Original Article Korean J Child Stud 2016;37(5): pissn: eissn: X The Pathways From

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1 Original Article Korean J Child Stud 2016;37(5): pissn: eissn: X The Pathways From Parent Attachment to Adolescent Life Satisfaction Through Peer Attachment and Romantic Relationships Seung Jin Kim 1, Hyun-Sim Doh 2, Woon Kyung Lee 2, Bokyung Park 3 Korea Institute of Child Care and Education, Seoul, Korea 1 Department of Child Development, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea 2 Department of Education for Child Care, Kyungmin University, Uijeongbu, Korea 3, 1, 2, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine pathways from parent attachment to adolescent life satisfaction and to determine the mediating roles of peer attachment and romantic relationships. Methods: The participants were 221 high-school students (117 boys and 104 girls) living in Jeonnam province who had been in a romantic relationship for more than 3 months. The data were analyzed by t-tests, Pearson correlations, and SEM using SPSS 19.0 and Amos Results: Based on the research objective, 4 important results were summarized. First, father attachment and mother attachment had direct effects on adolescent life satisfaction. Second, mother attachment had an indirect effect on adolescent life satisfaction through peer attachment. Third, father attachment had an indirect effect on adolescent life satisfaction through romantic relationships. Fourth, mother attachment had an indirect effect on adolescent life satisfaction through peer attachment and romantic relationships. Conclusion: The results from this study highlight the significant roles of parent attachment, peer attachment, and romantic relationships in adolescent life satisfaction. Specifically, the roles of father attachment and of romantic relationships in adolescent life satisfaction, which have seldom been explored in previous studies, should be emphasized. The findings can be used as an important basis for prospective research and practices for improving adolescent life satisfaction. Keywords: adolescents, life satisfaction, parent attachment, peer attachment, romantic relationships,,, OECD (M. W. Lee, 2016) Yum, Kim Lee (2016), Corresponding Author: Hyun-Sim Doh, Department of Child Development, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea simdoh@ewha.ac.kr The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Kim, Doh, Lee, and Park , OECD. 2015, OECD (OECD : 85.19; : 73.18), 20%. Ministry of Gender Equality and Family (2012), 60.1%, 37.4%,,.,,, (L. Steinberg & Silk, 2002),. (life satisfaction; Suldo & Huebner, 2004) (subjective well-being) (Diener & Diener, 1995),.,,, (H. I. Choi & Moon, 2013), (Gilman & Ashby, 2003), (Gilman, 2001; S.-M. Kim & Nam, 2011), (Langeveld, Koot, Loonen, Hazebroek- Kampschreur, & Passchier, 1996), (Sohn, 2005). (S. S. Lee, 2012; Lim, 2013; Locker, Clarke, & Payne, 2000; Nam & Kim, 2014),.,,, (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987; Nickerson & Nagle, 2005).,,. (Allen, McElhaney, Kuperminc, & Jodl, 2004; Cotterell, 1992; McCormick & Kennedy, 1994; Raja, McGee, & Stanton, 1992; Rubin et al., 2004; Wainright, Russell, & Patterson, 2004; Wilkinson, 2004).,,, (Papini, Roggman, & Anderson, 1991), (Raja et al., 1992). (Man, 1991), (C. Y.-W. Leung, McBride-Chang, & Lai, 2004).,,., (e.g., Allen, Moore, Kuperminc, & Bell, 1998; C. Y.-W. Leung et al., 2004), (e.g., Greenberg, Siegel, & Leitch, 1983; J.-P. Leung & Leung, 1992; Raja et al., 1992). (S. M. Ahn & Bang, 2013; Ko, 2008; Ma & Huebner, 2008; Nickerson & Nagle, 2004; Yoo, Lee, & Kim, 2005),., (Ma & Huebner, 2008),. (W. A. Collins &

