Culinary Science & Hospitality Research. 2017;23(3):63-76. DOI: 10.20878/cshr.2017.23.3.007 63 변혁적리더십이외식기업조리사의내재적동기와 창의성에미치는영향에관한연구 CJ 푸드빌을중심으로 1 2 1 2 The Study on Effect of Transformational Leadership on Cook's Intrinsic Motivation and Creativity in Foodservice Firm - Focused on CJ Foodville - Hyeon-Mo Jeon 1 Na-Kyung Kwon 2 1 Dept. of Hotel & Tourism Management, Dongguk University-Gyeongju 2 Dept. of Grobal Leisure & Tourism, Sun Moon University ABSTRAC The study intended to investigate the relationship between transformational leadership and creativity of cooks with transformational leadership as antecedent variable. Transformational leadership has been assessed positively in variable studies as a leadership to improve employee's creativity. The authors also tried to explore structural relationships among transformational leadership, intrinsic motivation, and creativity by identifying the meditating role of intrinsic motivation in the relationship between transformational leadership and creativity of cooks. The study subject was CJ FOODVILLE, which is a representative company with its size, sales, and recognition as a domestic restaurant business. A survey was conducted with employees who were working as a cook in restaurants operated by CJ FOODVILLE in metropolitan areas. The results of the study showed that charisma and intellectual stimulation of transformational leadership positively influenced intrinsic motivation, but inspirational motivation and individualized consideration did not significantly influence intrinsic motivation. In addition, the four elements of transformational leadership did not significantly affect creativity. The findings of the study show that intrinsic motivation played a role as a mediation among charisma, intellectual stimulation, and creativity of transformational leadership. Therefore, the findings of the study suggested intrinsic motivation as an important factor affecting creativity of cooks. Keywords: transformational leadership, intrinsic motivation, creativity, cook, foodservice firm,,, (Rego, Sousa, Marques, & Cunha, 2014)., (Claver- Cortes, Molina-Azorin, & Pereira-Moliner, 2006)., (Wang, Tsai, & Tsai, 2014)., (Jang, Lee, & Park, 2013). Corresponding author: vichyzzang99@hanmail.net, 221 70,
64 Culinary Science & Hospitality Research (Park & Kim, 2015)., (Seol, 2009). (Dinh et al., 2014)., (Khan, Rehman, & Fatima, 2009; Lee, Lee, & Yoo, 2012)., (Jang et al., 2013).,,, (Bass, 1990; Shin & Zhou, 2003; Park & Kim, 2015)., (Wang et al., 2014), (Gong, Huang, & Farh, 2009). (Wang et al., 2014). (Choi & Chang, 2015).,,, (Amabile, 1996; Jang et al., 2013). (Jung, Chow, & Wu, 2003; Kahai, Sosik, & Avolio, 2003; Shin & Zhou, 2003; Park & Yoon, 2015), (Amabile, 1998; Tiemey, Farmer, & Graen, 1999; Grumusluoglu & Ilsev, 2009)., (Horng & Hu, 2008).,, (Hu, 2010)., (Kang & Yoon, 2015).,,..,.,.,. (transformational leadership) (Burns, 1978). (Bass, 1985). Bunrs(1978), (Yukl, 2002),., (Lee et al., 2012),
23(3), 63-76 (2017) 65,, (Herold, Fedor, & Caldwell, 2008). Bass(1990), (Kang, 2010).,,. (Jung & Sosik, 2002). Bass(1990) MLQ(multiple leadership questionnare) (response allocaton analysis),, 3. MLQ, MLQ Form-5,,, (Kang, 2010). (charisma) (Bass & Avolio, 1990).,, (Bass & Yokochi, 1991; Seol, 2009).,,. (intellectual stimulation),,, (Seol, 2009). (Waldman, Siegel, & Javidan, 2006). (Chae, Lee, & Kim, 2011). (inspirational motivation),, (Kang, 2010)., (Kwon & Park, 2010). (individualized consideration),,,, (Ryu & Joo, 2014). Bass(1990) MLQ Form-5,,,.,., (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Park, Jeong, & Jung, 2015). (self-determination theory), (extrinsic motivation) (intrinsic motivation) (Kim & Drumwright, 2016)., (Deci & Ryan, 2000). Deci(1975), Deci Ryan(1985),,.,,, (Amabile, 1997)., (Barbuto & Scholl, 1998)., (Kim, 2015).
