Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2019;40(3):13-26 https://doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2019.40.3.13 pissn: 1226-1688 eissn: 2234-408X Effect of Parental Neglect on Mobile Phone Dependency Among Higher Grade in Elementary School Students: Mediating Effects of Social Withdrawal and Self-Esteem Ye Sul Park 1, Ji Hye Lee 2 Ph. D. Student, Department of Child & Family Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea 1 Researcher, National Youth Policy Institute, Sejong, Korea 2 : 1, 2 1, 2 Objectives: This study examined the influence of parental neglect on mobile phone dependency among higher grade students in Korean elementary schools and investigated whether social withdrawal and self-esteem mediated this relationship. Methods: Data were obtained from the Korean Child-Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS). The participants of this study were 2,067 sixth-grade elementary school students (1,066 boys, 1,001 girls). The data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and structural equation modeling. Results: The results of this study were as follows. First, high social withdrawal and low self-esteem were related to high mobile phone dependency. Second, social withdrawal and self-esteem mediated the effect of parental neglect on mobile phone dependency among higher-grade elementary school students. Parental neglect influenced mobile phone dependency only through social withdrawal and self-esteem. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that interventions aimed at decreasing social withdrawal and increasing self-esteem are important to prevent mobile phone dependency among higher-grade elementary school students. In addition, students level of social withdrawal and selfesteem should be checked when parental neglect is high, to prevent them from developing mobile phone dependency. Keywords: mobile phone dependency, parental neglect, social withdrawal, self-esteem, Korean Child- Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) Introduction. 2017 ( 3-69 ) 10-19 ( ) 30.3% (Ministry of Corresponding Author: Ji Hye Lee, Researcher, National Youth Policy Institute, Sejong, Korea, Social Policy Building, Sejong National Research Complex, 370, Sicheong-daero, Sejong-si, Korea E-mail: jihae0718@hanmail.net The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Park and Lee 14 Science and ICT & National Information Society Agency, 2018)., (S. Kwon & Aum, 2016).. 2018 2016 2018 46,541 42,458, 71,022 49,445, 20,822 28,937 3 (Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, 2018).,, (Y. M. Kim & Im, 2016; Y.-S. Kim & Lee, 2017) (Sun, Liu, & Yu, 2019).. (S. Kim, Nho, & Son, 2016; J. A. Lim & Kim, 2018). (J. Park & Chun, 2013), (K. Kim, Jo, & Song, 2018), (O. Kim & Choi, 2017). (Jung, Nho, Lee, Sung, & Song, 2014; Woo, 2013).,, (Slack, Holl, Altenbernd, McDaniel, & Stevens, 2003). (Hirschi, 1969).. Hirschi (1969).,, (K. Kim et al., 2018). H. G. Kim (2015). (H.-S. Kim, 2014). (Hong & Yi, 2016; You, 2014)., (Rubin, Burgess, Kennedy, & Stewart, 2003). (Gao et al., 2018) (Suler, 2004).. (Rosenberg, 1965). (Aydin & Sari, 2011; Takao, Takahashi, & Kitamura, 2009). Griffiths (2000).,., (Armstrong, Phillips, & Saling, 2000; Bahrainian & Khazaee, 2014). (Ministry of Science and ICT & Korea Internet & Security Agency, 2017).. (Chang & Yang, 2015; Hong & Yi, 2016).. (La Greca & Lopez, 1998). (H. H. Kim & Kim, 1993).