3 85 From Parent Attachment to Adolescent Life Satisfaction Repinski, 1994),, (Berndt, Hawkins, & Jiao, 1999). (Fraley & Davis, 1997; Furman & Wehner, 1994; Trinke & Batholomew, 1997).,,.,., (Ma & Huebner, 2008), (Laible, Carlo, & Raffaelli, 2000). (Giordano, 2003),., (Demir, 2008; Moore & Leung, 2002), (Zimmer- Gembeck, Siebenbruner, & Collins, 2001)., (W.-B. Ahn, Lee, & Kim, 2002).,, (Giordano, Cernkovich, & Holland, 2003),,. Bowlby (1973, 1979), (mental representation),. Furman Simon (1999) Bowlby (hierarchical model of views),. (views of close relationships in general), (views of types of relationships), (views of particular relationships).,,., (Berlin & Cassidy, 1999; J.-Y. Hong & Doh, 2002; E. J. Kim & Lee, 2009; Lieberman, Doyle, & Markiewicz, 1999; Scheneider & Younger, 1996). - (,, ) (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), (Barry, Madsen, Nelson, Caroll, & Badger, 2009; Cha & Chun, 2002; N. L. Collins & Reed, 1990),.,,, (J. M. Kim & Jang, 2008; S. J. Steinberg, Davila, & Fincham, 2006). (Furman & Simon, 1999),. Furman Simon,., Furman (Furman, 1999; Furman, Simon, Shaffer, & Bouchey, 2002; Furman & Wehner, 1997). (Connolly & Johnson, 1996; Dunphy, 1963), (Roisman, Booth-LaForce,

4 Kim, Doh, Lee, and Park 86 Cauffman, & Spieker, 2009)..,,. (Ma & Huebner, 2008; Oberle, Schonert-Reichl, & Zumbo, 2011) (Demir, 2008; Moore & Leung, 2002)., Ma Huebner (2008).,,,.,,, (Giordano, 2003), (Furman & Simon, 1999),.,.,.. (Figure 1). 1,? 1.1.? 1.2.? 1.3.? 1.4.,,? Paternal Attachment Maternal Attachment 연구대상 Peer Attachment Romantic Relationships Life Satisfaction Figure 1. Pathways from paternal and maternal attachment to adolescent life satifaction through peer attachment and romantic relationships (Yoo, Lee, & Jung, 2006) (Chang, Lee, & Jun, 2002)., 3., 117 (52.9%), 104 (47.1%), (47%)

5 87 From Parent Attachment to Adolescent Life Satisfaction 77 (34.8%), 32 (14.5%) (56.6%) 122 (55.2%), 107 (48.4%) 142 (64.3%).,,, 118 (53.4%) 99 (44.8%). 3 2, (48.4%), (20.8%), 2 30 (13.6%), 7. 조사도구,, 4., (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) 4 Likert. 부모애착 Armsden Greenberg (1987) (Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment [IPPA]) (IPPA-R) Ok (1998). (10 ), (9 ), (6 ) 3 ( 25 )., ( )., ( )., ( )., ( ).,, ( )., ( ) Cronbach s α,.88,.90,.72,.87,.90,.71.. 또래애착 Armsden Greenberg (1987) (IPPA) (IPPA-R) Ok (1998). (10 ), (8 ), (7 ) 3, 25.,,.,.,,,.,.,,.,,.. 1. Cronbach s α,.85,.75,.75.. 이성관계 Bowden (1977) (Marital Satisfaction Scale [MSS]) I. S. Lee Yoo (1986)., 11. ( )., ( )..,,,,. Cronbach s α.88.

6 Kim, Doh, Lee, and Park 88 삶의만족도 Diener, Emmons, Larsen Griffins (1985) (The Satisfaction with Life Scale) Jo Cha (1998). 5..,.,. Cronbach s α.80. 조사절차및자료분석 I. S. Lee Yoo (1986) 1, 2 30., , (98% ). (1055 ) 3 (4 ) 223 (2 ) 221. SPSS 19.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY) AMOS 18.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY)., SPSS 19.0, t. Cronbach s α, Pearson.,, AMOS 18.0., (confirmatory factor analysis [CFA]). (maximum likelihood method [MLM]). (bootstrapping). 예비분석,,., (t = 2.53, p <.05), (M = 2.06, SD = 0.33) (M = 1.94, SD = 0.37).. 측정변인들간상관관계,,,. (Table 1).,, (rs =.38,.41, p <.001) (rs = -.35, -.40, p <.001).,., (r =.37, p <.001) (r = -.33, p <.001).,., (r