66 Culinary Science & Hospitality Research (Deci & Ryan, 1985),,,, (Kang, 2010)..,, (Lee, Jung, & Hwang, 2013). (Woodman, Sawyer, & Griffin, 1993; Shalley, Zhou, & Oldman, 2004). Shin Zhou(2003), Jang et al.(2013),. (creativity) (Park & Yoon, 2015). (Amabile, 1997),, (Woodman et al., 1993). (Zhou & Shalley, 2003; Lee et al., 2012). Amabile(1988), 3 (expertise), (creative-thinking skills), (motivation).,,.,. 3.,,,,,,, (Lee, Lee, & Park, 2013; Anderson, Potočnik, & Zhou, 2014).. (Kim, Jeong, Jung, & Park, 2015)., (Lee et al., 2013). Seol(2009),. Lee et al. (2012),,. Park Kim(2015),,. Amabile(1988) 3,. 4, Fig. 1.
23(3), 63-76 (2017) 67 Fig. 1. Research model. (Bass, 1990).,, (Jung & Kim, 2011). Lee et al.(2013) 1. (+). Yang Kim(2011) 6 (+), Shamir, House Arthur(1993). Tierney (1999).. 1: (+). 1-1: (+). 1-2: (+). 1-3: (+). 1-4: (+).,,,,, (Oldham & Cummings, 1996). (Amabile, 1988). Amabile(1997),,,, (Lee & Kim, 2015). Lee et al.(2013),,. Kim(2015) (+)..
68 Culinary Science & Hospitality Research 2: (+)., (Ryu & Joo, 2014)., (Jung et al., 2003; Jang et al., 2013)., (Seol, 2009). Seol(2009), (+), Lee et al.(2013) (+) (Bass, 1985; Bass, Avolio, Jung, & Berson, 2003; Gumusluoglu & Ilsev, 2009).,, (Elkins & Keeller, 2003; Choi, Ahn, & Kim, 2007). Ryu Joo(2014) (+),,.. 3: (+). 3-1: (+). 3-2: (+). 3-3: (+). 3-4: (+)., (Jang et al., 2013). Amabile(1996),, (Kim et al., 2015). Lee et al.(2013),,.,,,., (Jang et al., 2013).,.. 4:. 4-1:. 4-2:. 4-3:. 4-4:. Bass(1985), Bass Avolio(1990)
23(3), 63-76 (2017) 69 (MLQ; multifactor leadership questionnaire) Yang Kim(2011) Lee et al.(2012), Lee et al.(2013) 17 Likert 5. Lee et al. (2013) 4 Likert 5, Zhou George(2001) 4.,.,,, 4.,.,,, 4..,,, 4..,,,, 5..,,, 4..,,, 4. 2015 3, 1 CJ (, www.atfis.or.kr). CJ,,,. 2016 12 1 2017 1 31 62,,. 300 262, 24 238. SPSS/WIN 18.0 AMOS 7.0.,., bootstrap. Table 1
70 Culinary Science & Hospitality Research Table 1. General characteristics of the subjects General information Gender Age Marital status Education level Yearly salary (unit: 10,000 won) Seniority Position Type of employment General information Frequency (N) Percentage (%) Male 148 62.2 Female 90 37.8 20 29 104 43.7 30 39 131 55.0 40 49 3 1.3 Single 172 72.3 Married 66 27.7 High school 18 7.6 Collage degree 138 58.0 University degree 51 21.4 Graduate school degree 31 13.0 <2,000 81 34.0 2,000 2,999 81 34.0 3,000 3,999 62 26.1 4,000 4,999 14 5.9 <1 35 14.7 1 3 40 16.8 3 5 103 43.3 5 10 54 22.7 10 6 2.5 Cook 81 34.0 1st cook 125 52.5 Sous chef 32 13.4 Regular employee 157 66.0 Temporary employee 69 29.0 Part timer 12 5.0 Total 238 100.0. Table 2,,,. χ 2 =389.857, df=164, CMIN/df=2.377, RMR=0.054, GFI=0.870, AGFI=0.817, NFI=0.902, IFI=0.941, CFI=0.940, RMSEA=0.076 GFI, AGFI, CMIN/df, RMR, NFI, IFI, CFI, RMSEA,. t (C.R.>±1.96), 95%, Cronbach s α 0.6. (AVE) (CCR)., 0.5, 0.7,., (AVE)., Table 3 ( ) 0.000 0.257 0.624 0.775,. Table 4 AMOS 7.0. χ 2 =394.373, df=164, CMIN/df =2.405, RMR=0.054, GFI=0.866, AGFI=0.811, NFI=0.901, IFI =0.940, CFI=0.939, RMSEA=0.077,.,. (β=0.206, p=0.007)
