한국의 숙련형성 한국노동연구원
4. 5. 7 B 1 2 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 8 C
< 3-1> ( :, 1989) < 3-2> < 3-3> ( :, 1989) < 3-4> ( :, 1989) < 3-5> ( : 1984) < 3-6> ( :, 1989) < 3-7> ( :, 1984) < 3-8> (, ) < 3-9> (, ) < 4-1>1989 ( : ) < 4-2>1990 ( : ) < 5-1> < 5-2> < 5-3> < 5-4> (1989) < 5-5> (1989) < 5-6> ( : 1989) < 5-7> < 5-8> < 5-9> < 5-10> 10 ( ) < 5-11>1 < 5-12> ( : 1989) < 5-13> ( : 1989) < 5-14> ( : 1989) < 5-15> ( : 1989) < 5-16> ( : 1989) < 5-17> ( : 1989) < 5-18> ( ) < 5-19> 1 ( ) < 5-20> ( : 1990) < 5-21> < 6-1> < 6-2> < 6-3> < 6-4> < 6-5> ( ) < 6-6> ( ) < 7-1> < 7-2> < 7-3> < 7-4> ( )
< 7-5> ( ) < 7-6> < 8-1>C < 8-2> < 8-3> ( ) < 8-4> ( ) < 9-1> < 9-2> < 9-3> < 9-4> 3 < 9-5> 3 < 9-6> < 9-7> < 9-8> < 9-9> < 9-10> < 9-11> < 9-12> < 9-13> < 9-14> < 9-15> < 9-16> < 9-17> < 9-18> < 9-19> < 9-20> < 9-21> < 9-22> < 9-23> - < 9-24> < 9-25> < 9-26> - < 9-27> < 9-28> < 9-29> < 9-30> < 9-31> < 9-32> < 9-33> < 9-34> < 9-35> < 9-36> < 9-37> < 9-38> < 9-38> < 9-40> < 9-41> ( ) < 9-42> ( )
< 9-43> < 9-44> < 9-45> < 9-46> < 9-47> < 9-48> < 9-49> < 10-1> < 10-2> 2-1 2-2 - - 3-1 ( :, 1989 ) 3-2 5-1 ( ) 5-2 ( ) 5-3 ( ) 5-4 5-5 (1989 ) 5-6 ( : 1989 ) 6-1 6-2 ( ) 6-3 ( ) 7-1 - ( : ) 7-2 7-3 ( ) 7-4 ( ) 8-1 ( ).
,.,,..,.,,,,.,...,,,,.. 2. 3, 4, 5,,. 6, 7, 8,,. 9..,,.. 180 1,300...,.. 1992 10 1
1..,.. (variety) (volatility)...,,..,.,. 1980 1987 6 29......,,.., 1980 Solow (endogenous economic growth models). Lucas(1988), Romer(1986).. 2. 2,,.. 3 4. 5. 6, 7, 8,,. 9. 10,,,,. 2
( ) 1 1... (manhours) (effective labor units).,. Becker(1962) Schultz(1961) (human capital)., (taste),,. 1), (skill). 2-1 ( 2-1 ).,... 2) 2.. (variety) (volatility)
,. JIT(just in time) 3) Lean. 4) (unit production).....,,..,. 5),,,,. 6). (non-convexities)... (1992).. 1.,....,.. (rotation)..,.,.
1),,. 2) Koike(1988) white-collarization of blue-collar workers. 3) (1987) 4) Womack, Jones, and Roos(1990) 5) Milgrom and Roberts(1990). (complementarities) 6) (1992) 2 1..,,....,.. 1). 2)...,. 3)...
,.., (adjustment) (technician). Koike(1988, 160 ) (unusual operations).. 4) Koike (integrated system) (separated system).....,,. 2.,....,. 5),,..... 3....,,,,,,..
.... 4.. (institutional training)..... 5. Koike(1988).....,,. 1950.. 5... 5... 6. Lucas(1988) (a social activity, involving groups of people). 6). Jacobs(1984)..,.
