Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2016;37(6): pissn: eissn: X The Effects of Pa

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1 Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2016;37(6): pissn: eissn: X The Effects of Parental Forgiveness and Parent-Child Communication on School-Age Boys and Girls Forgiveness Eun Hye Kim 1, Hyun-Sim Doh 1, Min-Jung Kim 2, Sun Hee Rhee 3 Department of Child Development, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea 1 Department of Child Welfare, Namseoul University, Cheonan, Korea 2 Department of Childhood Education, Soongsil Cyber University, Seoul, Korea 3-1, 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parental forgiveness and parent child communication on school-age children s forgiveness in late childhood. Methods: A total of 231 fifth and sixth graders (122 boys and 109 girls) living in Daegu participated in the study. They responded to questionnaires regarding parental forgiveness, parent child communication and children s forgiveness. The data were analyzed by t-tests, Pearson s correlations, and SEM using SPSS 18.0 and LISREL 9.1. Results: First, paternal forgiveness had a direct effect on children s forgiveness. Second, parental forgiveness had an indirect effect on children s forgiveness through parent child communication. Finally, multigroup analyses revealed that paternal forgiveness had a direct effect and an indirect effect through father child communication on boys forgiveness, whereas maternal forgiveness had an indirect effect on girls forgiveness through mother child communication. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the gender of parents and children needs to be considered to explain school-age children s forgiveness. In addition, these findings have implications for future research and practice by highlighting the importance of parental forgiveness and parent child communication in forgiveness education programs for children and parent education programs. Keywords: parental forgiveness, parent-child communication, children's forgiveness, middle childhood development,.,., Corresponding Author: Hyun-Sim Doh, Department of Child Development, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea simdoh@ewha.ac.kr The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Kim, Doh, Kim, and Rhee 170 (K. Kim & Im, 2006; K. S. Kim, 2004; Watanabe, 2011)., (Enright, 2001; McCullough, Pargament, & Thoresen, 2000; Y. Oh, 1990; Worthington, 2005), (S.-H. Kim, 2011),., (Enright, 2001; K.-S. Kim, 2002; Y.-H. Oh, 2006; Park, 2003; Worthington & Wade, 1999).,.. (Enright, Gassin, & Wu, 1992), (K. Kim & Im, 2006; A.-R. Lee & Koo, 2009; J. Y. Lee, 2008; Y.-H. Oh, 2006; Park, 2012)..,,., (Doh et al., 2011).,., (Sin, 2008), (Jang, Kim, & Hong, 2005), (K.-S. Kim & K.-J. Kim, 2007).,.,,,,,,,., (J. A. Kim, 2009).,,,.., (Jeong, 2005; E. M. Kang, 2007; K.-S. Kim & Ha, 2006; K.-S. Kim & Kim, 2009; H. H. Lee, 2005; Staub, Pearlman, Gubin, & Hagengimana, 2005),.,. (Basset, 2007; A.-R. Lee & Koo, 2009; Park, 2012) (Basset, 2007; J.-R. Kang, 2010; Neal, 2005). - (Neal, 2005).,, (Bassett, 2007; Neal, 2005). (Neal, 2005), - (Putallaz & Heflin, 1990)., - (Mullet, Girard, & Bakhshi, 2004).

3 171 From Parental Forgiveness to Children's Forgiveness,,, (Cohen, 1992; Janssens & Deković, 1997). (Bandura, 1977),.,.. - (Barnes & Olson, 1982; Seon, 2011). -,,,,, (Roh & Jun, 2005)., -. - (J.-S. Lee, 2009; Ra, Hyun, Cha, & Yun, 2010; Sin, 2008; Steinberg, 2001),., - (H. S. Kim, 2003), - (Basset, 2007; J.-S. Lee, 2009; Roby, 1997). (Ra et al., 2010)., -, (Sin, 2008), (J.-R. Kang, 2010)., (Enright, 2001).,, -.,, (J. R. Oh & Kim, 1999), -., -, -., -,, (Neal, 2005). -, -. -, -,. (Feshbach, 1997), (Neal, 2005) ,.,,. (Neal, 2005; Watanabe, 2011),.,, (Neal, 2005). -

4 Kim, Doh, Kim, and Rhee 172 (Jaffee & Hyde, 2000; Neal, 2005), (Jaffee & Hyde, 2000; Wark & Krebs, 1996),, (Russell & Russell, 1987).., (Watanabe, 2011)., - (J.-S. Lee, 2009).,.,,, (J.-R. Kang, 2010)., (Seo & Lee, 2006), (Shin, 2009),., (Do, 2008), (Steinberg, 2001). - Figure 1. Linking paternal and maternal forgiveness to school age children s forgiveness through parent child communication.., -. (Figure 1). 1 -? 1-1.? ? 2 - -? 연구참가자 231 5, 6. (Moon, 2001), -,.,,., 122 (528%), 109 (47.2%), (44.6%), (55.4%), 32 (13.9%), 72 (31.2%), 107 (46.3%), 20 (8.6%) (SD = 3.41), 42.0 (SD = 3.48).