15 Effect of Parental Neglect on Mobile Phone Dependency.,,.. (Woo, 2013), (Sun et al., 2019).,. (risky family model; Repetti, Taylor, & Seeman, 2002),,. (Hildyard & Wolfe, 2002), (M.-J. Kim & Yeum, 2012)., (Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998). (Coplan & Rubin, 2010; Gaudin, 1999; Rubin, Coplan, & Bowker, 2009), (A. Park, 2014; Y. Lim, 2018; Yoon, 1997)..,. O. H. Kim, Lee Han (2017) ( ) 6 (, ).., Chang Yang (2015).,. O. H. Kim (2017),,, Chang Yang (2015). (M.-N. Kwon & Lim, 2017; Woo, 2013)., (I. Kim, 2017),.,,,.. 1.,? 2.? Parental Neglect Social Figure 1. Hypothesized model. Withdrawal Self-Esteem Mobile Phone Dependency
Park and Lee 16 Methods 연구대상 1 6 (2015 ) (National Youth Policy Institute, 2015) 2,067. 6 (I. Kim, 2017; M.-N. Kwon & Lim, 2017). Table 1. 1,066, 1,001 3%p. 94.3% 5.0%, 0.7%.. 5,100. 측정도구휴대전화의존 7 ( :. ). (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) 4.. (Cronbach s α).89. 부모의방임 4 ( : ( ). ). (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) 4. (Cronbach s α).70. 사회적위축 ( :. ) 5. (1 Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Participants Variables n % Sex a Boy 1,066 51.6 Girl 1,001 48.4 Parental presence b With parents 1,915 94.3 Single-parent 102 5.0 Without parents 14 0.7 Level of education (Father) c Middle school or lower 24 1.2 High school 737 35.7 College or higher 1,192 57.7 Not applicable 68 3.4 Level of education (Mother) d Middle school or lower 20 1.0 High school 859 41.6 College or higher 1,086 52.5 Not applicable 62 3.0 M SD Annual family incomee (10,000 won) 5,100.7 2,457.2 Note. N = 2,067. a n = 2,067; b n = 2,031; c n = 2,021; d n = 2,027; e n = 1,996.
17 Effect of Parental Neglect on Mobile Phone Dependency ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) 4. (Cronbach s α).88. 자아존중감 ( :. ) 10. 8 9. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) 4. 9 4, 5, 5. (Cronbach s α).82. 자료분석방법, Cronbach s α. Pearson. (structural equation modeling).,,,,.,,,,., (bootstrapping). SPSS 25.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY) R 3.5.1 (GNU GPL). Results 측정변인들의일반적경향 6,,,, Table 2 Descriptive Statistics for Measured Variables Variable Possible score range M (SD) Skewness Kurtosis Mobile phone dependency 1-4 2.00 (.68).58.11 Parental neglect 1-4 1.58 (.53).54.05 Social withdrawal 1-4 2.09 (.75).16 -.71 Self-esteem 1-4 3.15 (.46) -.35 -.08 Note. N = 2,067. Table 3 Correlation Coefficients Among Variables Variables 1 2 3 4 1. Parental neglect 2. Social withdrawal.19*** 3. Self-esteem -.43*** -.41*** 4. Mobile phone dependency.23***.28*** -.41*** Note. N = 2,067. ***p <.001.
Park and Lee 18 Table 2. 2.00., (skewness) (kurtosis) 3 10 (Kline, 2015). Table 3..70.83, VIF 1.21 1.43. 부모의방임이초등학교고학년의휴대전화의존에미치는영향과사회적위축, 자아존중감의매개효과,,... R 3.5.1 (GNU GPL) lavaan ver.0.6-3. 측정모형의검증 Table 4.,,, χ 2 (df = 129) = 3308.374, TLI =.941, CFI =.947, RMSEA =.071, SRMR =.046. A1 D8.58.99 ( p <.001). A1 D8.37 -.02 D8..5. (Yu, 2014) A1. 7.98.99 ( p <.001).95 (Yu, 2014). (C.C.R) (AVA).95.75.7.5 (Heo, 2013). 연구모형분석,. χ 2 (df = 43) = 796.822, TLI =.978, CFI =.982, SRMR =.016 Figure 2 (β =.11, p <.001).,., χ 2 (df = 270) = 3329.210, TLI =.940, CFI =.946, RMSEA =.074, SRMR =.072.,, Figure 3, Table 5.., (β =.05, p <.05) (β = -.08, p <.05).,., (β =.26,
19 Effect of Parental Neglect on Mobile Phone Dependency Table 4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Measurement Model Latent variables Measurement variables B β SE C.R. AVE C.C.R. Parental neglect A1 1.00.37.59.84 A2 1.39.72.09 17.28*** A3 1.37.82.09 16.08*** A4 1.19.75.08 15.21*** Social withdrawal B1 1.00.69.64.90 B2 1.22.85.04 33.59*** B3 1.01.74.03 32.31*** B4 1.20.86.03 30.96*** B5 1.03.70.04 31.09*** Self-esteem C1 1.00.63.60.92 C2 1.33.66.05 16.74*** C3 1.16.62.05 25.48*** C4.99.58.04 22.10*** C5 1.39.69.05 18.72*** C6 1.36.71.05 17.31*** C7 1.11.61.05 24.25*** C8 -.05 -.02.05 -.85 C9 1.29.66.05 17.01*** C10 1.13.64.05 25.76*** Mobile phone dependency D1 1.00.98.75.95 ***p <.001. D2.96.99.01 434.48*** D3.91.98.01 380.00*** D4.99.98.01 550.46*** D5.95.99.01 416.42*** D6.92.99.01 384.07*** D7.94.99.01 376.86*** D1 A1 A2 A3 A4.70 ***.36 ***.83 ***.75 *** Parental Neglect.11 *** Mobile Phone Dependency.98 ***.99 ***.98 ***.98 ***.99 *** D2 D3 D4 D5.99 *** D6.99 *** Figure 2. Path coefficient of parental neglect on mobile phone dependency. ***p <.001. D7 p <.001) (β = -.57, p <.001)..