...,. (1987).. (manual)....,.. 7).. 8) Park(1987), ( ) (tuition) (teaching reward).,., - (experience-wage profile) - (experience-human capital profile).. 9).,,.. (incentive mechanism)....,... 7... -. 10)
. 8........ (shirking). (monitoring)... 1987 6 29.,. (leadership).. Becker(1981). 11), (altruistic head). Becker Rotten Kid Theorem 12)...,. 13) 9... Koike(1988, p.156) (discretionary rights). Koike(1988, pp.143 146) (semi-autonomous work groups)..,,.
10.... (attitude).. 14),,.,,. 3,,. 1) 3 1. 2). 3). 4) 1992 setup man, operator, maintenance man. setup man maintenance man operator.. 5) Willis(1986), 596. 6) Marsick and Watkins(1990. 9. 4). 7) (endogenous economic growth). 8) (1978), 343. 9) (1978),409. 10) mantoring. Kram(1983), Kram(1985), Noe(1998) 11) U = U(Z, U 1,(Z 1), U 2(Z 2), ) 12) Becker (1981), 183. 13) 10 14) Klíke(1998), 201
3 1.... 30 40.. (physical capital). (foreign debt) (embodied). (human capital accumulation). (interaction). (asocial activity). 1),.. Park(1987). Park. (accommodate). 2. (an overlapping generations). : y t t, h t t, n t t 0 1. 1... a 0 1. (general). t+1 t
t. t t,,..., - ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).. t. ( ) - ( - ) (t+1 ) t. (h t+1 ) w t, h t+1 : q t t+1 1 t 1 (numeraire). h t t (n t) (h t+1) (1) : (Lagrangian) : t (1) (Lagrangian multiplier). 1 : (Envelope Theorem) :
(discount factor). (unstorable). t :. t (6). 1 : (9) (5)., (h 0 ). ( ) n. (1)-(11). 3. (2)-(4) (9) :
(12) (tuition). (13) (teaching reward). - - 2) ( 2-2 ). 4. (constant) (steady-state) (1)-(11) :. 3),,, a.. 2-2 - - 5.... h t = h 0, t = 1, 2, 3
. 4)............... 5) 1)Lucas(1988). 2)Lazear(1981) (agency problem) - -. Lazear 4 1. Frank(1984) - -..,.. 3) Becker-Barro(1985) Tamura(1991).. 4) (seniority rule).. 5) 10.
3 1... Becker(1962) (human capital accumulation). Lazear(1981) (incentive compatible contract) (shirking). Park(1987), (on-the-job-learning) (tuition) (teaching reward). 3-1 ( :, 1989),. 3-1. 1989 (life cycle).,
40 44 20 24 2 45 60. 3-2. 3-1. 30. 1) 3-2. 1) 1,700,479 30 433. 2 < 3-1>.
w, T, E, 1) X -E -6, U 1, 0, S 1, 0. u.,,. 12 16, < 3-2>. 2).... 3).. 12 16... < 3-1> ( :, 1989)
30 31.. < 3-2>
< 3-3>. ( ). 4) < 3-4>... 5). 6)
Hashimoto(1981) (transaction costs) -.. 7) -.. 1989 1984.( 3-5 ) < 3-6> < 3-7>. 1984 10 99. 500 500 < 3-3> ( :, 1989). 8), < 3-4> ( :, 1989)
< 3-5> ( : 1984) < 3-6> ( :, 1989)
< 3-7> ( :, 1984). 9)., ( ),., 0, 0 ( 15 ),, ( ), < 3-8> < 3-9>. 1989 44.5%, 18.6% 63.1%. 67.4%. 10 2. 80. 10 < 3-8> (, )
< 3-9> (, ). 1980. 1979 48.8% 1984 60.0%, 1989 63.1% 1979 55.5% 1984 67.8%, 1989 67.4%. 1) 6, 9, 12, 14, 16. 2) < 3-1>. 3) 9 < 9-38> Willis(1986), 596. 4) T, T 2, X, X 2 F 29.702 1%. X, X 2 F 47.356 1%. T, T 2 F 4.535 5%. 5) 6. 6) Willis(1986), 596. 7).. 8) 9
