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1 스트레스硏究 : 第 16 卷第 1 號 2008 원저 음악치료사의성격특성및자기효능감이심리적소진에미치는영향 이화여자대학교교육대학원 김영미ㆍ박영숙 The Effects of Music Therapists' Personality Characteristics and Self-efficacy on Burnout Young Mi Kim and Young Sook Park Ewha Graduate School of Education, Ewha Womans University The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personality characteristics and self-efficacy on music therapists' burnout. Participants were 59 music therapists who had clinical experiences after their graduation from a graduate school of music therapy in Korea. Burnout was measured by the questionnaire developed by Maslach & Jackson(1986). NEO Five Factor Inventory(Costa & McCrae, 1992), and self-efficacy Inventory(Sim, 2007) were used to measure each variables, personality characteristics and self-efficacy. The results were summarized as follows; 1) There were no significant differences in burnout among the groups according to their demographical variables. 2) There were significant differences in burnout among the groups according to career record and job satisfaction. 3) There were no significant differences in burnout according to professional variables, but there were significant differences in emotional exhaustion among the groups according to the number of music therapy sessions. 4) The result of correlation among burnout, personality characteristics and self-efficacy, there was a significant positive correlation between neuroticism and burnout, while there was a significant negative correlation between self-efficacy and burnout. 5) The result of comparison on relative influence between personality characteristics and self-efficacy on burnout, self-efficacy turned out to have a bigger influence on burnout than the personality characteristics. Especially, music therapy skill efficacy turned out to have a bigger influence on burnout than neuroticism. The implications of the study include that to improve music therapists' music therapy skill efficacy is one way to prevent their burnout and that there should be more professional education provided in the training stage of music therapy. (Korean J Str Res 2008;16:13 20) Key Words: burnout, personality characteristics, self-efficacy 서 음악치료는장애를가진사람의정신및신체건강을복 책임저자 : 박영숙, 서울시서대문구대현동 , 이화여자대학교교육대학원 Tel: , parkys@ewha.ac.kr 접수 : 2008 년 1 월 31 일, 게재승인 : 2008 년 2 월 20 일 론 원및유지, 향상시키기위해음악을체계적으로사용하는과정으로훈련된음악치료사에의해전문적으로이루어진다. 