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1 Exploring the top figure skater s psychological strengths reflected on the pathway to the Olympics Sang-hyun Kwon 1, Jaesub Choi 1 *, & Jungtaek Shin 2 1 Yonsei University & 2 Dongeui University [Purpose] [Methods] [Results] [Conclusion] Key words:

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6 Fig. 1. The contextual psychological factors of Yuna Kim leading to the Olympic gold medal

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13 Abbott, A., & Collins, D. (2004). Eliminating the dichotomy between theory and practice in talent identification and development: considering the role of psychology. Journal of sports sciences, 22(5), Ahn, J. D. & Song, K. Y. (2008). A comparative analysis of the Korea Olympic representative athletes and common athletes self-management. Korean Journal of Sport Psychology, 19(3), Anderson, A. G., Mahoney, C., Miles, A., & Robinson, P. (2002). Evaluating the effectiveness of applied sport psychology practice: Making the case for a case study approach. The Sport Psychologist, 16(4), Arnold, R., & Sarkar, M. (2015). Preparing athletes and teams for the Olympic Games: Experiences and lessons learned from the world's best sport psychologists. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), Bianco, T., & Eklund, R. C. (2001). Conceptual considerations for social support research in sport and exercise settings: The case of sport injury. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 23(2), Birrer, D., Röthlin, P., & Morgan, G. (2012). Mindfulness to enhance athletic performance: Theoretical considerations

14 and possible impact mechanisms. Mindfulness, 3(3), Birrer, D., Wetzel, J., Schmid, J., & Morgan, G. (2012). Analysis of sport psychology consultancy at three Olympic Games: Facts and figures. Psychology of sport and exercise, 13(5), Block, J., & Block, J. H. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), (Vol. 13, pp ). Development of cognition, affect, and social relations: The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of personality and social psychology, 70(2), 349. Brady, A., & Maynard, I. (2010). Debate: At an elite level the role of a sport psychologist is entirely about performance enhancement. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 6(1), Bray, S. R., Gyurcsik, N. C., Culos-Reed, S. N., Dawson, K. A., & Martin, K. A. (2001). An exploratory investigation of the relationship between proxy efficacy, self-efficacy and exercise attendance. Journal of health psychology, 6(4), Bull, S. J., Shambrook, C. J., James, W., & Brooks, J. E. (2005). Towards an understanding of mental toughness in elite English cricketers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(3), Chang, D. S. (2005). The Cognitive Behavior Strategy for Shooting Players Participating in Athens Olympic Games. The Korean Journal of Physical Education, 44(4), Côté, J. (1999). The influence of the family in the development of talent in sport. The sport psychologist, 13(4), Côté, J., & Vierimaa, M. (2014). The developmental model of sport participation: 15 years after its first conceptualization. Science & Sports, 29, S63-S69. Coutinho, P., Mesquita, I., & Fonseca, A. M. (2016). Talent development in sport: A critical review of pathways to expert performance. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 11(2), Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal performance. New York: Cambridge University Press. Debois, N., Ledon, A., Argiolas, C., & Rosnet, E. (2012). A lifespan perspective on transitions during a top sports career: A case of an elite female fencer. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(5), DeFreese, J. D., & Smith, A. L. (2013). Teammate social support, burnout, and self-determined motivation in collegiate athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(2), Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2011). The Sage handbook of qualitative research. Sage. Dunn, J. G., Dunn, J. C., & Syrotuik, D. G. (2002). Relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and goal orientations in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24(4), Durand-Bush, N., & Salmela, J. H. (2002). The development and maintenance of expert athletic performance: Perceptions of world and Olympic champions. Journal of applied sport psychology, 14(3), Eccles, D. W., & Tenenbaum, G. (2004). Why an expert team is more than a team of experts: A social-cognitive conceptualization of team coordination and communication in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26(4), Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2012). A grounded theory of psychological resilience in Olympic champions. Psychology of sport and exercise, 13(5), Galli, N., & Vealey, R. S. (2008). Bouncing back from adversity: Athletes experiences of resilience. The Sport Psychologist, 22(3), Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E. (2006). Clinical sport psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E. (2007). The psychology of enhancing human performance: The mindfulness-acceptance-commitment (MAC) approach. Springer Publishing Company. Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K., & Moffett, A. (2002). Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions. Journal of applied sport psychology, 14(3), Gould, D., Eklund, R. C., & Jackson, S. A. (1992) US