. 9. 9).( 6,7,8 ) 4 1 (time-allocation model) 1) (learning-by-doing) 2)..., (institutional training). (experience model),.. (on-the-job-train-ing).....,. (on-the-job-learning).. Lucas(1988) (social activity) (physical capital accumulation). (1987).,. (manual)
........ (learning opportunity) (career development).,.,. 3). Q(t) t. A(1,t) A(0,t) t n(1,t) n(0,t) t. c 0 1. 4)., (effective number ration). (effective tercher-student ration) (strictly increasing and concave function).., 1.,..., 5).,.,..., - (experience-wage profile). 6) -.. 7)
-. 2 3 - -. Lazear(1981) (agency problem) - -. Lazear. Lazear. 1)Ben-Porath(1967) Heckman(1976). 2)Arrow(1962), Eckaus(1963), 3Rapping(1965), Rosen(1972). Killingsworth(1982). 3). 4). Park(1987). 5) (1991). 6),. 7) Park(1987). 2 1989 1990. 1989 1990.. 30 29 (AR29) 35 34 (AR34). 4 3 (TR3), 5 4 (TR4), 10 9 (TR9). 1989 32.9 4.2. 1989 10%, 1990 15% 1) : In w = 0 + 1 AGE + 2 AGE + 3 AR34 + 4 AGE AR34 + 5 VAGR + 6 AGE + VAGR +
7TEN + 8TEN + 9TR4 + 10TEN TR4 + 11TEN VAGR + X +u, W, AGE, TEN, VAGR 1983 1989, 2) X, u. 3, 4. 3 4 9 10. (transaction costs) - 3) 9 10.. VAGR, AGE VAGR, TEN VAGR. < 4-1> 1989 AR34 TR4. 4) (1) - (2) (3) (4). 1 :. 0.00225., -. 0.03527. 6 - (steeper)..,.. 1 + 2 2AGE, 4AR34, < 4-1>1989 ( : )
6 VAGR. (4) 30 0.344% AR34 (0.71475) 0.161% VAGR (0.19664) 0.694% 1.199%. 5) 33.0 0. - 38.9 40.3. (1) 30 0.928% 0.432% 1.360%.. (1) 40.8 -.. 1 ;. -0.001.,. -0.0272. 6 - (less steep)..,.. 7 + 2 8TEN, 10TR4, 11VAGR,. (4) 4 2.54% TR4 (1.14109) -0.114% -0.535% 1.891%. 6) 23.8. - 19.7 18.8. (1) 4 1.679%. 7)
. (1) 17.3 -. 8) < 4-2> 1990. 9) (4) 0.00054. 0.02206. 30 0.648% AR34 (0.92186) 0.050% VAGR (0.19328) 0.426% 1.124%. 10) < 4-2>1990 ( : )
35.9 0. - 39.8 40.2. (1) 30 0.581% VAGR (0.19328) 0.557% 1.138%.. (1) 40.2 -. (4) -0.00029.. 4 3.193% TR4 (1.36267) -0.040% 3.153%. 11) 28.6. - 28.3. (1) 4 2.774%. 12) 25.7 -. 13)?, (perfect substitution factors). 14) -.., Lazear(1981) (extention). ( (t) = 0). (t) = B 0(t) n(0,t) - B 1(t) n(1,t), (t) t, B 0 (t) t, B 1 (t) t, n(0,t) n(1,t) t.
-.,,. 15). < 4-6> < 4-7>. - (match). 16) ( 4 =0) ( 4). -. < 4-1> < 4-2> (4) - 10 29 30 499 500. Lazear (shirking)..,,. - -. < 4-1>. 3 2. < 3-1> 6%.. < 3-2> 1.28%. 1990. 17). (along the labor demand curve). 18),. < 4-1> < 4-2> 1990. < 4-1>1989
< 4-2>1989 ( : )
< 4-3>1990
< 4-4>1990 ( : )
< 4-5> (1983 89)
< 4-6> (1989)
< 4-7> (1990)
1) 1989 1,700, 1990 1,400. 2)< 4-5>. 3)Hashimoto(1981). Hashimoto(1981) - (Willis, 1986, p.594 3 1 ). 4)AR29 TR3 TR9 < 4-2>, < 4-1>. 5). 6). 7)0.058%. 8). 9)AR29 TR3 TR 9 < 4-4>, < 4-3>. 10). 11). 12)-2.146%. 13).