7 89 From Parent Attachment to Adolescent Life Satisfaction Table 1 Correlations Among Adolescent Parent Attachment, Peer Attachment, Romantic Relationships and Life Satisfaction Variables Paternal attachment 1. Trust 2. Communication Alienation Maternal attachment 4. Trust Communication Alienation Peer attachment 7. Trust Communication Alienation Romantic relationships 10. Romantic relationships Life satisfaction 11. Life satisfaction M SD Note. N = 221. All correlation coefficients were significant at p <.001. =.40, p <.001),., (rs =.22.37, p <.001) (rs = , p <.001),., (rs =.31.39, p <.001) (rs = -.21, -.29, p <.001).,., (rs =.48,.54, p <.001) (r = -.40, p <.001),. 측정모형분석,,, (CFA). (MLM).., χ² = (df = 36, p <.001), χ²/df = 5.671, NFI =.895, TLI =.864, CFI =.911, RMSEA =.146., χ², χ² (G. S. Kim, 2011). NFI, TLI, CFI.90, RMSEA (S. Hong, 2000)., (Table 2). (Modification Index [MI]) 9 (Fassinger, 1987),

8 Kim, Doh, Lee, and Park 90 (G. S. Kim, 2011),., (e3) (e6) (MI = ), ( 1). (Y.-H. Kim, Lee, & Kim, 2009)., (e2) (e4) (MI = ), (Y.-H. Kim et al., 2009) ( 2)., RMSEA.07.08, 2. χ² = (df = 34, p <.001), NFI =.963, TLI =.968, CFI =.980, RMSEA =.070 (Table 2)..786 ~.957, C. R. (Critical Ratio).001 (Table 3, Figure 2)... 구조모형분석,.,, Table 2 Fit Indices of the Measurement Model Model χ² df χ²/df NFI TLI CFI GFI RMSEA (LO90 ~ HI90) Initial model *** (.127 ~.165) Modified model *** (.081 ~.123) Modified model *** (.047 ~.093) Note. N = 221. NFI = normed fit index; TLI = Tucker-Lewis index; CFI = comparative fit index; GFI = goodness-of-fit index; RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation. For modified model 1, e3 and e6 in the initial model were allowed to correlate; For modified model 2, e2 and e4 in the modified model 1 were allowed to correlate. ***p <.001. Table 3 Factor Loadings for the Measurement Model Variables B β SE C.R. Paternal attachment Trust Communication *** Alienation *** Maternal attachment Trust Communication *** Alienation *** Peer attachment Trust Communication *** Alienation *** Romantic relationships Romantic relationships Life satisfaction Life satisfaction Note. N = 221. Scores of alienation were reversely coded in order to match the direction with parent attachment and peer attachment. ***p <.001.

9 91 From Parent Attachment to Adolescent Life Satisfaction.,,.95., χ² = (df = 34, p <.001), χ²/df = 2.091, NFI =.963, TLI =.968, CFI =.980, RMSEA =.070 e4 Matemal., (Table 4, Figure 3)., Trust e7.50,.34 Communication e8 ( : β =.21, p <.01; : β =.17, p <.05)., Patemal Attachment Attachment Peer Attachment Romantic..44 Relationships Relationships,,.48 (β =.30, p <.001), (β =.15, p <.05) Life Satisfaction Trust Communication Alienation Trust Communication Alienation Alienation Romantic Life Satisfaction., Figure 2. Factor loadings of the measurement model. Scores of alienation were reversely coded to match the direction of parent attachment and peer attachment.,.,, (β =.25, p e1 e2 e3 e5 e6 e9 e10 e <.01), (β =.18, p <.05).,,.,, (β =.30, p <.001), (β =.49, p <.001), (β =.18, p <.05).,,.,, (Table 5)., (β =.295, p <.01), (β =.240, p <.01), (β =.237, p <.01), (β =.176, p <.01),. (β =.303, p <.01), (β =.485, p <.01) (β =.249, p <.01).,, (β =.082, p <.01) (β =.066, p <.01) Table 4 Path Estimates of Latent Variables Path of latent variables B β SE C.R. Paternal attachment Life satisfaction ** Maternal attachment Life satisfaction * Peer attachment Life satisfaction * Romantic relationships Life satisfaction * Paternal attachment Peer attachment Maternal attachment Peer attachment *** Paternal attachment Romantic relationships ** Maternal attachment Romantic relationships Peer attachment Romantic relationships *** Note. N = 221. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