우리나라에서는 1997년 3월숙명여자대학교에서음악치료석사과정이신설된이후현재여러대학에음악치료석사과정이개설되었으며, 점차전국으로확산되고있는추세이다. 국내음악치료석사졸업생을기준으로현재까지약 500명이상의전문음악치료사가배출되었다. 이가운데 300명이넘는음악치료사들이의료기관, 복지관, 학 13

2 스트레스硏究 : 제 16 권제 1 호 2008 교, 연구소, 개인치료센터등의다양한영역에서활동하고있다 (Kim, 2007). 음악치료에대한사회적관심과인식이점차확대되면서음악치료사의임상영역또한넓어졌으며현장에서다양한내담자들을접하게되었다. 임상현장에서다양한내담자에게음악치료를제공하는과정중음악치료사는대상들과의상호적인관계속에서일방적으로배려하고이해해야하는특수한상담관계적속성 (Park, 2001) 으로인해심리적소진을경험할가능성이있다. 또한심리적소진은그특성이장기적이며점차적으로발달하는경향 (Ashforth & Lee, 1997) 이있으므로대처와예방이중요하다고할수있다. 국내에서도인간을대상으로하는서비스전문직종의심리적소진에대한관심이높아지고있는가운데이와관련된연구가계속적으로이루어지고있다. Park (2001) 은동료와가족의사회적지지는상담자의심리적소진을감소시킨다고하였으며, Hong (2004) 은자아강도와사회적지지가높을수록상담자의소진이낮게나타났다고하였다. 또한 Lee (2006) 는상담자의소진과 5요인성격특성 ( 신경증, 외향성, 개방성, 친화성, 성실성 ) 의관계에관한연구에서상담자의성격특성중신경증적인성격일수록, 내향적이고개방성이부족할수록심리적소진을더자주경험한다고하였다. 특히, 신경증이소진에가장영향력있는요인이라고하였다. 국외에서는최근에 Fowler (2006) 가음악치료사의성격특성, 근무환경과전문적안녕 (well-being) 간의관계에대해연구하였다. 총 49명의음악치료사를대상으로 Maslach 와 Jackson (1986) 의 MBI (Maslach Burnout Inventory) 와 Stress Profile (Nowack, 1999) 을측정하였다. 그결과, 전문적지속성 ( 음악치료사로서일한년수 ) 이가장높은응답자들은인지적대처전략에서높은점수를보였고, 개인적성취에대한지각도높게나타났다. 이처럼대부분의연구들은소진의영향요인과관련된내용을다루고있으며, 소진의원인을규명하는것은중요하다고할수있다. 심리적소진의영향요인은크게개인적변인, 내담자변인, 업무환경변인등으로분류할수있다. 그가운데개인적변인은치료사의심리내적변인을포함하는것으로소진을설명하는데가장중요한변인이다 (Park, 2005). 개인적변인에서특징적인개인의사고, 감정및행동양식 (Phares, 1984) 을의미하는치료사의성격특성은치료의방향설정및실행, 치료적효과를평가하는전반적인치료 과정에영향을미칠뿐아니라치료사자신을둘러싼삶의모든영역에영향을미친다. 음악을체계적으로사용하는음악치료사에게있어성격특성은치료사자신뿐아니라치료의도구인음악에영향을미치고동시에치료과정과결과에영향을미치므로치료사의심리적소진과도연결된다고볼수있다. 따라서개인의고유한부분이며비교적영속성을지닌치료사의성격특성은소진에지속적으로영향을미치는주요변인으로볼수있으며, 동일한근무환경이라하더라도치료사의개인적변인에따라소진에대한반응과정도는다르게나타날수있다. 이와비슷한맥락에서자기효능감은개인의능력에대한신념 (Bandura, 1986) 을뜻한다. 특히음악을치료의도구로사용하는과정에서치료사의음악적능력이나치료기술에대한신념은치료의흐름및효과에중요한역할을하므로치료사의심리적소진과도밀접한관계가있다고할수있다. 이와같이음악치료사의성격특성과자기효능감은심리적소진의주요한영향요인으로, 소진은치료사자신뿐아니라내담자의치료과정및결과에악영향을미칠수있다. 치료사의심리적소진이임상영역에서중요한부분을차지함에도불구하고국내에서이와관련된연구는미흡한실정이다. 이에본연구는음악치료사가임상현장에서경험하는심리적소진에영향을미치는요인을규명하고, 이를사전에예방하고대처하는데기초적인자료를제공하고자한다. 나아가음악치료사가다양한임상영역에서전문성을확보하고직업적만족과성취감을느끼며현장에서일할수있도록도우며, 내담자에게는양질의음악치료서비스를제공하는그목적이있다. 재료및방법 1. 연구설계및대상본연구는음악치료사의심리적소진을알아보기위해 2007년 10월 8일부터 10월 27일까지 ( 사 ) 한국음악치료학회와한국음악치료교육학회에소속된회원을중심으로방문및전자우편을통하여설문조사를실시하였다. 대상자는음악치료석사학위를취득한후현장에서임상경력이있는전문음악치료사 59명이었다. 2. 측정도구 1) 심리적소진척도 : 심리적소진을측정하기위해 Maslach와 Jackson (1986) 에의해개발된 MBI(Maslach Burnout 14