14). 15)unobserved heterogeneity. 16)unobserved heterogeneity. 17),. 18) (1991) 2. 5 1. p.. 5-1 10 29 3.39% 3.8 500 1.59% 6.0.,. (on-the-jov search). (reservtion wage) 1).,.. (mean square error). 2),
.. 3) 4). 5-2. 3.37%, 4.2 1.05% 6.7. 5-3 27. -0.742. 5) < 5-1>. 2.01% 4.66% 5.1 2.2.. 5-1 ( ) 5-2 ( )
5-3 ( ) < 5-1> 1) Mortensen(1986), p864 2) Hashimoto-Raisian(1985) 1989 10~99 2.81576, 100~499 0.69207, 500 0.33428. 3). 4) (1978), 384. 5) 0.0001.
2 1989 4.0 < 5-2>. 4.7, 2.6.. 1989 34.4 39.3 4.9 12.4 4.7. 1). 1970 34.5 8.8 4.1. 2~3. 2). 3). 30 1990 3.06% 1.68%. 1970 5.1% 1980. 4) 1950 2% 1960 1970 2.5% 1 1.6%.( 5-4 ). 5) 1920 30 50 4% < 5-2>.( 5-4.).. 6) 5-5 55.
. 5-6. 5-5 5-4 5-5 (1989)
5-6 ( : 1989 ). < 5-3> 1980 3.4 1989 4.7. 32.4 34.4 1980 1985 4.0, 1989 4.2. 7), 9 1.3 0.5 0.8. 1961 1985 24 1.9 8).. < 5-3>
., 70%.( 5-4 ) < 5-5>. 5 68.4% 62.6% 5. < 5-4> (1989) < 5-5> (1989)
< 5-6>.. 500 50~54 12.8. 100~999 50~54 20.2.. < 5-6> ( : 1989) < 5-7>
< 5-8> < 5-9> 50~54 25 ( 22 ). 500 6.2%(12.8%) 100~999 70.1%.( 5-7 ). < 5-8> < 5-9>.
.\ 1) < 5-5>. 2) (1989),53. 3) (1989),71. 4) 10. 5) 30. 6) Mincer-Higuchi(1987) 7) < 5-1> < 5-2>. < 5-1>, < 5-2>. 8) (1989), 115 3.. 1979 25~29 0~4 10 1989 35~39, 10~14. < 5-10> 1979 25~29 0~4 10 30.4%, 1960, 10 42.6%, 1975 58.4%. 1960 1980. < 5-11> 0 1 1. 1988 1 77.5% 1989 1 87.3%., 22.5% 1 1 12.7%. < 5-10> 10 ( )
< 5-11> 1 6~14%. 1.. (eventual tenure). 1) 35~39 10 : 45~49 10~14 + 45~49 10~14 + 35~39 10. 2) < 5-12>. 3) 10 0.497 5~9 0.152, 5 0.343 4) 10.1. < 5-3~5-4>
7.4 4.7. < 5-12> ( : 1989 ) 22.4, 25, 13.9 5).. 20~24 1 0.417 5 0.417 5=2.09. 6) < 5-13>. 18 54 6.56 3.61. 7) < 5-14> 18 54 6.60, 3.51, 30 54 2.14 1.19. < 5-13> ( : 1989) < 5-14> ( : 1989)
30 54 1,35 0.38., 30 62% 54. 1) Hall(1982) 2) 1 (synthetic cohort analysis) (cohort). 3) < 5-3> < 5-4>. 4) 1. 5), 1985. 6) Hall(1982) 7) 18 54. 1. 4..,.