15 Olympic wrestling excellence I: Mental preparation, precompetitive cognition and affect. The Sport Psychologist, 6, Gould, D., Greenleaf, C., Guinan, D., Dieffenbach, K., & McCann, S. (2001). Pursuing performance excellence: Lessons learned from Olympic athletes and coaches. Journal of Excellence, 4, Gould, D., Guinan, D., Greenleaf, C., Medbery, R., & Peterson, K. (1999). Factors affecting Olympic performance: Perceptions of athletes and coaches from more and less successful teams. The Sport Psychologist, 13(4), Gould, D., Jackson, S. A., & Finch, L. M. (1993). Life at the top: The experiences of US national champion figure skaters. The Sport Psychologist, 7(4), Grant, M. A., & Schempp, P. G. (2013). Analysis and description of Olympic gold medalists competition-day routines. The Sport Psychologist, 27(2), Grant, M. A., & Schempp, P. G. (2014). Elements of Success: Olympic Swimming Gold Medalists' Understanding of Their Competition-Day Routines. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 9(2), Greenleaf, C., Gould, D., & Dieffenbach, K. (2001). Factors influencing Olympic performance: Interviews with Atlanta and Negano US Olympians. Journal of applied sport psychology, 13(2), Grove, J. R., Lavallee, D., Gordon, S., & Harvey, J. H. (1998). Account-making: A model for understanding and resolving distressful reactions to retirement from sport. The Sport Psychologist, 12(1), Hardy, L., Jones, J. G., & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychological preparation for sport: Theory and practice of elite performers. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Han, T. R., Park, B. H., Han, S. B., & Tak, M. H. (2010). Sociology of Sports. Rainbow Books, Seoul. Henschen, K. (2000). Maladaptive fatigue syndrome and emotions in sport. In Y. L. Hanin (Ed.), Emotions in sport (pp ). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Jackson, R. C., & Baker, J. S. (2001). Routines, rituals, and rugby: Case study of a world class goal kicker. The Sport Psychologist, 15(1), Jackson, S. A. (1992). Athletes in flow: A qualitative investigation of flow states in elite figure skaters. Journal of applied sport psychology, 4(2), Jackson, S. A., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Flow in sports: The key to optimal experience and performances. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Jeon, J. Y. (2017). Athletes psychological competition viewed from a strategic perspective. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 28(1), Johnson, M. B., Tenenbaum, G., & Edmonds, W. A. (2006). Adaptation to physically and emotionally demanding conditions: The role of deliberate practice. High Ability Studies, 17(1), Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2007). A framework of mental toughness in the world s best performers. The Sport Psychologist, 21(2), Jung, S. W. & Lee, J. H. (2013). A Case Study of Psychological Training of Men s National Gymnastics Team Members for the London Olympics Korean Journal of Sport Psychology, 24(3), Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. 1st Hyperion. New York. Kim, H. J. & Yun, Y. K. (2017). Psychological capitals arisen from an olympic medal. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 28(2), Kim, J. Y. (2009). Effects of Olympic Games on national image of host country: The Beijing Olympics case (Unpublished master s thesis). Seoul National University, Seoul. Kim, M. S., & Duda, J. L. (2003). The coping process: Cognitive appraisals of stress, coping strategies, and coping effectiveness. The Sport Psychologist, 17(4), Kim, S. H. & Shin, J. T. (2009). Psychology change of boccia national athletes with disabilities by psychological skills training. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 20(2), Kim, S. H. & Shin, J. T. (2010). The Effects of Psychological Skills Training on Psychological Skills and Performance of Korea National Shooting Athletes with Disabilities. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 21(3), Kim, Y. C. (2011). Qualitative Research Methods I: Bricoleur (2nd ed.). Academypress: Paju. Kim, Y. N. (2010). Kim Yuna s 7 minute drama. JDM Joongang: Seoul.