5 173 From Parental Forgiveness to Children's Forgiveness 69 (29.9%) 66 (28.6%). 82 (35.5%),,,, 59 (25.5%), 108 (46.8%), 35 (15.2%). 조사도구, -,., -. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) 4 Likert,. 부모의용서 Enright (1991) J.-H. Park (2006). (10 ), (10 ), (10 ) 3 ( 30 ).,..,..,..,....,.. (Cronbach s α).87,.90,.87,.89,.90,.86. 부모-자녀의사소통 - Barnes Olson (1982) - (Parent-Adolescent Communication Inventory) Min (1991) - -. (10 ) (10 ) 20. -,, -., ( )., ( ).. (Cronbach s α), , 아동의용서 Enright (1991) J.-H. Park (2007).,, 3, ( ), ( ), ( ).,.,.,.,.,.,.. (Cronbach s α) ,.84.

6 Kim, Doh, Kim, and Rhee 174 조사절차 , 500., , (83 ) (106 ), (52 ), (11 ) 231,. 자료분석 PASW (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) LISREL 9.1 (Jöreskog & Sörbom).,, Cronbach s α, Pearson.,, - (Structural Equation Modeling [SEM]),. 예비분석,, -, t.,, -., (t = -2.11, p <.05), (M = 25.96, SD = 5.39) (M = 24.43, SD = 5.66). - - (t = -2.08, p <.05) (M = 21.91, SD = 5.57) (M = 20.35, SD = 5.81). (t = -2.15, p <.05), (M = 26.61, SD = 4.46) (M = 24.25, SD = 5.55). 부모의용서, 부모 - 자녀의사소통및아동의용서간의상관관계, - Pearson (Table 1).,, (,, ) (,, ) ( : rs =.25.35, p <.001; : rs =.26.34, p <.001 ).,,., -, - ( : rs =.31.35, p <.001; : rs =.36.42, p <.001), - ( : rs = , p <.001; : rs = , p <.001).,., -, - ( : rs =.31.34, p <.001; : rs =.43.52, p <.001), - ( : rs = , p <.001; : rs = , p <.001).,,. 측정모형분석, -

7 175 From Parental Forgiveness to Children's Forgiveness., χ² = (df = 55, p <.001), NFI =.92, CFI =.94, GFI =.89, RMSEA =.10, 90% CI = [.08.11]. χ², χ² = (df = 55, p <.001), χ² (G. S. Kim, 2009). NFI, CFI, GFI.90, RMSEA.05,.08 (Hong, 2000)., RMSEA.10, (β).40 (Song, 2009) - ( : β =.07; : β =.17). χ 2 = 79.97(df = 34, p <.001), NFI =.96, CFI =.99, GFI =.95, RMSEA =.04, 90% CI [.02.06]., (β) C.R. (Critical Ratio).001 (Table 2). Table 1 Correlations Among Parental Forgiveness, Parent-Child Communication and Children s Forgiveness Variables Paternal forgiveness 1. Emotion 2. Behavior.68*** 3. Cognition.69***.72*** Maternal forgiveness 4. Emotion.30***.24***.26*** 5. Behavior.20**.26***.24***.66*** 6. Cognition.20**.20**.26***.68***.65*** Father-child communication 7. Father-child open communication 8. Father-child dysfunctional communication Mother-child communication 9. Mother-child open communication 10. Mother-child dysfunctional communication Children s forgiveness.31***.34***.33***.23***.30***.16* -.28*** -.32*** -.30*** -.23*** -.18** ***.15*.27***.19**.43***.52***.52***.31*** -.16* -.16* -.22** -.19** -.31** -.26*** -.26*** -.32***.43*** -.53*** 1. Emotion.32***.32***.30***.26***.27***.30***.31*** -.29***.38*** -.35*** 2. Behavior.28***.35***.28***.29***.32***.29***.33*** -.24***.42*** -.38***.71*** 3. Cognition.27***.27***.25***.29***.34***.29***.35*** -.27***.36*** -.34***.66***.78** M SD Note. N = 231. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