< 5-15> - -6,,,. 4,, 6.2%, 14.9%, 10.3%. 40%, 75%. 1),...,. 4 10~99 8.9%, 100~499 15.2%, 500 26.6% ( 5-16 ). < 5-15> ( 1989) ( :,%) :, 10%, 1989 < 5-16> ( : 1989)
(, %) :,, 10%, 1989 < 5-17>. 61.3%. 35.4%... < 5-18>.. 1,000 7.1%. 0 1 1.6% 0.8% 1. 2) ( 5-19 ) < 5-17> ( : 1989) ( : %) :,,10%, 1989 < 5-18> ( ) ( : %)
:,, 10%, 1989. (1989), 128 < 5-19> 1 ( ) ( : %) :,10%, 1989 (1989), 131 1990 (a categorical variable). < 5-20>. 63.9% 32.8%. < 5-17>. 1990,, < 5-20> ( : 1990) ( : %) : 468,241.. :,, 15%, 1990 < 5-21>., ( ). < 5-18>. < 5-21>
( : %) :,, 15%, 1990 1) (1989), 147 2) 0.9%. (1989), 130 5.,,...,.., 500.,..,
., 1979 25~29 0~4 10 3 1989 1975 10 6 1985., 77.5% 1 1 87.3%. 6~14%..,,,.,,., 10.1, 4.7, 7.4 25, 13.9, 22.4.,..,.,,..,.,,.. 1). (firm=-specific) (network-spcific: Aoki, 1990) (turnover rate) 2).., (general within industry), (industry-specific).. 3), 1987 6 29.. 6 29, 6 29. 2.. 1 (efficient turnover). 4) (externality)
..,.,,,,,,. < 5-1> ( : ) ( :, ) : 1980. :, 1989 < 5-2> ( : ) ( : ) : 1980. :, 1989 < 5-3> ( : 1989)
( : %) :, 1989 < 5-4> ( : 1989) ( : %) :, 1989 1).. 2) 3 3) (1991) 4) Mclaughlin(1991)
6 A 1 1., PC A 5,000. 2,4,(3),6 3,2,1,.( 6-1 ). 4 2. 3, 2.. 2 4 2, 4 6 3.,,. 1) < 6-1>., 3 2) 6-1, 1 2 3 2, 1 2
3. M 3, 1 M 2 3, M 1 5. 4, < 6-1>
:., 1 3 4 2, 2 3 3, 1,, 3. 6, 5~6, 4, 3. < 6-2> 60% 6. 1987 6 29.,.. 6 2,4 < 6-2> ( :, %) 2 1 6~7.,, (leadership). 10. 3 2 1..
3.. ( ). 3).,, < 6-3>. 2. A,,,,,, TPC,,. 4). < 6-3>
2.. 6 62 60 3.2% 3
28 26 2.4%. 5) 3.,. 1 2 2.5% 2.0%, 4 5 6, 4 3.2% 2.8% 3 1.4%.,.,,,. 2 1~2. 50%. 6). 7).. A A 70 10, 80. 1987 6 29. 1988. 8).. 3. 3 1 2. 2~2.5. 1 1. 3.5~4.. 3 ~1. 3~5.. 1 10.. (IQC) (OQC). 3 (spec; ). 1 3.. 1. 2.,. 3 1 3 2~3.... (preventive maintenance)
. 3. 3. 5 1. 3... 1 3. 1~5, 3. 3 1~3..,,. 9).,. 3..,. 4~5. 10).. 11) 5.. 12) 2~5% 3~6% ( 6-4 ).,. 70.3% 5 90.8% 4. 13).. 3.. < 6-4>
.... 1) 1990 6 3, 4 3. 2). 3) ( ). 4) *( + ). 5) 4 5. 6) 6 6 7 100. 7) < 6-4>. 8) 60% NC,. 9) 2. 10).. 11) 5. 12) = /. 10%. 13). 2 1.
6-2. 30 4.... 3. ( )- - -. 1)..... 6-2 ( )
. -.. 1:1. 30 ~1., (feed back)....
... (interaction) (teamwork).. A, 1 6. 6-3. < 6-5>..,. 4~5.. 6-3 ( ) (rotation),.....
2.,. 1991. 2).. < 6-5> ( 6-2 )... < 6-6> ( 6-3 )...< 6-5> < 6-6>. (optimal seniority structure). 30% 45 4 5 5 6 3/1., 20, 22, 24... < 6-5> ( )
< 6-6> ( )
3.... 5..... 4.. (PM ).. PM. 3)., PM...