16 Kim, Y. S. & Park, S. H. (2014). The factors influencing Olympic performance perceived by Korean athletes participated in 2012 London Olympic Games. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 25(4), Krane, V., & Williams, J. M. (2006). Psychological characteristics of peak performance. In J. M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (5th ed., pp ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Kuzel, A. J. (1992). Sampling in qualitative inquiry. In B. F. Crabtree & W. L. Miller (Eds.), Doing qualitative research (pp ). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Lee, Y. J. (2007). [ TV ],. Joongang Sunday, Retrieved from Lim, T. H. (2012). Effect of psychological skills training for athletes of taekwondo national team in 2012 London Olympics. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 24(2), Lipetz, J., & Kruse, R. J. (2000). Injuries and special concerns of female figure skaters. Clinics in sports medicine, 19(2), Loehr, J. E. (1982). Athletic excellence: Mental toughness training for sports. Forum publishing company, Denver. Mellick, M., & Fleming, S. (2010). Personal narrative and the ethics of disclosure: A case study from elite sport. Qualitative Research, 10(3), Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Miller, P. S. & Kerr, G. (2002). Conceptualising excellence: Past, present and future. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, Monsma, E. V., & Feltz, D. L. (2006). A mental preparation guide for figure skaters: A developmental approach. In J. Docil (Ed.), The sport psychologist s handbook: A guide for sport-specific performance enhancement (pp ). Chichester, UK: Wiley. Monsma, E. V., & Malina, R. M. (2005). Anthropometric characteristics and somatotype in competitive female figure skaters: Variation across competitive level and skating discipline. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 45, Moore, Z. E. (2009). Theoretical and empirical developments of the Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC) approach to performance enhancement. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 3(4), Norbeck, J. S. (1981). Social support: a model for clinical research and application. Advances in Nursing Science, 3(4), Orlick, T., & Partington, J. (1988). Mental links to excellence. The sport psychologist, 2(2), Pensgaard, A. M., & Duda, J. L. (2002). If we work hard, we can do it A tale from an olympic (gold) medallist. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), Phillips, E., Davids, K., Renshaw, I., & Portus, M. (2010). Expert performance in sport and the dynamics of talent development. Sports medicine, 40(4), Ragin, C. C. (1992). Casing and the process of social inquiry. In C. C. Ragin & H. S. Becker (Eds.), What is a case? Exploring the foundations of social inquiry (pp ). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Ravizza, K. (2002). A philosophical construct: A framework for performance enhancement. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 33, Rees, T., & Hardy, L. (2000). An investigation of the social support experiences of high-level sports performers. The sport psychologist, 14(4), Rees, T., Hardy, L., & Freeman, P. (2007). Stressors, social support, and effects upon performance in golf. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(1), Roger, D., Jarvis, G., & Najarian, B. (1993). Detachment and coping: The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring coping strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 15(6), Sarkar, M., & Fletcher, D. (2014). Psychological resilience in sport performers: a review of stressors and protective factors. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(15), Scanlan, T. K., Ravizza, K., & Stein, G. L. (1989). An in-depth study of former elite figure skaters: I. Introduction to the project. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 11(1), Scanlan, T. K., Stein, G. L., & Ravizza, K. (1991). An in-depth study of former elite figure skaters: III. Sources of stress. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 13(2),