3 김영미ㆍ박영숙 : 음악치료사의성격특성및자기효능감이심리적소진에미치는영향 Inventory) 를 Park (2001) 이번안한것을사용하였다. 소진척도는정서적탈진 9문항, 비인격화 5문항, 개인적성취결여 8문항의총 22문항으로구성되었으며, 7점리커트식척도 (0= 전혀없음, 6= 매일 ) 로되어있다. 본연구에서전체척도신뢰도 Cronbach s α는.81로나타났으며, 하위요인별신뢰도 Cronbach s α는정서적고갈.83, 비인간화.61, 개인적성취결여.83으로나타났다. 2) 일반적변인질문지 : 음악치료사들의인구학적변인, 직업적변인, 전문적변인을알아보기위해예비조사를통해제공된정보를바탕으로문항을구성하였다. 총 16문항의자기보고식질문지로연령, 성별, 학력, 학부전공, 종교, 임상경력, 근무기간, 근무형태, 세션수, 월수입, 주치료대상, 슈퍼비전경험, 현재슈퍼비전유무, 재교육프로그램참여여부, 음악치료접근철학, 직업에대한만족도를묻는내용이포함되었다. 3) 성격특성검사지 : NEO-FFI (Five Factor Inventory) 는 Costa와 McCrae가 1992년에개발한것으로, 본연구에서는 5개의성격특성을측정할수있는간편형 (short-form) 성격검사지를사용하였다. 5가지성격요인으로신경증 (neuroticism), 외향성 (extraversion), 개방성 (openness to experience), 호감성 (agreeableness), 성실성 (conscientiousness) 이있으며, 각요인별로 12문항씩총 60문항으로구성되어있다. 각문항에대해 전혀그렇지않다 (1점) 에서 매우그렇다 (5점) 로응답하는 5점척도이다. 본연구에서하위요인별신뢰도 Cronbach s α는신경증.78, 외향성.74, 개방성.75, 호감성.71, 성실성.85로나타났다. 4) 자기효능감질문지 : Larson 등 (1992) 의상담자자기평가질문지 (Counseling Self-Estimate Inventory: COSE) 를 Hong (2001) 이번안하고 Lee (2001) 에의해수정된척도를바탕으로 Sim (2007) 이국내음악치료상황에맞게수정한질문지를사용하였다. 음악기술 (6문항), 임상기술 (5문항), 음악치료기술 (5문항) 의세가지하위영역으로구성되었으며총 16문항의자기보고형질문지로 0점에서 100점까지 10단위로체크하도록되어있다. 음악기술은음악이론, 악기연주, 즉흥, 성악, 작곡과편곡, 지휘등과관련된내용을말하며, 임상기술은장애, 치료의역동, 치료적관계에대한이해와관련된내용을말하고, 음악치료기술은음악치료의원리, 내담자사정에서부터치료계획, 치료적용, 치료평가를의미한다. 본연구에서전체척도신뢰도 Cronbach s 는.96으로나타났으며, 하위요인별신뢰도 Cronbach s는음악기술효능감.92, 임상기술효능감.93, 음악치료기술효 능감.94로나타났다. 3. 자료처리및분석본연구에서는자료분석을위해 SPSS 12.0 통계프로그램을사용하였다. 일반적변인을알아보기위해평균, 표준편차, 백분율의기술통계를사용하였으며, 다중응답문항처리를위해빈도분석을실시하였다. 일반적변인에따른심리적소진의차이를알아보기위해 t검정과 F검정 ( 일원분산분석 ) 을실시하였고, 사후분석을위해 Scheffe' 검정을실시하였다. 성격특성, 자기효능감, 심리적소진간의상관관계를알아보기위해상관분석을실시하였으며성격특성, 자기효능감이심리적소진에미치는상대적인영향력을분석하기위해중다회귀분석 (multiple regression analysis) 을실시하였다. 결과 1. 인구학적변인에따른심리적소진심리적소진은나이, 학력, 전공, 종교에따라집단간유의한차이를보이지않았다. 2. 직업적변인에따른심리적소진직업적변인에따른심리적소진은 Table 1과같이경력 (F=2.993, p<.05) 과직업만족도 (F=10.726, p<.05) 에서유의한차이를보였다. 경력은정서적소모 (F=3.690, p<.05), 비인간화 (F=3.258, p<.05) 에서집단간유의한차이를보였으나, 사후검정 (Scheffe') 에서는유의한차이를보이지않았다. 또한직업만족도는정서적소모 (F=3.967, p<.05), 비인간화 (F=3.081, p<.05), 개인적성취감소 (F=8.712, p<.05) 에서집단간유의한차이를보였다. 사후검정 (Scheffe ) 결과, 심리적소진은불만족집단과만족집단 (1>3), 보통집단과매우만족집단 (2>4), 불만족집단과만족집단 (1>4), 보통집단과만족집단 (2>3) 간의유의한차이를보였다. 심리적소진의평균은불만족집단과보통집단이만족집단과매우만족집단에비해높게나타났다. 정서적소모에서는불만족집단과만족집단 (1>3) 간에유의한차이를보였으며, 불만족집단에서정서적소모의평균이더높게나타났다. 개인적성취감감소에서는보통집단과매우만족집단 (2>4), 보통집단과만족집단 (2>3) 간에유의한차이를보였으며, 보통집단이매우만족집단과만족집단에비해개인적성취감감소에서더높은평균을보였다. 근무 15