Park and Lee 20 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5.75 ***.70 ***.86***.86***.70 *** Social A1.37 ***.26 *** Withdrawal.05 *.98 ***.99 *** D1 D2 A2 A3.72 ***.81 *** Parental Neglect.05 Mobile Phone Dependency.98 ***.98 *** D3 D4 A4.75 ***.99 *** D5 -.57 *** -.08 *.99 *** D6 Self-Esteem.99 *** D7.64 ***.66 ***.62 ***.57 ***.69 ***.71 ***.61 ***.66 ***.64 *** C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C9 C10 Figure 3. Mediation effects of social withdrawal and self-esteem. *p <.05. ***p <.001. Table 5 Path Estimates of Paths Between Latent Variables Path of latent variables B β SE C.R. Parental neglect Mobile phone dependency.48.05.31 1.52 Parental neglect Social withdrawal.47.26.05 8.67*** Parental neglect Self-esteem -.64 -.57.05-12.85*** Social withdrawal Mobile phone dependency.26.05.13 2.01* Self-esteem Mobile phone dependency -.65 -.08.27-2.44* Note. N = 2,067. *p <.05. ***p <.001. Table 6 Mediation Effects by Bootstrapping 95% confidence interval Path of latent variables β SE lower upper Parental neglect Social withdrawal Mobile phone dependency.013.062.001.244 Parental neglect Self-esteem Mobile phone dependency.043.172.077.751.01 ( p <.05),.04 ( p <.05).,., Table 6. 95%,
21 Effect of Parental Neglect on Mobile Phone Dependency 95% (.001.244,.077.751) 0. Discussion,,,.. 연구결과에대한논의,,.,,. (O. H. Kim et al., 2017; Woo, 2013).,. 2.00 1.58...,. (H. H. Kim & Kim, 1993; La Greca & Lopez, 1998). (Chang & Yang, 2015).,. (A. K. Kim & Kim, 2018; Y. Shin & Chin, 2018).,,..,..,. M.-K. Kim (2012) Takao (2009)..,., (Repetti et al., 2002).,. Chang Yang (2015). 10-11 (J. Lee, Park, Je, & Ju, 2018).
Park and Lee 22. (La Greca & Lopez, 1998). 시사점,.,.,., (Song, 1993) ( J. B. Choi, 2008; Wolock & Horowitz, 1984)... (B. J. Lee & Kim, 2005; Mulder, Kuiper, van der Put, Stams, & Assink, 2018)..,.,... S. Choi Ahn (2013)., 20, 2, 60-90..,... (van der Kolk & Fisher, 1994)...,. (E. Choi & Seo, 2016; K. H. Kim & Choi, 2018; H.-W. Kwon & Lim, 2017; H. Shin & Jeong, 2018),,.,..,...
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Park and Lee 26 Yoon, H. M. (1997). The impact of child abuse and neglect on the child-parent relationship and self esteem perceived by children. Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare, 5, 95-120. You, H.-J. (2014). The structural relationship among experience of abuse for early adolescent, depression, aggression, social withdrawal, and mobile phone dependency: Focusing on gender differences. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 21(12), 417-446. Yu, J. (2014). Yujongpil gyosuui Gujobangjeongsingmodel gaenyeomgwa ihae: Amos 4.0-20.0 gongyong [ : Amos 4.0-20.0 ]. Seoul: Hannarae Academy. Ye Sul Park Ji Hye Lee ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1435-5542 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6632-6298 Received February 28, 2019 Revision received April 18, 2019 Accepted June 7, 2019