -.21-4.14 *** -.19.03 -.36-6.86 ***.17 31.69 ***.02 -.05.02 -.12-2.33 ** -.19.03 -.35-7.24 ***.26 55.17 ***.11.11.02.33 6.72 *** -.14.03 -.25-4.67 ***.26 54.39 ***.11 -.11.02 -.35-6.62 *** -.16.03 -.29-5.71 ***.25 52.76 ***.10 -.11.02 -.33-6.41 *** * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001., 6. 6, 1
SE β t ² F ΔR 2.47.07.36 6.88 ***.13 47.36 ***.65.05.57 12.33 ***.32 152.08 ***.57.08.38 7.24 ***.14 52.40 *** 1.46.06.40 7.73 ***.16 59.82 ***.20.06.20 3.57 ***.04 12.75 ***.33.06.30 5.61 ***.09 31.46 ***.62.08.40 7.78 ***.16 60.56 ***.47.08.33 6.19 ***.11 38.34 *** 2 -.18.03 -.37-6.98 ***.35 48.77 *** - -.12.03 -.24-4.52 ***.24 50.53 ***.11 -.13.02 -.35-6.74 *** -.06.03 -.13-2.19 **.25 52.16 ***.12 -.18.02 -.41-6.95 *** -.12.03 -.24-4.44 ***.24 48.33 ***.11 -.11.02 -.34-6.45 3 -.11.03 -.23-4.34 ***.22 45.54 ***.09 -.14.02 -.33-6.06 *** -.16.03 -.32-6.20 ***.18 34.19 ***.05 -.10.02 -.22-4.14 *** -.16.03 -.33 6.10 ***.14 26.55 ***.01 -.05.02 -.11 1.97 *** -.14.03 -.25 4.67 ***.26 54.39 ***.11 -.11.02 -.35-6.62 *** -.16.03 -.29 5.71 ***.25 52.76 ***.10 -.11.02 -.33-6.41 *** * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001. (β=.36, p<.001), (β=.57 p<.001), (β=.38, p<.001), (β=.40, p<.001), (β=.20, p<.001), (β=.30, p<.001), (β=.40, p<.001), (β=.33, p<.001), 2 (β=-.37, p<.001). 3, (β=-.35, p<.001), (β=-.41, p<.001), (β=-.33, p<.001),
(β=-.22, p<.001), (β=-.11, p<.01), (β=-.35, p<.001), (β=-.33, p<.001).,.,., (β=-.24, p<.001, β =-.37β=-.24, Sobel Z=-4.67, p<.001), (β =-.13, p<.01, β=-.37β=-.13, Sobel Z=-7.39, p<.001), (β=-.24, p<.001, β=-.37β=-.24, Sobel Z=-4.35, p<.001), (β=-.32, p<.001, β =-.37β=-.32, Sobel Z=-5.16, p<.001), (β=-.33, p<.001, β=-.37β=-.33, Sobel Z=-2.77, p<.01), (β=-.25, p<.001, β=-.37β=-.25, Sobel Z=-4.48, p<.001), (β=-.29, p<.001, β =-.37β=-.29, Sobel Z=-4.01, p<.001).,,,,,,,,,,,,,,., 7. 7, 1 (β=.40, p<.001), (β=.61 p<.001), (β=.40, p<.001), (β=.40, p<.001), (β=.25, p<.001), (β=.30, p<.001), (β=.45, p<.001), (β=.36, p<.001), (β=-.15, p<.01), 2 (β=-.45, p<.001). 3, (β=-.31, p<.001), (β=-.34, p<.001), (β=-.30, p<.001), (β=-.29, p<.001), (β=-.18, p<.001), (β=-.32, p<.001), (β=-.29, p<.001).,,.,., (β=-.32, p<.001, β=-.45β=-.32, Sobel Z=-4.73, p<.001), (β=-.24, p<.001, β=-.45β=-.24, Sobel Z=-4.72, p<.001), (β=-.33, p<.001, β=-.45 β=-.33, Sobel Z=-4.20, p<.001), (β =-.33, p<.001, β=-.45β=-.33, Sobel Z=-4.80, p<.001), (β=-.40, p<.001, β=-.45β=-.40, Sobel Z=-2.98, p<.01), (β=-.30, p<.001, β =-.45β=-.30, Sobel Z=-4.37, p<.001), (β =-.34, p<.001, β=-.45β=-.34, Sobel Z=-3.99, p<.001).,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.