4 스트레스硏究 : 제 16 권제 1 호 2008 Table 1. Differential tests of burnout according to career, job satisfaction and number of sessions. variables Burnout Emotional Exhaustion Depersonalization Personal Accomplishment deficit M (SD) F Sheffe M (SD) F Sheffe M (SD) F Sheffe M (SD) F Sheffe career (yr) < (11.46) 2.993* (7.58) 3.690* 3.81 (2.86) 3.258* (6.59) (14.11) (8.93) 3.41 (2.96) (7.34) (10.29) (8.49) 5.44 (2.88) (6.25) (12.62) (6.60) 2.08 (2.35) (7.97) > (7.29) (3.05).80 (.837) 11.0 (7.55) job satisfaction unsatisfactory (3.74) > (9.93) 3.967* 1> (2.16) 3.081* (4.52) >3 satisfactory (2.30) 1> (7.85) 4.41 (3.05) (6.28) 2>4 content (2.21) 2> (7.91) 2.63 (2.63) (6.28) very content (2.10) 2> (5.42) 1.20 (2.35) 6.17 (2.48) number of sessions < (11.45) (6.76) 2.391* 3.13 (2.92) (8.38) (9.86) (4.20) 2.78 (2.05) (6.07) (13.78) (7.84) 3.58 (3.90) (6.34) (18.19) (11.96) 3.63 (3.11) (7.56) (14.90) (9.30) 3.50 (2.62) (8.73) > (10.06) (6.74) 3.67 (2.73) 9.00 (3.29) *p<.05, p<.001. Table 2. The correlation analysis of personality characteristics, burnout, self-efficacy. EE DP PA BT N E O A C MS 1 CS MS 2 ST EE DP PA BT N * E O A * C * MS 1.288* * CS * MS ST.268* *p<.05, p<.01, p<.001. EE: Emotional Exhaustion, DP: Depersonalization, PA: Personal Accomplishment deficit, BT: Burnout Total, N: Neuroticism, E: Extraversion, O: Openess to experience, A: Agreeableness, C: Conscientiousness, MS 1: Music skill Self-efficacy, CS: Clinical skill Self-efficacy, MS 2: Music therapy skill Self-efficacy, ST: Self-efficacy Total. 형태와월평균수입에서는유의한차이를보이지않았다. 3. 전문적변인에따른심리적소진 심리적소진은전문적변인인세션횟수, 슈퍼비전유무, 재교육프로그램참여에서집단간유의한차이를보이지않았으나 Table 1과같이세션횟수는정서적소모에서유의한차이를보였다 (F=2.391, p<.05). 사후검정 (Scheffe ) 결과집단간유의한차이를보이지않았다. 16