23(3), 63-76 (2017) 71 Table 2. Confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis Factor Variable Standardized estimate S.E. C.R. CCR AVE Cronbach's α CA1.909.058 19.747 Charisma Intellectual stimulation Inspirational motivation Individualized consideration Intrinsic motivation Creativity CA2.844.053 17.646 CA3.887 Fixed - IS1.815.070 12.570 IS2.804.068 15.094 IS3.837.061 15.859 IS4.890 Fixed - MO1.814.084 12.531 MO2.917.102 13.043 MO4.716 Fixed - IC1.826 Fixed - IC2.863.063 16.152 IC3.892.063 17.120 IC4.794.060 14.449 IC5.764.061 13.465 IM2.967 Fixed - IM3.913.039 27.704 IM4.904.036 26.507 CR2.699 Fixed - CR3.810.079 11.704 CR4.847.087 12.066.902.775.910.918.700.892.866.672.850.917.687.921.963.862.947.921.624.820 χ 2 =389.857, df=164, CMIN/df=2.377, RMR=0.054, GFI=0.870, AGFI=0.817, NFI=0.902, IFI=0.941, CFI=0.940, RMSEA=0.076 Table 3. Correlation coefficient between the factors Factor F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Mean S.D. F1: Charisma.775 1).112 3).071.107.046.032 3.29.982 F2: Intellectual stimulation.334 **2).700.024.064.026.017 3.24.794 F3: Inspirational motivation.266 **.155 **.672.067.000.001 3.45.850 F4: Individualized consideration.327 **.253 **.258 **.687.000.008 3.22.872 F5: Intrinsic motivation.215 **.162 **.003.001.862.257 3.21.795 F6: Creativity.179 **.130 **.030.092.507 **.624 3.38.543 * p<0.05, ** p<0.01. 1) (AVE). 2) (r). 3) (r 2 ).
72 Culinary Science & Hospitality Research Table 4. Result of structure equation model analysis Hypothesis Path Standarzed estimate S.E. C.R. p-value Result H1-1 Charisma Intrinsic motivation.206.064 2.683 **.007 Accepted H1-2 Intellectual stimulation Intrinsic motivation.151.072 2.047 *.041 Accepted H1-3 Inspirational motivation Intrinsic motivation.057.079.780.435 Rejected H1-4 Individualized consideration Intrinsic motivation.070.066.928.354 Rejected H2 Intrinsic motivation Creativity.590.047 7.993 **.000 Accepted H3-1 Charisma Creativity.024.038.331.741 Rejected H3-2 Intellectual stimulation Creativity.013.043.190.849 Rejected H3-3 Inspirational motivation Creativity.026.047.382.703 Rejected H3-4 Individualized consideration Creativity.145.039 2.065 **.039 Rejected χ 2 =394.373, df=164, CMIN/df=2.405, RMR=0.054, GFI=0.866, AGFI=0.811, NFI=0.901, IFI=0.940, CFI=0.939, RMSEA=0.077 * p<0.05, ** p<0.01. (+), (β=0.151, p=0.041) (+)., 1-1 1-2. (β =0.590, p=0.000) (+), 2.,,, (β=-0.145, p=0.039) ( ), 3. Table 5 Amos 7.0 Bootstrap,,. 0.145 0.121(p=0.013),. 0.102 0.089(p=0.042).,. 4. Table 5. Results of mediating effect analysis Hypothesis Path Total effect Direct effect Indirect effect 2-tailed sig. Result 4-1 Charisma Creativity.145.024.121.013 ** Accepted/ full mediation 4-2 Intellectual stimulation Creativity.102.013.089.042 ** Accepted/ full mediation 4-3 Inspirational motivation Creativity.008.026.034.432 Reject 4-4 Individualized consideration Creativity.186.145.041.404 Reject * p<0.05, ** p<0.01.