5.. 3~6. 3~6. 6...... 4)... < 6-1>
1) (casing). 2) < 6-1>. 3). 4) 1990 1 7. 7 B 1 1.
B 2 94.3%.. 1) (1,2,3 ). 1 6. 1988 1989. 1, 2, 3.... 1990.. 2),,,,. 3), (, ). 1987 6 29,.. < 7-1> 1,. < 7-1> B 4) 7.2%, 1.2%, 0.1%. 10 36.1. 5). clean best 6)..,..,,,, 1,. (T/O) 7). 1989 6 29 B A. 8)
..., (incentive). 2. B,,. TQC,,,, ( ),,,,. 600%.. ( 48 ).. 3 1 2.., 5~6, 1.,. 7-1 - (tenure-wage profile).. 7-1 - ( : ). ( 733,500, 531, 375 ) 20%... 15%, 5%. 10%. 95%,
100% 5% 10% 15%. 1991 6,,,.. 1991 7,... 9). (teamwork) (monitoring problem)....., (individual monitoring problem), 10) (group interaction). 1). 2). 3). 4). 5) 2. 6),,,,. 7) 2 8) 6 1 9) 2 2 10) 2 10 2 1.
B 5 17 3. 1 2,,. 1991 7 1 676 82% 553, 18% 122 ( 7-2 ) 7-2 1 3 2 3 25 397 15.9. 9 130 14.4. 15.5, 40 1 16.7. 6 5. 3~4 1~2 (trouble shooting). 3~5. 3~4 5~11. 2. 7-3. 14 10) 2 10 7-2
< 7-2>
7-3 ( )
1. 2. 14..,.,,. < 7-3>
-..... 50%...,.. (rotation)..,. 6 2...,. 7-4. 2...... 2 2.. 1
. 3. B 1981. 1 30%. (OJT). (top down) 7-4 ( ). 1989...... B OJT 1) OJT. < 7-4> ( 7-3.). 4 90%.,. 1989 1... 1990
. 1.. < 7-5> ( 7-4.).. < 7-4>. 1.,,.. 2. 1...... < 7-4> ( ).,..,
(tuition) < 7-5> ( ) (teaching reward). 2) (moral hazard). 4.. 5... 7,. 5..... 60% 30 30 ~2 35% 5% 2. 30
. 6. 1991 1 20 8,000 0.2%. 1 32 1,000 1 11 7,000. < 7-6>... 3 4 40 4.. < 7-6>
< 7-1> O.J.T 1) < 7-1>. 2) 2 3 (1990), (simulation) Park(1987).
8 C 1 1.,, C 800. C < 8-1>.. 6 4. T/O,. 6 5 3, 7, 10 QC. 5 5 2. 5 4 4 QC2. 4 4 2 QC2. 4 3 2,,. 3 2 4. 2 1 < 8-1> C
3. 1 1 2., 5 4... < 8-2>. 5 6 ( ) 14.0%. 100 2~3. 10. < 8-2> 2.,,. + +,... 6 5,.. 4. 1 8, 20.. 2 2. C. 1,. A,B,C,D,E 5 10%, 20%, 40%, 20%, 10%. C.. 7 3 4., E D 1, C 2, B 3, A 4... 6 5 4 5. 8 ~9. 4 10.
2 1. 8-1 1. 13 5...... -.. 8-1 U.,, (tapping machine) U, 8-1 ( )
,, (lathe) U. 1) 70.. U. 2). U.,.,.
U.. U. U. (lifter). 3). 8-2. ( 8-3 ). 3.. 2. 2 3.,,. 1986 3 10%. (industry-specific). 3~4.. < 8-3> ( 8-1.).. < 8-4> ( 8-2.). 8-2 ( )
< 8-3> ( )
. 4 3~4. 10 2. 3. 8-3
< 8-4> ( )
.. 5........
(pool).,.. 4.. ( PM )....... (QC).. 5.,, 2.. QC QC 60, QC 2 3. 30% 70% 4,000.,. 1975 1983. 1 2.,, 5. 1) (milling cutter).... (,1988) 2) (1991), 27 3).