17 Shin, H.. S. (2010). Children dreaming for the world [Original Title: ]. Paju: Hyungseol Life. Shin, J. T., Choi, J. C., & Kwon, S. M. (2009). The effects of psychological skill training program on psychology and performance of Korea national fencing players participated 2008 Beijing Olympic. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 20(2), Silva, J. M., Conroy, D. E., & Zizzi, S. J. (1999). Critical issues confronting the advancement of applied sport psychology. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11, Smith, R. E. (1988). The logic and design of case study research. The Sport Psychologist, 2(1), Stambulova, N., Stambulov, A., & Johnson, U. (2012). Believe in yourself, channel energy, and play your trumps : Olympic preparation in complex coordination sports. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(5), Thelwell, R. C., Weston, N. J., & Greenlees, I. A. (2007). Batting on a sticky wicket: Identifying sources of stress and associated coping strategies for professional cricket batsmen. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(2), Vaeyens, R., Lenoir, M., Williams, A. M., & Philippaerts, R. M. (2008). Talent identification and development programmes in sport. Sports medicine, 38(9), Velcro. (2017). In Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Korean Dictionary. Retrieved from nhn?sln=kr&searchoption=all&query=velcro Vidic, Z., St. Martin, M., & Oxhandler, R. (2017). Mindfulness intervention with a US Women s NCAA Division I basketball team: Impact on Stress, athletic coping skills and perceptions of intervention. The Sport Psychologist, 31(2), Weiss, M. (1998). Passionate collaboration : Reflections on the directions of applied sport psychology in the coming millennium. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 10, Williams, J. M., & Straub, W. F. (2006). Sport psychology: Past, present, future. In J. M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (5th ed., pp. 1-14). Boston: McGraw Hill. Wylleman, P., Reints, A., & Van Aken, S. (2012). Athletes perceptions of multilevel changes related to competing at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Psychology of sport and exercise, 13(5), Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative research from start to finish. New York, NY: Guilford. Yoo, J. & Chang, D. S. (1996). Mental preparation strategies for best performance among Olympic athletes. The Korean Journal of Physical Education, 35(2), Yook, Y. S. (2017). The effects of the mindfulness-based psychological skills training (MBPST) on gymnasts. Korean Journal of Sport Psychology, 28(3), Yoon, G. S. (2008). Case study-from analysis to writing. Korean Policy Studies Review, 17(4), Yun, Y. K. (2011). Sport talents for sport talented. Korean Journal of Sport Psychology, 22(4), Yun, Y. K. & Jeon, J. Y. (2010). Psychological influences of experience in Olympic participation. Korean Journal of Sport Psychology, 21(3), Yun, Y. K., Jeon, J. Y., & Yang, E. S. (2012). Psychological trauma from achieving Olympic gold medal. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 23(4),

18 Appendix 1. Results of the study General Dimensions Higher Order Theme 1 st Order Theme Social/ External Factors Social Support Velcro Relationship Family members Coaches Support Staff Fans Personality Traits Insensitivity Simple Thoughts Adaptive Perfectionism Personal/ Psychological Trait Confidence Previous Achievement Belief in Herself and Quality Practice Feeling of Being Ready Motivation A Sense of Rivalry and Competitiveness Pursuing Her Personal Goal and Standards, not Others Task Orientation Approaching Motivation Coping Strategies Detached Coping Distancing from Pressure and Expectations Not Giving Special Meanings to Olympics Maintaining Focus on Herself Letting God Decide Who Wins Resilience Not Being Overwhelmed by the Situation Injury Management and Recovery Flow Not Being Able to Feel Pain, Listen and Remember During the Performance Automated Performance As the Music Goes, Body Moves Peak Performance State of Being Mindful Absence of Controlling Performance and Situation Not Eaten Up by Jinxes Strong Self Belief Meta-cognition

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Athletes Psychological Competition Viewed from a Strategic Perspective Jae-Youn Jeon* Korea National Sport University

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