5 김영미ㆍ박영숙 : 음악치료사의성격특성및자기효능감이심리적소진에미치는영향 Table 3. Multiple regression analysis of burnout according to personality characteristics and self-efficacy. Model Predictation variables R 2 (adj. R 2 ) Unstandardized Coefficients B Standard error Standardized coefficients 1 self-efficacy.210 (.196) self-efficacy personality.283 (.257) characteristics *.021* *p<.05, p<.001. t p Table 4. Multiple regression analysis of burnout according to subfactors of personality characteristics and self-efficacy. Predictation variables R 2 (adj. R 2 ) Unstandardized Coefficients B standard error standardized Coefficients t p neuroticism.118 (.102) *.008* music therapy skill.189 (.174) *.001* self-efficacy *p< 성격특성, 자기효능감, 심리적소진간의상관관계성격특성, 자기효능감, 심리적소진에서각변수들간의상관관계를알아보기위해상관분석을실시한결과는 Table 2과같다. 신경증은심리적소진총합과유의한정적상관 (r 2 =.343, p<.05) 을보였으며, 소진의하위요인중정서적소모 (r 2 =.357, p<.05) 와비인간화 (r 2 =.312, p<.05) 에서유의한정적상관을나타내었다. 호감성은비인간화 (r 2 =.354, p<.05) 와정적상관을, 성실성은개인적성취감감소 (r 2 =.265, p<.05) 와유의한부적상관을보였다. 또한자기효능감과심리적소진총합간에는통계적으로유의한부적상관을보였다 (r 2 =.458, p<.05). 음악기술효능감 (r 2 =.395, p<.05), 임상기술효능감 (r 2 =.400, p<.05), 음악치료기술효능감 (r 2 =.434, p<.05) 은심리적소진총합과유의한부적상관을보였다. 하위요인별상관에서음악기술효능감은정서적소모 (r 2 =.288, p<.05), 개인적성취감감소 (r 2 =.337, p<.05) 와유의한부적상관을보였고, 임상기술효능감 (r 2 =.450, p<.05) 과음악치료기술효능감 (r 2 =.483, p<.05) 은개인적성취감감소와유의한부적상관을보였다. 성격특성과자기효능감간의관계에서성실성은음악기술효능감 (r 2 =.331, p<.05), 임상기술효능감 (r 2 =.270, p<.05), 음악치료기술효능감 (r 2 =.343, p<.05) 과유의한정적상관을보였다. 5. 심리적소진에미치는성격특성, 자기효능감의영향력심리적소진에대한성격특성과자기효능감의상대적영향력은 Table 3과같다. 자기효능감은심리적소진을 21% 설명해주는것으로나타났으며성격특성이추가될경우소진을 28.3% 설명해주는것으로나타났다. 또한심리적소진에유의하게영향을미치는변수는자기효능감 (t= 4.406, p<.05), 성격특성 (t=2.380, p<.05) 으로, 독립변수의상대적기여도를나타내는표준화계수에의하면음악치료사의성격특성 ( 표준화계수 =.277) 보다자기효능감 ( 표준화계수 =.513) 이심리적소진에미치는상대적인영향이더큰것으로나타났다. 심리적소진에대한성격특성과자기효능감각하위요인의설명량은 Table 4과같다. 심리적소진에영향을미치는요인으로신경증과음악치료기술효능감에서유의한결과가나타났다. 신경증은심리적소진을 11.8% 설명해주는것으로나타났으며, 음악치료기술효능감은 18.9% 설명해주는것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는음악치료사의심리적소진을설명하는데있어성격특성중신경증보다자기효능감의음악치료기술효능감이소진에더큰영향을미치는것으로볼수있다. 17

6 스트레스硏究 : 제 16 권제 1 호 2008 고찰현재국내에서도음악치료의수요가점차증가하고있는가운데임상영역에서전문적인치료사로서의자질을갖추기위해다양한노력이이루어져야할것이다. 이에본연구는음악치료사의성격특성과자기효능감이심리적소진에미치는영향에대해알아보았으며, 그결과를요약하면다음과같다. 첫째, 심리적소진은나이, 학력, 전공, 종교에따라집단간차이를보이지않았는데, 이는나이, 종교, 학력등의일반적특성이심리적소진에유의한영향을미치지못한다는 Lee (2006) 의연구결과와일치한다. 둘째, 심리적소진은경력과직업만족도에서집단간유의한차이를보였는데, 이는상담경력에따라심리적소진에차이가있다는 Park (2006) 의결과와일치하며, 심리적소진이직무만족과관계가있다는 Lee (2002) 의결과와도일치한다. 이를통해임상영역에서의현장경험과직업에대해느끼는개인적만족감이심리적소진과관련되어있음을알수있다. 셋째, 전문적변인중세션수는정서적소모에서유의한차이를보였다. 이는주당사례수에따라아동상담자의정서적소모에차이를보였다는 Park (2005) 의연구결과와도일치하며, 세션횟수가음악치료사의정서적자원과관련이있음을보여주는결과라고할수있다. 