23(3), 63-76 (2017) 73,...,,,.,.. Lee et al.(2013),.,,. Amabile(1997) Lee et al.(2013), Kim(2015).,,,. Seol(2009), Lee et al.(2012).. Seol(2009), 19.1%, Lee et al.(2012), 16.1%. F&B.,.,.,,,,. Amabile(1996) Lee et al.(2013)...,..,...,.,
74 Culinary Science & Hospitality Research..,.,.,.,,.,.,,..,,. Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10 (1), 123-167. Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context: Update to social psychology of creativity. Boulder, Co: Westview. Amabile, T. M. (1997). Motivating creativity in organizations: On doing what you love and loving what you do. California Management Review, 40(1), 39-58. Amabile, T. M. (1998). How to kill creativity (Vol. 87). Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing. Anderson, N., Poto čnik, K., & Zhou, J. (2014). Innovation and creativity in organizations: A state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1297-1333. atfis. http://www.atfis.or.kr/business/m002040000/list.do Barbuto, J. E., & Scholl, R. W. (1998). Motivation sources inventory: Development and validation of new scale to measure an integrative taxonomy of motivation. Psychological Reports, 82(3), 1011-1022. Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectation. New York. Free Press. Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional leadership to transformational leadership learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamic, 18(3), 19-31. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnare. Palo Alto, Consulting Psychologists Press, California. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 207-218. Bass, B. M., & Yokochi, N. (1991). Charisma among senior executive and the special cases of Japanese CEO's. Consulting Psychology Bulletin, Winter/Spring, 31. Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership, New York. Harper & Row. Chae, J. S., Lee, G. W., & Kim, C. J. (2011). The effect of transformational leadership on organizational member's creativity. Korean Journal of Business Administration, 24 (5), 2617-2640. Choi, C. S., & Ahn, A. T., & Kim, J. W. (2007). A study on the influence of transformational and transactional leadership on the OCB : Focusing on the moderating effect of the empowerment. Korean Journal of Business Administration, 20(3), 1243-1267. Choi, I. S., & Chang, Y. C. (2015). The relationship between transformational transactional leadership and creativity: Focusing on the mediating effect of positive psychological capital. Industry Research, 31(3), 67-89. Claver-Cortes, E., Molina-Azorin, J. F., & Pereira-Moliner, J. (2006). Strategic groups in the hospitality industry: Intergroup and intragroup performance difference in Alicante, Spain. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1101-1116. Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum. Deci, E. L., & Ryan. R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67. Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden,
23(3), 63-76 (2017) 75 R. C., & Hu. J. (2014). Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 36-62. Elkins, T., & Keller, R. T. (2003). Leadership in research and development organizations: A literature review and conceptual framework. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4), 587-606. Gong, Y., Huang, J. C., & Farh, J. L. (2009). Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative selfefficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 765-778. Gumusluoglu, L., & Ilsev, A. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research, 62(4), 461-473. Herold, D. M., Fedor, D. B., & Caldwell, S. (2008). The effects of transformational and change leadership on employees' commitment to a change: A multilevel study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 346-357. Horng, J. S., & Hu, M. L. (2008). The mystery in the kitchen: Culinary creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 20(2), 221-230. Hu, M. L. (2010). Discovering culinary competency: An innovative approach. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 9(1), 65-72. Jang, E. Y., Lee, K. H., & Park, D. J. (2013). The effect of transformational leadership and self-leadership on creativity. Journal of Human Resource Management Research, 20(5), 115-132. Jung, D. I., Chow, C., & Wu, A. (2003). The role of transformational leadership in enhancing organizational innovation: Hypotheses and some preliminary findings. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4), 525-544. Jung, D. I., & Sosik, J. J. (2002). Transformational leadership in work groups: The role of empowerment, cohesiveness, and collective-efficacy on perceived group performance. Small Group Research, 33(3), 313-336. Jung, D. Y., & Kim, H. S. (2011). A study on the influence of transformational leadership on creativity: Through learning orientation and intrinsic motivation. Proceedings of the Korean Association of Personnel Administration, 2011 (1), 243-257. Kahai, S. S., Sosik, J. J., & Avolio, B. J. (2003). Effects of leadership style, anonymity, and rewards on creativityrelevant processes and outcomes in an electronic meeting system context. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4), 499-524. Kang, S. D. (2010). Mediating effect of intrinsic motivation in relationship between leadership styles and job satisfaction. Korean Journal of Resources Development, 13(2), 21-40. Kang, Y. Y., & Yoon, S. J. (2015). The impacts of creative environment perceptions of chefs on their creativity and commitment to customer service. Korean Journal of Business Administration, 28(6), 1505-1528. Khan, R., Rehman, A. U., & Fatima, A. (2009). Transformational leadership and organizational innovation: Moderated by organizational size. African Journal of Business Management, 3(11), 678-684. Kim, K. H. (2015). Research on influence of trust on superior on followers' knowledge sharing and creativity: Through intrinsic motivation. Journal of Human Resource Management Research, 22(2), 39-63. Kim, E., & Drumwright, M. (2016). Engaging consumers and building relationships in social media: How social relatedness influences intrinsic vs. extrinsic consumer motivation. Computers in Human Behavior, 63(October), 970-979. Kim, S. H., Jeong, J. Y., Jung, J. J., & Park, J. C. (2015). The relationships among transformational leadership, trust in organization, leader's emotional intelligence, member's creativity in ICT sector. International Journal of Contents, 15(10), 400-412. Kwon, H. G., & Park, B. G. (2010). The effects of transformation leadership and self-efficacy on job satisfaction: Moderating roles of work flow and organizational commitment. Journal of Human Resource Management Research, 17(2), 203-218. Lee, D. R., & Kim, T. Y. (2015). A study on the effects of functional diversity on team creativity: The mediating role of team intrinsic motivation and the moderating role of task interdependence. Korean Management Review, 44(5), 1211-1239. Lee, H. R., Jung, T. W., & Hwang, S. H. (2013). The effect of leader's transformational leadership on employee's creativity and intrinsic motivation in the hotel industry. Korean Academic Society of Hotel Administration, 22(2), 21-40. Lee, J. W., Lee, H. J., & Park, J. G. (2013). Exploring the impact of empowering leadership on knowledge sharing, absorptive capacity and team performance in IT service. Information Technology & People, 27(3), 366-386.