SE β t ² F ΔR 2.54.07.40 7.87 ***.17 61.90 ***.72.05.61 13.67 ***.37 186.91 ***.62.08.40 7.76 ***.16 60.15 ***.48.06.40 7.83 ***.16 61.25 *** 1.27.06.25 4.68 ***.06 21.95 ***.34.06.30 5.60 ***.09 31.36 *** -.22.08 -.15-2.68 **.02 7.18 ***.72.08.45 8.99 ***.20 80.83 ***.53.08.36 6.94 ***.13 48.15 *** 2 -.23.03 -.45-8.89 ***.20 78.94 *** - -.16.03 -.32-6.15 ***.28 61.33 ***.08 -.12.02 -.31-5.93 *** -.12.03 -.24-3.94 ***.27 59.20 ***.07 -.15.03 -.34-5.64 *** -.16.03 -.33-6.24 ***.28 60.17 ***.08 -.10.02 -.30-5.77 *** -.17.03 -.33-6.29 ***.27 58.15 ***.07 -.12.02 -.29-5.48 *** 3 -.20.03 -.40-7.86 ***.23 46.81 ***.03 -.08.02.18-3.46 *** -.21.03 -.42-8.03 ***.21 40.82 ***.01 -.04.02 -.08-1.54 -.20.02 -.40-8.37 ***.29 56.37 ***.09.11.02.31 6.45 -.15.03 -.30-5.68 ***.28 61.00 ***.08 -.10.02 -.32-5.89 *** -.17.03 -.34-6.61 ***.27 59.51 ***.07 -.10.02 -.29-5.68 *** * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001., 8. 8, 1
SE β t ² F ΔR 2 1.52.07.40 7.73 ***.16 59.80 ***.58.06.51 10.53 ***.26 110.79 ***.49.08.33 6.21 ***.11 38.62 ***.47.06.41 7.94 ***.17 62.97 ***.15.06.15 2.61 ***.02 6.81 ***.25.06.23 4.18 ***.05 17.50 ***.46.08.30 5.58 ***.09 31.08 ***.35.08.25 4.54 ***.06 20.64 *** 2 -.16.03 -.33-6.12 ***.11 37.40 *** -.09.03 -.18-3.28 ***.22 44.53 ***.11 -.14.02 -.37-6.80 *** -.05.02 -.10-1.83 -.19.02 -.43-7.63 ***.25 51.21 ***.14 -.10.03 -.20-3.90 ***.22 45.56 ***.11 -.12.02 -.36-6.94 *** - 3 -.09.03 -.18-3.35 ***.21 40.91 ***.10 -.15.02 -.35-6.31 *** -.19.03 -.25-6.83 ***.20 38.60 ***.09 -.10.02 -.21-4.14 *** -.14.03 -.29-5.41 ***.12 22.42 ***.01 -.06.02 -.14-2.60 ** -.10.03 -.21-4.06 ***.24 51.06 ***.13 -.12.02 -.39-7.61 *** -.12.03 -.24-4.63 ***.23 46.02 ***.12 -.12.02 -.36-7.00 *** * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001. (β=.40, p<.001), (β=.51 p<.001), (β=.33, p<.001), (β=.41, p<.001), (β=.15, p<.001), (β=.23, p<.001), (β=.30, p<.001), (β=.25, p<.001), 2 (β=-.37, p<.001)
. 3, (β=-.37, p<.001), (β=-.43, p<.001), (β=-.36, p<.001), (β=-.35, p<.001), (β=-.21, p<.001), (β=-.14, p<.01), (β=-.39 p<.001), (β=-.36, p<.001).,., (β=-.18, p<.001, β=-.33β=-.18, Sobel Z=-5.09, p<.01), (β=-.20, p<.001, β=-.33 β=-.20, Sobel Z=-4.28, p<.001), (β=-.18, p<.001, β=-.33β=-.18, Sobel Z=-5.41, p<.001), (β=-.25, p<.001, β=-.33β=-.25, Sobel Z=-2.23, p<.05), (β=-.29, p<.001, β =-.33β=-.29, Sobel Z=-2.43, p<.05), (β =-.21, p<.001, β=-.33β=-.21, Sobel Z=-4.15, p<.001), (β=-.24, p<.001, β=-.33β=-.24, Sobel Z=-3.53, p<.001)., (β=-.10, p=.07), (β=-.33β=-.10). (Sobel Z=-6.77, p<.001).,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,...,, (,, ).,. (2011)., (,, 2006;, 2010;, 2004;, 2004;,, 2000; Lam et al., 2010).,,,,,,,,,.,,,,. (,,,,, ) (, 2011;,, 1994).,,,, ),
,,,,.,,,,. (,,,,, ) (, 2011)., Baron Kenny(1986),,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,. (,, ) (, 2006).,, (, 2012).,,.,,.,.,.,. (Vaillant, 2008).. (Clark, 2005).,. A. Freud(1936: Clark, 2005 ).,
.,.,.,,. S. Freud,,.. (Vaillant, 2008). S. Freud(1905: Vaillant, 2008 ).,.. (Vaillant, 2008). Vaillant (2008). (,,, 2008), (, 2012), (Perry, 1990) (Perry & Hoglend, 1998).,,. (, 2004;,, 2013;, 2008;, 2006;, 2012).,,,,,,.,,,,?,? A. Freud Vaillant., A. Freud,,, (Clark, 2005)., Vaillant(2008).,
,,.,., Vaillant(2008),.,.,,., (, 2012), (, 2006), (, 2012).. Vaillant(2008). (,,, ), (, ), (, ), A. Freud,,, Vaillant. A. Freud Vaillant. A. Freud Vaillant.,. (2013),,,., Foreman Marmar(1985).,,,. Vaillant(2008)., Vaillant(2008).,.,,.,
,.,.,,., Vaillant,,.,,,, (, 2015).. (Vaillant, 2008)., (, ), (,,, ).,,,..,..,.,.,,,,..,,..,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
., (2009). :. (4), 161-183., (2006).. (1), 21-40. (1997). :. (2010).,. (2014).,., (2013). :. (2), 1125-1144.,, (2001). :. (2), 19-39. (2004).,. (2012).,., (2013).. (3), 1939-1959. (2008)..,. (2006).,. (2008). :. (2004).. (3), 581-593., (2004).. (4), 9-19. (1997). :. (1997).. :. (2013)..,., (1999).. :. (1995).,.,, (2008).. (2), 961-975. (2011).,. (2013).. (1), 17-35. (2012).