넷째, 신경증적성향이강할수록심리적소진을더자주경험하는것으로나타났다. 이는신경증적성향일수록심리적소진을더자주경험한다는 Lee (2006) 의연구결과와일치하며, 신경증이정서적소모의예언변인으로나타났다는 Bakker 등 (2006) 의결과와도일치한다. 즉, 염려가많고우울하며예민하고감정적으로불안정한특징을보이는신경증성향은심리적소진에영향을미치는요인이며, 치료에악영향을미칠수있으므로음악치료사에게반드시고려되어져야할부분이라할수있다. 또한가지주목할만한결과는성격특성중호감성점수가높은사람이비인간화를더자주경험하는것으로나타났다. 이는특히부정적경험이많은집단에서호감성이높은성격일수록비인간화를더적게경험한다는 Bakker 등 (2006) 의연구결과와는상반된다. 일반적으로호감성은성격이좋고신뢰감을주며대인관계에서친화력이높은장점을가지나이와함께마음이여리거나잘속고자신의의지가없는등 의부정적인측면도포함되어있다. 본연구에서는이러한부정적인측면이더강하게작용한결과로생각된다. 이러한결과를바탕으로임상에서치료사는내담자에게충분한공감과배려를하되감정적으로몰입되기보다객관성을잃지않아야하며, 중립적이면서도내담자에게충분한신뢰감을줄수있어야할것이다. 또한성실성점수가높을수록개인적성취감감소를적게경험하며자기효능감이높은것으로나타났다. 이는믿을만하며자신의일에열심과야망을가진사람일수록자신의일에대한성취에불만을느끼는정도가낮으며, 치료사자신의음악적능력이나치료기술에대한신념또한높다는것을의미한다. 이와함께음악치료사의자기효능감과심리적소진과의관계에서자기효능감이높을수록심리적소진을적게경험하는것으로나타났다. 이는자기효능감이전문적인음악치료사로서갖추어야할기본적인자질과도관련이있음을의미하며, 소진을예방하고대처하는데필수적인요소임을말해준다. 따라서음악치료사훈련단계에서이와같은기술효능감과관련하여전문화된교육과정이필요하며, 구체적인음악기술과관련된과목뿐아니라임상기술과관련하여심리학, 특수교육, 병리학, 정신의학등의관련전문분야에대한전반적인이해가필요할것이다. 또한체계적이고전문적인임상실습과슈퍼비전을통해치료과정에대한전반적인이해와적용이이루어져야할것이다. 다섯째, 음악치료사의성격특성과자기효능감중자기효능감이심리적소진에더큰영향을미치는것으로나타났다. 이는현재까지국내음악치료가전문적영역으로자리를잡아가고있는초기단계로치료사의개인적성격특성이소진에직접적인영향을주기보다체계적이고전문적인치료과정과관련된실제적인치료기술이치료사의소진에더많은영향을미친것으로생각된다. 따라서음악치료사의심리적소진을예방하기위해자기효능감을높여주는것이중요하며, 특히음악치료기술효능감을높여주는것이필요하다고할수있겠다. 이러한연구결과들은임상에있는음악치료사를비롯하여음악치료훈련단계에있거나음악치료사가되기위해준비하는예비음악치료사들에게있어여러가지시사점을제공한다. 음악치료사의심리적소진을예방하기위해고려해야할성격특성은신경증으로음악치료사로서직업선택시사전에자신의성격특성을고려하는것이필요하다고할수있겠다. 성격은지속적이고비교적일관적인 18

7 김영미ㆍ박영숙 : 음악치료사의성격특성및자기효능감이심리적소진에미치는영향 개인의독특한행동양식으로일반적인적응행동에영향을미칠뿐만아니라내담자의정서적문제를다루는과정에도영향을미칠것으로예견된다. Bolger (1990) 는신경증이비효율적대처전략과관계있는것으로보았으며, Van Heck (1997) 은신경증이스트레스상황에대한강한정서적반응과연관된다고하였다. 이는신체, 정서, 심리, 사회적문제를가진내담자를대하는치료장면에서예기치못하게발생되는여러가지문제에대처하고이를해결하는방식이치료사의성격특성에따라다를수있으며, 이것이치료사의심리적소진에미치는영향또한개인에따라다르게나타날수있음을의미한다. 따라서예비음악치료사뿐만아니라임상에있는음악치료사들또한소진에영향을주는자신의성격특성을파악하여적절한자원을마련하고대처방안에대해모색하는것이필요할것이다. 이와함께음악치료사의자기효능감을높여주는것이더중요하다고할수있다. 음악기술효능감을높이기위해전반적인음악이론에대한이해와함께악기연주, 즉흥, 성악, 작곡과편곡, 지휘등과관련된실기교육이병행되어야한다. 또한임상기술효능감을높이기위해서는장애, 치료의역동, 치료적관계에대한이해와경험이필요하며, 관련학문분야에대한폭넓은이해가필요할것이다. 특히, 음악치료의원리, 내담자의사정에서부터치료계획, 치료적용, 치료평가등의치료과정과관련된음악치료기술효능감은음악치료사의심리적소진을예방하는데가장중요한요인이다. 이를위해음악치료실습및인턴과정을포함한훈련단계에서전반적인치료과정에대한체계적이고보다전문적인교육이이루어져야할것이다. 또한졸업후에도이와관련하여지속적인관리가이루어질수있도록다양한교육프로그램과전문가를위한사회적지지망구축이필요할것이다. 현재우리나라의음악치료는미국이나유럽에비해짧은역사를가지고있으며기초를세우고있는단계라고볼수있다. 하지만이러한국내상황에서음악치료사의심리적소진을다루는것은임상적으로의의가있다. 