76 Culinary Science & Hospitality Research Lee, S. G., Lee, H. R., & Yoo, C. K. (2012). The study on the effect of transformational leadership and creativity to organizational innovation: Focused on food & beverage department. Journal of Foodservice Management Society of Korea, 15(4), 129-151. Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3), 607-634. Park, J. C., & Jeong, J. Y., & Jung, J. J. (2015). The relationships among family-friendly culture, intrinsic motivation, team-member exchange(tmx), and creativity in ICT company. Journal of The Korea Contents Association, 15(5), 607-619. Park, K. M., & Kim, Y. G. (2015). The effects of transformational leadership on creative role identity and creative behavior in foodservice employees: The moderating effects of team climate through multi-level analysis. Journal of Tourism Sciences, 39(6), 65-79. Park, D. H., & Yoon, P. H. (2015). Multi-level analysis of transformational leadership, and team & individual effectiveness: With focus on mediated effect of a team & individual creativity. Korean Corporation Management Review, 22(6), 127-149. Rego, A., Sousa, F., Marques, C., & Cunha, M. P. (2014). Hope and positive effect mediating the authentic leadership and creativity relationship. Journal of Business Research, 67(2), 200-210. Ryu, J. R., & Joo, G. H. (2014). The effect of transformational leadership on creativity: The mediating role of coworker helping and support. Journal of Human Resource Management Research, 21(5), 187-201. Seol, K. J. (2009). The study on the effects of transformational leadership to innovative behavior of hotel employees. Journal of Tourism and Leisure Research, 21(3), 431-451. Shalley, C. E., & Zhou, J., & Oldman, G. R. (2004). The effects of personal and contextual characteristics on creativity: Where should we go from here? Journal of Management, 30(6), 933-958. Shin, S. J., & Zhou, J. (2003). Transformational leadership, conservation, and creativity: Evidence from Korea. Aca- demy of Management Journal, 46(6), 703-714. Shamir, B., House, R. J., Arthur, M. B. (1993). The moti- vational effects of charismatic leadership. Organization Science, 4(4), 577-594. Tierney, P., Farmer, S. M., & Graen, G. B. (1999). An ex- amination of leadership and employee creativity: The relevance of traits and relationship. Personal Psychology, 52(3), 591-620. Walman, D. A., Siegel, D. S., & Javidan, M. (2006). Com- ponents of CEO transformational leadership and corporate social responsibility. Journal of Management Studies, 43 (8), 1703-1725. Wang, C. J., Tsai, H. T., & Tsai, M. T. (2014). Linking trans- formational leadership and employee creativity in the hospitality industry: The influences of creative role identity, creative self-efficacy, and job complexity. Tourism Mana- gement, 40(February), 79-89. Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a theory of organizational creativity. Academy of Management Review, 18(2), 293-321. Yang, J. G., & Kim, J. K. (2011). A study of the effects of champion's transformational leadership on belts' creativity: Based on mediate effects of belt's intrinsic and project's learning and growth. Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management, 39(2), 256-270. Yukl, G. (2002). Leadership in organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2001). When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 682-696. Zhou, J., & Shalley, C. E. (2003). Research on employee creativity: A critical review and direction for future re- search. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Mana- gement, 22, 165-217. 2017 02 26 2017 03 22 1 2017 04 05 2 2017 04 06