,. (2010).,. (2004). :. (1), 25-52.,,, (2006).,. (3), 701-713., (1994). :. (1), 136-158.,, (2000).. (2), 316-335., (2008). : -. (2), 373-387. (2012).,. (1999).. (2), 115-137.,,,, (2015).. :. (2009)..,. (2006).,. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction on social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. Bond, M., Gardner, S. T., Chrustian, J., & Sigal, J. (1983). Empirical study self-rated defense style. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 333-338. Chang, E. C. (2006). Perfectionism and dimensions of psychological well-being in a college student sample: A test of a stress-mediation model. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(9), 1001-1022. Clark, A. J. (2005). [Defense Mechanisms in the Counseling Process]. ( ). : ( 1998 ). Compas, B. E., Malcame, V. L., & Fondacaro, K. M. (1988). Coping with stressful events in order children and young adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 405-411. Cramer, P. (1998). Coping and defense mechanisms: What's the difference? Journal of Personality, 66(6), 919-946. Foreman, S. A., & Marmar, C. R. (1985). Therapist actions that address initially poor therapeutic alliances in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142(8), 922-926. Freud, A. (2015). [The Ego and The Mechanisms of Defence]. ( ). : ( 1936 ). Havighurst, R. J. (1980). Life-Span developmental psychology and education. Educational Researcher, 9, 3-8. Ihilevich, D., & Gleser, G. C. (1986). Defense
mechanism: Their classification corelate and measurement with the defense mechanism inventory. Owosso, M.I.: DMI Assoc. Lam, J. G., Wong, W. S., Mary, S. M., Lam, K. F., & Pang, S. L. (2010). Psychological well-being of interns in Hong Kong: What causes them stress and what helps them. Medical Teacher, 32(3), 120-126. Loeber, R. (1990). Development and risk factors of juvenil antisocial behavior and delinquency. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 1-41. Perry, J. C. (1990). The defense mechanism rating scales(5th ed). Cambridge, M. A.: Author. Perry, J. C., & Cooper, S. H. (1985). An empirical study of defense mechanism: Clinical interview and life vignette ratings. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(5), 444-452. Perry, J. C., & Hoglend, P. (1998). Convergent and discriminant validity of overall defensive functioning. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186(9), 529-535. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081. Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727. Segal, D. L., Coolidge, F. L., & Mizuno, H. (2007). Defense mechanism differences between younger and older adults: A cross-sectional investigation. Aging & Mental Health, 11(4), 415-422. Vaillant, G. E. (1971). Theoretical hierarchy of adaptive ego mechanisms. Archive of General psychiatry, 24, 107-118. Vaillant, G. E. (1975). Natural history of male psychological health : Empirical dimensions of mental health. Archive of General Psychiatry, 32, 420-426. Vaillant, G. E. (1976). Natural history of male psychological health : The relation of choice of ego mechanisms of defense to adult adjustment. Archive General Psychiatry, 33, 535-545. Vaillant, G. E. (2008). [Adaptation to Life]. ( ). : ( 1977 ). : 2016. 04. 15. : 2016. 06. 10. : 2016. 06. 17.
The mediating effect of defense mechanism in relationship between college students stress from interpersonal relationship and psychological well-being Jeju International University The purpose of this study was to verify the mediating effect of defense mechanism in relationship between college students stress from interpersonal relationship and psychological well-being. To this end, this study conducted a survey on 312 college students from four universities located in Jeju-do in order to measure their stress from interpersonal relationship, psychological well-being, and defense mechanism. Using an SAS program, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, regression analysis were conducted and Sobel Test was performed in order to verify the mediating effect. The main results of this study are as follows. First, immature defense mechanism (acting out, fantasy, and passive aggression), self-regulation defense mechanism(inhibition, reaction formation), conflict avoidance defense mechanism(resignation, isolation) had partial mediating effect in relationship between stress from interpersonal relationship(with the opposite sex, friends, family, and professors) and psychological well-being. Second, projection, which is an immature defense mechanism, had partial mediating effect in relationship between stress from relationship with the opposite sex, friends, and family and psychological well-being and had complete mediating effect in relationship between stress from relationship with professors and psychological well-being. Third, only humors among adaptive defense mechanism had partial mediating effect in relationship between stress from relationship with the opposite sex and family and psychological well-being. Lastly, the researcher discussed the suggestive points and limitations of this study and follow-up research. Key words : defense mechanism, stress from interpersonal relationship, psychological well-being