심리적소진은일을시작한지 1년에서 2년부터경험하기시작하며 (Freudenberger, 1975), 경력이짧을수록소진을더많이경험한다는연구결과들이있다. Koh(2001) 의연구에따르면아동상담자의의욕상실은상담경력이 1 19개월인집단에서가장높게나타났고, Park (2006) 은 3년미만의초보상담자가 5년이상의경력상담자보다심리적소진을더많이경험한다고하였다. 따라서음악치료발달초기단계에 치료사의심리적소진을다루는것은의미있는일이라할수있다. 또한심리적소진이비록현재상황에서는큰문제가되지않는다고하더라도시간이지나면서점차적으로발달하는특성이있으므로이를사전에예방하고관리하는것은전문적인음악치료사로서꼭필요한부분이라할수있을것이다. 마지막으로본연구의제한점을살펴보면, 연구대상의표집이어려워많은대상을표집하지못하였다. 또한음악치료사의심리적소진과관련된선행연구가부족하여영향요인을찾는데어려움이있었고, 치료사변인과관련된측면만을다루었다. 후속연구에서는소진의영향요인과관련하여다각적인측면에서연구가필요하며, 치료사변인뿐아니라내담자변인과업무환경변인이좀더포괄적으로포함된연구가이루어져야할것이다. 또한심리적소진의예방과대처전략에관한구체적인연구도필요할것이다. 이를위해무엇보다소진에대한음악치료사의인식이중요하며이에대한지속적인관리나교육프로그램과관련된연구가다각도로이루어져야할것이다. 참고문헌 Ashforth BE, Lee RT (1997) Burnout as a Process: Commentary on Cordes, Dougherty and Blum, J of organizational behavior, 18: Bakker AB, Van Der Zee KI, Lewig KA, Dollard MF (2006) The relationship between the big five personality factors and burnout: A study among volunteer counselors. The J of Social Psychology, 146: Bandura A(1986) Social foundation of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Bolger N (1990) Coping as a personality process: A prospective study. J of Personality and Social Psychology, 59: Costa PT, McCrae RR (1992) Revised NEO personality Inventory and NEO five-factor inventory, professional manual. Odessa, Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources. Fowler KL (2006) The relations between personality characteristics, work environment, and the professional well-being of music therapists. J of Music Therapy, XLIII, Freudenberger HJ (1975) The staff syndrome in alternative institution, Psych- otherapy theory. Research and Practice, 12: Hong SH (2001) Contribution of counselor self efficacy and state-anxiety to the working alliance in the early stage of counseling. Master s thesis, Sogang University. Hong JH (2004) The relationship among ego-strength, social support 19

8 스트레스硏究 : 제 16 권제 1 호 2008 and burnout of counselors. Master's thesis, Hongik University. Kim YS (2007) Nation music graduate school symposium & debates on music therapist certification: in presentation data. Koh EH (2001) The study on the experiences of the burnout and the type of coping of the child counselor. Master's thesis, Sookmyung Womans University. Larson LM, Suzuki LA, Gillespie