9 1 1991 12. 1) 185 1,354.. 1. 1990 2,575 505 19.6% 34,750 1.3%. 623 7,300 317 6,400. 72.0% ( 9-1 ). (28.6%) (26.0%) ( 9-2 ).,.. 95 ' ' ' ' 51 (53.7%) 29 (30.5%) ' < 9-1> < 9-2 >
' ' ' 5 (5.3%) 1 (1.1%).. 56.2%, 36.6% 7.2%. 2) ' ' 22.5% ' ' ' ' 41.6% 35.9%. 3) 1991 0.479% 1996 1% 118 89 (75.4%) 85 (72.0%) 21 (17.8%). 4) 2... 1,352 672 (49.7%) ' ', 579 (42.8%) ' ' ' ' 101 (7.5%). 1,350 636 (47.1%) ' ' ' ' 67 (5.0%) ' '. < 9-3>, (, ),. 52~57% 35~40%, 7~9%.. 66.8%, 299 19.0%, 300 9.8%, 4.3%. 9-1 (1981) ( ). 85%.
79.1% < 9-3> 9-1, 11.5% 9.3%. 3 40% 13.7% 47 (185 25.4%). 3 ( 9-4 9-2 ). 3.< 9-5> 31.7% 3,. 9-2 3
< 9-4> 3 3. 3 60.6% 11.6%., ( 9-6 ). < 9-5> 3 < 9-6>
.< 9-7>. 32.4%. 47 (183 ) 49.7%. ( 9-8 ).. < 9-9> 39.6% < 9-7> < 9-8> < 9-9>
... < 9-10> 63.1%, 34.6%. 52.3% 32.8% 38.0% 50.0%.... < 9-11> 10% < 9-10> < 9-1>
62.3%. 5).. 3.. < 9-12>. < 9-13>. 23.2% ' ', 42,4% ' ' 34.4% ' '. < 9-12> < 9-13>
... < 9-14> 9.9% 50.0% ' '.. < 9-15> < 9-14> < 9-15>
. 4... < 9-16>. 41.0% 2.7%. 47.0% 9.3% < 9-16>. 99 500 100~499.. 9-3 (1981).. 6) < 9-17> 57.4% 5, 21.9%, 20.8%.. < 9-18>.
. 7) 9-3 < 9-17> 9-4
< 9-18> 9-4, 99... < 9-19>
< 9-19> 5.. 9-5.. < 9-20>. ' ' ' ' 30.1% 24.6%, ' ' 23.3%. 9-6,.. 57.2% ' ' 7.8% ' ' 16.6% ' '. 15.6% 3.3%. 9-7.. 9-5
< 9-20> 9-6
9-7 9-8
< 9-21>. ( 9-16 9-21.) 9-8 < 9-22>
.. < 9-22> 79.1% 65.3%.. 19.6%. - -,.< 9-23> -,. < 9-24> < 9-20>. 9-9, < 9-23> - < 9-24>
.. 54.7% 3.3% 17.7%. 21.0% 3.35. 9-9 ( ) 9-10 9-11
... 100. 8) 9-10 ( ) 5.. 28.8% 65.2%. 6.0%.. 9) 21.1% 53.5%. 9-11 ( )
1.6% 23.8%. -. 16.8% - 48.4% -. 34.8%. < 9-25> < 9-26>,, -.. 7.1% 8.2%. 20.9% 26.9%. < 9-25>,
< 9-26> -. ( 9-27 ) ( 9-28). < 9-27> < 9-28>
1) (1992). 2) 1,348. 3) 1,320. 4) (1992.9.6) 70. 5)... 6) 9-3. (1982). 133 7) 9 2. 8) (1981) 1978 384 (,, ) 1991. (1982) 1981 1,432.( 9-1~5 ). 9) Koike(1988,130 ),.
6... 1.( 9-29 ) < 9-30>. 35.1% 1, 3 83.8%. < 9-29> < 9-30>.. 0.69, 1.54. 1)... < 9-31> (, ),,. < 9-32>. < 9-31> < 9-31>
< 9-31>
< 9-32>
< 9-31>
..,,,,..,..,.(NG11)., (NG5), (NG61~63),.(NG71~73). (DS2, DS3)., (DI12, DI13). 2
., (ND3), (NN71), (NN73), - (NN74).. (ND4).. 2. 7... Koike(1986, 156 ) (discretion-ary rights). Koike(1998, 143~146 ) (semi-autonomous work groups).. < 9-33>..,. 4. < 9-34>... < 9-33>
< 9-34> < 9-35>... 4,. < 9-35> 8.