10 Kim, Doh, Lee, and Park 92 Trust Communication Alienation Trust Communication Alienation Paternal Attachment.157 Peer Attachment ***.249**.485***.213**.174*.152*.176* Life Satisfaction Maternal Attachment Romantic Relationships Trust Communication Alienation Figure 3. Direct and indirect paths from adolescents parent attachment to life satisfaction. Measurement errors were deleted. Scores of alienation were reversely coded to match the direction of parent attachment and peer attachment. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p < (β =.076, p <.05) (β =.147, p <.01), (β =.085, p <.05).,,., (Squared Multiple Correlations [SMC]).,.300, 30%., %, %. Table 5 Direct, Indirect, and Total Effects in the SEM Bootstrapping Path from latent to latent variables Direct effect Indirect effect Total effect SMC Paternal attachment Life satisfaction.213*.082**.295**.300 Maternal attachment Life satisfaction.174*.066**.240** Peer attachment Life satisfaction.152*.085*.237** Romantic relationships Life satisfaction.176*.176* Paternal attachment Peer attachment Maternal attachment Peer attachment.303*.303** Paternal attachment Romantic relationships.249*.076*.325**.360 Maternal attachment Romantic relationships **.115 Peer attachment Romantic relationships.485**.485** Note. N = 221. *p <.05. **p <.01.

11 93 From Parent Attachment to Adolescent Life Satisfaction 1 3.,..,,., (S.-H. Cho & Jin, 2015; Ko, 2008; Yoo et al., 2006). (Cotterell, 1992; Ma & Huebner, 2008; Raja et al., 1992)...,,. (S.-H. Cho & Jin, 2015),..,.,, Ko (2008).,.,,,.,,., (Ma & Huebner, 2008).,, (Joo, 2011) (Kang & Kim, 2016; Ko, 2008)..,,. Raja (1992),..,.,.

12 Kim, Doh, Lee, and Park 94 (Joo, 2011).,,. (J.-Y. Hong & Doh, 2002; Ko, 2008),.,,,.,,,., A.-R. Cho Oh (2014).., (Langlois & Downs, 1980) (Ha & Park, 2011; Jeong & Choi, 1995),., (Demir, 2008), (Moore & Leung, 2002),.,.,,,, (Laursen & Williams, 1997)., (W.-B. Ahn et al., 2002)..,,.,,. (Joo, 2011; J. M. Kim & Jang, 2008).,,,,, (J.-Y. Lee & Ha, 2012).,.,,.. (Joo, 2011),. (Furman & Simon, 1999)

13 95 From Parent Attachment to Adolescent Life Satisfaction.,, Simon, Bouchey Furman (2000).. Furman (2002).,, -..,,,.,,,.,..,..,,.,,. -,.,,..,.,..,,..,,,.., (J. M. Kim & Jang, 2008),.,,., 3.,.,.,,

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18 Kim, Doh, Lee, and Park 100 Nam, J., & Kim, S. (2014). The effect of life satisfaction index of mother who have elementary school student on the children s initiatives. The Journal of Future Education, 4(1), Retrieved from id=a Ok, J. (1998). Relationship between attachment security and depression in adolescence: Focusing on the mediating effect of perceived competence (Master s thesis). Retrieved from Sohn, B. D. (2005). Multi-variate predictors on the depressed mood and suicidal risk among ordinary adolescents and adolescents with learning disabilities. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 12(1), Retrieved from kstudy.com/ Yoo, A. J., Lee, J. S., & Jung, H. S. (2006). Emotion regulation style and parent attachment: Effects on adolescents satisfaction with life. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 27(1), Retrieved from link?id=a Yoo, A.-J., Lee, J.-S., & Kim, J.-M. (2005). The Impacts of bodyimage, attachment to parent and peers, and resilience on adolescents life satisfaction. Journal of Korean Home Management Association, 23(5), Retrieved from Yum, Y. S., Kim, K. M., & Lee, S. W. (2016). The research of Korean child well-being index and it s international comparison with other OECD countries (Research Report No ). Retrieved from The Korea Bhang Jeong Hwan Foundation website: Seung Jin Kim Hyun-Sim Doh Woon Kyung Lee Bokyung Park ORCID Received August 31, 2016 Revision received October 26, 2016 Accepted October 29, 2016