8 Kim, Doh, Kim, and Rhee 176 Table 2 Fit Indices of the Measurement Model χ² df NFI CFI GFI RMSEA (90% CI) Measurement model [.02.06] Note. N = 231. 구조모형분석 -, NFI =.97, CFI =.98, GFI =.95, RMSEA =.06, 90% CI [.03.08]. - (Table 3, Figure 2).,, (β =.23, p <.01),,,,., - Table 3 Path Estimates of Latent Variables B β SE C.R. p Paternal forgiveness Children s forgiveness ** Maternal forgiveness Children s forgiveness Father-child communication Children s forgiveness ** Mother-child communication Children s forgiveness ** Paternal forgiveness Father-child open communication *** Maternal forgiveness Mother-child open communication *** Note. N = 231. **p <.01. ***p <.001. Figure 2. Direct and indirect paths from paternal and maternal forgiveness to children s forgiveness. Standardized coefficients are given. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

9 177 From Parental Forgiveness to Children's Forgiveness,, - (β =.40, p <.001), - (β =.18, p <.01)., -, -., - (β =.60, p <.001), - (β =.25, p <.01)., -,. - Table 4., (β =.29, p <.001) (β =.28, p <.001). - (β =.25, p <.01), - (β =.18, p <.01).,, (β =.06, p <.05) (β =.13, p <.05) -., (Squared Multiple Correlation [SMC]), - 31%.,, - (multiple group analysis)., Table 4 Direct, Indirect, and Total Effects in the Structural Equation Model Path from latent to latent variables Direct effect Indirect effect Total effect SMC Paternal forgiveness Children s forgiveness.23*.06*.29***.31 Maternal forgiveness Children s forgiveness.15.13* 28*** Father-child communication Children s forgiveness.18** Mother-child communication Children s forgiveness.25** Paternal forgiveness Father-child communication.40***.16 Maternal forgiveness Mother-child communication.60***.36 Note. N = 231. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001. Figure 3. Direct and indirect paths from paternal and maternal forgiveness to boys forgiveness. Standardized coefficients are given. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

10 Kim, Doh, Kim, and Rhee 178 Figure 4. Direct and indirect paths from paternal and maternal forgiveness to girls forgiveness. Standardized coefficients are given. **p <.01. ***p <.001. (invariant path coefficient), χ² = (df = 99, p <.001), NFI = 0.83, CFI = 0.88, RMSEA = 0.147,.,, 6 χ². χ²,.,, -., (Figure 3, Figure 4). 5, 6, -...,,. (Neal, 2005), (Basset, 2007; Neal, 2005)..,,,,, (Parke & Buriel, 1998).,,,,,.,,.,,,.

11 179 From Parental Forgiveness to Children's Forgiveness, -, -.,,. -, (Neal, 2005)., , -, -, -., (Neal, 2005), (Jaffee & Hyde, 2000).,,,,,, (H. Kim, 2003; H. J. Lee & Kim, 2000; Seon, 2011)., (Enright, 2001; J. Y. Lee, 2008; J.-H. Park, 2003; Ra et al., 2010), (Y.-H. Oh, 1995), (K.-S. Kim & Kim, 2007),., -,. (Neal, 2005), (H. Kim, 2003), (J.-R. Kang, 2010). (Ryu, 2010),, (Denham, Zoller, & Couchoud, 1994; Mun, 2004). (Wade & Worthington, 2003) - (Denham et al., 1994; M. S. Lee, 2013; Ryu, 2010), (K. Kim & Im, 2006; McCullough, Worthington, & Rachal, 1997).,. - -., -.,, -.,, -,,.,,.,, -,,.,,,., -,,

12 Kim, Doh, Kim, and Rhee 180, (Bandura, 1986)., (Han & Hur, 2003), - (Halberstadt & Eaton, 2002; H. R. Lee & Choi, 2002; Yoo & Lim, 2006).,., (Biller, 1981; J.-R. Kang, 2010; Steinberg, 2001) (Watanabe, 2011).,,.,, -.,,., ,,..,, (Baumeister, Exline, & Sommer, 1998; Emmons, 2000),.., -, -.,,,.,,,,.. Acknowledgements This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF- 2013S1A3A ). Notes This article is a part of the first author s master s thesis submitted in Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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16 Kim, Doh, Kim, and Rhee 184 Song, J. J. (2009). SPSS/AMOS statistics analysis method when writing thesis. Paju: 21 century. Yoo, E. H., & Lim, M. O. (2006). The relationship between parents emotional expressiveness and children s selfregulation. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 27(6), Retrieved from Eun Hye Kim Hyun-Sim Doh Min-Jung Kim Sun Hee Rhee ORCID Received October 31, 2016 Revision received December 18, 2016 Accepted December 19, 2016