,,,. 182 155(85.2%) 3 (1.6%) 7 (3.8%). 3 7 6.. (attitude) ( 9-36 ). < 9-36> 1). 2 1... < 9-37> 55.3%
, 29.7% 7.5%, 7.5%., < 9-37>,,,. < 9-38>,, (probit). 1, 0. 1), (YE81) (YE91), (EB103).,.,.,. (DA33) (DA32), (DA35) (DA34)...(A1)., < 9-38>
< 9-38 > Dep: ND4
< 9-38>
.(DS2, DS3) 2).. (all-around machinists) ( 9-39 9-40.) 3)..., (DI2, DI3).., (unit production).(ng61~63). (NG71~73).... (5)~(8) < 9-39>
< 9-40> (NG11). (1)~(4) (5)~(8),..,,,,,.., (ND52).. (interaction) (ND22).. (ND71)..., (ND72).
(NN71), (NN73).. (ND22).,.,, (NN721).,,.....< 9-41>. 89.2%, 10.8%. < 9-42> 64.7% < 9-41> ( ) < 9-42> - ( )
.,, 89.7%, 66.7%, 62.6%.. 4. 2., 4) < 9-43>,,.,,,,,., 99, 500 100~499 (DS2, DS3).. 5) (NG5).. (NG8)... (NC41). 1.2% (DA32, DA33). (1984) 3 1 < 9-43>
< 9-43 >
< 9-43 >
179. 1983 1991 9 (52.7%) 273.. 71,290 (424,347 1.2% 14). 2.7%. 1 (6 ) 104. 6) 1.6% 10.1%. 7),, (C21). (institutional training). 8). (ND52).. (N41). 5 (N42).. N42 N41. N41 (shirking)., (N51).., (ND21).,. (NN721). (NN71). - 9) (NN74).
. (NN73).. 3..... < 9-44> < 9-44>.. < 9-45>.... < 9-46>.. < 9-47>... < 9-48> < 9-45>
< 9-46> < 9-47> < 9-48>
.. < 9-49>, < 9-44>. < 9-45>.. 17.1% 15.6%.. < 9-49> < 9-1> ( )
< 9-2> ( ) < 9-3> ( )
< 9-4> ( ) < 9-5> ( )
1) 0. 2) 3. 3. 3) Keefe(1991) (skill). 4) 3~4. 5) 4. 6). 7) 104 1.6%( 95,054 ). 8). (unobserved beterogeneity). 9) - (shirking), -. -.
10 1.,, 2.,,. 1... (line system)..............,,..,. 3..,...
.,. Park(1987) 2. (tuition) (teachingre ward).............. 4.. 1),,............,. 2). 3) (shirking)
. (monitoring)... 1987 6 29.. (leadership).. Becker(1981). 4), (altruistic head). Becker Rotten Kid Theorem 5)....,..... 6)...,.,...,. 5.....,. 1950.. 99.
... 6.. -. -... -. 7.,....,,..,..,. 15~24 35.( 10-1 ). 1970 39.3% 1991 44.7% 2000 50.2%.., 1975 1990 ( 10-2 )..,. 7).,. 1980 3 1987 6 29.. 500 1.31%,. (career development). 1980,, (additional workers). < 10-1>
< 10-2>.,.,.,. (, ).
,.,.,...,.,.,., (externality)... 20.,,... 3~4..,, (matching fund).. 8)..,,.,.,.,,..,..
. 9) 8... Koike(1988, 156 ) (discretionary rights). Koike(1988, 143~146 ) (semi-autonomouse work groups).... 9..,.. 10.,,,,,.,. 1),. 2) (1992, 59 ). 3). 4) U =U(Z,U 1 (Z 1 ), U 2 (Z 2 ), ). 5) Becker(1981) 6),. 7) (1992), 30
8) (1992). 9) (1992).
1 ( )
2 ( ) I.