KN, Potenza MT, Bechtel MA, Toulouse AL (1992) Development and validation of the counseling self-estimate inventory. J of counseling Psychology, 39: Lee NY (2002) A study child abuse prevention center worker's burnout. Master's thesis, Ewha Womans University. Lee YR (2006) The relation between burnout and big five among Korean counselors. Master's thesis, Sookmyung Womans University. Lee YS (2001) A study on the self-efficacy and the countertransference management ability of the play therapist. Master's thesis, Sookmyung Womans University. Maslach C, Jackson SE (1986) Maslach Burnout Inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. Nowack KM (1999) Stress Profile. Los angeles: WPS. Park HH (2005) A study on variables for burnout of child counselors. Master's thesis, Sookmyung Womans University. Park JH (2006) The relations of soothing ability, spiritual well-being, counselor development level and burnout of counselors. Master's thesis, Catholic University. Park SH (2001) Influence of occupational stress and social support on counselors burnout. Master's thesis, Ewha Womans University. Phares EJ (1984) Introduction to personality. Columbus, OH: Charles E Merrill. Sim KL (2007) A study on personal and perceptional characteristics regarding self-efficacy of Korean music therapists. Master's thesis, Sookmyung Womans University. Van Heck GL(1997) Personality and physical health: Toward an ecological approach to health-related personality research. European J of Personality Research, 11, = 국문초록 = 본연구는음악치료사의성격특성및자기효능감이심리적소진에미치는영향에대해알아보았다. 대상자는음악치료대학원졸업후임상경력이있는총 59 명의국내음악치료사였다. 심리적소진을측정하기위해 Maslach 와 Jackson (1986) 에의해개발된질문지를사용하였으며, 성격특성과자기효능감을측정하기위해 NEO Five Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992) 와자기효능감척도 (Sim, 2007) 를사용하였다. 연구결과를요약하면다음과같다. 첫째, 심리적소진은인구학적변인에따라집단간유의한차이를보이지않았다. 둘째, 심리적소진은경력과직업만족도에서집단간유의한차이를보였다. 셋째, 심리적소진은전문적변인에따라서는유의한차이를보이지않았으나, 세션횟수에따라서는정서적소모가유의한차이를보였다. 넷째, 심리적소진과성격특성, 자기효능감의상관성에서신경증적특성은심리적소진과유의한정적상관을보이는반면, 자기효능감은심리적소진과유의한부적상관을보였다. 다섯째, 자기효능감과성격특성이심리적소진에미치는영향력을살펴본결과자기효능감이성격특성보다심리적소진에더큰영향을미치는것으로나타났다. 특히음악치료기술효능감은신경증보다심리적소진에더큰영향을미치는것으로나타났다. 따라서본연구에서는음악치료사의음악치료기술효능감을높여주는것이심리적소진을예방할수있는방법중의하나이며, 음악치료훈련단계에서더욱전문적인교육이필요함을시사하였다. 20

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